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Al Nuaimi M, Al Khaaldi A, Trad O, Almulla A, Al Rufaye H, Ghatasheh G, Al Dhaheri F. HHV6-Associated Hydrocephalus in a Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient: An Unusual Presentation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:e426-e429. [PMID: 38832402 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a widely spread DNA virus that is ubiquitous and persistent with primary infection occurring in early childhood, with reactivation of the infection a common phenomenon in severely immunocompromised hosts, including hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients, influencing morbidity and mortality. A wide spectrum of clinical presentations is reported in the literature with HHV-6 reactivation including post-transplant limbic encephalitis (PALE). We report the unusual case of a 6-year-old female 107 days postallogenic HSCT due to transfusion dependent beta thalassemia major who developed acute cerebellitis with secondary supratentorial hydrocephalus that required invasive surgical intervention. In addition to accompanying imaging findings, the patient tested positive for HHV-6 by PCR from both serum and CSF samples and demonstrated dramatic improvement with the institution of steroid therapy in addition to ganciclovir treatment. The availability of rapid diagnostic measures in addition to a multidisciplinary approach is crucial to manage HHV-6 encephalitis and associated complications in HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Nuaimi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tawam Oncology Centre
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain
| | - Aisha Al Khaaldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Al Qassimi Women and Children Hospital
- Sharjah University Hospital, Sharjah
| | - Omar Trad
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tawam Oncology Centre
| | - Asia Almulla
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tawam Oncology Centre
- Sharjah University Hospital, Sharjah
| | - Haydar Al Rufaye
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tawam Oncology Centre
| | - Ghassan Ghatasheh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tawam Hospital
| | - Fatima Al Dhaheri
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu-Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Häkkinen I, Yazgeldi Gunaydin G, Pyöriä L, Kojima S, Parrish N, Perdomo MF, Wedenoja J, Hedman K, Heinonen S, Kajantie E, Laivuori H, Kere J, Katayama S, Wedenoja S. Fetal cord plasma herpesviruses and preeclampsia: an observational cohort study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14605. [PMID: 38918446 PMCID: PMC11199493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A previous study suggested that fetal inheritance of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (ici-HHV6) is associated with the hypertensive pregnancy disorder preeclampsia (PE). We aimed to study this question utilizing cord plasma samples (n = 1276) of the Finnish Genetics of Preeclampsia Consortium (FINNPEC) cohort: 539 from a pregnancy with PE and 737 without. We studied these samples and 30 placentas from PE pregnancies by a multiplex qPCR for the DNAs of all nine human herpesviruses. To assess the population prevalence of iciHHV-6, we studied whole-genome sequencing data from blood-derived DNA of 3421 biobank subjects. Any herpes viral DNA was detected in only two (0.37%) PE and one (0.14%) control sample (OR 2.74, 95% CI 0.25-30.4). One PE sample contained iciHHV-6B and another HHV-7 DNA. The control's DNA was of iciHHV-6B; the fetus having growth restriction and preterm birth without PE diagnosis. Placentas showed no herpesviruses. In the biobank data, 3 of 3421 subjects (0.08%) had low level HHV-6B but no iciHHV-6. While iciHHV-6 proved extremely rare, both fetuses with iciHHV-6B were growth-restricted, preterm, and from a pregnancy with maternal hypertension. Our findings suggest that human herpesviruses are not a significant cause of PE, whereas iciHHV-6 may pose some fetal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Häkkinen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gamze Yazgeldi Gunaydin
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lari Pyöriä
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shohei Kojima
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences and RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nicholas Parrish
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences and RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maria F Perdomo
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Heinonen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Wedenoja
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Information Services Department, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Balasundaram P, Sakr M. Chromosomal Integration of HHV-6 in a Preterm Neonate: A Rare Case of Hyperleukocytosis and Clinical Implications. Pediatr Rep 2024; 16:432-437. [PMID: 38921702 PMCID: PMC11206556 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukocytosis in neonates can occur because of infectious, inflammatory, malignant, or physiological processes. Hyperleukocytosis is defined as a total leukocyte count (TLC) exceeding 100,000 per mm3, warranting immediate evaluation. Neonates with hyperleukocytosis are at risk of leukostasis and the associated severe complications, including respiratory distress, myocardial ischemia, hyperuricemia, acute renal failure, infarction, and hemorrhage. Differentiating leukemia and leukemoid reactions in neonates presenting with elevated TLC is challenging but critical. We present a unique case of a preterm male neonate with hyperleukocytosis, initially suspected to have an underlying malignancy. The neonate's clinical course was complicated by respiratory distress syndrome and anemia of prematurity, necessitating neonatal intensive care unit management. Further investigation revealed high human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA levels in the whole blood, leading to a chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6) diagnosis. CiHHV-6 is characterized by HHV-6 DNA integration into the host genome. Accurate diagnosis relies on whole-blood quantitative PCR, distinguishing ciHHV-6 from an active infection. The neonate remained asymptomatic, and antiviral treatment was deemed unnecessary. This case underscores the importance of recognizing ciHHV-6 as a potential cause of hyperleukocytosis in neonates and highlights the value of whole-blood PCR for differentiation. Understanding the spectrum of HHV-6 infection in neonates is vital for appropriate management and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanikumar Balasundaram
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mercy Health—Javon Bea Hospital, Rockford, IL 61114, USA
| | - Mohamed Sakr
- Division of Neonatology, The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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Kim TY, Park MS, Yun SA, Kang M, Kim DR, Shin A, Kim HY, Jang MA, Jang JH, Kwon MJ, Huh HJ, Kim YJ, Lee NY. Performance evaluation of the SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit for quantitative detection and differentiation of human herpesvirus 6A and 6B. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0424923. [PMID: 38451228 PMCID: PMC10986541 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04249-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the newly developed SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit (SMG assay) with the RealStar HHV-6 PCR Kit (RealStar assay). The analytical sensitivity and specificity, linearity, and precision of the SMG assay were evaluated. The clinical performance of the SMG assay was assessed and compared with that of the RealStar assay using 207 clinical specimens (HHV-6A positive, n = 51; HHV-6B positive, n = 64; HHV-6A/B negative, n = 92). The limit of detection of the SMG assay was 2.92 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6A DNA and 2.88 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6B DNA. The linear range was determined to be 3.40-9.00 log10 copies/mL for both viruses. Intra- and inter-assay variability were below 5% at concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 log10 copies/mL. No cross-reactivity was observed with the 25 microorganisms included in the specificity panel. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the SMG and RealStar assays compared to in-house polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were as follows: SMG assay, 98.0% and 100% for HHV-6A DNA, respectively, and 96.9% and 100% for HHV-6B DNA, respectively; RealStar assay, 98.0% and 100% for HHV-6A DNA, respectively, and 90.6% and 100% for HHV-6B DNA, respectively. The correlation coefficients between viral loads measured by the two assays were 0.948 and 0.975, with mean differences of 0.62 and 0.32 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA, respectively. These results demonstrate that the SMG assay is a sensitive and reliable tool for the quantitative detection and differentiation of HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA.IMPORTANCEQuantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) that can distinguish between HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA is recommended for diagnosis of active infection. The SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit (SMG assay) is a newly developed qPCR assay that can differentiate between HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA; however, little is known about its performance. In this study, we assessed the performance of the SMG assay and compared it with that of a commercially available qPCR assay, the RealStar HHV-6 PCR Kit (RealStar assay). The SMG assay demonstrated excellent analytical sensitivity and specificity, precision, and linearity. Furthermore, the viral loads measured by the SMG assay were highly correlated with those measured by the RealStar assay. Our results suggest that the SMG assay is a useful diagnostic tool for quantitative detection and differentiation of HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeul Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Seung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Ae Yun
- Center for Clinical Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minhee Kang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Smart Healthcare Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo Ri Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Areum Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Kobayashi N, Shimada K, Ishii A, Osaka R, Nishiyama T, Shigeta M, Yanagisawa H, Oka N, Kondo K. Identification of a strong genetic risk factor for major depressive disorder in the human virome. iScience 2024; 27:109203. [PMID: 38414857 PMCID: PMC10897923 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD) is reportedly 30-50%. However, the genetic basis of its heritability remains unknown. Within SITH-1, a risk factor for MDD in human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), we discovered a gene polymorphism with a large odds ratio for an association with MDD. It was a sequence whose number of repeats was inversely correlated with SITH-1 expression. This number was significantly lower in MDD patients. Rates for 17 or fewer repeats of the sequence were 67.9% for MDD and 28.6% for normal controls, with an odds ratio of 5.28. For patients with 17 or less repeats, the rate for presence of another MDD patient in their families was 47.4%, whereas there were no MDD patients in the families of patients with more than 17 repeats. Since HHV-6B is transmitted primarily mother to child and within families and persists for life, this gene polymorphism could potentially influence heritability of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimada
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishii
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Rui Osaka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Toshiko Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shigeta
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Naomi Oka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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6
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Tan Z, Chia YMF, Mu X, Tan YJ. Inherited chromosomally-integrated human herpes virus 6 confounding test results in a patient with myelitis and optic neuritis - A case report. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 387:578283. [PMID: 38184892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
A case of the 'perfect storm' of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-mediated myelitis, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) reactivation, and COVID-19 infection was reported in 2021. This article reports a case of a similarly observed clinical triad, but with a different conclusion and explanation supported by laboratory test results and evidence from our literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore.
| | | | - Xiaomin Mu
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - You-Jiang Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
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Collin V, Biquand É, Tremblay V, Lavoie ÉG, Blondeau A, Gravel A, Galloy M, Lashgari A, Dessapt J, Côté J, Flamand L, Fradet-Turcotte A. The immediate-early protein 1 of human herpesvirus 6B interacts with NBS1 and inhibits ATM signaling. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:725-744. [PMID: 38177923 PMCID: PMC10897193 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral infection often trigger an ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM)-dependent DNA damage response in host cells that suppresses viral replication. Viruses evolved different strategies to counteract this antiviral surveillance system. Here, we report that human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) infection causes genomic instability by suppressing ATM signaling in host cells. Expression of immediate-early protein 1 (IE1) phenocopies this phenotype and blocks homology-directed double-strand break repair. Mechanistically, IE1 interacts with NBS1, and inhibits ATM signaling through two distinct domains. HHV-6B seems to efficiently inhibit ATM signaling as further depletion of either NBS1 or ATM do not significantly boost viral replication in infected cells. Interestingly, viral integration of HHV-6B into the host's telomeres is not strictly dependent on NBS1, challenging current models where integration occurs through homology-directed repair. Given that spontaneous IE1 expression has been detected in cells of subjects with inherited chromosomally-integrated form of HHV-6B (iciHHV-6B), a condition associated with several health conditions, our results raise the possibility of a link between genomic instability and the development of iciHHV-6-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Collin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Élise Biquand
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
- INSERM, Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Tremblay
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Élise G Lavoie
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Andréanne Blondeau
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Annie Gravel
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maxime Galloy
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Anahita Lashgari
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Julien Dessapt
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Jacques Côté
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Amélie Fradet-Turcotte
- Oncology Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC, G1R 2J6, Canada.
- Department of Molecular biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1R 3S3, Canada.
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8
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Wang H, Tomatis-Souverbielle C, Everhart K, Oyeniran SJ, Leber AL. Detection of human herpesvirus 6 in pediatric CSF samples: causing disease or incidental distraction? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 107:116029. [PMID: 37527599 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Interpretation of human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV6) detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children can be complex; the virus can cause acute infection, reactivation, or can be inherited chromosomally integrated (iciHHV6). Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of HHV6 including iciHHV6 in CSF and compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics with and without iciHHV6 in our patient population. Overall, the prevalence of HHV6 and iciHHV6 was 2.4% and 0.85%, respectively. Children with iciHHV6 were significantly younger and less likely to present with fever. Septic infants (≤60 days) accounted for 65.2% (15/23) of the iciHHV6 patients. Patients with iciHHV6 had higher viral loads in CSF and whole blood. Twenty-one (91.3%) patients with iciHHV6 and 12 (33.3%) without ici-HHV6 were determined to have an incidental detection of HHV6 not associated with presenting symptoms. Molecular detection of HHV6 in CSF is not always associated with HHV6 infection and may represent iciHHV6 particularly in infants evaluated for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cristina Tomatis-Souverbielle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathy Everhart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sophonie J Oyeniran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy L Leber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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9
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Christova P, Georgopoulos AP. Changes of cortical gray matter volume during development: a Human Connectome Project study. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:117-122. [PMID: 37314080 PMCID: PMC10312313 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00164.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed changes in gray matter volume of 35 cerebrocortical regions in a large sample of participants in the Human Connectome Project-Development (n = 649, 6-21 yr old, 299 males and 350 females). The same protocol for MRI data acquisition and processing was used for all brains. Volumes of individual areas were adjusted for estimated total intracranial volume and linearly regressed against age. We found changes of volume with age that were distinct among areas and consistent between sexes, as follows: 1) the overall cortical volume decreased significantly with age; 2) the volumes of 30/35 areas also decreased significantly with age; 3) the volumes of the hippocampal cortex (hippocampus, parahippocampal, and entorhinal) and that of pericalcarine cortex did not show significant age-related changes; and 4) the volume of the temporal pole increased significantly with age. The rates of volume reduction with age did not differ significantly between the two sexes, except for areas of the parietal lobe where males showed statistically significantly higher volume reduction with age than females. These results, obtained from a large sample of male and female participants, and acquired and processed in the same way, confirm previous findings, offer new insights into region-specific age-related changes in cortical brain volume, and are discussed in the context of the hypothesis that reduction in cortical volume may be partly due to a background, low-grade chronic neuroinflammation inflicted by common viruses residing latently in the brain, notably viruses of the human herpes family.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report mixed effects of age on cortical gray matter volume during development in a large sample of 649 participants studied in an identical manner (6-21 yr old, 299 males, 350 females). Volumes of 30/35 cortical areas decreased with age, temporal pole increased, and pericalcarine and hippocampal cortex (hippocampus, parahippocampal, and entorhinal) did not change. These findings were very similar in both sexes and provide a solid base for assessing region-specific cortical changes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peka Christova
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, The Neuroimaging Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, The Neuroimaging Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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10
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Miranda JL. Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Coinfection. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023:e0034223. [PMID: 37338391 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00342-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infections are widespread in human populations. Here, I describe single-cell RNA sequencing of two lymphoblastoid cell lines harboring both episomal EBV and inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6. Rare instances of HHV-6 expression appear enriched with EBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jj L Miranda
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Aimola G, Wight DJ, Flamand L, Kaufer BB. Excision of Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6A Genomes Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0076423. [PMID: 36926973 PMCID: PMC10100985 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00764-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B are betaherpesviruses that can integrate their genomes into the telomeres of latently infected cells. Integration can also occur in germ cells, resulting in individuals who harbor the integrated virus in every cell of their body and can pass it on to their offspring. This condition is termed inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6) and affects about 1% of the human population. The integrated HHV-6A/B genome can reactivate in iciHHV-6 patients and in rare cases can also cause severe diseases including encephalitis and graft-versus-host disease. Until now, it has remained impossible to prevent virus reactivation or remove the integrated virus genome. Therefore, we developed a system that allows the removal of HHV-6A from the host telomeres using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We used specific guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the direct repeat region at the ends of the viral genome to remove the virus from latently infected cells generated in vitro and iciHHV-6A patient cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses revealed that the virus genome was efficiently excised and lost in most cells. Efficient excision was achieved with both constitutive and transient expression of Cas9. In addition, reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that the virus genome did not reactivate upon excision. Taken together, our data show that our CRISPR/Cas9 approach allows efficient removal of the integrated virus genome from host telomeres. IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infects almost all humans and integrates into the telomeres of latently infected cells to persist in the host for life. In addition, HHV-6 can also integrate into the telomeres of germ cells, which results in about 80 million individuals worldwide who carry the virus in every cell of their body and can pass it on to their offspring. In this study, we develop the first system that allows excision of the integrated HHV-6 genome from host telomeres using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Our data revealed that the integrated HHV-6 genome can be efficiently removed from the telomeres of latently infected cells and cells of patients harboring the virus in their germ line. Virus removal could be achieved with both stable and transient Cas9 expression, without inducing viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Aimola
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Darren J. Wight
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, CHU de Quebec Research Center-Laval University, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6: Laboratory and Clinical Features. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030548. [PMID: 36985122 PMCID: PMC10052293 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6) is a condition in which the complete HHV-6 genome is integrated into the chromosomes of the host germ cell and is vertically transmitted. The aims of this study were to identify iciHHV-6 prevalence in hospitalized patients and clinical features in individuals carrying this integration. HHV-6 PCR on hair follicles was used to confirm iciHHV-6 status when the blood viral load was more than 5 Log10 copies/mL. From January 2012 to June 2022, HHV-6 DNAemia was investigated in 2019 patients. In particular, 49 had a viral load higher than 6 Log10 copies/mL and HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles was positive. A viral load between 5.0 and 5.9 Log10 copies/mL was observed in 10 patients: 6 infants with acute HHV-6 infection and 4 patients with leukopenia and HHV-6 integration. Therefore, the iciHHV-6 prevalence in our population was 2.6% (53/2019). Adult patients with integration presented hematological (24%), autoimmune (11%), autoimmune neurological (19%), not-autoimmune neurological (22%), and other diseases (19%), whereas 5% had no clinically relevant disease. Although in our study population a high percentage of iciHHV-6 adult hospitalized patients presented a specific pathology, it is still unknown whether the integration is responsible for, or contributes to, the disease development.
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13
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Hogestyn JM, Salois G, Xie L, Apa C, Youngyunpipatkul J, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M. Expression of the human herpesvirus 6A latency-associated transcript U94A impairs cytoskeletal functions in human neural cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103770. [PMID: 36055520 PMCID: PMC10124163 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have a multifactorial etiology and variable course of progression that cannot be explained by current models. Neurotropic viruses have long been suggested to play a role in these diseases, although their exact contributions remain unclear. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is one of the most common viruses detected in the adult brain, and has been clinically associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), and, more recently, Alzheimer's disease (AD). HHV-6A is a ubiquitous viral pathogen capable of infecting glia and neurons. Primary infection in childhood is followed by the induction of latency, characterized by expression of the U94A viral transcript in the absence of viral replication. Here we examine the effects of U94A on cells of the central nervous system. We found that U94A expression inhibits the migration and impairs cytoplasmic maturation of human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) without affecting their viability, a phenotype that may contribute to the failure of remyelination seen in many patients with MS. A subsequent proteomics analysis of U94A expression OPCs revealed altered expression of genes involved in tubulin associated cytoskeletal regulation. As HHV-6A seems to significantly be associated with early AD pathology, we extended our initially analysis of the impact of U94A on human derived neurons. We found that U94A expression inhibits neurite outgrowth of primary human cortical neurons and impairs synapse maturation. Based on these data we suggest that U94A expression by latent HHV-6A in glial cells and neurons renders them susceptible to dysfunction and degeneration. Therefore, latent viral infections of the brain represent a unique pathological risk factor that may contribute to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Hogestyn
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Garrick Salois
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Connor Apa
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Justin Youngyunpipatkul
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,.
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14
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Abdelrahim NA, Mohamed N, Evander M, Ahlm C, Fadl-Elmula IM. Human herpes virus type-6 is associated with central nervous system infections in children in Sudan. Afr J Lab Med 2022; 11:1718. [PMID: 36263389 PMCID: PMC9575351 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpes virus type-6 (HHV-6) is increasingly recognised as a febrile agent in children. However, less is known in sub-Saharan African countries, including Sudan. Objective We investigated the involvement of HHV-6 in paediatric central nervous system (CNS) infections in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods Febrile patients aged up to 15 years with suspected CNS infections at Omdurman Hospital for Children from 01 December 2009 to 01 August 2010 were included. Viral DNA was extracted from leftover cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens and quantitatively amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at Umeå University in Sweden. Results Of 503 CSF specimens, 13 (2.6%) were positive for HHV-6 (33.0% [13/40 of cases with proven infectious meningitis]). The median thermal cycle threshold for all HHV-6-positive specimens was 38 (range: 31.9–40.8). The median number of virus copies was 281.3/PCR run (1 × 105 copies/mL CSF; range: 30–44 × 103 copies/PCR run [12 × 103 – 18 × 106 copies/mL CSF]). All positive patients presented with fever and vomiting; 86.0% had seizures. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1; 50.0% were toddlers, 42.0% infants and 8.0% teenagers. Most (83.0%) were admitted in the dry season and 17.0% in the rainy season. Cerebrospinal fluid leukocytosis was seen in 33.0%, CSF glucose levels were normal in 86.0% and low in 14.0%, and CSF protein levels were low in 14.0% and high in 43.0%. Conclusion Among children in Sudan with CNS infections, HHV-6 is common. Studies on the existence and spread of HHV-6 chromosomal integration in this population are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Abdelrahim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nahla Mohamed
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Imad M Fadl-Elmula
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
- Assafa Academy, Kartoum, Sudan
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15
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Impact of Host Telomere Length on HHV-6 Integration. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091864. [PMID: 36146670 PMCID: PMC9505050 DOI: 10.3390/v14091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B are two closely related viruses that infect almost all humans. In contrast to most herpesviruses, HHV-6A/B can integrate their genomes into the telomeres during the infection process. Both viruses can also integrate in germ cells and subsequently be inherited in children. How HHV-6A/B integrate into host telomeres and the consequences of this remain a subject of active research. Here, we developed a method to measure telomere length by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, confocal microscopy, and computational processing. This method was validated using a panel of HeLa cells having short or long telomeres. These cell lines were infected with HHV-6A, revealing that the virus could efficiently integrate into telomeres independent of their length. Furthermore, we assessed the telomere lengths after HHV-6A integration and found that the virus-containing telomeres display a variety of lengths, suggesting that either telomere length is restored after integration or telomeres are not shortened by integration. Our results highlight new aspects of HHV-6A/B biology and the role of telomere length on virus integration.
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16
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Berneking L, Both A, Langebrake C, Aepfelbacher M, Lütgehetmann M, Kröger N, Christopeit M. Detection of human herpes virus 6 DNA and chromosomal integration after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective single center analysis. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13836. [PMID: 35389547 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) can reactivate after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. METHODS The epidemiology of HHV-6 infections and their impact on outcome after allo-HSCT were retrospectively analyzed in 689 adult allo-HSCT recipients (January 2015-December 2018). Chromosomal integration of HHV-6 (ciHHV-6) in the donor was retrospectively investigated to critically evaluate antiviral treatment strategies. RESULTS HHV-6 DNA in any specimen was found in 89 patients. HHV-6 infections (encephalitis (1), gastroenteritis (44), dermatitis (2), hepatitis (1) or pneumonitis (5)) were diagnosed in 53/689 patients (7.7%). Elevated levels of HHV-6 DNA were found in 38 patients (5.5%). CiHHV-6, analyzed in patients with HHV-6 viral loads ≥104 copies/mL, was identified in 4 patients (10/38 patients; 10.5%). Two of those displayed copy numbers of HHV-6 ranging from ≥ 2 × 105 to 2.5 × 106 copies/mL (HHV-6A). Here, ciHHV-6 was integrated into donor and not into the patients' cells. In this series of allo-HSCT recipients, 10.5% of patients with blood viral loads of HHV-6 showed ciHHV-6. CONCLUSION Screening of the donor for chromosomal integration of HHV-6 (ciHHV-6) before initiation of antiviral therapy is recommended. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berneking
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Both
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Langebrake
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Hospital Pharmacy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Kröger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Christopeit
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Medical Clinic, Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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17
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Wang X, Patel SA, Haddadin M, Cerny J. Post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation viral reactivations and viremias: a focused review on human herpesvirus-6, BK virus and adenovirus. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211018027. [PMID: 34104434 PMCID: PMC8155777 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211018027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus have been recognized as potential drivers of morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for years. Specific protocols for monitoring, prophylaxis and pre-emptive therapy are in place in many transplant settings. In this review, we focus on the next three most frequent viruses, human herpesvirus-6, BK virus and adenovirus, causing reactivation and/or viremia after allogeneic transplant, which are increasingly detected in patients in the post-transplant period owing to emerging techniques of molecular biology, recipients' characteristics, treatment modalities used for conditioning and factors related donors or stem cell source. Given the less frequent detection of an illness related to these viruses, there are often no specific protocols in place for the management of affected patients. While some patients develop significant morbidity (generally older), others may not need therapy at all (generally younger or children). Furthermore, some of the antiviral therapies used are potentially toxic. With the addition of increased risk of secondary infections, risk of graft failure or increased risk of graft-versus-host disease as well as the relationship with other post-transplant complications, the outcomes of patients with these viremias remain unsatisfactory and even long-term survivors experience increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shyam A Patel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael Haddadin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jan Cerny
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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18
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Is the ZIKV Congenital Syndrome and Microcephaly Due to Syndemism with Latent Virus Coinfection? Viruses 2021; 13:v13040669. [PMID: 33924398 PMCID: PMC8069280 DOI: 10.3390/v13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) mirrors its evolutionary nature and, thus, its ability to grow in diversity or complexity (i.e., related to genome, host response, environment changes, tropism, and pathogenicity), leading to it recently joining the circle of closed congenital pathogens. The causal relation of ZIKV to microcephaly is still a much-debated issue. The identification of outbreak foci being in certain endemic urban areas characterized by a high-density population emphasizes that mixed infections might spearhead the recent appearance of a wide range of diseases that were initially attributed to ZIKV. Globally, such coinfections may have both positive and negative effects on viral replication, tropism, host response, and the viral genome. In other words, the possibility of coinfection may necessitate revisiting what is considered to be known regarding the pathogenesis and epidemiology of ZIKV diseases. ZIKV viral coinfections are already being reported with other arboviruses (e.g., chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV)) as well as congenital pathogens (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (HCMV)). However, descriptions of human latent viruses and their impacts on ZIKV disease outcomes in hosts are currently lacking. This review proposes to select some interesting human latent viruses (i.e., herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human papillomavirus (HPV)), whose virological features and co-exposition with ZIKV may provide evidence of the syndemism process, shedding some light on the emergence of the ZIKV-induced global congenital syndrome in South America.
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19
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COVID-19, HHV6 and MOG antibody: A perfect storm. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 353:577521. [PMID: 33607505 PMCID: PMC7879032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Serious neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 are increasingly being recognized. Case We report a novel case of HHV6 myelitis with parainfectious MOG-IgG in the setting of COVID-19-induced lymphopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia. The patient experienced complete neurological recovery with gancyclovir, high dose corticosteroids, and plasma exchange. To our knowledge, this is the first case of HHV6 reactivation in the central nervous system in the setting of COVID19 infection and the first case of MOG-IgG myelitis in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 and HHV6 coinfection. Conclusion Patients with neurological manifestations in the setting of COVID19-related immunodeficiency should be tested for opportunistic infections including HHV6. Viral infection is a known trigger for MOG-IgG and therefore this antibody should be checked in patients with SARS-CoV-2 associated demyelination.
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20
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Handley G, Hasbun R, Okhuysen P. Human herpesvirus 6 and central nervous system disease in oncology patients: A retrospective case series and literature review. J Clin Virol 2021; 136:104740. [PMID: 33548682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) can reactivate with immunosuppression and cause central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Much of the literature describes cases after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), ranging from encephalitis to a post-transplant acute limbic encephalitis syndrome (PALE). Outside of HSCT, studies of HHV-6 encephalitis are limited to case reports. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to review HHV-6 CNS infection, and evaluate all patients admitted to MD Anderson Cancer Center between March 2016 and December 2018 with detectable HHV-6 DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). STUDY DESIGN Patients with HHV-6 DNA detected in the CSF using the Viracor or Biofire® Meningitis Encephalitis Panel platforms and no other identified etiology were identified and demographic features, known risk factors, imaging findings, CSF analysis, treatments and patient outcomes were extracted from medical records. RESULTS 725 patients underwent HHV-6 testing during the study timeframe, with 19 cases (2.6 %) of HHV-6 mediated CNS disease identified. Most patients, 13/19 (68 %), had undergone HSCT with median time to presentation of 31 days after transplant. Survival at 240 days after transplant was 62 %. CSF had lymphocyte predominance and nearly all patients had peripheral lymphopenia. Other at risk populations identified included patients who received chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and biologic immunotherapy. Notable discordance among testing platforms was found in 5/9 (55 %) instances. CONCLUSIONS In addition to HSCT patients, HHV-6 reactivation leading to CNS disease also occurs in settings such as following adoptive T cell therapy or biologic immunotherapy. Significant diagnostic discordance exists between testing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Handley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School UT Health, 6431 Fannin, MSB 2.112, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School UT Health, 6431 Fannin, MSB 2.112, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pablo Okhuysen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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21
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Wood ML, Veal CD, Neumann R, Suárez NM, Nichols J, Parker AJ, Martin D, Romaine SPR, Codd V, Samani NJ, Voors AA, Tomaszewski M, Flamand L, Davison AJ, Royle NJ. Variation in human herpesvirus 6B telomeric integration, excision, and transmission between tissues and individuals. eLife 2021; 10:70452. [PMID: 34545807 PMCID: PMC8492063 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A/6B) are ubiquitous pathogens that persist lifelong in latent form and can cause severe conditions upon reactivation. They are spread by community-acquired infection of free virus (acqHHV6A/6B) and by germline transmission of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/6B (iciHHV-6A/6B) in telomeres. We exploited a hypervariable region of the HHV-6B genome to investigate the relationship between acquired and inherited virus and revealed predominantly maternal transmission of acqHHV-6B in families. Remarkably, we demonstrate that some copies of acqHHV-6B in saliva from healthy adults gained a telomere, indicative of integration and latency, and that the frequency of viral genome excision from telomeres in iciHHV-6B carriers is surprisingly high and varies between tissues. In addition, newly formed short telomeres generated by partial viral genome release are frequently lengthened, particularly in telomerase-expressing pluripotent cells. Consequently, iciHHV-6B carriers are mosaic for different iciHHV-6B structures, including circular extra-chromosomal forms that have the potential to reactivate. Finally, we show transmission of an HHV-6B strain from an iciHHV-6B mother to her non-iciHHV-6B son. Altogether, we demonstrate that iciHHV-6B can readily transition between telomere-integrated and free virus forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wood
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Colin D Veal
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Rita Neumann
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrei J Parker
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Diana Martin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon PR Romaine
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield HospitalLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Royle
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
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22
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Kojima S, Parrish NF, Terao C. Chromosomally-integrated human herpesvirus 6 and autoimmune connective tissue diseases. J Clin Virol 2020; 134:104714. [PMID: 33338895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kojima
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nicholas F Parrish
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technologies allowed sequencing of thousands of genomes. However, there are genomic regions that remain difficult to characterize, including telomeres, centromeres, and other low-complexity regions, as well as transposable elements and endogenous viruses. Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are closely related viruses that infect most humans and can integrate their genomes into the telomeres of infected cells. Integration also occurs in germ cells, meaning that the virus can be inherited and result in individuals harboring the virus in every cell of their body. The integrated virus can reactivate and cause disease in humans. While it is well established that the virus resides in the telomere region, the integration locus is poorly defined due to the low sequence complexity (TTAGGG)n of telomeres that cannot be easily resolved through sequencing. We therefore employed genome imaging of the integrated HHV-6A and HHV-6B genomes using whole-genome optical site mapping technology. Using this technology, we identified which chromosome arm harbors the virus genome and obtained a high-resolution map of the integration loci of multiple patients. Surprisingly, this revealed long telomere sequences at the virus-subtelomere junction that were previously missed using PCR-based approaches. Contrary to what was previously thought, our technique revealed that the telomere lengths of chromosomes harboring the integrated virus genome were comparable to the other chromosomes. Taken together, our data shed light on the genetic structure of the HHV-6A and HHV-6B integration locus, demonstrating the utility of optical mapping for the analysis of genomic regions that are difficult to sequence.
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Kawamura Y, Hashimoto T, Miura H, Kozawa K, Yoshikawa A, Ikeda N, Yatsuya H, Yasuoka H, Yoshikawa T. Inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 and autoimmune connective tissue diseases. J Clin Virol 2020; 132:104656. [PMID: 33045641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entire genome of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) that integrates into human chromosomes is called chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6). Several viral infections have been suggested to be involved in autoimmune connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Reactivated HHV-6 from the integrated viral genome can induce immune responses against the virus. Thus, it is plausible that ciHHV-6 is associated with autoimmune CTDs. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether the prevalence of ciHHV-6 was significantly higher in patients with autoimmune CTDs than in a healthy population. STUDY DESIGN A total of 846 peripheral blood samples collected from autoimmune CTD patients were analyzed. Since there was a large number of samples, they were pooled into 24 samples per group. Copy numbers of HHV-6 DNA were measured by real-time PCR. The threshold level for distinguishing between ciHHV-6 and active viral infection and the reliability of pooled DNA analysis were examined as initial validation experiments. RESULTS The threshold level was 1.6 × 10^6 copy/mL in whole blood. The reliability of pooled DNA analysis to identify one ciHHV-6 sample among 23 HHV-6 DNA-negative samples was high. No HHV-6 DNA was detected in any of the pooled DNA samples collected from the patients. The probability of the present study including the 846 autoimmune CTD patient's samples was statistically not different with a healthy Japanese population which was 0.2 % or 0.6 %. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in the prevalence of ciHHV-6 between a healthy population and patients with autoimmune CTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Takako Hashimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naomi Ikeda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuya
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidekata Yasuoka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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25
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Miura H, Kawamura Y, Ohye T, Hattori F, Kozawa K, Ihira M, Yatsuya H, Nishizawa H, Kurahashi H, Yoshikawa T. Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6 Is a Risk Factor for Spontaneous Abortion. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1717-1723. [PMID: 32984876 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) can be genetically transmitted from parent to child as inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). HHV-6 reactivation occurs in pregnant women with iciHHV-6. We found no sex differences in the frequency of index cases with iciHHV-6 but inheritance from the father was more common. We evaluated the association between iciHHV-6 status and spontaneous abortion. METHODS iciHHV-6 was confirmed by high viral DNA copy numbers in whole blood and somatic cells. The origin of integrated viral genome, paternal or maternal, was examined using the same method. The pregnancy history of 23 mothers in families with iciHHV-6 and 285 mothers in families without iciHHV-6 was abstracted. RESULTS Of 23 iciHHV-6 index cases, 8 mothers and 15 fathers had iciHHV-6. Spontaneous abortion rates in mothers with and mothers without/fathers with iciHHV-6 and mothers in families without iciHHV-6 were 27.6%, 10.3%, and 14.8%, respectively (P = .012). Mothers with iciHHV-6 (odds ratio [OR], 6.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-37.4) and maternal age at the most recent pregnancy ≥40 years (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.30-11.8) were associated with 2 or more spontaneous abortions. CONCLUSIONS Mothers with iciHHV-6 is a risk factor for spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tamae Ohye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuya
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Haruki Nishizawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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26
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van der Kuyl AC, Berkhout B. Viruses in the reproductive tract: On their way to the germ line? Virus Res 2020; 286:198101. [PMID: 32710926 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies of vertebrate genomes have indicated that all species contain in their chromosomes stretches of DNA with sequence similarity to viral genomes. How such 'endogenous' viral elements (EVEs) ended up in host genomes is usually explained in general terms such as 'they entered the germ line at some point during evolution'. This seems a correct statement, but is also rather imprecise. The vast number of endogenous viral sequences suggest that common routes to the 'germ line' may exist, as relying on chance alone may not easily explain the abundance of EVEs in modern mammalian genomes. An increasing number of virus types have been detected in human semen and a growing number of studies have reported on viral infections that cause male infertility or subfertility and on viral infections that threaten in vitro fertilisation practices. Thus, it is timely to survey the pathway(s) that viruses can use to gain access to the human germ line. Embryo transfer and semen quality studies in livestock form another source of relevant information because virus infection during reproduction is clearly unwanted, as is the case for the human situation. In this review, studies on viruses in the male and female reproductive tract and in the early embryo will be discussed to propose a plausible viral route to the mammalian germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Cornelia van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Collin V, Gravel A, Kaufer BB, Flamand L. The Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein facilitates human herpesvirus 6B chromosomal integration, immediate-early 1 protein multiSUMOylation and its localization at telomeres. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008683. [PMID: 32658923 PMCID: PMC7394443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a betaherpesvirus capable of integrating its genome into the telomeres of host chromosomes. Until now, the cellular and/or viral proteins facilitating HHV-6B integration have remained elusive. Here we show that a cellular protein, the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) that forms nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), associates with the HHV-6B immediate early 1 (IE1) protein at telomeres. We report enhanced levels of SUMOylated IE1 in the presence of PML and have identified a putative SUMO Interacting Motif (SIM) within IE1, essential for its nuclear distribution, overall SUMOylation and association with PML to nuclear bodies. Furthermore, using PML knockout cell lines we made the original observation that PML is required for efficient HHV-6B integration into host chromosomes. Taken together, we could demonstrate that PML-NBs are important for IE1 multiSUMOylation and that PML plays an important role in HHV-6B integration into chromosomes, a strategy developed by this virus to maintain its genome in its host over long periods of time. Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a ubiquitous virus that can be life threatening in immunocompromised patients. HHV-6B is among a few other herpesviruses that integrate their genome in host chromosomes as a mean to establish dormancy. Integration of HHV-6B occurs in host telomeres, a region that protects our genome from deterioration and controls the cellular lifespan. To date, the mechanisms leading to HHV-6B integration remain elusive. Our laboratory has identified that the IE1 protein of HHV-6B associates with PML, a cellular protein that is responsible for the regulation of important cellular mechanisms including DNA recombination and repair. With the objective of understanding how IE1 is brought to PML, we discovered that PML aids the SUMOylation of IE1. This finding led us to identify a putative SUMO interaction motif on IE1 that is essentials for both its SUMOylation and IE1 oligomerization with PML-NBs. We next studied the role of PML on HHV-6B integration and identified that cells that are deficient for PML were less susceptible to HHV-6B integration. These results correlate with the fact that PML influences IE1 localization at telomeres, the site of HHV-6B integration. Our study further contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms leading to HHV-6B chromosomal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Collin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Gravel
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of microbiology, infectious disease and immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Gaccioli F, Lager S, de Goffau MC, Sovio U, Dopierala J, Gong S, Cook E, Sharkey A, Moffett A, Lee WK, Delles C, Venturini C, Breuer J, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith GCS. Fetal inheritance of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 predisposes the mother to pre-eclampsia. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:901-908. [PMID: 32367053 PMCID: PMC7610361 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (typically characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria in the second half of pregnancy) represents a major determinant of the global burden of disease1,2. Its pathophysiology involves placental dysfunction, but the mechanism is unclear. Viral infection can cause organ dysfunction, but its role in placentally related disorders of human pregnancy is unknown3. We addressed this using RNA sequencing metagenomics4-6 of placental samples from normal and complicated pregnancies. Here, we show that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6, A or B) RNA was detected in 6.1% of cases of pre-eclampsia and 2.2% of other pregnancies. Fetal genotyping demonstrated that 70% of samples with HHV-6 RNA in the placenta exhibited inherited, chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). We genotyped 467 pre-eclampsia cases and 3,854 controls and found an excess of iciHHV-6 in the cases (odds ratio of 2.8, 95% confidence intervals of 1.4-5.6, P = 0.008). We validated this finding by comparing iciHHV-6 in a further 740 cases with controls from large-scale population studies (odds ratio of 2.5, 95% confidence intervals of 1.4-4.4, P = 0.0013). We conclude that iciHHV-6 results in the transcription of viral RNA in the human placenta and predisposes the mother to pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gaccioli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanne Lager
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus C de Goffau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justyna Dopierala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline Limited, Stevenage, UK
| | - Sungsam Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Cook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Sharkey
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wai Kwong Lee
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - D Stephen Charnock-Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon C S Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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29
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Pozzoli U, Sironi M. Evolutionary analysis of exogenous and integrated HHV-6A/HHV-6B populations. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa035. [PMID: 32551136 PMCID: PMC7293831 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human betaherpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are highly prevalent in human populations. The genomes of these viruses can be stably integrated at the telomeres of human chromosomes and be vertically transmitted (inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/HHV-6B, iciHHV-6A/iciHHV-6B). We reconstructed the population structures of HHV-6A and HHV-6B, showing that HHV-6A diverged less than HHV-6B genomes from the projected common ancestral population. Thus, HHV-6B genomes experienced stronger drift, as also supported by calculation of nucleotide diversity and Tajima's D. Analysis of ancestry proportions indicated that HHV-6A exogenous viruses and iciHHV-6A derived most of their genomes from distinct ancestral sources. Conversely, ancestry proportions were similar in exogenous HHV-6B viruses and iciHHV-6B. In line with previous indications, this suggests the distinct exogenous viral populations that originated iciHHV-6B in subjects with European and Asian ancestry are still causing infections in the corresponding geographic areas. Notably, for both iciHHV-6A and iciHHV-6B, we found that European and American sequences tend to have high proportions of ancestry from viral populations that experienced considerable drift, suggesting that they underwent one or more bottlenecks followed by population expansion. Finally, analysis of HHV-6B exogenous viruses sampled in Japan indicated that proportions of ancestry components of most of these viruses are different from the majority of those sampled in the USA. More generally, we show that, in both viral species, both integrated and exogenous viral genomes have different ancestry components, partially depending on geographic location. It would be extremely important to determine whether such differences account for the diversity of HHV-6A/HHV-6B-associated clinical symptoms and epidemiology. Also, the sequencing of additional exogenous and integrated viral genomes will be instrumental to confirm and expand our conclusions, which are based on a relatively small number of genomes, sequenced with variable quality, and with unequal sampling in terms of geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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30
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Weidner-Glunde M, Kruminis-Kaszkiel E, Savanagouder M. Herpesviral Latency-Common Themes. Pathogens 2020; 9:E125. [PMID: 32075270 PMCID: PMC7167855 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency establishment is the hallmark feature of herpesviruses, a group of viruses, of which nine are known to infect humans. They have co-evolved alongside their hosts, and mastered manipulation of cellular pathways and tweaking various processes to their advantage. As a result, they are very well adapted to persistence. The members of the three subfamilies belonging to the family Herpesviridae differ with regard to cell tropism, target cells for the latent reservoir, and characteristics of the infection. The mechanisms governing the latent state also seem quite different. Our knowledge about latency is most complete for the gammaherpesviruses due to previously missing adequate latency models for the alpha and beta-herpesviruses. Nevertheless, with advances in cell biology and the availability of appropriate cell-culture and animal models, the common features of the latency in the different subfamilies began to emerge. Three criteria have been set forth to define latency and differentiate it from persistent or abortive infection: 1) persistence of the viral genome, 2) limited viral gene expression with no viral particle production, and 3) the ability to reactivate to a lytic cycle. This review discusses these criteria for each of the subfamilies and highlights the common strategies adopted by herpesviruses to establish latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Weidner-Glunde
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Str. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.K.-K.); (M.S.)
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31
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Current understanding of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) chromosomal integration. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104720. [PMID: 32044155 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) are members of the genus Roseolovirus in the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily. HHV-6B infects humans in the first years of life, has a seroprevalence of more than 90% and causes Roseola Infantum, but less is known about HHV-6A. While most other herpesviruses maintain their latent genome as a circular episome, HHV-6A and HHV-6B (HHV-6A/B) have been shown to integrate their genome into the telomeres of infected cells. HHV-6A/B can also integrate into the chromosomes of germ cells, resulting in individuals carrying a copy of the virus genome in every nucleated cell of their bodies. This review highlights our current understanding of HHV-6A/B integration and reactivation as well as aspects that should be addressed in the future of this relatively young research area. It forms part of an online symposium on the prevention and therapy of DNA virus infections, dedicated to the memory of Mark Prichard.
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32
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Pozzoli U, Sironi M. A complex evolutionary relationship between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez043. [PMID: 31649826 PMCID: PMC6800887 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human betaherpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) are highly prevalent in human populations. The genomes of these viruses can be stably integrated at the telomeres of human chromosomes and be vertically transmitted (inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6, iciHHV6). We reconstructed the population structure of HHV-6 and we show that HHV-6A genomes diverged less than HHV-6B genomes from the ancestral common HHV-6A/B population. Analysis of ancestry proportions indicated that HHV-6A exogenous viruses and iciHHV-6A derived most of their genomes from distinct ancestral sources. Conversely, exogenous viral and iciHHV-6B populations were similar in terms of ancestry components, with no evident geographic structuring. Most HHV-6B genomes sampled to date derive from viral populations that experienced considerable drift. However, a population of HHV-6 exogenous viruses, currently classified as HHV-6B and sampled in New York state, formed a separate cluster (NY cluster) and harbored a considerable portion of HHV-6A-like ancestry. Recombination detection methods identified these viruses as interspecies recombinants, but phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that the recombination signals are due to shared ancestry. In analogy to iciHHV-6A, NY cluster viruses have high nucleotide diversity and constant population size. We propose that HHV-6A sequences and the NY cluster population diverged from an ancestral HHV-6A-like population. A relatively recent bottleneck of the NY (or a related) population with subsequent expansion originated most HHV-6B genomes currently sampled. Our findings indicate that the distinction between HHV-6A and -6B is not as clear-cut as previously thought. More generally, epidemiological and clinical surveys would benefit from taking HHV-6 genetic diversity into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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Ward KN, Hill JA, Hubacek P, de la Camara R, Crocchiolo R, Einsele H, Navarro D, Robin C, Cordonnier C, Ljungman P. Guidelines from the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia for management of HHV-6 infection in patients with hematologic malignancies and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2019; 104:2155-2163. [PMID: 31467131 PMCID: PMC6821622 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.223073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the two human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) species, human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) encephalitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Guidelines for the management of HHV-6 infections in patients with hematologic malignancies or post-transplant were prepared a decade ago but there have been no other guidelines since then despite significant advances in the understanding of HHV-6 encephalitis, its therapy, and other aspects of HHV-6 disease in this patient population. Revised guidelines prepared at the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia covering diagnosis, preventative strategies and management of HHV-6 disease are now presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Ward
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Petr Hubacek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology 2 Medical Faculty of Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Julius Maximilians Universität, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christine Robin
- Department of Haematology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Catherine Cordonnier
- Department of Haematology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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Viral Proteins U41 and U70 of Human Herpesvirus 6A Are Dispensable for Telomere Integration. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110656. [PMID: 30469324 PMCID: PMC6267051 DOI: 10.3390/v10110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6A and -6B (HHV-6A and -6B) are two closely related betaherpesviruses that infect humans. Upon primary infection they establish a life-long infection termed latency, where the virus genome is integrated into the telomeres of latently infected cells. Intriguingly, HHV-6A/B can integrate into germ cells, leading to individuals with inherited chromosomally-integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6), who have the HHV-6 genome in every cell. It is known that telomeric repeats flanking the virus genome are essential for integration; however, the protein factors mediating integration remain enigmatic. We have previously shown that the putative viral integrase U94 is not essential for telomere integration; thus, we set out to assess the contribution of potential viral recombination proteins U41 and U70 towards integration. We could show that U70 enhances dsDNA break repair via a homology-directed mechanism using a reporter cell line. We then engineered cells to produce shRNAs targeting both U41 and U70 to inhibit their expression during infection. Using these cells in our HHV-6A in vitro integration assay, we could show that U41/U70 were dispensable for telomere integration. Furthermore, additional inhibition of the cellular recombinase Rad51 suggested that it was also not essential, indicating that other cellular and/or viral factors must mediate telomere integration.
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Wang Y, Ding L, Zhu Q, Shu M, Cai Q. Common Infections May Lead to Alzheimer's Disease. Virol Sin 2018; 33:456-458. [PMID: 30225586 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Wang
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Ding
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minfeng Shu
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Turbett SE, Tsiaras WG, McDermott S, Eng G. Case 26-2018: A 48-Year-Old Man with Fever, Chills, Myalgias, and Rash. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:775-785. [PMID: 30134139 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1807494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Turbett
- From the Departments of Medicine (S.E.T.), Radiology (S.M.), and Pathology (G.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (W.G.T.), and the Departments of Medicine (S.E.T.), Dermatology (W.G.T.), Radiology (S.M.), and Pathology (G.E.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - William G Tsiaras
- From the Departments of Medicine (S.E.T.), Radiology (S.M.), and Pathology (G.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (W.G.T.), and the Departments of Medicine (S.E.T.), Dermatology (W.G.T.), Radiology (S.M.), and Pathology (G.E.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Shaunagh McDermott
- From the Departments of Medicine (S.E.T.), Radiology (S.M.), and Pathology (G.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (W.G.T.), and the Departments of Medicine (S.E.T.), Dermatology (W.G.T.), Radiology (S.M.), and Pathology (G.E.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - George Eng
- From the Departments of Medicine (S.E.T.), Radiology (S.M.), and Pathology (G.E.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (W.G.T.), and the Departments of Medicine (S.E.T.), Dermatology (W.G.T.), Radiology (S.M.), and Pathology (G.E.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
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Readhead B, Haure-Mirande JV, Funk CC, Richards MA, Shannon P, Haroutunian V, Sano M, Liang WS, Beckmann ND, Price ND, Reiman EM, Schadt EE, Ehrlich ME, Gandy S, Dudley JT. Multiscale Analysis of Independent Alzheimer's Cohorts Finds Disruption of Molecular, Genetic, and Clinical Networks by Human Herpesvirus. Neuron 2018; 99:64-82.e7. [PMID: 29937276 PMCID: PMC6551233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Investigators have long suspected that pathogenic microbes might contribute to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) although definitive evidence has not been presented. Whether such findings represent a causal contribution, or reflect opportunistic passengers of neurodegeneration, is also difficult to resolve. We constructed multiscale networks of the late-onset AD-associated virome, integrating genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological data across four brain regions from human post-mortem tissue. We observed increased human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) from subjects with AD compared with controls. These results were replicated in two additional, independent and geographically dispersed cohorts. We observed regulatory relationships linking viral abundance and modulators of APP metabolism, including induction of APBB2, APPBP2, BIN1, BACE1, CLU, PICALM, and PSEN1 by HHV-6A. This study elucidates networks linking molecular, clinical, and neuropathological features with viral activity and is consistent with viral activity constituting a general feature of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Readhead
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA
| | - Jean-Vianney Haure-Mirande
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109-5263, USA
| | | | - Paul Shannon
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109-5263, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Mary Sano
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, New York, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Winnie S Liang
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85014, USA; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Noam D Beckmann
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nathan D Price
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, 98109-5263, USA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85014, USA; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85721, USA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Sema4, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, New York, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Center for NFL Neurological Care, Department of Neurology, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA.
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Miura H, Kawamura Y, Hattori F, Kozawa K, Ihira M, Ohye T, Kurahashi H, Yoshikawa T. Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 in the Japanese population. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1636-1642. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Tamae Ohye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics; Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University; Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Aichi Japan
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40
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Genomic Integration of HHV-6 Mimicking Viral Reactivation after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29531650 PMCID: PMC5841938 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2018.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation has proven to be useful in preventing life-threatening complications; however, the pathogenic role of HHV-6 after autologous transplantation is not well-characterized, although viral reactivation might be responsible for significant complications even after this type of transplant. Here we report, for the first time to our knowledge, the case of a patient with chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6), presenting with high titers of HHV-6 DNA copies after autologous transplantation, mimicking HHV-6 reactivation. The presence of viral DNA in the follicle bulb confirmed the ciHHV-6 and allowed for the discontinuation of the antiviral treatment. Due to the increasing awareness of HHV-6 potential pathogenicity and the fact that ciHHV-6 is expected in 1–2% of the population, such a case might be helpful in recognizing ci HHV-6, thus avoiding unnecessary and potentially toxic antiviral therapy once the viral genomic integration is confirmed.
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41
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Telford M, Navarro A, Santpere G. Whole genome diversity of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 derived from healthy individuals of diverse geographic origin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3472. [PMID: 29472617 PMCID: PMC5823862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6-A and -B (HHV-6A, HHV-6B) are ubiquitous in human populations worldwide. These viruses have been associated with several diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma or encephalitis. Despite of the need to understand the genetic diversity and geographic stratification of these viruses, the availability of complete viral sequences from different populations is still limited. Here, we present nine new inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 sequences from diverse geographical origin which were generated through target DNA enrichment on lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from healthy individuals. Integration with available HHV-6 sequences allowed the assessment of HHV-6A and -6B phylogeny, patterns of recombination and signatures of natural selection. Analysis of the intra-species variability showed differences between A and B diversity levels and revealed that the HHV-6B reference (Z29) is an uncommon sequence, suggesting the need for an alternative reference sequence. Signs of geographical variation are present and more defined in HHV-6A, while they appear partly masked by recombination in HHV-6B. Finally, we conducted a scan for signatures of selection in protein coding genes that yielded at least 6 genes (4 and 2 respectively for the A and B species) showing significant evidence for accelerated evolution, and 1 gene showing evidence of positive selection in HHV-6A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Telford
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- National Institute for Bioinformatics (INB), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Santpere
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Hogestyn JM, Mock DJ, Mayer-Proschel M. Contributions of neurotropic human herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 and human herpesvirus 6 to neurodegenerative disease pathology. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:211-221. [PMID: 29557362 PMCID: PMC5879884 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HVs) have developed ingenious mechanisms that enable them to traverse the defenses of the central nervous system (CNS). The ability of HVs to enter a state of latency, a defining characteristic of this viral family, allows them to persist in the human host indefinitely. As such, HVs represent the most frequently detected pathogens in the brain. Under constant immune pressure, these infections are largely asymptomatic in healthy hosts. However, many neurotropic HVs have been directly connected with CNS pathology in the context of other stressors and genetic risk factors. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which neurotropic HVs contribute to neurodegenerative disease (NDD) pathology by highlighting two prominent members of the HV family, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We (i) introduce the infectious pathways and replicative cycles of HSV-1 and HHV-6 and then (ii) review the clinical evidence supporting associations between these viruses and the NDDs Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), respectively. We then (iii) highlight and discuss potential mechanisms by which these viruses exert negative effects on neurons and glia. Finally, we (iv) discuss how these viruses could interact with other disease-modifying factors to contribute to the initiation and/or progression of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Mock
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Proschel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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43
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Rashidi A, Obeid K, Hill J, Warlick ED, Weisdorf DJ. Multiple transmissions of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus-6 in one family. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 20. [PMID: 29156094 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus-6 (ciHHV-6) can be transmitted from parent to child or via allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We report a case of ciHHV-6 transmitted via syngeneic HCT, and vertically across 3 generations. ciHHV-6 was transmitted from a parent to the patient and her identical twin, and from the patient to her son. The patient underwent syngeneic HCT as rescue from chemotherapy-induced aplasia during which ciHHV-6 was re-transmitted to her, this time from her identical twin. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a patient acquiring ciHHV-6 once via germline from a parent and again via syngeneic HCT from an identical twin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rashidi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karam Obeid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joshua Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica D Warlick
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel J Weisdorf
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6 Genomes Are Ancient, Intact, and Potentially Able To Reactivate from Telomeres. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01137-17. [PMID: 28835501 PMCID: PMC5660504 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01137-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B have the capacity to integrate into telomeres, the essential capping structures of chromosomes that play roles in cancer and ageing. About 1% of people worldwide are carriers of chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6), which is inherited as a genetic trait. Understanding the consequences of integration for the evolution of the viral genome, for the telomere, and for the risk of disease associated with carrier status is hampered by a lack of knowledge about ciHHV-6 genomes. Here, we report an analysis of 28 ciHHV-6 genomes and show that they are significantly divergent from the few modern nonintegrated HHV-6 strains for which complete sequences are currently available. In addition, ciHHV-6B genomes in Europeans are more closely related to each other than to ciHHV-6B genomes from China and Pakistan, suggesting regional variation of the trait. Remarkably, at least one group of European ciHHV-6B carriers has inherited the same ciHHV-6B genome, integrated in the same telomere allele, from a common ancestor estimated to have existed 24,500 ± 10,600 years ago. Despite the antiquity of some, and possibly most, germ line HHV-6 integrations, the majority of ciHHV-6B (95%) and ciHHV-6A (72%) genomes contain a full set of intact viral genes and therefore appear to have the capacity for viral gene expression and full reactivation. IMPORTANCE Inheritance of HHV-6A or HHV-6B integrated into a telomere occurs at a low frequency in most populations studied to date, but its characteristics are poorly understood. However, stratification of ciHHV-6 carriers in modern populations due to common ancestry is an important consideration for genome-wide association studies that aim to identify disease risks for these people. Here, we present full sequence analysis of 28 ciHHV-6 genomes and show that ciHHV-6B in many carriers with European ancestry most likely originated from ancient integration events in a small number of ancestors. We propose that ancient ancestral origins for ciHHV-6A and ciHHV-6B are also likely in other populations. Moreover, despite their antiquity, all of the ciHHV-6 genomes appear to retain the capacity to express viral genes, and most are predicted to be capable of full viral reactivation. These discoveries represent potentially important considerations in immunocompromised patients, in particular in organ transplantation and in stem cell therapy.
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Ogata M, Oshima K, Ikebe T, Takano K, Kanamori H, Kondo T, Ueda Y, Mori T, Hashimoto H, Ogawa H, Eto T, Ueki T, Miyamoto T, Ichinohe T, Atsuta Y, Fukuda T. Clinical characteristics and outcome of human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52:1563-1570. [PMID: 28783148 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2017.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective analysis using the Transplant Registry Unified Management Program, we identified 145 patients with human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 encephalitis among 6593 recipients. The cumulative incidences of HHV-6 encephalitis at 100 days after transplantation in all patients, recipients of bone marrow or PBSCs and recipients of cord blood were 2.3%, 1.6% and 5.0%, respectively. Risk factors identified in multivariate analysis were male sex, type of transplanted cells (relative risk in cord blood transplantation, 11.09, P<0.001; relative risk in transplantation from HLA-mismatched unrelated donor, 9.48, P<0.001; vs transplantation from HLA-matched related donor) and GvHD prophylaxis by calcineurin inhibitor alone. At 100 days after transplantation, the overall survival rate was 58.3% and 80.5% among patients with and without HHV-6 encephalitis, respectively (P<0.001). Neuropsychological sequelae remained in 57% of 121 evaluated patients. With both foscarnet and ganciclovir, full-dose therapy (foscarnet ⩾180 mg/kg, ganciclovir ⩾10 mg/kg) was associated with better response rate (foscarnet, 93% vs 74%, P=0.044; ganciclovir, 84% vs 58%, P=0.047). HHV-6 encephalitis is not rare not only in cord blood transplant recipients but also in recipients of HLA-mismatched unrelated donors. In this study, development of HHV-6 encephalitis was associated with a poor survival rate, and neurological sequelae remained in many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ogata
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - K Oshima
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Ikebe
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - K Takano
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - H Kanamori
- Department of Hematology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Kondo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Ueda
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - T Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Hashimoto
- Department of Hematology, Kobe General Hospital/Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hyogo, Japan
| | - H Ogawa
- Division of Hematology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - T Eto
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ueki
- Department of Hematology, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - T Miyamoto
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Y Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - T Fukuda
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Pantry SN, Medveczky PG. Latency, Integration, and Reactivation of Human Herpesvirus-6. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070194. [PMID: 28737715 PMCID: PMC5537686 DOI: 10.3390/v9070194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus-6B (HHV-6B) are two closely related viruses that infect T-cells. Both HHV-6A and HHV-6B possess telomere-like repeats at the terminal regions of their genomes that facilitate latency by integration into the host telomeres, rather than by episome formation. In about 1% of the human population, human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) integration into germline cells allows the viral genome to be passed down from one generation to the other; this condition is called inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). This review will cover the history of HHV-6 and recent works that define the biological differences between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Additionally, HHV-6 integration and inheritance, the capacity for reactivation and superinfection of iciHHV-6 individuals with a second strain of HHV-6, and the role of hypomethylation of human chromosomes during integration are discussed. Overall, the data suggest that integration of HHV-6 in telomeres represent a unique mechanism of viral latency and offers a novel tool to study not only HHV-6 pathogenesis, but also telomere biology. Paradoxically, the integrated viral genome is often defective especially as seen in iciHHV-6 harboring individuals. Finally, gaps in the field of HHV-6 research are presented and future studies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara N Pantry
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC Box 7, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Life Sciences and Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Avenue Ste. 270, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Peter G Medveczky
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC Box 7, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Wood ML, Royle NJ. Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6: Models of Viral Genome Release from the Telomere and Impacts on Human Health. Viruses 2017; 9:E184. [PMID: 28704957 PMCID: PMC5537676 DOI: 10.3390/v9070184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B, alongside some other herpesviruses, have the striking capacity to integrate into telomeres, the terminal repeated regions of chromosomes. The chromosomally integrated forms, ciHHV-6A and ciHHV-6B, are proposed to be a state of latency and it has been shown that they can both be inherited if integration occurs in the germ line. The first step in full viral reactivation must be the release of the integrated viral genome from the telomere and here we propose various models of this release involving transcription of the viral genome, replication fork collapse, and t-circle mediated release. In this review, we also discuss the relationship between ciHHV-6 and the telomere carrying the insertion, particularly how the presence and subsequent partial or complete release of the ciHHV-6 genome may affect telomere dynamics and the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wood
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Nicola J Royle
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Kawamura Y, Ohye T, Miura H, Ihira M, Kato Y, Kurahashi H, Yoshikawa T. Analysis of the origin of inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 in the Japanese population. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1823-1830. [PMID: 28699856 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of the complete human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) genome into the telomere of a chromosome has been reported in some individuals (inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6; iciHHV-6). Since the proportion of iciHHV-6-positive individuals with integration in chromosome 22 is high in Japan, we hypothesized a founder effect. In this study, we sought to elucidate the reason for the high proportion of viral integrations into chromosome 22. We analyzed six cases of iciHHV-6A and two cases of iciHHV-6B, including one iciHHV-6A case with a matched sample from a father and one iciHHV-6B case with a matched sample from a mother. In iciHHV-6A, the same copy numbers of viral telomeric repeat sequences (TRS) and the same five microsatellite markers were detected in both the index case and paternal sample. Moreover, the same five microsatellite markers were demonstrated in four cases and the same copy numbers of viral TRS were demonstrated in two pairs of two cases. The present microsatellite analysis suggested that the viral genomes detected in some iciHHV-6A patients were derived from a common ancestral integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.,Present address: Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1090340 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tamae Ohye
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.,Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medical Technology, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuri Kato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujita Health University Hospital, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Telomeres and Telomerase: Role in Marek's Disease Virus Pathogenesis, Integration and Tumorigenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070173. [PMID: 28677643 PMCID: PMC5537665 DOI: 10.3390/v9070173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres protect the ends of vertebrate chromosomes from deterioration and consist of tandem nucleotide repeats (TTAGGG)n that are associated with a number of proteins. Shortening of the telomeres occurs during genome replication, thereby limiting the replication potential of somatic cells. To counteract this shortening, vertebrates encode the telomerase complex that maintains telomere length in certain cell types via de novo addition of telomeric repeats. Several herpesviruses, including the highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV), harbor telomeric repeats (TMR) identical to the host telomere sequences at the ends of their linear genomes. These TMR facilitate the integration of the MDV genome into host telomeres during latency, allowing the virus to persist in the host for life. Integration into host telomeres is critical for disease and tumor induction by MDV, but also enables efficient reactivation of the integrated virus genome. In addition to the TMR, MDV also encodes a telomerase RNA subunit (vTR) that shares 88% sequence identity with the telomerase RNA in chicken (chTR). vTR is highly expressed during all stages of the virus lifecycle, enhances telomerase activity and plays an important role in MDV-induced tumor formation. This review will focus on the recent advances in understanding the role of viral TMR and vTR in MDV pathogenesis, integration and tumorigenesis.
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50
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Acute Myocarditis Secondary to Reactivated Chromosomally-Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6. J Card Fail 2017; 23:576-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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