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Menicatti M, Guandalini L, Dei S, Floriddia E, Teodori E, Traldi P, Bartolucci G. The power of energy-resolved tandem mass spectrometry experiments for resolution of isomers: the case of drug plasma stability investigation of multidrug resistance inhibitors. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:423-432. [PMID: 26754136 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A series of drug plasma stability experiments were carried out to evaluate the bioavailability of three multidrug resistance inhibitors. The studied compounds are positional isomers; therefore, a chromatographic separation or taking advantage of specific collisionally activated decomposition pathways, obtained by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments, is necessary in order to resolve them. METHODS A method was developed for quantitative determination of the analytes in plasma using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in MS/MS mode. Different collisional approaches were employed based on the potentiality of a triple quadrupole system. Aside from the classical product ion spectroscopy, energy-resolved MS/MS experiments and a post-processing mathematical algorithm tool (LEDA) were used to distinguish among different kinds of inhibitors present in the sample batch. RESULTS The developed LC/MS/MS method showed precision between 1.8-7.9%, accuracy ranging from 92.8 to 99.9% and limit of detection (LOD) values in the range 1.0-1.4 ng mL(-1) for all the analytes. The evaluation of matrix effects demonstrated that the sample preparation procedure did not affect the ionization efficiency or recovery (matrix effects and recovery larger than 88%). Finally, the LEDA tool was able to differentiate among the isomers, ensuring their proper monitoring. CONCLUSIONS The proposed LC/MS/MS method was suitable for evaluating the stability of the analytes in plasma samples, although small concentration variations occurred. Furthermore, the investigation on the energetics of fragmentation pathways allowed the better product ions and optimal abundance ratios to be selected for LEDA application into a multi-component analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Menicatti
- NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino Sezione Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6,, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Luca Guandalini
- NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino Sezione Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6,, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Silvia Dei
- NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino Sezione Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6,, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Elisa Floriddia
- NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino Sezione Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6,, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teodori
- NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino Sezione Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6,, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Pietro Traldi
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- NEUROFARBA - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino Sezione Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6,, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
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Tisato F, Crociani L, Porchia M, Di Bernardo P, Endrizzi F, Santini C, Seraglia R. The relationship between electrospray ionization behavior and cytotoxic activity of [M(I)(P)4](+)-type complexes (M = Cu, Ag and Au; P = tertiary phosphine). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2019-2027. [PMID: 23939970 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE To try to find a correlation between the antiproliferative activity of a series of [M(I)(P)4](+) complexes (M = Cu, Ag and Au; P = tertiary phosphine) and their stability at micromolar concentration under mass spectrometric conditions. METHODS [M(I)(P)4](+) complexes were investigated by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with multiple collisional experiments using an ion trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS The displacement of P from native [M(I)(P)4](+), previously described for the copper derivative, is common for the triad complexes leading to the formation of [M(P)3](+) and [M(P)2](+) adducts. Further dissociation of [M(P)2](+) depends on the nature of the metal (Cu ~ Ag > Au). More labile [Cu(P)2](+) and [Ag(P)2](+) are more cytotoxic against HCT-15 human colon carcinoma cells compared to less labile [Au(P)2](+) species. CONCLUSIONS The dissociation of P ligand(s) from the [M(I)(P)4](+) complexes is the driving force for the triggering of the antiproliferative activity. The more favored is the displacement of P from the [M(P)2](+) active form, the more favored is in turn the possibility for the metal to interact with biological substrates related to cancer proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tisato
- CNR Istituto di Chimica Inorganica e delle Superfici, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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Seraglia R, Traldi P. Mass spectrometry as test bench for medicinal chemistry studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2695-710. [PMID: 21188582 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review describes how mass spectrometry can be used as a powerful test bench to obtain information on the biological activity of target compounds. Considering that mass spectrometry is based on the chemical reactivity of the analytes, it is possible to investigate the stability of the active compounds, to predict their behaviour in the environment of interest, and to obtain structure-reactivity relationships for new molecules of pharmacological interest. Electron ionization and metastable ion studies give evidence of the correlation between the mutagenic properties of a series of aryl and heteroaryl triazenes and mass spectrometric data. A linear relationship between the energetics of C(O)-O bond cleavage of some carbamic acid O-aryl esters and their FAAH inhibition activity has been proved by electrospray-ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. An inverse correlation between the stability and cytotoxic activity of some copper complexes has been clearly established by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. Moreover, because of the sensitivity and specificity of mass spectrometry, it has been possible to determine and characterize impurities that in some cases can be the real bioactive compound.
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Lodola A, Sirirak J, Fey N, Rivara S, Mor M, Mulholland AJ. Structural Fluctuations in Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions: Determinants of Reactivity in Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase from Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Paths. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:2948-60. [PMID: 26616091 DOI: 10.1021/ct100264j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of structural fluctuations, due to protein dynamics, on enzyme activity are at the heart of current debates on enzyme catalysis. There is evidence that fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme for which reaction proceeds via a high-energy, reactive conformation, distinct from the predominant enzyme-substrate complex (Lodola et al. Biophys. J. 2007, 92, L20-22). Identifying the structural causes of differences in reactivity between conformations in such complex systems is not trivial. Here, we show that multivariate analysis of key structural parameters can identify structural determinants of barrier height by analysis of multiple reaction paths. We apply a well-tested quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method to the first step of the acylation reaction between FAAH and oleamide substrate for 36 different starting structures. Geometrical parameters (consisting of the key bond distances that change during the reaction) were collected and used for principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares (PLS) regression analysis, and multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. PCA indicates that different "families" of enzyme-substrate conformations arise from QM/MM molecular dynamics simulation and that rarely sampled, catalytically significant conformational states can be identified. PLS and MLR analyses allowed the construction of linear regression models, correlating the calculated activation barriers with simple geometrical descriptors. These analyses reveal the presence of two fully independent geometrical effects, explaining 78% of the variation in the activation barrier, which are directly correlated with transition-state stabilization (playing a major role in catalysis) and substrate binding. These results highlight the power of statistical approaches of this type in identifying crucial structural features that contribute to enzyme reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy, and Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jitnapa Sirirak
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy, and Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Fey
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy, and Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy, and Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy, and Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy, and Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Tisato F, Refosco F, Porchia M, Tegoni M, Gandin V, Marzano C, Pellei M, Papini G, Lucato L, Seraglia R, Traldi P. The relationship between the electrospray ionization behaviour and biological activity of some phosphino Cu(I) complexes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1610-1616. [PMID: 20486256 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was usefully employed for the characterization of three phosphino copper(I) complexes of medicinal interest. This technique revealed that the original [CuL(4)](+) pro-drugs (L = hydrophilic tertiary phosphine) underwent dissociation with production of coordinative unsaturated [CuL(3)](+) and [CuL(2)](+) species, which represented key intermediates for the activation of potential biological properties. The more favoured was the displacement of the ligands from the [CuL(4)](+) parent complex, the more favoured was in turn the possibility for the metal ion to directly interact with biological substrates, including pharmacological targets related to cancer proliferation. An inverse correlation between the stability and the cytotoxic activity of the three copper(I) complexes investigated has been clearly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tisato
- CNR Istituto di Chimica Inorganica e delle Superfici, Corso Stati Uniti 4, I 35127 Padova, Italy
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Vacondio F, Silva C, Lodola A, Fioni A, Rivara S, Duranti A, Tontini A, Sanchini S, Clapper J, Piomelli D, Mor M, Tarzia G. Structure-property relationships of a class of carbamate-based fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors: chemical and biological stability. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1495-504. [PMID: 19554599 PMCID: PMC3517974 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclohexylcarbamic acid aryl esters are a class of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, which includes the reference compound URB597. The reactivity of their carbamate fragment is involved in pharmacological activity and may affect their pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. We conducted in vitro stability experiments in chemical and biological environments to investigate the structure-stability relationships in this class of compounds. The results show that electrophilicity of the carbamate influences chemical stability, as suggested by the relation between the rate constant of alkaline hydrolysis (log k(pH9)) and the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Introduction of small electron-donor substituents at conjugated positions of the O-aryl moiety increased the overall hydrolytic stability of the carbamate group without affecting FAAH inhibitory potency, whereas peripheral non-conjugated hydrophilic groups, which favor FAAH recognition, helped decrease oxidative metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Claudia Silva
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Alessandro Fioni
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvano Sanchini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Jason Clapper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, CA 92697-4625, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, CA 92697-4625, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P. Usberti 27/A, Campus Universitario, I-43100 Parma, Italy, Fax: (+39) 0521 905006
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
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Valitutti G, Duranti A, Mor M, Piersanti G, Piomelli D, Rivara S, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Traldi P. The collisional behavior of ESI-generated protonated molecules of some carbamate FAAH inhibitors isosteres and its relationships with biological activity. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:561-565. [PMID: 19034887 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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