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Ayoup MS, Barakat MR, Abdel-Hamid H, Emam E, Al-Faiyz YS, Masoud AA, Ghareeb DA, Sonousi A, Kassab AE. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based derivatives as multitarget anti-Alzheimer agents. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2080-2097. [PMID: 38911158 PMCID: PMC11187554 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their potential anti-Alzheimer disease activity. The results revealed that compounds 2b, 2c, 2d, 3a, 4a, 6, 9a, 9b, and 13b showed excellent inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values in the range of 0.0158 to 0.121 μM. They were 1.01 to 7.78 times more potent than donepezil (IC50 = 0.123 μM). The newly synthesized compounds exhibited lower activity towards butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) when compared to rivastigmine. Compounds 4b and 13b showed the most prominent inhibitory potential against BuChE with IC50 values of 11.50 and 15 μM, respectively. Moreover, 4b, and 9b were found to be more potent antioxidant agents (IC50 values of 59.25, and 56.69 μM, respectively) in comparison with ascorbic acid (IC50 = 74.55 μM). Compounds 2b and 2c exhibited monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 74.68 and 225.48 μM, respectively. They were 3.55 and 1.17 times more potent than biperiden (IC50 = 265.85 μM). The prominent interactions of the compounds with the AChE active site can be used to computationally explain the high AChE inhibitory activity. The results unveiled 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives 2c and 3a as multitarget anti-AD agents. The predicted ADME properties for compounds 2b and 4a were satisfactory, and 4a had the highest likelihood of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making it the optimum compound for future optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University P.O. Box 400 Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Reda Barakat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Hamida Abdel-Hamid
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Ehab Emam
- General Q.C Manager, Alexandria company for pharmaceuticals Alexandria 21521 Egypt
| | - Yasair S Al-Faiyz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University P.O. Box 400 Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Aliaa A Masoud
- Bio-screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University 21511 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Bio-screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University 21511 Alexandria Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industry Development Center, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications (SRTA-city) New Borg El Arab Alexandria Egypt
| | - Amr Sonousi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University P.O. Box 11562, Kasr El-Aini Street Cairo Egypt
- University of Hertfordshire hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital Cairo Egypt
| | - Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University P.O. Box 11562, Kasr El-Aini Street Cairo Egypt
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Tian J, Du E, Guo L. Mitochondrial Interaction with Serotonin in Neurobiology and Its Implication in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:1165-1177. [PMID: 38025801 PMCID: PMC10657725 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe brain pathologies and progressive cognitive decline. While the exact cause of this disease remains unknown, emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of neurotransmitters contributes to the development of AD pathology and symptoms. Serotonin, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, plays a pivotal role in regulating various brain processes and is implicated in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including AD. Recent studies have shed light on the interplay between mitochondrial function and serotonin regulation in brain physiology. In AD, there is a deficiency of serotonin, along with impairments in mitochondrial function, particularly in serotoninergic neurons. Additionally, altered activity of mitochondrial enzymes, such as monoamine oxidase, may contribute to serotonin dysregulation in AD. Understanding the intricate relationship between mitochondria and serotonin provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of AD and identifies potential therapeutic targets to restore serotonin homeostasis and alleviate AD symptoms. This review summarizes the recent advancements in unraveling the connection between brain mitochondria and serotonin, emphasizing their significance in AD pathogenesis and underscoring the importance of further research in this area. Elucidating the role of mitochondria in serotonin dysfunction will promote the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of this neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Eric Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Blue Valley West High School, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Sudevan ST, Oh JM, Abdelgawad MA, Abourehab MAS, Rangarajan TM, Kumar S, Ahmad I, Patel H, Kim H, Mathew B. Introduction of benzyloxy pharmacophore into aryl/heteroaryl chalcone motifs as a new class of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22404. [PMID: 36575270 PMCID: PMC9794710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory action of fifteen benzyloxy ortho/para-substituted chalcones (B1-B15) was evaluated against human monoamine oxidases (hMAOs). All the molecules inhibited hMAO-B isoform more potently than hMAO-A. Furthermore, the majority of the molecules showed strong inhibitory actions against hMAO-B at 10 μM level with residual activities of less than 50%. Compound B10 has an IC50 value of 0.067 μM, making it the most potent inhibitor of hMAO-B, trailed by compound B15 (IC50 = 0.12 μM). The thiophene substituent (B10) in the A-ring exhibited the strongest hMAO-B inhibition structurally, however, increased residue synthesis did not result in a rise in hMAO-B inhibition. In contrast, the benzyl group at the para position of the B-ring displayed more hMAO-B inhibition than the other positions. Compounds B10 and B15 had relatively high selectivity index (SI) values for hMAO-B (504.791 and 287.600, respectively). Ki values of B10 and B15 were 0.030 ± 0.001 and 0.033 ± 0.001 μM, respectively. The reversibility study showed that B10 and B15 were reversible inhibitors of hMAO-B. PAMPA assay manifested that the benzyloxy chalcones (B10 and B15) had a significant permeability and CNS bioavailability with Pe value higher than 4.0 × 10-6 cm/s. Both compounds were stabilized in protein-ligand complexes by the π-π stacking, which enabled them to bind to the hMAO-B enzyme's active site incredibly effectively. The hMAO-B was stabilized by B10- and B15-hMAO-B complexes, with binding energies of - 74.57 and - 87.72 kcal/mol, respectively. Using a genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression, the QSAR model was created. Based on the best 2D and 3D descriptor-based QSAR model, the following statistics were displayed: R2 = 0.9125, Q2loo = 0.8347. These findings imply that B10 and B15 are effective, selective, and reversible hMAO-B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- grid.411370.00000 0000 9081 2061Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041 India
| | - Jong Min Oh
- grid.412871.90000 0000 8543 5345Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- grid.440748.b0000 0004 1756 6705Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341 Saudi Arabia ,grid.411662.60000 0004 0412 4932Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514 Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - T. M. Rangarajan
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Chemistry, Sri Venketeswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- grid.411370.00000 0000 9081 2061Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041 India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prof. Ravindra Nikam College of Pharmacy, Gondur, Dhule, 424002 Maharashtra India
| | - Harun Patel
- grid.412233.50000 0001 0641 8393Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405 Maharashtra India
| | - Hoon Kim
- grid.412871.90000 0000 8543 5345Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- grid.411370.00000 0000 9081 2061Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041 India
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Sudevan ST, Rangarajan TM, Al-Sehemi AG, Nair AS, Koyiparambath VP, Mathew B. Revealing the role of the benzyloxy pharmacophore in the design of a new class of monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200084. [PMID: 35567313 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual layout of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors has been modified to explore their potential biological application in the case of neurological disorders for the time being. The current review article is an effort to display the summation of innovative conceptual prospects of MAO inhibitors and their intriguing chemistry and bioactivity. Based on this scenario, we emphasize the pivotal role of the benzyloxy moiety attached to scaffolds like oxadiazolones, indolalkylamines, safinamide, caffeine, benzofurans, α-tetralones, β-nitrostyrene, benzoquinones, coumarins, indoles, chromones, and chromanone analogs, while acting as an MAO inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachithra T Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - T M Rangarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venketeswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, KingKhalid University, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aathira S Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Vishal P Koyiparambath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
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5
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Harada R, Furumoto S, Kudo Y, Yanai K, Villemagne VL, Okamura N. Imaging of Reactive Astrogliosis by Positron Emission Tomography. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:807435. [PMID: 35210989 PMCID: PMC8862631 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.807435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are neuropathologically characterized by neuronal loss, gliosis, and the deposition of misfolded proteins such as β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In postmortem AD brains, reactive astrocytes and activated microglia are observed surrounding Aβ plaques and tau tangles. These activated glial cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which may contribute to neurodegeneration. Therefore, in vivo imaging of glial response by positron emission tomography (PET) combined with Aβ and tau PET would provide new insights to better understand the disease process, as well as aid in the differential diagnosis, and monitoring glial response disease-specific therapeutics. There are two promising targets proposed for imaging reactive astrogliosis: monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) and imidazoline2 binding site (I2BS), which are predominantly expressed in the mitochondrial membranes of astrocytes and are upregulated in various neurodegenerative conditions. PET tracers targeting these two MAO-B and I2BS have been evaluated in humans. [18F]THK-5351, which was originally designed to target tau aggregates in AD, showed high affinity for MAO-B and clearly visualized reactive astrocytes in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, the lack of selectivity of [18F]THK-5351 binding to both MAO-B and tau, severely limits its clinical utility as a biomarker. Recently, [18F]SMBT-1 was developed as a selective and reversible MAO-B PET tracer via compound optimization of [18F]THK-5351. In this review, we summarize the strategy underlying molecular imaging of reactive astrogliosis and clinical studies using MAO-B and I2BS PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Harada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryuichi Harada,
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of New Therapeutics Innovation for Alzheimer’s and Dementia, Institute of Development and Aging, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- Nobuyuki Okamura,
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6
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Selected Natural Products in Neuroprotective Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease-A Non-Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031212. [PMID: 35163136 PMCID: PMC8835836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are distinguished by the irreversible degeneration of central nervous system function and structure. AD is characterized by several different neuropathologies—among others, it interferes with neuropsychiatrical controls and cognitive functions. This disease is the number one neurodegenerative disorder; however, its treatment options are few and, unfortunately, ineffective. In the new strategies devised for AD prevention and treatment, the application of plant-based natural products is especially popular due to lesser side effects associated with their taking. Moreover, their neuroprotective activities target different pathological mechanisms. The current review presents the anti-AD properties of several natural plant substances. The paper throws light on products under in vitro and in vivo trials and compiles information on their mechanism of actions. Knowledge of the properties of such plant compounds and their combinations will surely lead to discovering new potent medicines for the treatment of AD with lesser side effects than the currently available pharmacological proceedings.
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Chen Z, Haider A, Chen J, Xiao Z, Gobbi L, Honer M, Grether U, Arnold SE, Josephson L, Liang SH. The Repertoire of Small-Molecule PET Probes for Neuroinflammation Imaging: Challenges and Opportunities beyond TSPO. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17656-17689. [PMID: 34905377 PMCID: PMC9094091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an adaptive response of the central nervous system to diverse potentially injurious stimuli, which is closely associated with neurodegeneration and typically characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes. As a noninvasive and translational molecular imaging tool, positron emission tomography (PET) could provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Ligands to translator protein (TSPO), a putative marker of neuroinflammation, have been the most commonly studied in this context, but they suffer from serious limitations. Herein we present a repertoire of different structural chemotypes and novel PET ligand design for classical and emerging neuroinflammatory targets beyond TSPO. We believe that this Perspective will support multidisciplinary collaborations in academic and industrial institutions working on neuroinflammation and facilitate the progress of neuroinflammation PET probe development for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Honer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Department of Neurology and the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
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Behl T, Kaur D, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Zengin G, Andronie-Cioara FL, Toma MM, Bungau S, Bumbu AG. Role of Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Alzheimer's Disease: An Insight into the Therapeutic Potential of Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123724. [PMID: 34207264 PMCID: PMC8234097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite not being utilized as considerably as other antidepressants in the therapy of depression, the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) proceed to hold a place in neurodegeneration and to have a somewhat broad spectrum in respect of the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Preclinical and clinical studies on MAOIs have been developing in recent times, especially on account of rousing discoveries manifesting that these drugs possess neuroprotective activities. The altered brain levels of monoamine neurotransmitters due to monoamine oxidase (MAO) are directly associated with various neuropsychiatric conditions like Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activated MAO induces the amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition via abnormal cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Additionally, activated MAO contributes to the generation of neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive impairment due to neuronal loss. No matter the attention of researchers on the participation of MAOIs in neuroprotection has been on monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors, there is a developing frame of proof indicating that monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) inhibitors may also play a role in neuroprotection. The therapeutic potential of MAOIs alongside the complete understanding of the enzyme’s physiology may lead to the future advancement of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Dapinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Mirela Marioara Toma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Adrian Gheorghe Bumbu
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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Jian C, Yan J, Zhang H, Zhu J. Recent advances of small molecule fluorescent probes for distinguishing monoamine oxidase-A and monoamine oxidase-B in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 55:101686. [PMID: 33279529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are the two flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) enzymes that play an important role in neurotransmitter homeostasis and in protection against biogenic amines. The two MAO enzymes are related to various diseases such as neurological disorders, cancer or other systemic diseases. It is crucial to distinguish these two subtypes in order to explore the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of different diseases. In this review, the relationship between MAOs and related diseases is briefly introduced. Additionally, we summarize the recent advances in small molecule fluorescent probes for specific detection of MAO-A and MAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang'e Jian
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Jiaxu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.
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Manzoor S, Hoda N. A comprehensive review of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer's disease agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112787. [PMID: 32942081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are mammalian flavoenzyme, which catalyze the oxidative deamination of several neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, serotonin, and some other amines. The oxidative deamination produces several harmful side products like ammonia, peroxides, and aldehydes during the biochemical reaction. The concentration of biochemical neurotransmitter alteration in the brain by MAO is directly related with several neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). Activated MAO also contributes to the amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation by two successive cleft β-secretase and γ-secretase of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Additionally, activated MAO is also involved in aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive destruction through the cholinergic neuronal damage and disorder of the cholinergic system. MAO inhibition has general anti-Alzheimer's disease effect as a consequence of oxidative stress reduction prompted by MAO enzymes. In this review, we outlined and addressed recent understanding on MAO enzymes such as their structure, physiological function, catalytic mechanism, and possible therapeutic goals in AD. In addition, it also highlights the current development and discovery of potential MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) from various chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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