1
|
Hartard C, Gantzer C, Bronowicki JP, Schvoerer E. Emerging hepatitis E virus compared with hepatitis A virus: A new sanitary challenge. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2078. [PMID: 31456241 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses are able to cause liver disease in humans. Among the five classical hepatotropic viruses, they are mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Historically, many similarities have thus been described between them according to their incidence and their pathogenicity, especially in countries with poor sanitary conditions. However, recent advances have provided new insights, and the gap is widening between them. Indeed, while HAV infection incidence tends to decrease in developed countries along with public health improvement, HEV is currently considered as an underdiagnosed emerging pathogen. HEV autochthonous infections are increasingly observed and are mainly associated with zoonotic transmissions. Extra hepatic signs resulting in neurological or renal impairments have also been reported for HEV, as well as a chronic carrier state in immunocompromised patients, arguing in favor of differential pathogenesis between those two viruses. Recent molecular tools have allowed studies of viral genome variability and investigation of links between viral plasticity and clinical evolution. The identification of key functional mutations in viral genomes may improve the knowledge of their clinical impact and is analyzed in depth in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Hartard
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, Nancy, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, Nancy, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Evelyne Schvoerer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, Nancy, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Getaz L, Casillas A, Motamed S, Gaspoz JM, Chappuis F, Wolff H. Hepatitis A immunity and region-of-origin in a Swiss prison. Int J Prison Health 2017; 12:98-105. [PMID: 27219907 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-10-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose - The environmental and demographic characteristics of closed institutions, particularly prisons, precipitate morbidity during hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks. Given the high prevalence of chronic liver disease and other risk factors in the prison setting, the purpose of this paper is to examine HAV-immunity and its associated factors in this population. Design/methodology/approach - The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009: a serology screening for HAV IgG was carried out among 116 inmates in Switzerland's largest pre-trial prison. Other participant characteristics were collected through a structured face-to-face questionnaire with a physician. Findings - In terms of significant demographics, Africa (53.5 percent) and the Balkans/Eastern Europe (36.2 percent) were the main regions of origin; a minority of inmates were from Western Europe (6.9 percent), Latin America (2.6 percent) or Asia (0.9 percent). The authors identified hepatitis A antibody-negative serology (lack of immunity) in five out of 116 prisoners (4.3 percent, 95 percent CI 1.4-9.7). Among participants of European origin alone, five out of 50 inmates were hepatitis A antibody-negative (10 percent, 95 percent CI 3.3-21.8), whereas the 66 inmates from other all continents were hepatitis A antibody-positive (immune) (p=0.026). Originality/value - In this prison population composed of mostly African migrants, hepatitis A immunity was high. This reaffirms that region of origin is highly associated with childhood immunity against HAV. HAV vaccination should take into account a patient's area of origin and his/her risk factors for systemic complications, if ever infected. This targeted strategy would offer herd immunity, and seek out the most vulnerable individuals who are potentially at risk of new exposure in this precarious setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Getaz
- Division of Penitentiary Medicine and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alejandra Casillas
- Division of Penitentiary Medicine and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Motamed
- Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Gaspoz
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francois Chappuis
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Penitentiary Medicine and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bruni R, Taffon S, Equestre M, Cella E, Lo Presti A, Costantino A, Chionne P, Madonna E, Golkocheva-Markova E, Bankova D, Ciccozzi M, Teoharov P, Ciccaglione AR. Hepatitis a virus genotypes and strains from an endemic area of Europe, Bulgaria 2012-2014. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:497. [PMID: 28705178 PMCID: PMC5513050 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is endemic in Eastern European and Balkan region countries. In 2012, Bulgaria showed the highest rate (67.13 cases per 100,000) in Europe. Nevertheless, HAV genotypes and strains circulating in this country have never been described. The present study reports the molecular characterization of HAV from 105 patients from Bulgaria. Methods Anti-HAV IgM positive serum samples collected in 2012–2014 from different towns and villages in Bulgaria were analysed by nested RT-PCR, sequencing of the VP1/2A region and phylogenetic analysis; the results were analysed together with patient and geographical data. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed two main sequence groups corresponding to the IA (78/105, 74%) and IB (27/105, 26%) sub-genotypes. In the IA group, a major and a minor cluster were observed (62 and 16 sequences, respectively). Most sequences from the major cluster (44/62, 71%) belonged to either of two strains, termed "strain 1" and "strain 2", differing only for a single specific nucleotide; the remaining sequences (18/62, 29%) showed few (1 to 4) nucleotide variations respect to strain 1 and 2. Strain 2 is identical to the strain previously responsible for an outbreak in the Czech Republic in 2008 and a large multi-country European outbreak caused by contaminated mixed frozen berries in 2013. Most sequences of the IA minor cluster and the IB group were detected in large/medium centers (LMCs). Overall, sequences from the IA major cluster were more frequent in small centers (SCs), but strain 1 and strain 2 showed an opposite relative frequency in SCs and LMCs (strain 1 more frequent in SCs, strain 2 in LMCs). Conclusions Genotype IA predominated in Bulgaria in 2012–2014 and phylogenetic analysis identified a major cluster of highly related or identical IA sequences, representing 59% of the analysed cases; these isolates were mostly detected in SCs, in which HAV shows higher endemicity than in LMCs. The distribution of viral sequences suggests the existence of some differences between the transmission routes in SCs and LMCs. Molecular characterization of an increased number of isolates from Bulgaria, regularly collected over time, will be useful to explore specific transmission routes and plan appropriate preventing measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bruni
- National Reference Laboratory for HAV, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Taffon
- National Reference Laboratory for HAV, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Costantino
- National Reference Laboratory for HAV, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Chionne
- National Reference Laboratory for HAV, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Madonna
- National Reference Laboratory for HAV, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Diljana Bankova
- Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pavel Teoharov
- Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- National Reference Laboratory for HAV, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brook G, Bhagani S, Kulasegaram R, Torkington A, Mutimer D, Hodges E, Hesketh L, Farnworth S, Sullivan V, Gore C, Devitt E, Sullivan AK. United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of the viral hepatitides A, B and C 2015. Int J STD AIDS 2016; 27:501-25. [PMID: 26745988 DOI: 10.1177/0956462415624250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Brook
- London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Mutimer
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Louise Hesketh
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon Farnworth
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Devitt
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ann K Sullivan
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sequera VG, Valencia S, García-Basteiro AL, Marco A, Bayas JM. Vaccinations in prisons: A shot in the arm for community health. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2615-26. [PMID: 26158401 PMCID: PMC4685700 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
From the first day of imprisonment, prisoners are exposed to and expose other prisoners to various communicable diseases, many of which are vaccine-preventable. The risk of acquiring these diseases during the prison sentence exceeds that of the general population. This excess risk may be explained by various causes; some due to the structural and logistical problems of prisons and others to habitual or acquired behaviors during imprisonment. Prison is, for many inmates, an opportunity to access health care, and is therefore an ideal opportunity to update adult vaccination schedules. The traditional idea that prisons are intended to ensure public safety should be complemented by the contribution they can make in improving community health, providing a more comprehensive vision of safety that includes public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salomé Valencia
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Service; Hospital Clínic of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB); Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rossello, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça (CISM); Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Andrés Marco
- Health Services of Barcelona Men's Penitentiary Center; Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Bayas
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Service; Hospital Clínic of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB); Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rossello, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee HW, Chang DY, Moon HJ, Chang HY, Shin EC, Lee JS, Kim KA, Kim HJ. Clinical Factors and Viral Load Influencing Severity of Acute Hepatitis A. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130728. [PMID: 26090677 PMCID: PMC4474726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Clinical manifestations of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection vary from mild to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in adults. We investigated the relationship between laboratory findings, including viral load, and clinical outcomes in patients with acute hepatitis A (AHA) and evaluated predictive factors for severe acute hepatitis (s-AH). Methods We analyzed the clinical manifestations of AHA in 770 patients. Patients with a prothrombin time (PT) of less than 40% of normal were classified as s-AH and included 4 patients with FHF, 11 patients with acute renal failure, and 3 patients with prolonged jaundice (n = 128). Other patients were defined as mild acute hepatitis (m-AH) (n = 642). Serum samples were obtained from 48 patients with acute hepatitis A. Among them, 20 with s-AH, and 28 with m-AH, were tested for HAV RNA titer. Results In a multivariate analysis, age (HR = 1.042, P = 0.041), peak creatinine (HR = 4.014, P = 0.001), bilirubin (HR = 1.153, P = 0.003), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (HR = 1.001, P<0.001), initial lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (HR = 1.000, P = 0.045) and total cholesterol (HR = 0.978, P<0.001) were independent factors for s-AH. Serum HAV RNA was detected in 20/20 (100%) patients with s-AH and 22/28 (78.6%) patients with m-AH. In a multivariate analysis of the 48 patients who were tested for HAV RNA, peak ALT (HR = 1.001, P = 0.004) and HAV RNA titer (HR = 2.076, P = 0.012) were independent factors for s-AH. Conclusions Clinical factors including age, peak creatinine, bilirubin, ALT, initial LDH and total cholesterol were independent factors for s-AH in a multivariate analysis. In particular, HAV load strongly correlated with the severity of hepatitis A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Chang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hong Ju Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Young Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - June Sung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:227-43. [PMID: 24200587 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the commonest viral cause of liver disease and presents an important public health problem worldwide. Several unique HAV properties and molecular mechanisms of its interaction with host were recently discovered and should aid in clarifying the pathogenesis of hepatitis A. Genetic characterization of HAV strains have resulted in the identification of different genotypes and subtypes, which exhibit a characteristic worldwide distribution. Shifts in HAV endemicity occurring in different parts of the world, introduction of genetically diverse strains from geographically distant regions, genotype displacement observed in some countries and population expansion detected in the last decades of the 20th century using phylogenetic analysis are important factors contributing to the complex dynamics of HAV infections worldwide. Strong selection pressures, some of which, like usage of deoptimized codons, are unique to HAV, limit genetic variability of the virus. Analysis of subgenomic regions has been proven useful for outbreak investigations. However, sharing short sequences among epidemiologically unrelated strains indicates that specific identification of HAV strains for molecular surveillance can be achieved only using whole-genome sequences. Here, we present up-to-date information on the HAV molecular epidemiology and evolution, and highlight the most relevant features of the HAV-host interactions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim JH, Yeon JE, Baik SK, Kim YS, Kim HS, Park SH, Lee MS, Sohn JH, Lee JW, Choi SK, Kwon SY, Choi JY, Kim JH, Kang SY, An H, Seo YS, Yim HJ, Song JW, Um SH, Byun KS. Genotypic shift of the hepatitis A virus and its clinical impact on acute hepatitis A in Korea: a nationwide multicenter study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 45:811-8. [PMID: 23826788 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.805425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genotypic shift of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and its correlation with clinical course has not been evaluated in acute hepatitis A (AHA). METHODS From June 2007 to May 2009, we prospectively enrolled 546 AHA patients. We performed a nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the serum samples in addition to phylogenetic analysis, then we compared patient clinical features. RESULTS Among 351 successfully genotyped patients, we found genotype IIIA in 178 patients (51%) and IA in 173 patients (49%). The sequences of genotype IA are identical to previously reported Korean genotype IA, and the new IIIA genotype is closely related to NOR24/Norway. We retrospectively analyzed 41 AHA samples collected from 2000 to 2006 and found that all of them were genotype IA. Patients with genotype IIIA showed significantly higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase, higher levels of alanine aminotransferase, and lower platelet counts than patients with genotype IA when comparing baseline laboratory data or peak/lowest laboratory data during the disease course. However, there were no differences in duration of hospital stay, incidence of cholestatic hepatitis, acute kidney injury, and acute liver failure, or mortality between them. CONCLUSIONS A genotypic shift of the HAV was identified in Korean AHA subjects, and genotype IIIA HAV has become endemic. Although there were significant differences in the biochemical responses of AHA between genotype IA and genotype IIIA patients, we did not detect any differences in clinical outcomes such as complications or mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mukomolov S, Kontio M, Zheleznova N, Jokinen S, Sinayskaya E, Stalevskaya A, Davidkin I. Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1528-34. [PMID: 22930498 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The current study, covering the period 2004-2009, is a part of long-term monitoring for hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains circulating in St Petersburg, Russia. The HAV RNA was isolated directly from the sera of hepatitis A patients and RT-PCR was carried out using primer pairs for VP1/2A and VP1 genomic regions. PCR products were sequenced and 324 nucleotides from VP1/2A and 332 from the VP1 region were used for phylogenetic analysis. The results show that the IA subtype was the most common circulating subtype during the follow-up period, as found in the previous study: almost 90% of the isolated HAV strains belonged to the IA subtype. The large hepatitis A food-borne outbreak in St Petersburg in 2005 was caused by HAV IA. However, the proportion of HAV isolates belonging to subtype IIIA significantly increased in the period 2001-2009 (7.9%) compared to the period 1997-2000 (none found). The subtype IIIA was first found in St Petersburg in 2001 among a group of intravenous drug users. The increase in its circulation during the decade suggests that this previously unusual genotype has been permanently introduced into the general population of St Petersburg. These results indicate the usefulness of molecular epidemiological methods for studying changes in the circulation of HAV strains.
Collapse
|
11
|
What causes hepatitis A in travellers to endemic countries? Travel is necessary but not sufficient--a risk factor, not a cause. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:1821-2. [PMID: 22300866 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
12
|
Abstract
SUMMARYBetween March and June 2008, 12 cases of hepatitis A were notified in Winchester. Cases were from a primary school and a nursery school with no direct linkage. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA sequenced from nine cases confirmed the strain in both schools to be identical. The outbreak could have affected three other schools and a maternity unit and was controlled by immunization and screening of neonates in the maternity unit by dried blood spots. No neonates were infected and no further cases were reported until 5 months later when the index case's mother became infected with same strain of virus associated with the outbreak despite vaccination. Neither the source of the outbreak or the subsequent infection of the index case's mother was identified; however, with the timing of the cases continued transmission in the community by children with asymptomatic infection or a recurrent source cannot be ruled out.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yoo SJ, Seo DD, Choi WC, Kwon OJ, Park JC, Shin BM. Co-circulation of Two Genotypes of Hepatitis A Virus from Sporadic Cases in Northeastern Area of Seoul, Korea. Ann Lab Med 2008; 28:371-7. [DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2008.28.5.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Dae Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Choong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jae-Chan Park
- BioCore Institute of Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Bo-Moon Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|