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Khales P, Razizadeh MH, Ghorbani S, Moattari A, Sarvari J, Saadati H, Sayyahfar S, Salavatiha Z, Hasanabad MH, Poortahmasebi V, Tavakoli A. Human adenoviruses in children with gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:478. [PMID: 38724898 PMCID: PMC11084101 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have always been suggested as one of the main causes of gastroenteritis in children. However, no comprehensive report on the global epidemiology of these viruses in pediatric gastroenteritis is available. METHODS A systematic search was conducted to obtain published papers from 2003 to 2023 in three main databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. RESULTS The estimated global pooled prevalence of HAdV infection in children with gastroenteritis was 10% (95% CI: 9-11%), with a growing trend after 2010. The highest prevalence was observed in Africa (20%, 95% CI: 14-26%). The prevalence was higher in inpatients (11%; 95% CI: 8-13%) and patients aged 5 years old and younger (9%; 95% CI: 7-10%). However, no significant difference was observed between male and female patients (P = 0.63). The most prevalent species was found to be the species F (57%; 95% CI: 41-72%). The most common HAdVs observed in children with gastroenteritis were types 40/41, 38, and 2. Analysis of case-control studies showed an association between HAdV and gastroenteritis in children (OR: 2.28, 95% CI; 1.51-3.44). CONCLUSION This study provided valuable insights into the importance of HAdVs in children with gastroenteritis, especially in hospitalized and younger children. The results can be used in future preventive measurements and the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Khales
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Ghorbani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Saadati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Shirin Sayyahfar
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salavatiha
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Haghighi Hasanabad
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Nguyen DD, Phung LT, Thanh Tran HT, Ly HTT, Vo AHM, Dinh NP, Doan PM, Nguyen AT, Dang LD, Doan TT, Pham KT, Pham HL, Hoang DX, Pham TN, Tran BT, Tran TTT, Le HTM, Pham AN, Antoniou A, Ho NT. Molecular subtypes of Adenovirus-associated acute respiratory infection outbreak in children in Northern Vietnam and risk factors of more severe cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011311. [PMID: 37934746 PMCID: PMC10655982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under the pressure of Human Adenovirus (HAdV)-associated acute respiratory infection (ARI) outbreak in children in Northern Vietnam in the end of 2022, this study was initiated to identify the HAdV subtype(s) and examine the associated clinical features and risk factors of more severe cases. METHODS This study evaluated pediatric patients with ARI which had tested positive for HAdV between October and November 2022 using a multiplex real-time PCR panel. Nasopharyngeal aspirates or nasal swab samples were used for sequencing to identify HAdV subtypes. Clinical data were collected retrospectively. RESULTS Among 97 successfully sequenced samples, the predominant subtypes were HAdV-B3 (83%), HAdV-B7 (16%) and HAdV-C2 (1%). Lower respiratory manifestations were found in 25% of the patients of which 5% were diagnosed with severe pneumonia. There was no significant association between HAdV subtype and clinical features except higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts in those detected with HAdV-B3 (p<0.001). Co-detection of HAdV with ≥1 other respiratory viruses was found in 13/24(54%) of those with lower respiratory manifestations and 4/5(80%) of those with severe pneumonia (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) vs. those without = 10.74 (2.83, 48.17) and 19.44 (2.12, 492.73) respectively after adjusting for age, sex, birth delivery method, day of disease). CONCLUSION HAdV-B3 and HAdV-B7 were predominant in the outbreak. Co-detection of HAdV together with other respiratory viruses was a strong risk factor for lower respiratory tract illnesses and severe pneumonia. The findings advocate the advantages of multi-factor microbial panels for the diagnosis and prognosis of ARI in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Dung Nguyen
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lan Tuyet Phung
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
- VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Thanh Tran
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Ly
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Hang Mai Vo
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhung Phuong Dinh
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Mai Doan
- Microbiology Lab, Laboratory Department, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Thi Nguyen
- Microbiology Lab, Laboratory Department, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luc Danh Dang
- Microbiology Lab, Laboratory Department, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thia Thi Doan
- Microbiology Lab, Laboratory Department, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khuong Thi Pham
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Lan Pham
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dai Xuan Hoang
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Huong Thi Minh Le
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - An Nhat Pham
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Antony Antoniou
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nhan Thi Ho
- Research & Development Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Mai CTN, Ly LTK, Doan YH, Oka T, Mai LTP, Quyet NT, Mai TNP, Thiem VD, Anh LT, Van Sanh L, Hien ND, Anh DD, Parashar UD, Tate JE, Van Trang N. Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam. Viruses 2023; 15:2164. [PMID: 38005842 PMCID: PMC10675811 DOI: 10.3390/v15112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NoV), sapovirus (SaV), and human astrovirus (HAstV) are the most common viral causes of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. From 2016 to 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study to determine the prevalence of these viruses in hospitalized children under five years old in Nam Dinh and Thua Thien Hue provinces in Vietnam during the pilot introduction of the RV vaccine, Rotavin-M1 (POLYVAC, Hanoi, Vietnam). We randomly selected 2317/6718 (34%) acute diarrheal samples from children <5 years of age enrolled at seven sentinel hospitals from December 2016 to May 2021; this period included one year surveillance pre-vaccination from December 2016 to November 2017. An ELISA kit (Premier Rotaclone®, Meridian Bioscience, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) was used to detect RV, and two multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays were used for the detection of NoV, SaV and HAstV. The prevalence of RV (single infection) was reduced from 41.6% to 22.7% (p < 0.0001) between pre- and post-vaccination periods, while the single NoV infection prevalence more than doubled from 8.8% to 21.8% (p < 0.0001). The SaV and HAstV prevalences slightly increased from 1.9% to 3.4% (p = 0.03) and 2.1% to 3.3% (p = 0.09), respectively, during the same period. Viral co-infections decreased from 7.2% to 6.0% (p = 0.24), mainly due to a reduction in RV infection. Among the genotypeable samples, NoV GII.4, SaV GI.1, and HAstV-1 were the dominant types, representing 57.3%, 32.1%, and 55.0% among the individual viral groups, respectively. As the prevalence of RV decreases following the national RV vaccine introduction in Vietnam, other viral pathogens account for a larger proportion of the remaining diarrhea burden and require continuing close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Thi Ngoc Mai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.T.N.M.); (L.T.K.L.); (T.N.P.M.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Le Thi Khanh Ly
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.T.N.M.); (L.T.K.L.); (T.N.P.M.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Yen Hai Doan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Le Thi Phuong Mai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.T.N.M.); (L.T.K.L.); (T.N.P.M.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Nguyen Tu Quyet
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.T.N.M.); (L.T.K.L.); (T.N.P.M.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Tran Ngoc Phuong Mai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.T.N.M.); (L.T.K.L.); (T.N.P.M.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Vu Dinh Thiem
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.T.N.M.); (L.T.K.L.); (T.N.P.M.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Lai Tuan Anh
- Nam Dinh Center for Disease Control, Nam Dinh 420000, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Sanh
- TT Hue Center for Disease Control, Hue, Thua Thien Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Dang Hien
- Center for Research and Production of Vaccines and Biologicals, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Duc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.T.N.M.); (L.T.K.L.); (T.N.P.M.); (V.D.T.)
| | | | | | - Nguyen Van Trang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (C.T.N.M.); (L.T.K.L.); (T.N.P.M.); (V.D.T.)
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Farahmand M, Khales P, Salavatiha Z, Sabaei M, Hamidzade M, Aminpanah D, Tavakoli A. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of human astrovirus in gastroenteritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023:106209. [PMID: 37385570 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Human astrovirus (HAstV) is an important causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans, which mainly infects young children and the elderly. The goal of this study was to conduct a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of HAstV amongst patients with gastroenteritis, and to shed light on the connection between HAstV infection and gastroenteritis. METHODS Systematic literature searches were conducted to identify all potentially relevant studies recorded up to April 8th, 2022. For study weighting, the inverse variance method was employed and the random-effects model was applied to evaluate data. For case-control studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to establish the relationship between HAstV infection and gastroenteritis. RESULTS Among 302423 gastroenteritis patients from 69 different countries, the overall pooled prevalence of HAstV infection was 3.48% (95% CI: 3.11%-3.89%). Case-control approach was used in 39 investigations, and the overall prevalence of HAstV infection among the 11342 healthy controls was 2.01% (95% CI: 1.40%-2.89%). Gastroenteritis and HAstV infection were associated with a pooled OR of 2.16 (95% CI: 1.72-2.71; P < 0.0001; I2 = 33.7%). The most commonly found HAstV genotypes in gastroenteritis patients were HAstV1 (62.18%), HAstV7 (33.33%), and HAstV-MLB1 (17.43%). CONCLUSION The frequency of HAstV infection was the highest in children under the age of five, and in developing countries. The prevalence rate of HAstV was not influenced by gender. Semi-nested and nested RT-PCR were highly sensitive assays for detecting HAstV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Khales
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Salavatiha
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Sabaei
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hamidzade
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danesh Aminpanah
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hikita T, Phan T, Okitsu S, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. A Comparative Study of Acute Gastroenteritis Symptoms in Single- versus Multiple-Virus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098364. [PMID: 37176070 PMCID: PMC10179108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many different enteric viruses can cause acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. While a single virus can indeed cause disease, multiple-virus infections are commonly reported. However, data regarding a comparison between single- and multiple-virus infections upon clinical manifestations of acute gastroenteritis are relatively limited. In this study, a total of 2383 fecal specimens were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis during June 2014-July 2017 in a pediatric clinic in Japan and tested for 11 viruses by multiplex RT-PCR. At least 1 virus was found in 1706 (71.6%) specimens and norovirus GII was the most frequent agent, followed by rotavirus A and other viruses. Multiple-virus infections were identified in 565 cases (33.1%). While major clinical symptoms were found to be significantly different in some single- vs. multiple-virus infections, the disease severity was statistically non-significant. Our study highlights the burden of multiple-virus infections for acute gastroenteritis and the clinical features of patients with multiple-virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tung Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Bunkyo City 113-8602, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Bunkyo City 113-8602, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Bunkyo City 113-8602, Tokyo, Japan
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Bejide OS, Odebode MA, Ogunbosi BO, Adekanmbi O, Akande KO, Ilori T, Ogunleye VO, Nwachukwu VU, Grey-Areben A, Akande ET, Okeke IN. Diarrhoeal pathogens in the stools of children living with HIV in Ibadan, Nigeria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1108923. [PMID: 36992685 PMCID: PMC10040677 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diarrhoea can be debilitating in young children. Few aetiological investigations in Africans living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been performed since antiretrovirals became widely available. Methods Stool specimens from children with diarrhoea living with HIV, and HIV-uninfected controls, recruited at two hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria, were screened for parasites and occult blood, and cultured for bacteria. Following biochemical identification of at least five colonies per specimen, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella were confirmed by PCR. Data were line-listed and comparisons were made using Fisher's Exact test. Results Only 10 children living with HIV could be enrolled during the 25-month study period and 55 HIV-uninfected children with diarrhoea were included for comparison. The most common pathogens overall were enteroaggregative E. coli (18/65, 27.7%), enteroinvasive E. coli (10/65, 15.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (8/65, 12.3%) and Cyclospora cayetanensis (7/65, 10.8%). At least one pathogen was detected from seven of ten children living with HIV and 27 (49.1%) HIV-uninfected children. Parasite detection was associated with HIV positive status (p=0.03) with C. parvum specifically recovered more commonly from children living with HIV (p=0.01). Bacterial-parasite pathogen combinations were detected in specimens from four of ten children living with HIV but only 3(5.5%) HIV-uninfected children (p=0.009). Stools from five of ten children living with HIV and 7(12.7%) HIV-negative children (p = 0.014) contained occult blood. Discussion Even though children living with HIV present infrequently to Ibadan health facilities with diarrhoea, their greater propensity for mixed and potentially invasive infections justifies prioritizing laboratory diagnosis of their stools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyeniyi S. Bejide
- Department of Microbiology, Chrisland University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Mariam A. Odebode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde O. Ogunbosi
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olukemi Adekanmbi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Kolawole O. Akande
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope Ilori
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Veronica O. Ogunleye
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Victoria U. Nwachukwu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Aghogho Grey-Areben
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth T. Akande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Khan NU, Shamsullah, Shahidullah, Shah AA, Zaidi SSZ, Chen Z. Epidemiology of Human Adenovirus in Pakistani Children Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Gastroenteritis under the Age of Five Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12534. [PMID: 36231834 PMCID: PMC9566016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among infants and children around the globe. Along with other enteropathogens, human adenovirus (HadV) is a major etiological agent associated with diarrhea in young children. However, information about the epidemiology of Adenoviruses in Pakistan is limited or has not been reported. A total of 1082 stool samples were collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis under the age of five years with symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps who visited Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi and Children's hospital in Lahore of Punjab Province in Pakistan. Of this, 384 cases with no blood in their stool, negative for Rotavirus, and under the age of five years were recruited in this study. Human Adenoviruses were isolated in the human epithelial HEp-2 cell line. Furthermore, adenovirus antigen detection was carried out by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and then all positive and negative samples were confirmed by nested PCR. After inoculating a clear stool supernatant on HEp-2 cell lines, we observed a positive cytopathic effect in 65 (16%) cases. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HAdV antigens were detected in 54 (14.06%) of the clear supernatant from gastroenteritis cases. However, HAdV hexon coding regions were amplified in 57 (14.80%) fecal samples, mainly from patients ≤24 months of age. The findings of this study suggest that adenovirus circulates significantly in the children population under the age of five years and may be the potential etiological factor of acute gastroenteritis in the mentioned cities. This study provides baseline data about the possible role of adenovirus in causing viral diarrhea in children. Further large-scale epidemiological surveys are recommended to better understand disease burden, etiological agents, and its clinical impact across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazif Ullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Centre for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shamsullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shahidullah
- Khyber Medical College, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Centre for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
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8
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Razizadeh MH, Pourrostami K, Kachooei A, Zarei M, Asghari M, Hamldar S, Khatami A. An annoying enteric virus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of human astroviruses and gastrointestinal complications in children. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2389. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumars Pourrostami
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Milad Asghari
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Basic Science Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University Tabriz Iran
| | - Shahrzad Hamldar
- Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Razizadeh MH, Khatami A, Zarei M. Global molecular prevalence and genotype distribution of Sapovirus in children with gastrointestinal complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2302. [PMID: 34626019 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV) is an emerging cause of children gastrointestinal complications such as acute gastroenteritis (AGE). The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the global prevalence of the SaV in children and association of infection with SaVs and AGE in children based on case-control studies. Four international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and Google Scholar) were used to retrieve English-language studies published between January 2000 and December 2020. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was applied to estimate the overall prevalence, publication bias and heterogeneity index. The pooled prevalence of SaV infection among children with gastroenteritis was 3.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9%-3.9%] based on a random-effects meta-analysis. Genogroup I was the dominant genogroup of SaV in children with gastroenteritis [2.2% (95% CI: 1.6%-3.0%)], association analysis showed that SaV was associated with gastroenteritis [OR: 1.843 (95% CI: 1.27-2.66)]. Given the significant prevalence of the virus in children, it is necessary to pay more attention to this situation. Therefore, preventive health measures in children should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Wang DY, Zhan F, Liu HL. Study of the changes in immune indexes, pathogenic characteristics and related risk factors in children with viral diarrhea. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2544-2551. [PMID: 34765478 PMCID: PMC8578756 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diarrhea is a serious hazard to children under 5 years old. The causative microorganisms are mostly viruses and bacteria, with different treatment required for each. Currently, early clinical differential diagnosis is difficult with the available testing methods. Therefore, new and more sensitive indicators of viral infection reflect the early stage of infection are needed. METHODS We collected blood samples and fresh fecal samples from 100 children diagnosed with viral diarrhea who were treated in the outpatient clinic at Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University from January 2018 to December 2020. The levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and enterovirus were measured and compared with those in a matched healthy control group. Patients' demographic and risk factor data were collected by interviewing parents. RESULTS The mean levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, ESR, and CRP in the viral diarrhea group were higher than those in the healthy control group. Except for IL-6, the differences in inflammatory factors between groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Human rotavirus (HRV) infection was the highest. Children's hand-washing habits, weekly disinfection of toys, and vaccination were protective factors for viral diarrhea, and indoor flies were an important risk factor (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The serum levels of markers were significantly increased in the children with viral diarrhea. HRV was the main pathogen, and mixed infections existed. Infection control requires hand washing, regular disinfection of toys, vaccination and preventing indoor flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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11
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Kim GR, Kim SH, Jeon GW, Shin JH. Prevalence of Eleven Infectious Viruses Causing Diarrhea in Korea. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:427-430. [PMID: 32475874 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus and norovirus are well-known causes of viral infectious diarrhea. There are few reports on diarrhea caused by other viruses in Korea, although cases of gastroenteritis attributable to other viruses are increasing worldwide. The aims of this study were to detect various causes of viral diarrhea and to investigate their prevalence. A total of 801 fecal specimens submitted to a clinical microbiology laboratory for the detection of diarrheal viruses were included. We sought to detect rotavirus A/B/C, adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus GI/GII, sapovirus, Aichi virus, human parechovirus, enterovirus, human cosavirus, human bocavirus, and Saffold virus using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At least one diarrheal virus was detected in 223 (27.8%) fecal specimens. Among them, two viruses were detected in 11 specimens. Rotavirus A was most common (17.1%; N = 137), followed by norovirus GII (5.0%; N = 40), enterovirus (4.2%; N = 34), adenovirus (1.0%; N = 8), astrovirus (1.0%; N = 8), human parechovirus (0.6%; N = 5), and human bocavirus (0.2%; N = 2). Rotaviruses B and C, norovirus GI, sapovirus, Aichi virus, human cosavirus, and Saffold virus were not detected. We confirmed that various diarrheal viruses can be detected in fecal specimens. We must consider the possibility of viruses other than rotavirus and norovirus being present in cases of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Ri Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Korea
| | - Ga Won Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Korea
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12
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Liu D, Geng H, Zhang Z, Xing Y, Yang D, Liu Z, Wang D. An Effective Platform for Exploring Rotavirus Receptors by Bacterial Surface Display System. Virol Sin 2019; 35:103-109. [PMID: 31777010 PMCID: PMC7035415 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a major foodborne pathogen. For RV prevention and control, it is a key to uncover the interaction mechanism between virus and its receptors. However, it is hard to specially purify the viral receptors, including histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Previously, the protruding domain protein (P protein) of human norovirus (genotype II.4) was displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli, and it specifically recognized and captured the viral ligands. In order to further verify the feasibility of the system, P protein was replaced by VP8* of RV (G9P[8]) in this study. In the system, VP8* could be correctly released by thrombin treatment with antigenicity retaining, which was confirmed by Western blot and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. Type A HBGAs from porcine gastric mucin (PGM) were recognized and captured by this system. From saliva mixture, the captured viral receptor bound with displayed VP8* was confirmed positive with monoclonal antibody against type A HBGAs. It indicated that the target ligands could be easily separated from the complex matrix. These results demonstrate that the bacterial surface display system will be an effective platform to explore viral receptors/ligands from cell lines or food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Haoran Geng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zilei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yifan Xing
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Danlu Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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13
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Arashkia A, Bahrami F, Farsi M, Nejati B, Jalilvand S, Nateghian A, Rahbarimanesh A, Shoja Z. Molecular analysis of human adenoviruses in hospitalized children <5 years old with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1930-1936. [PMID: 31283018 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs), especially AdV-40 and 41, are common causes of nonbacterial sporadic and outbreak gastroenteritis in children. The present study aimed to describe the frequency and genetic analysis of HAdVs in hospitalized children <5 years old with acute gastroenteritis. A total of 376 stool samples obtained from June 2015 to December 2017 were investigated for the presence of HAdVs by polymerase chain reaction. The HAdV DNA was detected in 16 (4.3%) out of 376 stool samples. Based on the hexon hypervariable region (HVR), B, C, and F HADV species including five types HAdV-1, 2, 3, 6, and 41 were identified, among which enteric AdV species F (EAdV-41) was the most dominant. Moreover, our findings showed the presence of genomic type cluster 1 (GTC1) pattern in Iranian type 41 strains, which was closely similar to the D1 prototype strain (Tak) and D28. In this regard, a recombination was found in AdV-41 strains presenting the hexon sequence that belonged to GTC1, while fiber sequence clustered with GTC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Arashkia
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ferial Bahrami
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Farsi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Behrooz Nejati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nateghian
- Ali-Asghar Children's Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Rahbarimanesh
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Norovirus Infections and Disease in Lower-MiddleandLow-Income Countries, 1997⁻2018. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040341. [PMID: 30974898 PMCID: PMC6521228 DOI: 10.3390/v11040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis. The burden of the norovirus in low-resource settings is not well-established due to limited data. This study reviews the norovirus prevalence, epidemiology, and genotype diversity in lower-middle-income countries (LMIC) and in low-income countries (LIC). PubMed was searched up to 14 January 2019 for norovirus studies from all LIC and LMIC (World Bank Classification). Studies that tested gastroenteritis cases and/or asymptomatic controls for norovirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included. Sixty-four studies, the majority on children <5 years of age, were identified, and 14% (95% confidence interval; CI 14–15, 5158/36,288) of the gastroenteritis patients and 8% (95% CI 7–9, 423/5310) of healthy controls tested positive for norovirus. In LMIC, norovirus was detected in 15% (95% CI 15–16) of cases and 8% (95% CI 8–10) of healthy controls. In LIC, 11% (95% CI 10–12) of symptomatic cases and 9% (95% CI 8–10) of asymptomatic controls were norovirus positive. Norovirus genogroup II predominated overall. GII.4 was the predominant genotype in all settings, followed by GII.3 and GII.6. The most prevalent GI strain was GI.3. Norovirus causes a significant amount of gastroenteritis in low-resource countries, albeit with high levels of asymptomatic infection in LIC and a high prevalence of coinfections.
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15
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Prevalence of Human Sapovirus in Low and Middle Income Countries. Adv Virol 2018; 2018:5986549. [PMID: 30245718 PMCID: PMC6139206 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5986549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sapovirus (SV) infection is a public health concern which plays an important role in the burden of diarrhoeal diseases, causing acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages in both outbreaks and sporadic cases worldwide. Objective/Study Design The purpose of this report is to summarise the available data on the detection of human SV in low and middle income countries. A systematic search on PubMed and ScienceDirect database for SV studies published between 2004 and 2017 in low and middle income countries was done. Studies of SV in stool and water samples were part of the inclusion criteria. Results From 19 low and middle income countries, 45 published studies were identified. The prevalence rate for SV was 6.5%. A significant difference (P=0) in SV prevalent rate was observed between low income and middle income countries. Thirty-three (78.6%) of the studies reported on children and 8 (19%) studies reported on all age groups with diarrhoea. The majority (66.7%) of studies reported on hospitalised patients with acute gastroenteritis. Sapovirus GI was shown as the dominant genogroup, followed by SV-GII. Conclusion The detection of human SV in low and middle income countries is evident; however the reports on its prevalence are limited. There is therefore a need for systematic surveillance of the circulation of SV, and their role in diarrhoeal disease and outbreaks, especially in low and middle income countries.
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16
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Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Molecular epidemiology of classic, MLB and VA astroviruses isolated from <5 year-old children with gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2011-2016. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:373-379. [PMID: 30153477 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of astrovirus circulating in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand. A total of 2034 fecal specimens collected between 2011 and 2016 from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis were analyzed for astrovirus infection using RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing techniques. Overall, 54 samples were positive for astrovirus (2.6%). About half of the virus-positive samples (57.4%) were co-infection cases, mainly with rotavirus or norovirus. Genotyping revealed that three major clades, classic human astrovirus (HAstV) and newly emerging MLB and VA astroviruses co-circulated in the study population. At least seven different genotypes were identified and HAstV1 was the most predominant genotype detected (50%), followed by MLB1 (16.7%), HAstV4 (11.1%), HAstV5 and HAstV8 (7.4% each), MLB2 and VA2 (3.7% each). This study provided a useful information and contributed to molecular epidemiology of astroviruses including the novel MLB and VA astoviruses have been characterized and reported for the first time in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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17
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Wang H, Sikora P, Rutgersson C, Lindh M, Brodin T, Björlenius B, Larsson DGJ, Norder H. Differential removal of human pathogenic viruses from sewage by conventional and ozone treatments. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:479-488. [PMID: 29402695 PMCID: PMC7106402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sewage contains a mixed ecosystem of diverse sets of microorganisms, including human pathogenic viruses. Little is known about how conventional as well as advanced treatments of sewage, such as ozonation, reduce the environmental spread of viruses. Analyses for viruses were therefore conducted for three weeks in influent, after conventional treatment, after additional ozonation, and after passing an open dam system at a full-scale treatment plant in Knivsta, Sweden. Viruses were concentrated by adsorption to a positively charged filter, from which they were eluted and pelleted by ultracentrifugation, with a recovery of about 10%. Ion Torrent sequencing was used to analyze influent, leading to the identification of at least 327 viral species, most of which belonged to 25 families with some having unclear classification. Real-time PCR was used to test for 21 human-related viruses in inlet, conventionally treated, and ozone-treated sewage and outlet waters. The viruses identified in influent and further analyzed were adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, parechovirus, hepatitis E virus, astrovirus, pecovirus, picobirnavirus, parvovirus, and gokushovirus. Conventional treatment reduced viral concentrations by one to four log10, with the exception of adenovirus and parvovirus, for which the removal was less efficient. Ozone treatment led to a further reduction by one to two log10, but less for adenovirus. This study showed that the amount of all viruses was reduced by conventional sewage treatment. Further ozonation reduced the amounts of several viruses to undetectable levels, indicating that this is a promising technique for reducing the transmission of many pathogenic human viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Sikora
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Genomics Gothenburg, SciLife Labs, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carolin Rutgersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Berndt Björlenius
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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18
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Afrad MH, Avzun T, Haque J, Haque W, Hossain ME, Rahman AR, Ahmed S, Faruque ASG, Rahman MZ, Rahman M. Detection of enteric- and non-enteric adenoviruses in gastroenteritis patients, Bangladesh, 2012-2015. J Med Virol 2018; 90:677-684. [PMID: 29244212 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Limited data exist on HAdVs molecular epidemiology associated with acute gastroenteritis in Bangladesh. We describe the genetic diversity and epidemiology of HAdVs among hospitalized diarrhea patients, including HAdV genotypes, clinical symptoms, and co-infecting enteric pathogens. Stool samples were collected from ongoing diarrhea surveillance during 2012-2015. HAdV was detected using PCR and genotyped by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Detailed socio-demographic and clinical information regarding each individual was recorded such as duration of diarrhea, dehydration status, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and severity. Of 871 fecal specimens, HAdV DNA was detected in 93 (10.7%). Among them 56% were co-infected with other known enteric viral and bacterial pathogens and 31.6% had severe gastroenteritis. The majority (55%) of HAdV positives were children <5 years of age. Two main clinical symptoms in HAdV infected patients were diarrhea and vomiting. HAdVs were detected throughout the year with low prevalence in winter (November-January). Five HAdV species (A, B, C, D, and F) including 17 different genotypes were identified during the study period, with enteric HAdV species F (HAdV-40/41) being the most dominant. However, non-enteric HAdV were also detected in substantial proportion of specimens (15% species C, 15% species D, 10.8% species A, and 4.3% species B). Our study demonstrates high genetic diversity of HAdVs including enteric and non-enteric HAdVs among diarrhea patients and provides a foundation for further clarification of the role of non-enteric HAdVs in diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokibul Hassan Afrad
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnuva Avzun
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahurul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Warda Haque
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afm Rajibur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahnawaz Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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19
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of Human Adenovirus Infections among Hospitalized Children with Acute Diarrhea in Shanghai, China, 2006-2011. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 2017:9304830. [PMID: 29445406 PMCID: PMC5763120 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9304830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Human adenovirus (HAdV) is considered a significant enteropathogen associated with sporadic diarrhea in children. However, limited data are available regarding the epidemiology of HAdV in hospitalized children with viral diarrhea in Shanghai. The aim of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of HAdVs and describe their association with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children. Methods: A total of 674 fecal samples were subjected to PCR or RT-PCR to detect RVA, HuCV, HAstV, and HAdV. Results: HAdV infections were detected in 4.7% (32/674) of specimens, with detection rates of 13.4% (11/82), 4.6% (8/174), 3.2% (4/124), 4.1% (3/74), 2.0% (2/100), and 3.3% (4/120) from 2006 to 2011, respectively. Comprehensive detection of the four viruses revealed the presence of a high percentage (90.6%) of coinfections among HAdV-positive samples, where HAdV+RVA was the most prevalent coinfection. Of the 32 HAdV-positive samples, 50.0% (16/32) were classified as HAdV-41, and 18.8% (6/32) were classified as HAdV-3. Almost 94.0% of children infected with HAdV were less than 24 months of age. Conclusions: These results clearly indicated diversity across the HAdV genotypes detected in inpatient children with acute diarrhea in Shanghai and suggested that HAdVs play a role in children with acute diarrhea.
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20
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Vu DL, Bosch A, Pintó RM, Guix S. Epidemiology of Classic and Novel Human Astrovirus: Gastroenteritis and Beyond. Viruses 2017; 9:v9020033. [PMID: 28218712 PMCID: PMC5332952 DOI: 10.3390/v9020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since they were identified in 1975, human astroviruses have been considered one of the most important agents of viral acute gastroenteritis in children. However, highly divergent astroviruses infecting humans have been recently discovered and associated with extra-intestinal infections. The report of cases of fatal meningitis and encephalitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals, has broadened their disease spectrum. Although zoonotic transmission among animal and human astroviruses has not been clearly recognized, the genetic similarity between some human and animal viruses makes it likely to occur. This review provides an update on the epidemiology of both classic and novel human astroviruses, and a comprehensive view on confirmed or potential association between astrovirus and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem-Lan Vu
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain.
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain.
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain.
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21
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Phan MVT, Anh PH, Cuong NV, Munnink BBO, van der Hoek L, My PT, Tri TN, Bryant JE, Baker S, Thwaites G, Woolhouse M, Kellam P, Rabaa MA, Cotten M. Unbiased whole-genome deep sequencing of human and porcine stool samples reveals circulation of multiple groups of rotaviruses and a putative zoonotic infection. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew027. [PMID: 28748110 PMCID: PMC5522372 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated and synchronous surveillance for zoonotic viruses in both human clinical cases and animal reservoirs provides an opportunity to identify interspecies virus movement. Rotavirus (RV) is an important cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans and animals. In this study, we document the RV diversity within co-located humans and animals sampled from the Mekong delta region of Vietnam using a primer-independent, agnostic, deep sequencing approach. A total of 296 stool samples (146 from diarrhoeal human patients and 150 from pigs living in the same geographical region) were directly sequenced, generating the genomic sequences of sixty human rotaviruses (all group A) and thirty-one porcine rotaviruses (thirteen group A, seven group B, six group C, and five group H). Phylogenetic analyses showed the co-circulation of multiple distinct RV group A (RVA) genotypes/strains, many of which were divergent from the strain components of licensed RVA vaccines, as well as considerable virus diversity in pigs including full genomes of rotaviruses in groups B, C, and H, none of which have been previously reported in Vietnam. Furthermore, the detection of an atypical RVA genotype constellation (G4-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1) in a human patient and a pig from the same region provides some evidence for a zoonotic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- My V T Phan
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Pham Hong Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Phuc Tran My
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tue Ngo Tri
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, UK
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Inc., Cambridge, UK.,Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Menon VK, George S, Sarkar R, Giri S, Samuel P, Vivek R, Saravanabavan A, Liakath FB, Ramani S, Iturriza-Gomara M, Gray JJ, Brown DW, Estes MK, Kang G. Norovirus Gastroenteritis in a Birth Cohort in Southern India. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157007. [PMID: 27284939 PMCID: PMC4902233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are an important cause of gastroenteritis but little is known about disease and re-infection rates in community settings in Asia. METHODS Disease, re-infection rates, strain prevalence and genetic susceptibility to noroviruses were investigated in a birth cohort of 373 Indian children followed up for three years. Stool samples from 1856 diarrheal episodes and 147 vomiting only episodes were screened for norovirus by RT-PCR. Norovirus positivity was correlated with clinical data, secretor status and ABO blood group. RESULTS Of 1856 diarrheal episodes, 207 (11.2%) were associated with norovirus, of which 49(2.6%) were norovirus GI, 150(8.1%) norovirus GII, and 8 (0.4%) were mixed infections with both norovirus GI and GII. Of the 147 vomiting only episodes, 30 (20.4%) were positive for norovirus in stool, of which 7 (4.8%) were norovirus GI and 23 (15.6%) GII. At least a third of the children developed norovirus associated diarrhea, with the first episode at a median age of 5 and 8 months for norovirus GI and GII, respectively. Norovirus GI.3 and GII.4 were the predominant genotypes (40.3% and 53.0%) with strain diversity and change in the predominant sub-cluster over time observed among GII viruses. A second episode of norovirus gastroenteritis was documented in 44/174 (25.3%) ever-infected children. Children with the G428A homozygous mutation for inactivation of the FUT2 enzyme (se428se428) were at a significantly lower risk (48/190) of infection with norovirus (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of norovirus documenting disease, re-infection and genetic susceptibility in an Asian birth cohort. The high incidence and apparent lack of genogroupII specific immunity indicate the need for careful studies on further characterization of strains, asymptomatic infection and shedding and immune response to further our understanding of norovirus infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar Menon
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Santosh George
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rajiv Sarkar
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Prasanna Samuel
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rosario Vivek
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gomara
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infection, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Gray
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infection, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Brown
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infection, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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23
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Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Enteric Viruses in Children with Diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153652. [PMID: 27092779 PMCID: PMC4836733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those under five years old. Identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of common enteric viruses in children under five years old in Burkina Faso. Stool samples from children with (n = 263) and without (n = 50) diarrhea disorders were collected in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from November 2011 to September 2012. Rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus and Aichivirus A were detected using real-time or end-point (RT-)PCR. Rotavirus strains were G and P genotyped by multiplex RT-PCR and other viral strains were characterized by sequencing of viral subgenomic segements. At least one viral agent was detected in 85.6% and 72% of the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, respectively. Rotavirus (63.5%), adenovirus (31.2%) and genogroup II norovirus (18.2%) were the most prevalent viruses in symptomatic patients, but only rotavirus and genogroup II norovirus were significantly associated with diarrhea (OR: 7.9, 95%CI: 3.7-17; OR: 3.5, 95%CI: 1-11.7, respectively). Sapovirus (10.3%), astrovirus (4.9%), genogroup I norovirus (2.7%) and Aichivirus A (0.8%) were less prevalent. The predominant genotype of rotavirus was G9P[8] (36.5%), and the predominant norovirus strain was GII.4 variant 2012 (71.4%). Among sapovirus, the genogroup II (87.5%) predominated. Astrovirus type 1 (41.7%) was the most frequent astrovirus identified. Aichivirus A belonged to the three genotypes (A, B and C). Enteric adenoviruses type 40 and 41 were identified in 10.2% and 5.1% respectively. Several cases of co-infections were detected. The results highlight the high prevalence and the high diversity of enteric viruses in Burkinabe children.
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24
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Nakamura N, Kobayashi S, Minagawa H, Matsushita T, Sugiura W, Iwatani Y. Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Aichi prefecture, Japan, 2008/09−2013/14. J Med Virol 2015; 88:1180-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakamura
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Clinical Research Center; National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Minagawa
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | | | - Wataru Sugiura
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Clinical Research Center; National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Aichi Japan
- Clinical Research Center; National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center; Nagoya Aichi Japan
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25
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Trang NV, Braeckman T, Lernout T, Hau VTB, Anh LTK, Luan LT, Van Damme P, Anh DD. Prevalence of rotavirus antibodies in breast milk and inhibitory effects to rotavirus vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3681-7. [PMID: 25668672 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.980204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of childhood diarrhea worldwide, and several vaccines have been successfully developed to reduce the burden of disease. However, lower vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy in developing countries might be related to the virus-neutralizing activity of breast milk. We examined possible differences in breast milk antibody levels (total IgA antibody, RV-specific antibodies, and RV-neutralizing antibodies) between healthy mothers living in a rural area (n=145) and mothers living in an urban area (n=147) of Vietnam. Total IgA concentration was significantly higher in samples from mothers in the rural region than in samples from mothers in the urban region, whereas urban mothers had significantly higher RV-specific IgA antibody titers than did rural mothers. Neutralizing antibodies against RV strain G1P[8] were undetected in nearly one-half of the breast milk samples (45-48%), whereas the majority of the remaining samples had low antibody titers (2-16). Despite these low titers, the breast milk still reduced vaccine strain titers (2×10(6) plaque forming units/mL) up to 80% or more, even at a milk-to-virus ratio of 1:8. An increase in neutralizing anti-G1P[8] antibody titers (P<0.05) in rural infants over time suggests a continuous exposure to circulating RV. These results contribute to the understanding of the potential interference of breast milk with RV vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity in Vietnamese infants.
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Key Words
- DTP, diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis
- ELISA, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- G1-VN, neutralizing antibodies against G1P[8]
- G4-VN, neutralizing antibodies against G4P[6]
- HCl, Hydrogen chloride
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- IgA
- IgA, Immunoglobulin A
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- MEM, Minimal essential medium
- NIHE, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
- OD, Optical density
- P-RV, Rotavirus strain P
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- PFU, Plaque-forming unit
- POLYVAC, Center for Production of Vaccines and Biologicals
- RRV, Rhesus rotavirus
- RV, Rotavirus
- SE, Standard error;
- TMB, 3, 3′, 5, 5′-Tetramethylbenzidine
- Vietnam
- breast milk
- neutralizing antibody
- rotavirus
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen V Trang
- a National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology ; Hanoi , Vietnam
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26
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Family impact of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Taiwan and Vietnam: an Ethnographic Study. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:240. [PMID: 26100919 PMCID: PMC4477420 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, rotavirus was the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children, and it continues to be the leading cause in countries without vaccination programs. Rotavirus gastroenteritis results in substantial economic burden and has a pronounced effect on the family of those who are ill. Both in Taiwan and in Vietnam, rotavirus illness is viewed as a priority disease. This study assessed, in Taiwan and Vietnam, the impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis on the family among a group of parents whose children had recently been hospitalized for this illness. Methods In the first half of 2013, parents of children who had been hospitalized due to rotavirus infection were recruited from hospitals in Taiwan (n = 12) and Vietnam (n = 22), and participated in focus group sessions or in-depth ethnographic interviews. Results In both countries, the results point to a substantial burden on the parents concerning emotions and logistics of daily tasks, and to considerable disruptions of the family routine. Taiwanese parents reported satisfaction with the health care system, a great deal of effort to suppress emotions, a fair amount of knowledge about rotavirus, and little extra costs related to the illness. On the other hand, parents in Vietnam expressed concern about the emotional well-being of and the health care treatments for their children, were less knowledgeable regarding rotavirus infection, and experienced a substantial financial burden due to indirect costs that were related to accessing treatment. Conclusions Families in Taiwan and Vietnam suffer from a considerable economic and emotional burden related to rotavirus gastroenteritis. One way to substantially reduce this burden is to provide universal and affordable rotavirus vaccination to susceptible children, especially since cost-effectiveness studies have demonstrated that universal vaccination would be safe and efficacious against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in these countries.
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27
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Abstract
Sapoviruses cause acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. They belong to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae. They infect and cause disease in humans of all ages, in both sporadic cases and outbreaks. The clinical symptoms of sapovirus gastroenteritis are indistinguishable from those caused by noroviruses, so laboratory diagnosis is essential to identify the pathogen. Sapoviruses are highly diverse genetically and antigenically. Currently, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays are widely used for sapovirus detection from clinical specimens due to their high sensitivity and broad reactivity as well as the lack of sensitive assays for antigen detection or cell culture systems for the detection of infectious viruses. Sapoviruses were first discovered in 1976 by electron microscopy in diarrheic samples of humans. To date, sapoviruses have also been detected from several animals: pigs, mink, dogs, sea lions, and bats. In this review, we focus on genomic and antigenic features, molecular typing/classification, detection methods, and clinical and epidemiological profiles of human sapoviruses.
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28
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Thompson CN, Phan MVT, Hoang NVM, Minh PV, Vinh NT, Thuy CT, Nga TTT, Rabaa MA, Duy PT, Dung TTN, Phat VV, Nga TVT, Tu LTP, Tuyen HT, Yoshihara K, Jenkins C, Duong VT, Phuc HL, Tuyet PTN, Ngoc NM, Vinh H, Chinh NT, Thuong TC, Tuan HM, Hien TT, Campbell JI, Chau NVV, Thwaites G, Baker S. A prospective multi-center observational study of children hospitalized with diarrhea in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:1045-52. [PMID: 25802437 PMCID: PMC4426562 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a prospective multicenter study to address the lack of data on the etiology, clinical and demographic features of hospitalized pediatric diarrhea in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Over 2,000 (1,419 symptomatic and 609 non-diarrheal control) children were enrolled in three hospitals over a 1-year period in 2009–2010. Aiming to detect a panel of pathogens, we identified a known diarrheal pathogen in stool samples from 1,067/1,419 (75.2%) children with diarrhea and from 81/609 (13.3%) children without diarrhea. Rotavirus predominated in the symptomatic children (664/1,419; 46.8%), followed by norovirus (293/1,419; 20.6%). The bacterial pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Shigella were cumulatively isolated from 204/1,419 (14.4%) diarrheal children and exhibited extensive antimicrobial resistance, most notably to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. We suggest renewed efforts in generation and implementation of policies to control the sale and prescription of antimicrobials to curb bacterial resistance and advise consideration of a subsidized rotavirus vaccination policy to limit the morbidity due to diarrheal disease in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne N Thompson
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - My V T Phan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Minh Hoang
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Minh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cao Thu Thuy
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Thu Nga
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thanh Duy
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Ngoc Dung
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Voong Vinh Phat
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Vu Thieu Nga
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Phuong Tu
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thanh Tuyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Keisuke Yoshihara
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Claire Jenkins
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thuy Duong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Le Phuc
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc Tuyet
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Ngoc
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tran Chinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tang Chi Thuong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha Manh Tuan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Tinh Hien
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - James I Campbell
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Vinh Chau
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Lu L, Jia R, Zhong H, Xu M, Su L, Cao L, Dong Z, Dong N, Xu J. Molecular characterization and multiple infections of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus in outpatients with sporadic gastroenteritis in Shanghai, China, 2010–2011. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1229-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in children from households with high socioeconomic level in uruguay. Int J Microbiol 2015; 2015:592953. [PMID: 25861274 PMCID: PMC4377524 DOI: 10.1155/2015/592953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea, a common disease of children, deserves permanent monitoring in all social groups. To know the etiology and clinical manifestations of acute diarrhea in children up to 5 years of age from high socioeconomic level households, we conducted a descriptive, microbiological, and clinical study.
Stools from 59 children with acute community-acquired diarrhea were examined, and their parents were interviewed concerning symptoms and signs. Rotavirus, adenovirus, and norovirus were detected by commercially available qualitative immunochromatographic lateral flow rapid tests. Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Shigella were investigated by standard bacteriological methods and diarrheagenic E. coli by PCR assays. We identified a potential enteric pathogen in 30 children. The most frequent causes of diarrhea were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), viruses, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Only 2 patients showed mixed infections. Our data suggest that children with viral or Campylobacter diarrhea were taken to the hospital earlier than those infected with EPEC. One child infected with STEC O26 developed “complete” HUS.
The microbiological results highlight the importance of zoonotic bacteria such as atypical EPEC, Campylobacter, STEC, and Salmonella as pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in these children. The findings also reinforce our previous communications about the regional importance of non-O157 STEC strains in severe infant food-borne diseases.
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Immunomagnetic separation combined with RT-qPCR for determining the efficacy of disinfectants against human noroviruses. J Infect Public Health 2015; 8:145-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Adenoviruses associated with acute diarrhea in children in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88791. [PMID: 24533149 PMCID: PMC3923065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses have been recognized as important causal pathogens of community-acquired diarrhea (CAD) among children, but their role in hospital-acquired diarrhea (HAD) is not well-understood. Hospitalized children with acute diarrhea and children who visited the outpatient department due to diarrhea were investigated from 2011 to 2012. Adenovirus was detected in stool specimens by PCR and further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. SPSS software (version 19.0) was used for statistical analyses. A total of 2233 diarrheal children were enrolled in this study; this sample was comprised of 1371 hospitalized children, including 885 with CAD (IP-CAD) and 486 with HAD, and 862 outpatients with CAD (OP-CAD). Among these 2,233 patients, adenovirus was detected in 219 cases (9.8%). The positive rates for adenovirus were significantly different between the IP-CAD (9.3%), HAD (13.8%) and OP-CAD (8.1%) cases (X² = 11.76, p = 0.003). The positive rate of adenovirus was lower in infants under six months of age compared to the positive rates in the other age groups. Of the 219 of adenovirus positive patients, 91 (41.6%) were identified as having serotype 41. Although enteric adenovirus (group F) was the most frequently detected adenovirus among children with either CAD or HAD, the role of non-enteric adenoviruses, especially the adenovirus 31 type (19.7%), cannot be ignored in diarrheal children.
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Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses of human beings, and its associated morbidity and mortality are greatest among those at the extremes of age; children and elderly. During the 1970s, several viruses were associated with this syndrome, which are now known to be caused mainly by viruses belonging to four distinct families—rotaviruses, caliciviruses, astroviruses, and adenoviruses. Other viruses, such as the toroviruses, picobirnaviruses, coronavirus, and enterovirus 22, may play a role as well. Transmission by food or water has been documented for astroviruses, caliciviruses, rotaviruses, and norovirus. In developing countries, gastroenteritis is a common cause of death in children <5 years, while deaths from diarrhea are less common, much illness leads to hospitalization or doctor visits. Laboratory confirmation of waterborne illness is based on demonstration of virus particles or antigen in stool, detection of viral nucleic acid in stool, or demonstration of a rise in specific antibody to the virus. Newer methods for syndrome surveillance of acute viral gastroenteritis are being developed like multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase PCRs. Application of these more sensitive methods to detect and characterize individual agents is just beginning, but has already opened up new avenues to reassess their disease burden, examine their molecular epidemiology, and consider new directions for their prevention and control through vaccination, improvements in water quality, and sanitary practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prati Pal Singh
- Center of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab India
| | - Vinod Sharma
- The National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, India
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Kim JK, Kim JW. Molecular epidemiologic trends of diarrhea-causing virus infection from clinical specimens in Cheonan, Korea, in 2010-2012. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 28:47-51. [PMID: 24375926 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enteric viruses have high health significance in humans, ranging from poliomyelitis, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis to innocuous infections, and the human enteric viral infection is the one of the most common diseases during early childhood. This study was conducted from July 2010 to October 2012. METHODS We subjected 788 stool specimens using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) tests that could simultaneously detect five enteric viruses, group A rotavirus (GAR), enteric adenovirus (EAdV), norovirus GI (NoV-GI), norovirus GII (NoV-GII), and human astrovirus (HAstV). The data were analyzed according to seasonality and patient age and sex. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy specimens (34.3%) were positive, 276 viruses were detected in the 788 sample. The prevalence of GAR, EAdV, NoV-GI, NoV-GII, and HAstV infections in the 270 mPCR-positive specimens was 101 (36.6%), 28 (10.1%), 4 (1.4%), 132 (47.8%), and 11 (4.0%), respectively; six specimens (2.2%) contained double infections. NoV-GII and GAR infections occurred mainly in the winter and spring. CONCLUSION We described the epidemiological analytic data of the diarrhea-causing viruses in the population of local society of Korea. These results could be helpful for the diagnosis and subsequent epidemiological surveillance of enteric viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
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My PVT, Thompson C, Phuc HL, Tuyet PTN, Vinh H, Hoang NVM, Minh PV, Vinh NT, Thuy CT, Nga TTT, Hau NTT, Campbell J, Chinh NT, Thuong TC, Tuan HM, Farrar J, Baker S. Endemic norovirus infections in children, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:977-80. [PMID: 23735160 PMCID: PMC3713809 DOI: 10.3201/eid1906.111862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a case–control investigation to identify risk factors for norovirus infections among children in Vietnam. Of samples from 1,419 children who had diarrhea and 609 who were asymptomatic, 20.6% and 2.8%, respectively, were norovirus positive. Risk factors included residential crowding and symptomatic contacts, indicating person-to-person transmission of norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Vu Tra My
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Sai L, Sun J, Shao L, Chen S, Liu H, Ma L. Epidemiology and clinical features of rotavirus and norovirus infection among children in Ji'nan, China. Virol J 2013; 10:302. [PMID: 24099150 PMCID: PMC3851746 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute gastroenteritis caused by bacteria, virus and parasite is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Rotavirus and norovirus have been recognized as the most common pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis among children. However, there is still no valuable data about infections of rotavirus and norovirus in children in Ji’nan, an eastern city in China. The aims of the present study are to determine the incidence of rotavirus and norovirus associated acute gastroenteritis in Ji’nan among children, to characterize rotavirus and norovirus strains circulating during this period; and to provide useful epidemiological and clinical data. Methods Fecal specimens and clinical data were collected from 767 children (502 outpatients and 265 inpatients) under 5 years of age with acute diarrhea at Shandong University Qilu Hospital and Qilu children’s Hospital in Ji’nan, China between February 2011 and January 2012. Virus RNA was extracted, amplified, electrophoresed, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed to determine the prevalent genotypes. Chi-square and U test were used to compare characteristics of clinical manifestation in each group. Results Of the 767 specimens 263 (34.3%) were positive for rotavirus and 80 (10.4%) were positive for norovirus. Among 263 rotavirus positive cases, G3 (40.7%) was the most prevalent serotype, P[8] (46.8%) was the dominant genotype and G3P[8] (31.9%) was the most common combination. All of the norovirus strains belonged to GII genogroup including GII.3, GII.4 and GII.6, of which GII.4 (61.2%) was the predominant genotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the GII.4 sequences showed that 18 GII.4 strains belonged to GII.4 2004–2006 cluster and 31 GII.4 strains were divided into GII.4 2006b cluster. A peak number of rotavirus infections was observed during the cold season from November to next January. Higher rates of norovirus infections were detected from September to November. Most patients with rotavirus and norovirus associated diarrhea experienced vomiting (88.2% and 67.5%, respectively) and fever (79.1% and 46.3%, respectively). Conclusions The present study showed that rotavirus and norovirus were still the important causative agents of pediatric diarrhea in Ji’nan during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Sai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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Anders KL, Nguyen NM, Van Thuy NT, Hieu NT, Nguyen HL, Hong Tham NT, Thanh Ha PT, Lien LB, Vinh Chau NV, Simmons CP. A birth cohort study of viral infections in Vietnamese infants and children: study design, methods and characteristics of the cohort. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:937. [PMID: 24103423 PMCID: PMC3851864 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, more than one-third of admissions to the two paediatric hospitals are attributable to four infectious syndromes: dengue, diarrhoeal disease, acute respiratory infection, and hand, foot and mouth disease. We have established a large prospective birth cohort study to investigate individual, environmental, virological, and immunological determinants of infection and disease in infants. Specific research questions are focused on the role of maternal antibody in protection against infection in infancy, and the adaptive immune response to vaccination and natural infection. This paper presents the cohort design, methods, and baseline characteristics of the participants enrolled in the first two years. Methods/design Women are enrolled prior to delivery at one hospital in each of two catchment areas: an urban district in central HCMC, and a mixed urban/rural district in the Mekong Delta 150 km southwest of HCMC. Infants are enrolled within 3 days of birth, and maternal and cord blood samples are collected. Routine blood samples and data on growth, health status and vaccinations are collected from infants at scheduled visits at 4, 9 and 12 months. Clinical data and specimens are collected from infants presenting at a study clinic, or admitted to hospital, with any of the the four infectious syndromes of interest. Discussion In four years since since the study began in July 2009, >6400 infants have been enrolled, and enrolment is ongoing. Attrition is low: 84% of participants have completed the full 12-month follow-up period. Baseline characteristics of the first 4300 enrollees are presented here. We have demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a large prospective study of infectious diseases in infancy in a resource-limited setting, with minimal loss to follow-up. Our linked socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory data will help elucidate the viral aetiology and epidemiology of common infectious diseases of infancy, and can inform the implemention of existing and future vaccines. This study furthermore provides a platform to which additional endpoints could be added in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Anders
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Kang LH, Oh SH, Park JW, Won YJ, Ryu S, Paik SY. Simultaneous detection of waterborne viruses by multiplex real-time PCR. J Microbiol 2013; 51:671-5. [PMID: 24037661 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus, Rotavirus group A, the Hepatitis A virus, and Coxsackievirus are all common causes of gastroenteritis. Conventional diagnoses of these causative agents are based on antigen detection and electron microscopy. To improve the diagnostic potential for viral gastroenteritis, internally controlled multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have been recently developed. In this study, individual real-time PCRs were developed and optimized for specific detections of Norovirus genogroup I, Norovirus genogroup II, Rotavirus group A, the Hepatitis A virus, and Coxsackievirus group B1. Subsequently, individual PCRs were combined with multiplex PCR reactions. In general, multiplex real-time PCR assays showed comparable sensitivities and specificities with individual assays. A retrospective clinical evaluation showed increased pathogen detection in 29% of samples using conventional PCR methods. Prospective clinical evaluations were detected in 123 of the 227 (54%) total samples used in the multiplex real-time PCR analysis. The Norovirus genogroup II was found most frequently (23%), followed by Rotavirus (20%), the Hepatitis A virus (4.5%), Coxsackievirus (3.5%), and Norovirus genogroup I (2.6%). Internally controlled multiplex real-time PCR assays for the simultaneous detection of Rotavirus, Coxsackievirus group B, the Hepatitis A virus, and Norovirus genogroups I and II showed significant improvement in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lae-Hyung Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea
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Ren Z, Kong Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Huang A, Xu H. Etiological study of enteric viruses and the genetic diversity of norovirus, sapovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus in children with diarrhea in Chongqing, China. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:412. [PMID: 24004442 PMCID: PMC3766652 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those <5 years old. Identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of common enteric viruses in children <5 years old presented with diarrhea to the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. METHODS Five hundred fecal samples were collected between August and November 2010 from children <5 years of age who presented with acute diarrhea at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. All samples were tested for rotaviruses A, B, and C, noroviruses GI and GII, adenovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or PCR. Partial sequences of norovirus, sapovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus were phylogenetically analyzed to determine the genotype. RESULTS Enteric viruses were detected in 302 of the 500 children who presented with acute diarrhea (277/477; 58.07%) and persistent diarrhea (5/23; 21.74%). In 277 samples from children with acute diarrhea in whom at least one viral agent was found, rotavirus A was the most frequent virus identified (132 cases; 27.67%), followed by norovirus GII in 130 cases (27.25%), adenovirus in 30 cases (6.29%), sapovirus in 9 cases (1.89%) and astrovirus in one case (0.21%). Twenty-two of the norovirus GII-positive cases were randomly selected for genotyping. GII/4 was the predominant strain, followed by GII/6, GII/2, GII/3, and GII/7. Sapovirus was classified into four genotypes: GI/1 was predominant, followed by GI/2, GII/1, and GIV. The predominant adenovirus was type 41. Mixed infections were found in 25 cases, all of which presented with acute diarrhea (25/477; 5.24%). Viruses were positive in 5/23 (21.74%) cases with persistent diarrhea. Neither rotavirus B, rotavirus C, nor norovirus GI were found in any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS Enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children <5 years old in Chongqing. Rotavirus A is the most common etiological agent, follow by norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengzhi Ren
- Department of Infectious diseases and Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Tra My PV, Lam HM, Thompson CN, Phuc HL, Tuyet PTN, Vinh H, Hoang NVM, Minh P, Vinh NT, Thuy CT, Nga TTT, Hau NTT, Chinh NT, Thuong TC, Tuan HM, Campbell JI, Clements AC, Farrar J, Boni MF, Baker S. The dynamics of GII.4 Norovirus in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 18:335-43. [PMID: 23612321 PMCID: PMC4047827 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in industrialized countries, yet the epidemiological significance of NoV in industrializing countries remains poorly understood. The spatiotemporal distribution of NoV genotypes identified in 2054 enrolled children was investigated between May 2009 and December 2010, in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. A total of 315 NoV extracted from stool samples were genotyped and GPS mapped to their source. Genogroup II NoV, particularly GII.4, were predominant, and the GII.4 strains could be subgrouped into GII.4-2006b (Minerva) and GII.4-2010 (New Orleans) variants. There was no spatiotemporal structure among the endemic GII strains; yet a significant spatiotemporal signal corresponding with the novel introduction of GII.4-2010 variant was detected. These data show that NoV GII.4 variants are highly endemic in HCMC and describe a scenario of rapid NoV strain replacement occurring in HCMC in early 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Vu Tra My
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Ha Minh Lam
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Corinne N. Thompson
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Hoang Le Phuc
- Children’s Hospital 1, 341 Su Van Hanh, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc Tuyet
- Children’s Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Vinh
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Minh Hoang
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - PhamVan Minh
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Vinh
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Cao Thu Thuy
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Thu Nga
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hau
- Children’s Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Tran Chinh
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tang Chi Thuong
- Children’s Hospital 1, 341 Su Van Hanh, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Manh Tuan
- Children’s Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - James I. Campbell
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Archie C.A. Clements
- University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej F. Boni
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhea is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, but there have been few reports on the causative viruses associated with acute diarrhea among outpatient children in developing countries. This study was conducted to identify the viral agents in outpatient children with acute diarrhea in southeastern China. METHODS Eight hundred eleven outpatient children 5 years or younger with acute diarrhea were enrolled. Five enteric viruses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for each stool specimen. RESULTS At least 1 virus was detected in 353 (43.5%) of the subjects. The proportions of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus were 25.5%, 18.1%, 4.4%, 2.7% and 1.2%, respectively. G3P[8] was the most prevalent rotavirus strain. Mixed infections were observed in 65 cases, among which the most prevalent coinfection was rotavirus with other viruses (58 cases, 89.2%). Rotavirus and norovirus infections showed marked and opposing seasonal patterns. Mixed infection was significantly more common in children older than 1 year (12.2%) than in those younger than 1 year (7.1%) (P = 0.026). Clinically, rotavirus infection presented with a longer duration (4.3 ± 6.7 days) and higher frequency (5.9 ± 2.0 times/d) of diarrhea than any other viral infection. Vomiting was more common for mixed infections than for single infections (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS All the 5 common etiologies were detected in this study, with rotavirus and norovirus being the 2 leading agents. Mixed viral infections were common in outpatient children with acute diarrhea, and rotavirus seemed to play a major role in mixed infections.
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Liu P, Herzegh O, Fernandez M, Hooper S, Shu W, Sobolik J, Porter R, Spivey N, Moe C. Assessment of human adenovirus removal by qPCR in an advanced water reclamation plant in Georgia, USA. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:310-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Liu
- Center for Global Safe Water; Hubert Department of Global Health; Rollins School of Public Health; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - O. Herzegh
- National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease; Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta GA USA
| | - M. Fernandez
- Center for Global Safe Water; Hubert Department of Global Health; Rollins School of Public Health; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
| | | | - W. Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene; School of Preventive Medicine; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - J. Sobolik
- Center for Global Safe Water; Hubert Department of Global Health; Rollins School of Public Health; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
| | - R. Porter
- F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center; Lawrenceville GA USA
| | - N. Spivey
- F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center; Lawrenceville GA USA
| | - C. Moe
- Center for Global Safe Water; Hubert Department of Global Health; Rollins School of Public Health; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
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Dang DA, Nguyen VT, Vu DT, Nguyen THA, Nguyen DM, Yuhuan W, Baoming J, Nguyen DH, Le TL. A dose-escalation safety and immunogenicity study of a new live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine (Rotavin-M1) in Vietnamese children. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 1:A114-21. [PMID: 22520120 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We tested a candidate live, oral, rotavirus vaccine (Rotavin-M1™) derived from an attenuated G1P [8] strain (KH0118-2003) isolated from a child in Vietnam. The vaccine was tested first for safety in 29 healthy adults. When deemed safe, it was further tested for safety and immunogenicity in 160 infants (4 groups) aged 6-12 weeks in a dose and schedule ranging study. The vaccine was administered in low titer (10(6.0)FFU/dose) on a 2-dose schedule given 2 months apart (Group 2L) and on a 3-dose schedule given 1 month apart (Group 3L) and in high titer (10(6.3)FFU/dose) in 2 doses 2 months apart (Group 2H) and in 3 doses 1 month apart (Group 3H). For comparison, 40 children (group Rotarix™) were given 2 doses of the lyophilized Rotarix™ vaccine (10(6.5)CCID(50)/dose) 1 month apart. All infants were followed for 30 days after each dose for clinical adverse events including diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, irritability and intussusception. Immunogenicity was assessed by IgA seroconversion and viral shedding was monitored for 7 days after administration of each dose. Two doses of Rotavin-M1 (10(6.3)FFU/dose) were well tolerated in adults. Among infants (average 8 weeks of age at enrollment), administration of Rotavin-M1 was safe and did not lead to an increased rate of fever, diarrhea, vomiting or irritability compared to Rotarix™, indicating that the candidate vaccine virus had been fully attenuated by serial passages. No elevation of levels of serum transaminase, blood urea, or blood cell counts were observed. The highest rotavirus IgA seroconversion rate (73%, 95%CI (58-88%)) was achieved in group 2H (2 doses--10(6.3)FFU/dose, 2 months apart). The 2 dose schedules performed slightly better than the 3 dose schedules and the higher titer doses performed slightly better than the lower titer doses. These rates of seroconversion were similar to that of the Rotarix™ group (58%, 95%CI (42-73%)). However more infants who received Rotarix™ (65%) shed virus in their stool after the first dose than those who received Rotavin-M1 (44-48%) (p<0.05) and the percent shedding decreased after subsequent doses of either vaccine. Rotavin-M1 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in Vietnamese infants. A trial in progress will assess the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of Rotavin-M1 (2 doses at 10(6.3)FFU/dose) in a larger number of infants. The trial registration numbers are NCT01375907 and NCT01377571.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Anh Dang
- The National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Grant L, Vinjé J, Parashar U, Watt J, Reid R, Weatherholtz R, Santosham M, Gentsch J, O'Brien K. Epidemiologic and clinical features of other enteric viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in American Indian infants. J Pediatr 2012; 161:110-5.e1. [PMID: 22336577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the viral etiology, through the use of molecular methods, of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), which is a considerable public health burden in Native American infants. STUDY DESIGN From March 2002 through February 2004, AGE and non-diarrheal stools were collected from Navajo and White Mountain Apache infants who received placebo during a rotavirus vaccine trial. Case (n=247) and control (n=344) specimens were tested for enteric adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and sapovirus with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The odds of AGE were compared with population-averaged logistic regression models. RESULTS In 65% of the cases of AGE (161/247), at least one virus was detected; norovirus (n=80, 32%) and rotavirus (n=70, 28%) were the most common. A virus was detected in 38% of control specimens (132/344). Detection of "any virus" was associated with AGE (OR=3.22; 95% CI, 2.11-4.91), as was detection of norovirus (OR=2.00; 95% CI, 1.22-3.26) and rotavirus (OR=2.69; 95% CI, 1.52-4.79). CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant burden of viral AGE in American Indian infants and identifies pathogen targets for future prevention efforts in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Grant
- Department of International Health, Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of enteroviruses from sewage-polluted urban and rural rivers in the Philippines. Virus Genes 2012; 45:207-17. [PMID: 22743820 PMCID: PMC3448906 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast distribution and expansive diversity of enteroviruses reported globally, indicators defining a complete view of the epidemiology of enteroviruses in tropical countries such as the Philippines are yet to be established. Detection of enteroviruses in the environment has been one of the markers of circulating viruses in a community. This study aimed to bridge the gap in the epidemiology of enteroviruses in the Philippines by providing an overview of the occurrence of enteroviruses in both urban and rural rivers. Molecular detection directed at the VP1 region of the enterovirus genome was performed on 44 grab river water samples collected from April to December 2009. The majority of the enterovirus serotypes detected were clustered with human enterovirus C species (HEV-C; 21/42), followed by HEV-B (12/42) and HEV-A (9/42). Porcine enterovirus 9 was also found in 12 out of 44 water samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses detected were closely related, if not all forming a monophyletic clade, with those enteroviruses detected previously from acute flaccid paralysis cases in the country. The clustering of environmental and human enterovirus strains implies that the circulation of these strains were associated with river contamination. This study gives further evidence of the environmental persistence of enteroviruses once they are shed in feces and likewise, provides additional data which may help in understanding the epidemiology of enteroviruses in humans, highlighting the need for more studies on the potential public health risks linked with enteroviruses found in the environment and their eventual clinical consequences in the country.
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Nasir W, Frank M, Koppisetty CAK, Larson G, Nyholm PG. Lewis histo-blood group α1,3/α1,4 fucose residues may both mediate binding to GII.4 noroviruses. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1163-72. [PMID: 22589081 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses cause recurrent epidemics of gastroenteritis known to be dominated by the clinically important GII.4 genotype which recognizes human Secretor gene-dependent ABH histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as attachment factors. There is increasing evidence that GII.4 noroviruses have undergone evolutionary changes to recognize Lewis antigens and non-Secretor saliva. In this study, we have investigated the possibilities of the Lewis α1,3/α1,4 fucoses as mediators of binding of GII.4 noroviruses to Lewis antigens. The study was carried out using molecular dynamics simulations of Lewis type-1 and type-2 chain HBGAs in complex with VA387 P domain dimers in explicit water. Based on the computer simulations, we suggest the possibility of two receptor binding modes for Lewis HBGAs: the "Secretor pose" with the Secretor Fucα1,2 in the binding site and the "Lewis pose" with the Lewis Fucα1,3/α1,4 residues in the binding site. This was further supported by an extensive GlyVicinity analysis of the Protein Data Bank with respect to the occurrence of the Lewis and Secretor poses in complexes of Lewis antigens with lectins and antibodies as well as GII norovirus strains. The Lewis pose can also explain the interactions of GII.4 norovirus strains with Le(x) and SLe(x) structures. Moreover, the present model suggests binding of complex branched polysaccharides, with the Lewis antigens at the nonreducing end, to P domain dimers of GII.4 strains. Our results are relevant for understanding the evolution of norovirus binding specificities and for in silico design of future antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Nasir
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Arientova S, Schramlova J, Ambrozova H, Maresova V, Holub M. Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in hospitalised children in the Czech Republic. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 57:177-82. [PMID: 22430885 PMCID: PMC7090978 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Our study has been aimed at demonstrating the main role of viruses in the aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 years old and at pointing out the diagnostic potential of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis. A prospective study was conducted to analyse the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in children less than 5 years of age admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases between September 2006 and December 2008. All children were tested by faecal culture, latex agglutination and electron microscopy. A total of 832 children were included in the study. An aetiological agent was detected in 788 children (94.6 %). A bacterial aetiology was found in 22 (2.6 %) children and bacterial–viral co-infection was found in 146 (17.6 %) patients. The most frequent causative agents of gastroenteritis in children were viruses, which were detected in 620 (74.5 %) patients. The main causes of viral gastroenteritis were rotaviruses (detected in 410 children), followed by caliciviruses (42), coronaviruses (28), adenoviruses (19) and astroviruses (14). Dual viral infections were detected in 107 children, with rotavirus–calicivirus co-infection being the most common. Electron microscopy proved to be a more sensitive method in comparison with the latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of rotaviruses and adenoviruses. The major role of viruses in diarrhoeal diseases among children under 5 years of age in the Czech Republic has been confirmed. The diagnostic potential of electron microscopy, particularly in small outbreaks of gastroenteritis, was clearly shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Arientova
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kawai K, O'Brien MA, Goveia MG, Mast TC, El Khoury AC. Burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and distribution of rotavirus strains in Asia: a systematic review. Vaccine 2011; 30:1244-54. [PMID: 22212128 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. We systematically reviewed the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and distribution of rotavirus strains in Asia. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the World Health Organization (WHO) website for the term "rotavirus" and the name of each country. We included studies that were conducted in children between 2000 and 2011 and that examined the epidemiology, health and/or economic burden of RVGE, and G and P-type distribution in Eastern, South East, Southern and Central Asia. Random effects models were used to pool the proportions of RVGE. We also estimated child mortality due to RVGE using the updated WHO and United Nations Children's Fund's mortality estimates in 2008. RESULTS The search identified 113 eligible articles. The incidence rates of rotavirus-related hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age ranged from 2.1 to 20.0 cases per 1000 children per year with the highest rates reported in Bangladesh, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Rotavirus accounted for 37.5% of year-round hospitalized gastroenteritis cases, with higher proportions reported in South East Asia. Rotavirus was associated with approximately 145,000 deaths every year in Asia, with the greatest numbers occurring in India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The highest annual societal costs of treating RVGE were reported in China (US$365 million), followed by Japan (US$254 million) and India (US$41-72 million). A diversity of rotavirus G and P-types was observed across Asia and the distribution of strains differed by country and year. The most common strains were G1P[8] (23.6%), G2P[4] (11.8%), G3P[8] (18.9%), and G9P[8] (7.4%). CONCLUSIONS Rotavirus is associated with substantial hospitalizations and deaths among children and causes large healthcare expenditures throughout Asia. Safe and effective rotavirus vaccines could substantially reduce the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kawai
- Temple University, School of Pharmacy, 3307N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Trang NV, Luan LT, Kim-Anh LT, Hau VT, Nhung LT, Phasuk P, Setrabutr O, Shirley H, Vinjé J, Anh DD, Mason CJ. Detection and molecular characterization of noroviruses and sapoviruses in children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam. J Med Virol 2011; 84:290-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tra My PV, Rabaa MA, Vinh H, Holmes EC, Hoang NVM, Vinh NT, Phuong LT, Tham NT, Bay PVB, Campbell JI, Farrar J, Baker S. The emergence of rotavirus G12 and the prevalence of enteric viruses in hospitalized pediatric diarrheal patients in southern Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:768-75. [PMID: 21976585 PMCID: PMC3183790 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and the majority of infections are of viral etiology. We aimed to compare the etiological prevalence of the major enteric viruses in an urban and a rural setting in southern Vietnam. We simultaneously screened fecal specimens from 362 children in Ho Chi Minh City and Dong Thap province that were hospitalized with acute diarrhea over a 1-month-long period for four viral gastrointestinal pathogens. Rotavirus was the most common pathogen identified, but there was a differential prevalence of rotavirus and norovirus between the urban and rural locations. Furthermore, rotavirus genotyping and phylogenetic analysis again differentiated the genotypes by the sampling location. Our data show a disproportional distribution of enteric viral pathogens in urban and rural locations, and we provide evidence of continual importation of new rotavirus strains into southern Vietnam and report the emergence of rotavirus genotype G12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Vu Tra My
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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