1
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Cancelarich NL, Arrulo M, Gugliotti ST, Barbosa EA, Moreira DC, Basso NG, Pérez LO, Teixeira C, Gomes P, de la Torre BG, Albericio F, Eaton P, Leite JRSA, Marani MM. First Bioprospecting Study of Skin Host-Defense Peptides in Odontophrynus americanus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38900961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The adaptation of amphibians to diverse environments is closely related to the characteristics of their skin. The complex glandular system of frog skin plays a pivotal role in enabling these animals to thrive in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats and consists of crucial functions such as respiration and water balance as well as serving as a defensive barrier due to the secretion of bioactive compounds. We herein report the first investigation on the skin secretion of Odontophrynus americanus, as a potential source of bioactive peptides and also as an indicator of its evolutionary adaptations to changing environments. Americanin-1 was isolated and identified as a neutral peptide exhibiting moderate antibacterial activity against E. coli. Its amphipathic sequence including 19 amino acids and showing a propensity for α-helix structure is discussed. Comparisons of the histomorphology of the skin of O. americanus with other previously documented species within the same genus revealed distinctive features in the Patagonian specimen, differing from conspecifics from other Argentine provinces. The presence of the Eberth-Katschenko layer, a prevalence of iridophores, and the existence of glycoconjugates in its serous glands suggest that the integument is adapted to retain skin moisture. This adaptation is consistent with the prevailing aridity of its native habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Cancelarich
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina U9120ACD
| | - Miriam Arrulo
- School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Eder A Barbosa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, UnB, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Síntese e Análise de Biomoléculas, LSAB, Instituto de Química-UnB, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, UnB, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Néstor G Basso
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus), CONICET, Bvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina U9120ACD
| | - Luis Orlando Pérez
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas (IPCSH), CONICET, Bvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina U9120ACD
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Gyros Protein Technologies, Inc., Tucson, Arizona 85714, United States
| | - Paula Gomes
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Eaton
- Bridge, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7EL, United Kingdom
| | - José R S A Leite
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, UnB, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mariela M Marani
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Argentina U9120ACD
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2
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Tong Z, Gao F, Chen S, Song L, Hu J, Hou Y, Lu J, Leung MKH, Zhan X, Zhang Q. Slippery Porous-Liquid-Infused Porous Surface (SPIPS) with On-Demand Responsive Switching between "Defensive" and "Offensive" Antifouling Modes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308972. [PMID: 37917884 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) have received widespread attention in the antifouling field. However, the reduction in antifouling performance caused by lubricant loss limits their application in marine antifouling. Herein, inspired by the skin of a poison dart frog which contains venom glands and mucus, a porous liquid (PL) based on ZIF-8 is prepared as a lubricant and injected into a silicone polyurethane (SPU) matrix to construct a new type of SLIPS for marine antifouling applications: the slippery porous-liquid-infused porous surface (SPIPS). The SPIPS consists of a responsive antifoulant-releasing switch between "defensive" and "offensive" antifouling modes to intelligently enhance the antifouling effect after lubricant loss. The SPIPS can adjust antifouling performance to meet the antifouling requirements under different light conditions. The wastage of antifoulants is reduced, thereby effectively maintaining the durability and service life of SLIPS materials. The SPIPS exhibits efficient lubricant self-replenishment, self-cleaning, anti-protein, anti-bacterial, anti-algal, and self-healing (97.48%) properties. Furthermore, it shows satisfactory 360-day antifouling performance in actual marine fields during boom seasons, demonstrating the longest antifouling lifespan in the field tests of reported SLIPS coatings. Hence, the SPIPS can effectively promote the development of SLIPS for neritic antifouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Tong
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lina Song
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiankun Hu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yang Hou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Michael K H Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
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3
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Carrillo JFC, Boaretto AG, Santana DJ, Silva DB. Skin secretions of Leptodactylidae (Anura) and their potential applications. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230042. [PMID: 38374940 PMCID: PMC10876013 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin of anuran species is a protective barrier against predators and pathogens, showing also chemical defense by substances that represent a potential source for bioactive substances. This review describes the current chemical and biological knowledge from the skin secretions of Leptodactylidae species, one of the most diverse neotropical frog families. These skin secretions reveal a variety of substances such as amines (12), neuropeptides (16), and antimicrobial peptides (72). The amines include histamine and its methylated derivatives, tryptamine derivatives and quaternary amines. The peptides of Leptodactylidae species show molecular weight up to 3364 Da and ocellatins are the most reported. The peptides exhibit commonly glycine (G) or glycine-valine (GV) as C-terminal amino acids, and the most common N-terminal amino acids are glutamic acid (E), lysine (K), and valine (V). The substances from Leptodactylidae species have been evaluated against pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the most active peptides showed MIC of 1-15 µM. Furthermore, some compounds showed also pharmacological properties such as immunomodulation, treatment of degenerative diseases, anticancer, and antioxidant. Currently, only 9% of the species in this family have been properly studied, highlighting a large number of unstudied species such as an entire subfamily (Paratelmatobiinae). The ecological context, functions, and evolution of peptides and amines in this family are poorly understood and represent a large field for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. C. Carrillo
- Program in Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Biosciences,
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Systematics and Biogeography of Amphibians and
Reptiles (Mapinguari), Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso
do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LaPNEM),
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University
of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Galdi Boaretto
- Program in Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Biosciences,
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LaPNEM),
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University
of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Diego J. Santana
- Program in Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Biosciences,
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Systematics and Biogeography of Amphibians and
Reptiles (Mapinguari), Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso
do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Program in Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Biosciences,
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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4
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Woodhams DC, McCartney J, Walke JB, Whetstone R. The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104690. [PMID: 37001710 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses because of an accessible epithelial mucosome throughout their developmental trajectory, their responsiveness to experimental treatments, and direct interactions with emerging infectious pathogens. We review amphibian skin mucus components and describe the adaptive microbiome as a novel process of disease resilience where competitive microbial interactions couple with host immune responses to select for functions beneficial to the host. We demonstrate microbiome diversity, specificity of function, and mechanisms for memory characteristic of an adaptive immune response. At a time when industrialization has been linked to losses in microbiota important for host health, applications of microbial therapies such as probiotics may contribute to immunotherapeutics and to conservation efforts for species currently threatened by emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Julia McCartney
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, 99004-2440, USA
| | - Ross Whetstone
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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5
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Barnett JB, Yeager J, McEwen BL, Kinley I, Anderson HM, Guevara J. Size-dependent colouration balances conspicuous aposematism and camouflage. J Evol Biol 2022. [PMID: 36514842 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colour is an important component of many different defensive strategies, but signal efficacy and detectability will also depend on the size of the coloured structures, and how pattern size interacts with the background. Consequently, size-dependent changes in colouration are common among many different species as juveniles and adults frequently use colour for different purposes in different environmental contexts. A widespread strategy in many species is switching from crypsis to conspicuous aposematic signalling as increasing body size can reduce the efficacy of camouflage, while other antipredator defences may strengthen. Curiously, despite being chemically defended, the gold-striped frog (Lithodytes lineatus, Leptodactylidae) appears to do the opposite, with bright yellow stripes found in smaller individuals, whereas larger frogs exhibit dull brown stripes. Here, we investigated whether size-dependent differences in colour support distinct defensive strategies. We first used visual modelling of potential predators to assess how colour contrast varied among frogs of different sizes. We found that contrast peaked in mid-sized individuals while the largest individuals had the least contrasting patterns. We then used two detection experiments with human participants to evaluate how colour and body size affected overall detectability. These experiments revealed that larger body sizes were easier to detect, but that the colours of smaller frogs were more detectable than those of larger frogs. Taken together our data support the hypothesis that the primary defensive strategy changes from conspicuous aposematism to camouflage with increasing size, implying size-dependent differences in the efficacy of defensive colouration. We discuss our data in relation to theories of size-dependent aposematism and evaluate the evidence for and against a possible size-dependent mimicry complex with sympatric poison frogs (Dendrobatidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Barnett
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Justin Yeager
- Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Direccion General de Investigacion, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Brendan L McEwen
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Isaac Kinley
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Hannah M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jennifer Guevara
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada.,Grupo de Investigación Ecosistemas Tropicales y Cambio Global, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
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6
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The beneficial roles of poisonous skin secretions in survival strategies of the odorous frog Odorrana andersonii. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 109:4. [PMID: 34874458 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of predatory, anti-predatory, and defensive strategies regarding environmental adaptation in animals is of significant research interest. In particular, amphibians, who represent a transition between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, play an important role in animal evolution. The bioactive skin secretions of amphibians are of specific interest due to their involvement in the crucial physiological functions of amphibian skin. We previously isolated and identified several bioactive peptides, including those showing antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties, from the skin secretions of the odorous frog species Odorrana andersonii. Currently, however, the biological significance of skin secretions in O. andersonii survival remains unclear. Here, we studied the biological significance of skin glands and secretions in regard to environmental adaptations of O. andersonii. Our research found that O. andersonii may secrete and excrete bioactive secretions through many glands (peptides and proteins as the main components in glands) distributed in the skin. The skin secretions not only displayed toxicity but also showed antioxidant, antibacterial, and repair promoting activities, suggesting that they play a protective role in O. andersonii when facing environmental threats. These bioactive skin secretions appear to act as a chemical survival strategy in O. andersonii, allowing the species to gain advantages in survival behavior.
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7
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Cavalcanti IRDS, Luna MC, Faivovich J, Grant T. Structure and evolution of the sexually dimorphic integumentary swelling on the hands of dendrobatid poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatoidea). J Anat 2021; 240:447-465. [PMID: 34755350 PMCID: PMC8819055 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hands of adult males of many dendrobatid poison frogs and their relatives possess swelling formed by glandular tissue hypothesized to secrete courtship pheromones delivered to the female during cephalic amplexus. Variation in the occurrence and external morphology of the swelling of finger IV has provided important evidence for dendrobatoid systematics for decades, but its underlying structure has not been investigated. We undertook a detailed comparative analysis of the integument of the hand, including both external morphology and histology, of 36 species representing the diversity of dendrobatoid frogs and several close relatives. The swelling is caused by four densely packed, hypertrophic, morpho-histochemical types of specialized mucous glands (SMGs). We observed type I SMGs on fingers II-V and the wrist, including areas that are not swollen, types II and IV exclusively on finger IV, and type III on finger IV and the wrist. Type I SMGs occur either in isolation or together with types II, III, or IV; types II, III, and IV never occur together or without type I. We delimited 15 characters to account for the variation in external morphology and the occurrence of SMGs. Our data suggest that type I SMGs are a new synapomorphy for Dendrobatoidea and that type II SMGs originated in either the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Dendrobatidae or independently in the MRCAs of Aromobatidae and Colostethinae, respectively, while types III and IV are restricted to Anomaloglossus. The discovery of these SMGs adds a new dimension to studies of poison frog reproductive biology, which have investigated acoustic, visual, and tactile cues in courtship, mating, and parental care across the diversity of Dendrobatoidea for decades but have almost entirely overlooked the possible role of chemical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Celeste Luna
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia' - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia' - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Taran Grant
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Márquez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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9
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Chen C, Jiang Y, Jin L, Liao WB. No Evidence for Effects of Ecological and Behavioral Factors on Eye Size Evolution in Anurans. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.755818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye size varies markedly among taxonomic levels, and this variation is often related to the patterns shaped by phylogeny and ecological and behavioral factors. The selective pressures underlying eye size evolution are especially studied in fishes, anurans, birds, and mammals. However, selective pressures underlying the eye size evolution in anurans have inconsistent scaling rules. Here, we investigated the links between eye size and both ecological (e.g., light availability and habitat type) and behavioral factors (e.g., activity time, foraging mobility, defensive strategy, and mating system) among 252 species of anurans by using phylogenetically controlled generalized least-squared (PGLS) regression. Results show that anuran eye size scales hypo-allometrically with body size. However, eye size was not significantly influenced by ecological and behavioral factors, including habitat type, activity time, light availability, foraging mobility, defensive strategy, and mating system. Therefore, neither ecology nor behavior plays a key role in promoting eye size evolution in frogs.
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10
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Jared C, Luiz Mailho‐Fontana P, Maria Antoniazzi M. Differences between poison and venom: An attempt at an integrative biological approach. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jared
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Instituto Butantan São Paulo Brazil
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11
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O'Connell LA, O'Connell JD, Paulo JA, Trauger SA, Gygi SP, Murray AW. Rapid toxin sequestration modifies poison frog physiology. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.230342. [PMID: 33408255 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poison frogs sequester chemical defenses from their diet of leaf litter arthropods for defense against predation. Little is known about the physiological adaptations that confer this unusual bioaccumulation ability. We conducted an alkaloid-feeding experiment with the Diablito poison frog (Oophaga sylvatica) to determine how quickly alkaloids are accumulated and how toxins modify frog physiology using quantitative proteomics. Diablito frogs rapidly accumulated the alkaloid decahydroquinoline within 4 days, and dietary alkaloid exposure altered protein abundance in the intestines, liver and skin. Many proteins that increased in abundance with decahydroquinoline accumulation are plasma glycoproteins, including the complement system and the toxin-binding protein saxiphilin. Other protein classes that change in abundance with decahydroquinoline accumulation are membrane proteins involved in small molecule transport and metabolism. Overall, this work shows that poison frogs can rapidly accumulate alkaloids, which alter carrier protein abundance, initiate an immune response, and alter small molecule transport and metabolism dynamics across tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A O'Connell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Jeremy D O'Connell
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sunia A Trauger
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew W Murray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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12
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Ferraro DP, Pereyra MO, Topa PE, Faivovich J. Evolution of macroglands and defensive mechanisms in Leiuperinae (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anurans show a wide variety of anti-predator mechanisms, and the species of the Neotropical clade Leiuperinae display several of them. Most species of Edalorhina, Physalaemus and Pleurodema show eyespots, hidden bright colours, macroglands in a inguinal/lumbar position, defensive behaviours and/or chemical defence. We conducted a histological analysis of dorsal and lumbar skin and revised the colour patterns, defensive behaviours and glandular secretions to study the diversity and evolution of anti-predator mechanisms associated with macroglands. We describe 17 characters and optimize these in a phylogenetic hypothesis of Leiuperinae. In the most recent common ancestor of Edalorhina + Engystomops + Physalaemus + Pleurodema, a particular type of serous gland (the main component of macroglands) evolved in the lumbar skin, along with the absence of the Eberth–Katschenko layer. A defensive behaviour observed in leiuperines with macroglands includes four displays (‘crouching down’ behaviour, rear elevation, body inflation and eye protection), all present in the same ancestor. The two elements associated with aposematism (hidden bright colours and eyespots) evolved independently in several species. Our results provide phylogenetic evidence for the startle-first hypothesis, which suggests that behavioural displays arise as sudden movements in camouflaged individuals to avoid predatory attacks, before the origin of bright coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Paola Ferraro
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Oscar Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva ‘Claudio J. Bidau’, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pascual Emilio Topa
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Guillory WX, French CM, Twomey EM, Chávez G, Prates I, von May R, De la Riva I, Lötters S, Reichle S, Serrano-Rojas SJ, Whitworth A, Brown JL. Phylogenetic relationships and systematics of the Amazonian poison frog genus Ameerega using ultraconserved genomic elements. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 142:106638. [PMID: 31586688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Amazonian poison frog genus Ameerega is one of the largest yet most understudied of the brightly colored genera in the anuran family Dendrobatidae, with 30 described species ranging throughout tropical South America. Phylogenetic analyses of Ameerega are highly discordant, lacking consistency due to variation in data types and methods, and often with limited coverage of species diversity in the genus. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenomic reconstruction of Ameerega, utilizing state-of-the-art sequence capture techniques and phylogenetic methods. We sequenced thousands of ultraconserved elements from over 100 tissue samples, representing almost every described Ameerega species, as well as undescribed cryptic diversity. We generated topologies using maximum likelihood and coalescent methods and compared the use of maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for estimating divergence times. Our phylogenetic inference diverged strongly from those of previous studies, and we recommend steps to bring Ameerega taxonomy in line with the new phylogeny. We place several species in a phylogeny for the first time, as well as provide evidence for six potential candidate species. We estimate that Ameerega experienced a rapid radiation approximately 7-11 million years ago and that the ancestor of all Ameerega was likely an aposematic, montane species. This study underscores the utility of phylogenomic data in improving our understanding of the phylogeny of understudied clades and making novel inferences about their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson X Guillory
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Connor M French
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Department of Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Evan M Twomey
- Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Germán Chávez
- División de Herpetología, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), Santa Rita N°105 36 Of. 202, Urb. Huertos de San Antonio, Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru
| | - Ivan Prates
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20560-0162, USA
| | - Rudolf von May
- Biology Program, California State University Channel Islands, 1 University Drive, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Ignacio De la Riva
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Lötters
- Department of Biogeography, Universität Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | | | - Shirley J Serrano-Rojas
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Whitworth
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L Brown
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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14
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Sanchez E, Rodríguez A, Grau JH, Lötters S, Künzel S, Saporito RA, Ringler E, Schulz S, Wollenberg Valero KC, Vences M. Transcriptomic Signatures of Experimental Alkaloid Consumption in a Poison Frog. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100733. [PMID: 31546679 PMCID: PMC6827147 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the anuran family Dendrobatidae, aposematic species obtain their toxic or unpalatable alkaloids from dietary sources, a process known as sequestering. To understand how toxicity evolved in this family, it is paramount to elucidate the pathways of alkaloid processing (absorption, metabolism, and sequestering). Here, we used an exploratory skin gene expression experiment in which captive-bred dendrobatids were fed alkaloids. Most of these experiments were performed with Dendrobates tinctorius, but some trials were performed with D. auratus, D. leucomelas and Allobates femoralis to explore whether other dendrobatids would show similar patterns of gene expression. We found a consistent pattern of up-regulation of genes related to muscle and mitochondrial processes, probably due to the lack of mutations related to alkaloid resistance in these species. Considering conserved pathways of drug metabolism in vertebrates, we hypothesize alkaloid degradation is a physiological mechanism of resistance, which was evidenced by a strong upregulation of the immune system in D. tinctorius, and of complement C2 across the four species sampled. Probably related to this strong immune response, we found several skin keratins downregulated, which might be linked to a reduction of the cornified layer of the epidermis. Although not conclusive, our results offer candidate genes and testable hypotheses to elucidate alkaloid processing in poison frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Sanchez
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ariel Rodríguez
- Institut fur Zoologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jose H Grau
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lötters
- Biogeography Department, Trier University, 54296 Trier, Germany.
| | - Sven Künzel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany.
| | - Ralph A Saporito
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, USA.
| | - Eva Ringler
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, and University of Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | | | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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15
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Langowski JKA, Singla S, Nyarko A, Schipper H, van den Berg FT, Kaur S, Astley HC, Gussekloo SWS, Dhinojwala A, van Leeuwen JL. Comparative and functional analysis of the digital mucus glands and secretions of tree frogs. Front Zool 2019; 16:19. [PMID: 31210775 PMCID: PMC6563374 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucus and mucus glands are important features of the amphibian cutis. In tree frogs, the mucus glands and their secretions are crucial components of the adhesive digital pads of these animals. Despite a variety of hypothesised functions of these components in tree frog attachment, the functional morphology of the digital mucus glands and the chemistry of the digital mucus are barely known. Here, we use an interdisciplinary comparative approach to analyse these components, and discuss their roles in tree frog attachment. Results Using synchrotron micro-computer-tomography, we discovered in the arboreal frog Hyla cinerea that the ventral digital mucus glands differ in their morphology from regular anuran mucus glands and form a subdermal gland cluster. We show the presence of this gland cluster also in several other—not exclusively arboreal—anuran families. Using cryo-histochemistry as well as infrared and sum frequency generation spectroscopy on the mucus of two arboreal (H. cinerea and Osteopilus septentrionalis) and of two terrestrial, non-climbing frog species (Pyxicephalus adspersus and Ceratophrys cranwelli), we find neutral and acidic polysaccharides, and indications for proteinaceous and lipid-like mucus components. The mucus chemistry varies only little between dorsal and ventral digital mucus in H. cinerea, ventral digital and abdominal mucus in H. cinerea and O. septentrionalis, and between the ventral abdominal mucus of all four studied species. Conclusions The presence of a digital mucus gland cluster in various anuran families, as well as the absence of differences in the mucus chemistry between arboreal and non-arboreal frog species indicate an adaptation towards generic functional requirements as well as to attachment-related requirements. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the role of glands and their secretions in tree frog attachment and in bioadhesion in general, as well as the evolution of anurans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-019-0315-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K A Langowski
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
| | - Saranshu Singla
- 2Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Alex Nyarko
- 2Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Henk Schipper
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
| | - Frank T van den Berg
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
| | - Sukhmanjot Kaur
- 2Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Henry C Astley
- 3Biomimicry Research & Innovation Center, Departments of Biology and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 235 Carroll St., Akron, Ohio 44325-3908 USA
| | - Sander W S Gussekloo
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- 2Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Johan L van Leeuwen
- 1Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, Wageningen, 6708 WD The Netherlands
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16
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O´donohoe MEA, Luna MC, Regueira E, Brunetti AE, Basso NG, Lynch JD, Pereyra MO, Hermida GN. Diversity and evolution of the parotoid macrogland in true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Skin glands in amphibians are either distributed throughout the skin or aggregated in multiglandular structures such as the parotoids typical of most species of Bufonidae. Although many early divergent and derived bufonids lack a discrete parotoid in the postorbital–supratympanic (PoSt) region, they have a great macroscopic diversity in the skin morphology of this region. To understand the origin and evolution of this diversity, in particular of the parotoids, we describe the histomorphology of the skin of the PoSt and dorsal regions in 17 species of bufonids, with or without external evident parotoid, and compare it with previously published descriptions. The survey results in 27 characters that were optimized on a phylogenetic hypothesis of Bufonidae. Our results reveal that the PoSt region has a noteworthy morphological diversity of types of glands, spatial organization and differences in the secretion products. Some morphological characters represent putative synapomorphies of internal clades of Bufonidae and are related to the progressive differentiation towards defined structures (macroglands, parotoids). These morphological results, along with published information on the toxicity of the skin secretions and defensive behaviours in some representative species, allow us to infer possible relationships between these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ailin O´donohoe
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Piso. (C1428EGA), CABA, Argentina
| | - María Celeste Luna
- División Herpetología. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’-CONICET., CABA, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Regueira
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Piso. (C1428EGA), CABA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres E Brunetti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nestor G Basso
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - John D Lynch
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martín O Pereyra
- División Herpetología. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’-CONICET., CABA, Argentina
| | - Gladys N Hermida
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Piso. (C1428EGA), CABA, Argentina
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17
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Olea GB, Cheij EO, Curi LM, Cuzziol Boccioni AP, Céspedez JA, Lombardo DM. Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of the integument and parotoids glands Rhinella bergi (Anura: Bufsonidae): Development and differentiation. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:277-283. [PMID: 30678807 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A detailed description of the tegument and parotoid glands of pre-metamorphic, post-metamorphic, juvenile and adult individuals of Rhinella bergi is presented to provide an exhaustive analysis of the integumentary characteristics of this species. Fragments of the tegument were fixed in Bouin solution and preserved in buffered Formol 10%. Subsequently, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to characterize the macroscopic structure of these regions. Microscopic observations were made from histological sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Alcian Blue (pH 2,5), PAS-H, Coomassie Blue, Oil Red, and Bielschowsky Impregnation.. There were three types of protuberance: warts, tubers, and thorns. These structures became evident from post-metamorphic stages. The ventral surface shows elevations similar to flat warts; however, tubers and spines are absent. Histologically, each structure consists of a spongy dermis of lax connective tissue and dense and compact dermis, associated with granular glands and a keratinized epidermis. The latter, in the dorsal region, forms projections called thorns. The granular glands accumulate, and their alveoli increase in size progressively. This work provides a morphological and histological description of the integument and the parotoid glands during the larval and post-metamorphic stage of the genus Rhinella, with aspects described for the first time in the genus.
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18
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The Amphibian Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2): a 'paleo-protein' with Conserved Function but Unique Folding. Protein J 2019; 38:83-94. [PMID: 30697667 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians are, currently, considered the first vertebrates that had performed the aquatic to terrestrial transition during evolution; therefore, water balance and dehydration control were prerequisites for such environment conquering. Among anurans, Phyllomedusa is a well-studied genus, due to its peptide-rich skin secretion. Here, we have analyzed the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa distincta targeting the proteins present in the skin secretion. The major soluble protein was chromatographically isolated and utilized to immunize rabbits. Through proteomics approaches, we were able to identify such protein as being the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), a crucial enzyme involved in lipid synthesis and in the skin water balance. Immunohistochemistry assays revealed the protein tissular distribution for different animal species, belonging to different branches of the phylogenetic tree. Specifically, there was positivity to the anti-DGAT2 on Amphibians' skin, and no antibody recognition on fish and mammals' skins. The DGAT2 multiple sequence alignment reveals some degree of conservation throughout the genera; however, there is a different cysteine pattern among them. Molecular modeling analyses corroborate that the different cysteine pattern leads to distinct 3D structures, explaining the different antibody recognition. Moreover, the protein phylogenetic analyses place the Xenopus DGAT2 (the available amphibian representative) next to the Coelacanthus enzyme, which have led the authors to term this a 'paleo-protein'. DGAT2 would be, therefore, an ancient protein, crucial to the terrestrial environment conquest, with a unique folding-as indicated by the molecular models and immunohistochemistry analyses-a consequence of the different cysteine pattern but with conserved biological function.
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19
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Varga JFA, Bui-Marinos MP, Katzenback BA. Frog Skin Innate Immune Defences: Sensing and Surviving Pathogens. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3128. [PMID: 30692997 PMCID: PMC6339944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin is a mucosal surface in direct and continuous contact with a microbially diverse and laden aquatic and/or terrestrial environment. As such, frog skin is an important innate immune organ and first line of defence against pathogens in the environment. Critical to the innate immune functions of frog skin are the maintenance of physical, chemical, cellular, and microbiological barriers and the complex network of interactions that occur across all the barriers. Despite the global decline in amphibian populations, largely as a result of emerging infectious diseases, we understand little regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the innate immune function of amphibian skin and defence against pathogens. In this review, we discuss the structure, cell composition and cellular junctions that contribute to the skin physical barrier, the antimicrobial peptide arsenal that, in part, comprises the chemical barrier, the pattern recognition receptors involved in recognizing pathogens and initiating innate immune responses in the skin, and the contribution of commensal microbes on the skin to pathogen defence. We briefly discuss the influence of environmental abiotic factors (natural and anthropogenic) and pathogens on the immunocompetency of frog skin defences. Although some aspects of frog innate immunity, such as antimicrobial peptides are well-studied; other components and how they contribute to the skin innate immune barrier, are lacking. Elucidating the complex network of interactions occurring at the interface of the frog's external and internal environments will yield insight into the crucial role amphibian skin plays in host defence and the environmental factors leading to compromised barrier integrity, disease, and host mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F A Varga
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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20
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms. Molecules 2018; 23:E1476. [PMID: 29912169 PMCID: PMC6100412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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21
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Mariano DOC, Di Giacomo Messias M, Prezotto-Neto JP, Spencer PJ, Pimenta DC. Biochemical Analyses of Proteins from Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Bufo melanostictus) Skin Secretion: Soluble Protein Retrieval from a Viscous Matrix by Ion-Exchange Batch Sample Preparation. Protein J 2018; 37:380-389. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Menon GK, Lee SE, Lee SH. An overview of epidermal lamellar bodies: Novel roles in biological adaptations and secondary barriers. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 92:10-17. [PMID: 30153959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal lamellar bodies (LBs) are specialized organelles that contain pro-barrier lipids imparting a fully lamellar internal structure, but also other cargoes such as enzymes (lipid metabolizing and proteolytic), enzyme inhibitors, and antimicrobial peptides. Thus, the LB secretory system, by virtue of delivering these cargoes to the stratum corneum (SC) interstices, is essential for forming the various skin barriers located in the SC. Ultrastructural studies have suggested that the morphologic features of LBs reflect the functional status of the SC. Several ichthyotic skin diseases as well as experimental animal models with defective epidermal lipogenesis show only partial lamellar contents or even empty appearing LB, reflecting an abnormal cargo composition. We suggest that LB polymorphism reflects a wide array of barrier adaptations to environmental challenges, rather than just a defective barrier function, based on observations on a) LB morphology in inherited skin disorders of lipid metabolism (Refsum disease, Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome) characterized by deficiency of lamellar lipids and accumulation of toxic metabolites; b) Psoriasis (with a high expression of Psoriasin antimicrobial peptide within lesions) and c) the Pitohui, a toxic bird where diet-derived toxin is eliminated via the LB secretory system that creates a chemical defense system. Morphological features of LBs from these models suggest a hitherto unrecognized function for the LBs in elimination of toxic substances from the body. We also provide preliminary evidence that indicate yet another function for the LBs- as a type of recycling endosomes allowing for uptake of certain topically applied materials by the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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23
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Ponssa ML, Barrionuevo JS, Pucci Alcaide F, Pucci Alcaide A. Morphometric Variations in the Skin Layers of Frogs: An Exploration Into Their Relation With Ecological Parameters in Leptodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae), With an Emphasis on the Eberth-Kastschenko Layer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1895-1909. [PMID: 28681539 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Leptodactylus is a genus of frogs known to live in diverse habitats and to show both aquatic and terrestrial breeding habits. We studied 21 species of Leptodactylus to explore whether skin structure specialization relates to habitats and habit variation. Morphometric analyses of the skin thickness revealed that phylogeny has a strong influence on variations in the thickness of the epidermis, stratum spongiosum, Eberth-Kastschenko layer, and stratum compactum, while habitat and habits display no significant correlation. The optimization of the phylogenetic hypothesis suggested that a pattern of intermediate values for skin layer thickness are plesiomorphic for this group. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1895-1909, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Ponssa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - J Sebastián Barrionuevo
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Pucci Alcaide
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Inst. Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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24
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The frog Lithodytes lineatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) uses chemical recognition to live in colonies of leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Sun J, Geng X, Guo J, Zang X, Li P, Li D, Xu C. Proteomic analysis of the skin from Chinese fire-bellied newt and comparison to Chinese giant salamander. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 19:71-77. [PMID: 27343457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal skin that directly interfaces with the external environment has developed diverse adaptive functions to a variety of ecological conditions laden with pathogenic infection and physical harm. Amphibians exhibit various adaptations related to their "incomplete" shift from the aquatic to the terrestrial habitat. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore the molecular basis of skin function and adaptation in amphibians. Currently, the studies on the molecular mechanisms of skin functions in anuran amphibians have been reported, but in urodele amphibians are rare. This study identified the skin proteomes of Chinese fire-bellied newt Cynops orientalis by a proteomic method, and compared the results to the skin proteomes of Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus obtained previously. A total of 452 proteins were identified in the newt skin by MALDI-TOF/MS, and functional annotation results by DAVID analysis showed that special functions such as wound healing, immune response, defense and respiration, were significantly enriched. Comparison results showed that the two species had a great difference in the aspects of protein kinds and abundance, and the highly expressed proteins may tightly correlate with living conditions. Moreover, the newt skin might have stronger immunity, but weaker respiration than the giant salamander skin to adapt to various living environments. This research provides a molecular basis for further studies on amphibian skin function and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaofang Geng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiayan Zang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Deming Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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26
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Rojas B. Behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of diversity in frog colour patterns. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1059-1080. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Rojas
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences; University of Jyvaskyla; PO Box 35 Jyväskylä FI 40001 Finland
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27
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Brunetti AE, Hermida GN, Iurman MG, Faivovich J. Odorous secretions in anurans: morphological and functional assessment of serous glands as a source of volatile compounds in the skin of the treefrog Hypsiboas pulchellus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). J Anat 2016; 228:430-42. [PMID: 26555696 PMCID: PMC5341550 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serous (granular or venom) glands occur in the skin of almost all species of adult amphibians, and are thought to be the source of a great diversity of chemical compounds. Despite recent advances in their chemistry, odorous volatile substances are compounds that have received less attention, and until now no study has attempted to associate histological data with the presence of these molecules in amphibians, or in any other vertebrate. Given the recent identification of 40 different volatile compounds from the skin secretions of H. pulchellus (a treefrog species that releases a strong odour when handled), we examined the structure, ultrastructure, histochemistry, and distribution of skin glands of this species. Histological analysis from six body regions reveals the presence of two types of glands that differ in their distribution. Mucous glands are homogeneously distributed, whereas serous glands are more numerous in the scapular region. Ultrastructural results indicate that electron-translucent vesicles observed within granules of serous glands are similar to those found in volatile-producing glands from insects and also with lipid vesicles from different organisms. Association among lipids and volatiles is also evidenced from chemical results, which indicate that at least some of the volatile components in H. pulchellus probably originate within the metabolism of fatty acids or the mevalonate pathway. As odorous secretions are often considered to be secreted under stress situations, the release of glandular content was assessed after pharmacological treatments, epinephrine administrated in vivo and on skin explants, and through surface electrical stimulation. Serous glands responded to all treatments, generally through an obvious contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround their secretory portion. No response was observed in mucous glands. Considering these morpho-functional results, along with previous identification of volatiles from H. pulchellus and H. riojanus after electrical stimulation, we suggest that the electron-translucent inclusions found within the granules of serous glands likely are the store sites of volatile compounds and/or their precursors. Histochemical and glandular distribution analyses in five other species of frogs of the hylid tribe Cophomantini, revealed a high lipid content in all the species, whereas a heterogeneous distribution of serous glands is only observed in species of the H. pulchellus group. The distribution pattern of serous glands in members of this species group, and the odorous volatile secretions are probably related to defensive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés E. Brunetti
- División HerpetologíaMuseo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ – CONICETBuenos AiresArgentina
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS)Departamento de Física e QuímicaFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São PauloRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - Gladys N. Hermida
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios – Histología AnimalDepartamento de Biodiversidad y Biología ExperimentalFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad UniversitariaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Mariana G. Iurman
- Laboratorio Biología de Anfibios – Histología AnimalDepartamento de Biodiversidad y Biología ExperimentalFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad UniversitariaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División HerpetologíaMuseo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ – CONICETBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología ExperimentalFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad UniversitariaBuenos AiresArgentina
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Mariano DOC, Yamaguchi LF, Jared C, Antoniazzi MM, Sciani JM, Kato MJ, Pimenta DC. Pipa carvalhoi skin secretion profiling: absence of peptides and identification of kynurenic acid as the major constitutive component. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 167:1-6. [PMID: 25181950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of peptides has been identified in all African pipid genera; nevertheless, little is known about skin secretion of South American frog genus Pipa. Skin secretion from captive and wild Pipa carvalhoi were obtained in the presence or absence of norepinephrine stimulation. The <10 kDa fraction was analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, searching for peptides. Chromatographic profiles show the presence of a major component in this secretion, regardless of the stimulation method (norepinephrine or mechanical stimulation) and the origin of the animal (captivity or wild), as well as in the absence of any stimulus. The general mass distribution profile in P. carvalhoi skin secretion shows numerous components below 800 Da. Moreover, no peptide could be identified, regardless of the chromatographic approach. The major component was purified and identified as kynurenic acid, an L-tryptophan derivative. P. carvalhoi does not secrete peptides as toxins in its skin. In addition, we here report that kynurenic acid is the main component of P. carvalhoi skin secretion. Although no biological activity was associated with kynurenic acid, we propose that this molecule is a pheromone that signals the presence of a co-specific in the shady environment in which this animal lives. In this study we demonstrate the absence of peptidic toxins in the skin secretion of P. carvalhoi, a break of paradigm in the pipid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Oscar Ceolin Mariano
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Lydia Fumiko Yamaguchi
- Instituto de Química - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Sala 1115, Bloco 11 térreo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Jared
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria Antoniazzi
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Massuo Jorge Kato
- Instituto de Química - Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Sala 1115, Bloco 11 térreo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carvalho Pimenta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.
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29
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Vigerelli H, Sciani JM, Jared C, Antoniazzi MM, Caporale GMM, da Silva ADCR, Pimenta DC. Bufotenine is able to block rabies virus infection in BHK-21 cells. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:45. [PMID: 25337122 PMCID: PMC4203886 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal zoonotic neglected disease that occurs in more than 150 countries, and kills more than 55.000 people every year. It is caused by an enveloped single stranded RNA virus that affects the central nervous system, through an infection initiated by the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, according to many authors. Alkaloids, such as acetylcholine, are widespread molecules in nature. They are present in numerous biological fluids, including the skin secretion of many amphibians, in which they act (together with proteins, peptides and steroids) as protection agents against predators and/or microorganisms. Among those amphibians that are rich in alkaloids, there is the genus Rhinella. METHODS Bufotenine was isolated from Rhinela jimi skin secretion after a liquid-liquid partition (H2O:CH2Cl2) and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography analyses (RP-HPLC). Bufotenine was also extracted from seeds of Anadenanthera colubrina in acetone solution and purified by RP-HPLC, as well. Structural characterization was performed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Cytotoxic tests of bufotenine were performed over baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells using MTT test. For the antiviral activity, Rabies virus strain Pasteur vaccine (PV) was used on fluorescence inhibition test and fluorescent foci inhibition test, with both simultaneous and time course treatment of the cells with the virus and bufotenine. RESULTS In the present work we describe the effects of bufotenine, obtained either from toads or plants, that can inhibit the penetration of rabies virus in mammalian cells through an apparent competitive mechanism by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Moreover, this inhibition was dose- and time-dependent, pointing out to a specific mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS This work do not present or propose bufotenine as a drug for the treatment of rabies due to the hallucinogen and psychotropic effects of the molecule. However, continued studies in the elucidation of the antiviral mechanism of this molecule, may lead to the choice or development of a tryptamine analogue presenting potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vigerelli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil ; Laboratory of Serology, Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Carlos Jared
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daniel C Pimenta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil
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30
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Chammas SM, Carneiro SM, Ferro RS, Antoniazzi MM, Jared C. Development of integument and cutaneous glands in larval, juvenile and adult toads (Rhinella granulosa): a morphological and morphometric study. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio M. Chammas
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology; Instituto Butantan; Avenida Vital Brasil 1500 CEP 05503-000 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sylvia M. Carneiro
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology; Instituto Butantan; Avenida Vital Brasil 1500 CEP 05503-000 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Ferro
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology; Instituto Butantan; Avenida Vital Brasil 1500 CEP 05503-000 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marta M. Antoniazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology; Instituto Butantan; Avenida Vital Brasil 1500 CEP 05503-000 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos Jared
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology; Instituto Butantan; Avenida Vital Brasil 1500 CEP 05503-000 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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31
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Guo C, Hu Y, Li J, Liu Y, Li S, Yan K, Wang X, Liu J, Wang H. Identification of multiple peptides with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from skin and its secretions of Hylarana taipehensis, Amolops lifanensis, and Amolops granulosus. Biochimie 2014; 105:192-201. [PMID: 25066917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian skin and its secretions contain many kinds of peptides with different bioactivities. In this study, a large number of peptides including antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides were identified from three East Asian frog species Hylarana taipehensis, Amolops lifanensis, and Amolops granulosus. The majority of these peptides were antimicrobial peptides, while eight antioxidant peptides were identified, which included two novel peptides taipehensin-1TP1 (TLIWEFYHQILDEYNKENKG) and taipehensin-2TP1 (CLMARPNYRCKIFKQC). These antioxidant peptides exhibited the ability to scavenge ABTS and/or DPPH free radicals. Moreover, six out of eight antioxidant peptides temporin-TP1, brevinin-1TP1, brevinin-1TP2, brevinin-1TP3, brevinin-1LF1, and palustrin-2GN1 also showed antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Yuhong Hu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Sihan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Keqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China.
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32
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Stuckert AMM, Saporito RA, Venegas PJ, Summers K. Alkaloid defenses of co-mimics in a putative Müllerian mimetic radiation. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:76. [PMID: 24707851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polytypism in aposematic species is unlikely according to theory, but commonly seen in nature. Ranitomeya imitator is a poison frog species exhibiting polytypic mimicry of three congeneric model species (R. fantastica, R. summersi, and two morphs of R. variabilis) across four allopatric populations (a "mimetic radiation"). In order to investigate chemical defenses in this system, a key prediction of Müllerian mimicry, we analyzed the alkaloids of both models and mimics from four allopatric populations. RESULTS In this study we demonstrate distinct differences in alkaloid profiles between co-mimetic species within allopatric populations. We further demonstrate that R. imitator has a greater number of distinct alkaloid types than the model species and more total alkaloids in all but one population. CONCLUSIONS Given that R. imitator is the more abundant species in these populations, R. imitator is likely driving the majority of predator-learned avoidance in these complexes. The success of Ranitomeya imitator as a putative advergent mimic may be a direct result of differences in alkaloid sequestration. Furthermore, we propose that automimicry within co-mimetic species is an important avenue of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M M Stuckert
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, 1000 E, Fifth St, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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33
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Menon GK, Dumbacher JP. A ‘toxin mantle’ as defensive barrier in a tropical bird: evolutionary exploitation of the basic permeability barrier forming organelles. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:288-90. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopinathan K. Menon
- Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy; California Academy of Sciences; San Francisco CA USA
| | - John P. Dumbacher
- Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy; California Academy of Sciences; San Francisco CA USA
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34
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Gosavi SM, Gaikwad PS, Gramapurohit NP, Kumar AR. Occurrence of parotoid glands in tadpoles of the tropical frog, Clinotarsus curtipes and their role in predator deterrence. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 170:31-7. [PMID: 24468740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tadpoles of the tropical bicolored frog, Clinotarsus curtipes are unique in having parotoid glands secreting a white viscous fluid and are structurally similar to granular glands from other amphibians. To ascertain the involvement of these glands and their secretion in predator deterrence, it was tested against a predatory fish, Clarias gariepinus, using a paired choice behavioral assay. The results showed that the fish avoid eating C. curtipes tadpoles when paired with tadpoles of a sympatric species, Sylvirana temporalis. While the fish fed on C. curtipes tadpoles whose parotoid glands were surgically removed, did not touch those with intact glands, suggesting a role for the parotoid gland secretion in predator deterrence. Histochemical and biochemical analyses of the gland secretion revealed the presence of high concentrations of proteins, lipids, and alkaloids. SDS-PAGE showed the presence of proteins with prominent bands at 17 and 50kDa. The presence of other small molecules (950-2000amu) as detected by LC-MS showed the presence of five major peaks. Peaks 1 and 2 are probably tetrodotoxin and/or its analogs. Peaks 3 and 5 are possibly bufalin and argininosuccinic acid, respectively while peak 4 remains unidentified. Thus, secretion of parotoid glands of larval C. curtipes contains chemicals which, either alone or in combination, might be responsible for deterring predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin M Gosavi
- Department of Zoology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Prashant S Gaikwad
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India.
| | | | - Ameeta Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India.
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35
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Stuckert AMM, Venegas PJ, Summers K. Experimental evidence for predator learning and Müllerian mimicry in Peruvian poison frogs (Ranitomeya, Dendrobatidae). Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Skin disease is an extremely common presenting complaint to the exotic animal practitioner. A systematic diagnostic approach is necessary in these cases to achieve a diagnosis and formulate an effective treatment plan. In all exotic species, husbandry plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous disease, so a thorough evaluation of the husbandry is critical for successful management. The clinical approach to skin disease in exotic animal patients is reviewed with specific focus on structure and function of the skin, diagnostic testing, and differential diagnoses for commonly encountered cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Palmeiro
- Lehigh Valley Veterinary Dermatology and Fish Hospital, 4580 Crackersport Road, Allentown, PA 18104, USA.
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37
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Adaptive colouration in amphibians. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:553-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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