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Rogóż Z, Kamińska K, Lorenc-Koci E, Wąsik A. Iron administered in the neonatal period changed memory, brain monoamine levels, and BDNF mRNA expression in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00626-0. [PMID: 39012420 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is one of the key microelements in the mammalian body and is the most abundant metal in the brain. Iron, a very important chemical element in the body of mammals, is the most abundant metal in the brain. It participates in many chemical reactions taking place in the central nervous system acting as a cofactor in key enzymatic reactions involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and degradation, dendritic arborization, and myelination. Moreover, iron accumulation in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurogenerative disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS The aim of our study was to assess the influence of iron administered orally (30 mg/kg) to rats in the neonatal period (p12-p14) by testing the performance of rats in the open field and social interaction tests, and by evaluating the recognition memory, monoamine levels in some brain structures, and BDNF mRNA expression. The behavioral and biochemical tests were performed in adult p88-p92 rats. RESULTS Iron administered to rats in the neonatal period induced long-term deficits in behavioral tests in adult rats. It reduced the exploratory activity in the open field test. In the social interaction test, it induced deficits in the parameters studied, and decreased memory retention. Moreover, iron changed the brain monoamine levels in some studied brain structures and decreased the expression of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS All earlier and our present results indicated that iron administered to rats in the neonatal period induced an increase in oxidative stress which resulted in a change in the brain monoamine levels and decreased BDNF mRNA expression which may play a role in iron-induced memory impairment in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Firdous SM, Khan SA, Maity A. Oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03188-3. [PMID: 38832985 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are metabolic by-products that constitute an indispensable component of physiological processes, albeit their heightened presence may proffer substantial perils to biological entities. Such a proliferation gives rise to a gradual escalation of oxidative stress within the organism, thereby compromising mitochondrial functionality and inflicting harm upon various bodily systems, with a particular predilection for the central nervous system. In its nascent stages, it is plausible that inflammation has been a facilitator in the progression of the malady. The precise role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains somewhat enigmatic, although it is conceivable that activated microglia and astrocytes might be implicated in the removal of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits. Nonetheless, prolonged microglial activation is associated with Tau phosphorylation and Aβ aggregation. Research studies have indicated that AD brains upregulate complementary molecules, inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reacting agents, and other inflammatory mediators that may cause neurodegeneration. In this review, oxidative damage products will be discussed as potential peripheral biomarkers for AD and its early stages. The disordered excretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, oxygen, and nitrogen-reactive species, along with the stimulation of the complement system by glial cells, has the potential to disrupt the functionality of neuronal termini. This perturbation, in turn, culminates in compromised synaptic function, a phenomenon empirically linked to the manifestation of cognitive impairments. The management of neurodegenerative conditions in the context of dementia necessitates therapeutic interventions that specifically target the excessive production of inflammatory and oxidative agents. Furthermore, we shall deliberate upon the function of microglia and oxidative injury in the etiology of AD and the ensuing neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mohammed Firdous
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sahabaj Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, West Bengal, India
| | - Amritangshu Maity
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, West Bengal, India
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da Silva Schmidt PM, Trettim JP, Longoni A, Grings M, de Matos MB, de Avila Quevedo L, Ardais AP, Nedel F, Ghisleni G, Leipnitz G, Pinheiro RT, de Assis AM. Can glutathione be a biomarker for suicide risk in women 18 months postpartum? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1142608. [PMID: 36846227 PMCID: PMC9948031 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1142608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide risk is prominent among the problems affecting populations, mainly due to the broad family, psychosocial and economic impact. Most individuals at suicidal risk have some mental disorder. There is considerable evidence that psychiatric disorders are accompanied by the activation of neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways. The aim of the study is to evaluate the serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in women at risk of suicide after 18 months of postpartum. METHODS This is a case-control study, nested within a cohort study. From this cohort, 45 women [15 without mood disorders and 30 with mood disorders (Major depression and Bipolar disorder)] were selected at 18 months postpartum, the depression and suicide risk were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI-Plus) instrument, module A and C, respectively. Blood was collected and stored for later analysis of the reactive species (DCFH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reduced (GSH). For data analysis, the SPSS program was used. To compare the nominal covariates with the outcome GSH levels, the Student's t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Spearman's correlation was performed for analysis between the quantitative covariates and the outcome. To analyze the interaction between the factors, multiple linear regression was performed. Bonferroni analysis was used as an additional/secondary result to visualize differences in glutathione levels according to risk severity. After the adjusted analysis, p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The percentage of suicide risk observed in our sample of women at 18 months postpartum was 24.4% (n = 11). After adjusting for the independent variables, only the presence of suicide risk remained associated with the outcome (β = 0.173; p = 0.007), low levels of GSH at 18 months after postpartum. Likewise, we verified the difference in GSH levels according to the degree of suicide risk, observing a significant association between the differences in glutathione means in the group of women with moderate to high risk compared to the reference group (no suicide risk) (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that GSH may be a potential biomarker or etiologic factor in women at moderate to high risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Michele da Silva Schmidt
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Puchalski Trettim
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Aline Longoni
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mateus Grings
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bonati de Matos
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Avila Quevedo
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ardais
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nedel
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Ghisleni
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tavares Pinheiro
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Adriano Martimbianco de Assis
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Science, Universidade Católica de Pelotas - UCPel, Pelotas, Brazil
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Rogóż Z, Lech MA, Chamera K, Wąsik A. The Effect of Glutathione Deficit During Early Postnatal Brain Development on the Prepulse Inhibition and Monoamine Levels in Brain Structures of Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:733-750. [PMID: 35386024 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that impaired glutathione synthesis and distorted dopaminergic transmission are important factors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In the present study, on the postnatal days p5-p16, male pups were treated with the inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, L-buthionine-(S,R)- sulfoximine (BSO, 3.8 or 7.6 mmol/kg), and the dopamine uptake inhibitor, GBR 12,909 (5 mg/kg) alone or in combination, and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) was evaluated in adult 90-day-old rats. Moreover, the monoamine levels in the cortex and hippocampus of 16-day-old rats or 91-day-old rats were measured. The present results showed that administration of BSO at 3.8 mmol/kg led to a decreasing tendency in PPI for all tested prepulse intensities. In contrast, a combined treatment with BSO in both studied doses and GBR 12,909 did not induce significant deficits in PPI. Moreover, the results of biochemical studies indicated that treatment with BSO or GBR 12,909 alone induced a weak increase in the activity of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of 16-day-old rats and 91-day-old rats. However, the combined administration of both substances allowed for maintaining the normal activity of monoaminergic systems in the rat brain. The most significant changes in the functioning of monoaminergic systems were observed in the frontal cortex of 16-day-old rats. Therefore, it seems that the frontal cortex of rat puppies is most sensitive to glutathione deficiencies resulting in increased oxidative stress in neurons. As a result, it can lead to cognitive and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta A Lech
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chamera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland.
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Lech MA, Kamińska K, Leśkiewicz M, Lorenc-Koci E, Rogóż Z. Impact of repeated co-treatment with escitalopram and aripiprazole on the schizophrenia-like behaviors and BDNF mRNA expression in the adult Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to glutathione deficit during early postnatal development of the brain. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1712-1723. [PMID: 34398437 PMCID: PMC8599398 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that impaired endogenous synthesis of glutathione during early postnatal development plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, some studies have suggested that antidepressants are able to increase the activity of atypical antipsychotics which may efficiently improve the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the influence of repeated co-treatment with escitalopram and aripiprazole on the schizophrenia-like behavior and BDNF mRNA expression in adult rats exposed to glutathione deficit during early postnatal development. Male pups between the postnatal days p5-p16 were treated with the inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, BSO (L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine) and the dopamine uptake inhibitor, GBR 12,909 alone or in combination. Escitalopram and aripiprazole were given repeatedly for 21 days before the tests. On p90-92 rats were evaluated in the behavioral and biochemical tests. RESULTS BSO given alone and together with GBR 12,909 induced deficits in the studied behavioral tests and decreased the expression of BDNF mRNA. Repeated aripiprazole administration at a higher dose reversed these behavioral deficits. Co-treatment with aripiprazole and an ineffective dose of escitalopram also abolished the behavioral deficits in the studied tests. CONCLUSION The obtained data indicated that the inhibition of glutathione synthesis in early postnatal development induced long-term deficits corresponding to schizophrenia-like behavior and decreased the BDNF mRNA expression in adult rats, and these behavioral deficits were reversed by repeated treatment with a higher dose of aripiprazole and also by co-treatment with aripiprazole and ineffective dose of escitalopram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Lech
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences,, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, Poland. .,The Podhale State Higher Vocational School, Faculty of Cosmetology, Institute of Health, 71 Kokoszków, Nowy Targ, Poland.
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Scassellati C, Galoforo AC, Bonvicini C, Esposito C, Ricevuti G. Ozone: a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant property as potential new strategy in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101138. [PMID: 32810649 PMCID: PMC7428719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systems medicine is founded on a mechanism-based approach and identifies in this way specific therapeutic targets. This approach has been applied for the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 plays a central role in different pathologies including neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), which are characterized by common pathogenetic features. We here present wide scientific background indicating how a natural bioactive molecule with antioxidant/anti-apoptotic and pro-autophagy properties such as the ozone (O3) can represent a potential new strategy to delay neurodegeneration. Our hypothesis is based on different evidence demonstrating the interaction between O3 and Nrf2 system. Through a meta-analytic approach, we found a significant modulation of O3 on endogenous antioxidant-Nrf2 (p < 0.00001, Odd Ratio (OR) = 1.71 95%CI:1.17-2.25) and vitagene-Nrf2 systems (p < 0.00001, OR = 1.80 95%CI:1.05-2.55). O3 activates also immune, anti-inflammatory signalling, proteasome, releases growth factors, improves blood circulation, and has antimicrobial activity, with potential effects on gut microbiota. Thus, we provide a consistent rationale to implement future clinical studies to apply the oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) therapy in an early phase of aging decline, when it is still possible to intervene before to potentially develop a more severe neurodegenerative pathology. We suggest that O3 along with other antioxidants (polyphenols, mushrooms) implicated in the same Nrf2-mechanisms, can show neurogenic potential, providing evidence as new preventive strategies in aging and in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Scassellati
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Carlo Galoforo
- Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Scientific Society (SIOOT), Gorle, Italy; University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy; Nephrology and dialysis unit, ICS S. Maugeri SPA SB Hospital, Pavia, Italy; High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy; P.D. High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy; St.Camillus Medical University, Rome, Italy
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Alterations in the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Neurodevelopmental Rat Model of Schizophrenia Induced by Glutathione Deficiency during Early Postnatal Life. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060538. [PMID: 32575563 PMCID: PMC7346228 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthesis inhibitor, and GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administered alone or in combination to Sprague-Dawley rats during early postnatal development (p5-p16), on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LP) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione disulfide reductase (GR) in peripheral tissues (liver, kidney) and selected brain structures (prefrontal cortex, PFC; hippocampus, HIP; and striatum, STR) of 16-day-old rats. The studied parameters were analyzed with reference to the content of GSH and sulfur amino acids, methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) described in our previous study. This analysis showed that treatment with a BSO + GBR 12909 combination caused significant decreases in the lipid peroxidation levels in the PFC and HIP, in spite of there being no changes in ROS. The reduction of lipid peroxidation indicates a weakening of the oxidative power of the cells, and a shift in balance in favor of reducing processes. Such changes in cellular redox signaling in the PFC and HIP during early postnatal development may result in functional changes in adulthood.
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Górny M, Wnuk A, Kamińska A, Kamińska K, Chwatko G, Bilska-Wilkosz A, Iciek M, Kajta M, Rogóż Z, Lorenc-Koci E. Glutathione Deficiency and Alterations in the Sulfur Amino Acid Homeostasis during Early Postnatal Development as Potential Triggering Factors for Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in Adult Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234253. [PMID: 31766654 PMCID: PMC6930621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired glutathione (GSH) synthesis and dopaminergic transmission are important factors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Our research aimed to assess the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis inhibitor, and GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administered alone or in combination, to Sprague–Dawley rats during early postnatal development (p5–p16), on the levels of GSH, sulfur amino acids, global DNA methylation, and schizophrenia-like behavior. GSH, methionine (Met), homocysteine (Hcy), and cysteine (Cys) contents were determined in the liver, kidney, and in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) of 16-day-old rats. DNA methylation in the PFC and HIP and schizophrenia-like behavior were assessed in adulthood (p90–p93). BSO caused the tissue-dependent decreases in GSH content and alterations in Met, Hcy, and Cys levels in the peripheral tissues and in the PFC and HIP. The changes in these parameters were accompanied by alterations in the global DNA methylation in the studied brain structures. Parallel to changes in the global DNA methylation, deficits in the social behaviors and cognitive functions were observed in adulthood. Only BSO + GBR 12909-treated rats exhibited behavioral alterations resembling positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Our results suggest the usefulness of this neurodevelopmental model for research on the pathomechanism of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Górny
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Adrianna Kamińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (A.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (A.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Bilska-Wilkosz
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Iciek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-623-272
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Oxidative Stress: A Key Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081583. [PMID: 31013638 PMCID: PMC6514564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1098] [Impact Index Per Article: 219.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is proposed as a regulatory element in ageing and various neurological disorders. The excess of oxidants causes a reduction of antioxidants, which in turn produce an oxidation-reduction imbalance in organisms. Paucity of the antioxidant system generates oxidative-stress, characterized by elevated levels of reactive species (oxygen, hydroxyl free radical, and so on). Mitochondria play a key role in ATP supply to cells via oxidative phosphorylation, as well as synthesis of essential biological molecules. Various redox reactions catalyzed by enzymes take place in the oxidative phosphorylation process. An inefficient oxidative phosphorylation may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial redox metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, and proteolytic pathways are found to be the major and potential source of free radicals. A lower concentration of ROS is essential for normal cellular signaling, whereas the higher concentration and long-time exposure of ROS cause damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins, ultimately resulting in necrosis and apoptotic cell death. Normal and proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) is entirely dependent on the chemical integrity of brain. It is well established that the brain consumes a large amount of oxygen and is highly rich in lipid content, becoming prone to oxidative stress. A high consumption of oxygen leads to excessive production of ROS. Apart from this, the neuronal membranes are found to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are highly susceptible to ROS. Various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others, can be the result of biochemical alteration (due to oxidative stress) in bimolecular components. There is a need to understand the processes and role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. This review is an effort towards improving our understanding of the pivotal role played by OS in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Glutathione depletion: Starting point of brain metabolic stress, neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in rats. Brain Res Bull 2018; 137:120-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kim YK, Na KS. Neuroprotection in Schizophrenia and Its Therapeutic Implications. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:383-391. [PMID: 28845163 PMCID: PMC5561394 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.4.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and debilitating mental disorder. The persisting negative and cognitive symptoms that are unresponsive to pharmacotherapy reveal the impairment of neuroprotective aspects of schizophrenia. In this review, of the several neuroprotective factors, we mainly focused on neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and oxidative stress. We conducted a narrative and selective review. Neuroinflammation is mainly mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia. Unlike peripheral inflammatory responses, neuroinflammation has a role in various neuronal activities such as neurotransmission neurogenesis. The cross-talk between neuroinflammation and neurogenesis usually has beneficial effects in the CNS under physiological conditions. However, uncontrolled and chronic neuroinflammation exert detrimental effects such as neuronal loss, inhibited neurogenesis, and excessive oxidative stress. Neurogenesis is also a major component of neuroprotection. Adult neurogenesis mainly occurs in the hippocampal region, which has an important role in memory formation and processing. Impaired neurogenesis and an ineffective response to antipsychotics may be thought to indicate a deteriorating course of schizophrenia. Oxidative stress and excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission may create a vicious cycle and consequently disturb NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Based on the current evidences, several neuroprotective therapeutic approaches have been reported to be efficacious for improving psychopathology, but further longitudinal and large-sample based studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Effect of different semen extenders for the storage of chilled sperm in Tigrina ( Leopardus tigrinus ). Theriogenology 2017; 89:146-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Anxiety modulates cognitive deficits in a perinatal glutathione deficit animal model of schizophrenia. Brain Res 2016; 1648:459-468. [PMID: 27485658 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated long-term repercussion of early glutathione deficit by l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) injections as a rat model of schizophrenia. BSO rats were tested through various behavioral tasks requiring animals to take into account previously delivered information. We showed that relative to controls, BSO rats (1) were less active and more anxious in an Elevated Plus Maze test, allowing us to split them into two subgroups with high and low anxiety levels; (2) demonstrated normal abilities of behavioral flexibility tested with a rat-adapted version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), with even higher abilities in anxious BSO rats suggesting reduced interference of previously acquired rules; (3) did not forage normally in radial arm mazes and mainly used clockwise strategies; (4) exhibited a lack of habituation during a startle response task; and (5) showed a normal prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI) and a normal conditioned taste aversion (CTA). All these results indicate that early glutathione deficit provokes persistent changes in adulthood and improves the validity of this animal model of schizophrenia. They further suggest difficulties binding temporally separated events (WCST), except when the salience of this information is very strong (CTA). We propose that the transient glutathione deficit during cerebral development could alter a "cognitive binding" process in interaction with the emotional state that could possibly account for the disruption of integrative function that characterizes schizophrenia.
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Kim YK, Na KS, Myint AM, Leonard BE. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and the neuroendocrine system in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:277-84. [PMID: 26111720 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are pleiotropic molecules with important roles in inflammatory responses. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation are important not only in inflammatory responses but also in neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Sustained stress and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines lead to chronic neuroinflammation, which contributes to depression. Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and the associated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have close interactions with pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and GR functional resistance are among the most widely investigated factors in the pathophysiology of depression. These two major components create a vicious cycle. In brief, chronic neuroinflammation inhibits GR function, which in turn exacerbates pro-inflammatory cytokine activity and aggravates chronic neuroinflammation. On the other hand, neuroinflammation causes an imbalance between oxidative stress and the anti-oxidant system, which is also associated with depression. Although current evidence strongly suggests that cytokines and GRs have important roles in depression, they are essential components of a whole system of inflammatory and endocrine interactions, rather than playing independent parts. Despite the evidence that a dysfunctional immune and endocrine system contributes to the pathophysiology of depression, much research remains to be undertaken to clarify the cause and effect relationship between depression and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aye-Mu Myint
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Brian E Leonard
- Pharmacology Department, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Kim H, Kim Y, Bae S, Lim SH, Jang M, Choi J, Jeon J, Hwang YI, Kang JS, Lee WJ. Vitamin C Deficiency Causes Severe Defects in the Development of the Neonatal Cerebellum and in the Motor Behaviors of Gulo(-/-) Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1270-83. [PMID: 25977985 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The developing brain of a neonate is particularly susceptible to damage by vitamin C deficiency because of its rapid growth and immature antioxidant system. Cognitive impairment and sensory motor deficits are found in the adult brain upon vitamin C deficiency. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify the role of vitamin C in its own right and its related mechanisms in Gulo(-/-) mice incapable of synthesizing vitamin C. RESULTS When vitamin C supplementation was ceased for 2 weeks until delivery, stillbirths and a significant reduction in neonatal mice were observed and the growth of neonates was remarkably decreased. In addition, intraparenchymal hemorrhages were found in most of the brains, especially in the stillborn neonates. In addition, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-isoprostanes were increased and structural abnormalities were found in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Especially, vitamin C deficiency caused the failure of or a delay in the formation of cerebellar fissures accompanied by abnormal foliation and altered Purkinje cell alignment. In the developed adult brains from vitamin C-deficient Gulo(-/-) mice, the levels of glutathione, MDA, nitrate, IL-6, TNF-α, and Bax were increased and the expression of the GABRA6 and calbindin-28k was decreased. Due to atrophy of the granule and Purkinje cells, the motor behavior of vitamin C-deficient Gulo(-/-) mice declined. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Vitamin C deficiency during gestation induces intraparenchymal hemorrhages and severe defects in the development of the cerebellum. In fully developed brains, it induces the functional impairment by altering the cellular composition in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Bae
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Lim
- 3 Institute for Experimental Animals, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirim Jang
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyea Choi
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jane Jeon
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-il Hwang
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Vitamin C, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Díaz-Hung ML, Blanco L, Pavón N, León R, Estupiñan B, Orta E, Martínez K, Fernández I. Sensory-motor performance after acute glutathione depletion by L-buthionine sulfoximine injection into substantia nigra pars compacta. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:286-93. [PMID: 24912031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is the major antioxidant in the living cells. Its deficit has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders as Parkinson's disease but its role in the etiology of nigral degeneration and sensory-motor performance has been poorly explored. To evaluate the effect of glutathione depletion on nigro-striatal oxidative metabolism and sensory-motor performance in rats, l-buthionine sulfoximine (15 mM) or saline solution was injected into substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Then, oxidative metabolism was studied 24h and 7 days later in SNpc and corpus striatum (CS). Tyrosine hydroxylase and GFAP immunohistochemistry assays were carried out at 7 days. In addition, animals were evaluated in open field, adhesive removal, staircase and traverse beam tests. Glutathione depletion induced compensatory response in catalase activity and glial response in the in SNpc and no oxidative damage was observed. However, a loss in dopaminergic cells was found. At the same time, animals with glutathione depletion have shown poor performance in behavioral tests except for staircase test. These results suggest that glutathione depletion can be related to sensory-motor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Díaz-Hung
- International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Lisette Blanco
- International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nancy Pavón
- International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rilda León
- International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Eduardo Orta
- International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana, Cuba
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Bertholet L, Meunier C, Preissmann D, Schenk F. Sex biased spatial strategies relying on the integration of multimodal cues in a rat model of schizophrenia: Impairment in predicting future context? Behav Brain Res 2014; 262:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Garcia-Saura MF, Saijo F, Bryan NS, Bauer S, Rodriguez J, Feelisch M. Nitroso-redox status and vascular function in marginal and severe ascorbate deficiency. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:937-50. [PMID: 22304648 PMCID: PMC3411334 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Marginal vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency is a prevalent yet underappreciated risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Along with glutathione, ascorbate plays important roles in antioxidant defense and redox signaling. Production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species and their interaction, giving rise to nitroso and nitrosyl product formation, are key components of the redox regulation/signaling network. Numerous in vitro studies have demonstrated that these systems are interconnected via multiple chemical transformation reactions, but little is known about their dynamics and significance in vivo. AIMS We sought to investigate the time-course of changes in NO/redox status and vascular function during ascorbate depletion in rats unable to synthesize vitamin C. RESULTS We here show that both redox and protein nitros(yl)ation status in blood and vital organs vary dynamically during development of ascorbate deficiency. Prolonged marginal ascorbate deficiency is associated with cell/tissue-specific perturbations in ascorbate and glutathione redox and NO status. Scurvy develops earlier in marginally deficient compared to adequately supplemented animals, with blunted compensatory NO production and a dissociation of biochemistry from clinical symptomology in the former. Paradoxically, aortic endothelial reactivity is enhanced rather than impaired, irrespective of ascorbate status. Innovation/Conclusion: Enhanced NO production and protein nitros(yl)ation are integral responses to the redox stress of acute ascorbate deprivation. The elevated cardiovascular risk in marginal ascorbate deficiency is likely to be associated with perturbations of NO/redox-sensitive signaling nodes unrelated to the regulation of vascular tone. This new model may have merit for the future study of redox-sensitive events in marginal ascorbate deficiency.
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Carmeli C, Knyazeva MG, Cuénod M, Do KQ. Glutathione precursor N-acetyl-cysteine modulates EEG synchronization in schizophrenia patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29341. [PMID: 22383949 PMCID: PMC3285150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) dysregulation at the gene, protein, and functional levels has been observed in schizophrenia patients. Together with disease-like anomalies in GSH deficit experimental models, it suggests that such redox dysregulation can play a critical role in altering neural connectivity and synchronization, and thus possibly causing schizophrenia symptoms. To determine whether increased GSH levels would modulate EEG synchronization, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor, was administered to patients in a randomized, double-blind, crossover protocol for 60 days, followed by placebo for another 60 days (or vice versa). We analyzed whole-head topography of the multivariate phase synchronization (MPS) for 128-channel resting-state EEGs that were recorded at the onset, at the point of crossover, and at the end of the protocol. In this proof of concept study, the treatment with NAC significantly increased MPS compared to placebo over the left parieto-temporal, the right temporal, and the bilateral prefrontal regions. These changes were robust both at the group and at the individual level. Although MPS increase was observed in the absence of clinical improvement at a group level, it correlated with individual change estimated by Liddle's disorganization scale. Therefore, significant changes in EEG synchronization induced by NAC administration may precede clinically detectable improvement, highlighting its possible utility as a biomarker of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Carmeli
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), Département des Neurosciences Cliniques (DNC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria G. Knyazeva
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), Département des Neurosciences Cliniques (DNC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cuénod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q. Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Accurate performance of a rat model of schizophrenia in the water maze depends on visual cue availability and stability: A distortion in cognitive mapping abilities? Behav Brain Res 2011; 223:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Do KQ, Conus P, Cuenod M. Redox dysregulation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia: nutrigenetics as a challenge in psychiatric disease prevention. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2011; 3:267-89. [PMID: 21474958 DOI: 10.1159/000324366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Bitanihirwe BKY, Woo TUW. Oxidative stress in schizophrenia: an integrated approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:878-93. [PMID: 20974172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In particular, oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA as observed in schizophrenia is known to impair cell viability and function, which may subsequently account for the deteriorating course of the illness. Currently available evidence points towards an alteration in the activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems in schizophrenia. In fact, experimental models have demonstrated that oxidative stress induces behavioral and molecular anomalies strikingly similar to those observed in schizophrenia. These findings suggest that oxidative stress is intimately linked to a variety of pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, oligodendrocyte abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, hypoactive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and the impairment of fast-spiking gamma-aminobutyric acid interneurons. Such self-sustaining mechanisms may progressively worsen producing the functional and structural consequences associated with schizophrenia. Recent clinical studies have shown antioxidant treatment to be effective in ameliorating schizophrenic symptoms. Hence, identifying viable therapeutic strategies to tackle oxidative stress and the resulting physiological disturbances provide an exciting opportunity for the treatment and ultimately prevention of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Y Bitanihirwe
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach CH 8603, Switzerland.
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Oxidative Stress and the Metabolic Pathology of Autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-489-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Vitamin C deficiency in weanling guinea pigs: differential expression of oxidative stress and DNA repair in liver and brain. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:1116-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507787457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neonates are particularly susceptible to malnutrition due to their limited reserves of micronutrients and their rapid growth. In the present study, we examined the effect of vitamin C deficiency on markers of oxidative stress in plasma, liver and brain of weanling guinea pigs. Vitamin C deficiency caused rapid and significant depletion of ascorbate (P < 0·001), tocopherols (P < 0·001) and glutathione (P < 0·001), and a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity (P = 0·005) in the liver, while protein oxidation was significantly increased (P = 0·011). No changes in lipid oxidation or oxidatively damaged DNA were observed in this tissue. In the brain, the pattern was markedly different. Of the measured antioxidants, only ascorbate was significantly depleted (P < 0·001), but in contrast to the liver, ascorbate oxidation (P = 0·034), lipid oxidation (P < 0·001), DNA oxidation (P = 0·13) and DNA incision repair (P = 0·014) were all increased, while protein oxidation decreased (P = 0·003). The results show that the selective preservation of brain ascorbate and induction of DNA repair in vitamin C-deficient weanling guinea pigs is not sufficient to prevent oxidative damage. Vitamin C deficiency may therefore be particularly adverse during the neonatal period.
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Cabungcal JH, Preissmann D, Delseth C, Cuénod M, Do KQ, Schenk F. Transitory glutathione deficit during brain development induces cognitive impairment in juvenile and adult rats: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 26:634-45. [PMID: 17459716 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) metabolism dysfunction is one risk factor in schizophrenia. A transitory brain GSH deficit was induced in Wistar (WIS) and mutant (ODS; lacking ascorbic acid synthesis) rats using BSO (l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine) from post-natal days 5-16. When GSH was re-established to physiological levels, juvenile BSO-ODS rats were impaired in the water maze task. Long after treatment cessation, adult BSO-WIS/-ODS rats showed impaired place discrimination in the homing board with distributed visual or olfactory cues. Their accuracy was restored when a single cue marked the trained position. Similarly, more working memory errors were made by adult BSO-WIS in the radial maze when several olfactory cues were present. These results reveal that BSO rats did not suffer simple sensory impairment. They were selectively impaired in spatial memory when the task required the integration of multimodal or olfactory cues. These results, in part, resemble some of the reported olfactory discrimination and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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26
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Cabungcal JH, Nicolas D, Kraftsik R, Cuénod M, Do KQ, Hornung JP. Glutathione deficit during development induces anomalies in the rat anterior cingulate GABAergic neurons: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:624-37. [PMID: 16481179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of studies in schizophrenic patients report a decrease of glutathione (GSH) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebrospinal fluid, a decrease in mRNA levels for two GSH synthesizing enzymes and a deficit in parvalbumin (PV) expression in a subclass of GABA neurons in PFC. GSH is an important redox regulator, and its deficit could be responsible for cortical anomalies, particularly in regions rich in dopamine innervation. We tested in an animal model if redox imbalance (GSH deficit and excess extracellular dopamine) during postnatal development would affect PV-expressing neurons. Three populations of interneurons immunolabeled for calcium-binding proteins were analyzed quantitatively in 16-day-old rat brain sections. Treated rats showed specific reduction in parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex, but not for calbindin and calretinin. These results provide experimental evidence for the critical role of redox regulation in cortical development and validate this animal model used in schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center for Research in Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Adult Psychiatry-CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1008-Prilly, Switzerland.
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27
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Huizink AC, Mulder EJH. Maternal smoking, drinking or cannabis use during pregnancy and neurobehavioral and cognitive functioning in human offspring. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 30:24-41. [PMID: 16095697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Teratological investigations have demonstrated that agents that are relatively harmless to the mother may have significant negative consequences to the fetus. Among these agents, prenatal alcohol, nicotine or cannabis exposure have been related to adverse offspring outcomes. Although there is a relatively extensive body of literature that has focused upon birth and behavioral outcomes in newborns and infants after prenatal exposure to maternal smoking, drinking and, to a lesser extent, cannabis use, information on neurobehavioral and cognitive teratogenic findings beyond these early ages is still quite limited. Furthermore, most studies have focused on prenatal exposure to heavy levels of smoking, drinking or cannabis use. Few recent studies have paid attention to low or moderate levels of exposure to these substances. This review endeavors to provide an overview of such studies, and includes animal findings and potential mechanisms that may explain the mostly subtle effects found on neurobehavioral and cognitive outcomes. It is concluded that prenatal exposure to either maternal smoking, alcohol or cannabis use is related to some common neurobehavioral and cognitive outcomes, including symptoms of ADHD (inattention, impulsivity), increased externalizing behavior, decreased general cognitive functioning, and deficits in learning and memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Huizink
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Castagné V, Rougemont M, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Low brain glutathione and ascorbic acid associated with dopamine uptake inhibition during rat's development induce long-term cognitive deficit: relevance to schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 15:93-105. [PMID: 14751774 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with a cerebral glutathione deficit, which may leave the brain susceptible to oxidants. To study the consequences of a glutathione deficit, we treated developing rats with L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, and later investigated their behaviour until adulthood. Since rodents may in some occasions compensate for a glutathione deficit by ascorbic acid (AA), we used Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) mutant rats, which like humans, cannot synthetize ascorbic acid. Moreover, as hyperactivity of the dopaminergic system may be associated with schizophrenia, some rats were treated with the dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909. Whereas ODS rats treated with either BSO or GBR 12909 alone had normal behaviour, rats treated with both BSO and GBR 12909 failed to discriminate between familiar and novel objects although other behaviours proved to be normal. In contrast, nonmutant rats were not affected by treatment with BSO and GBR 12909. Our results suggest that low brain glutathione and ascorbic acid levels associated with a perturbation of the dopaminergic system actively participate in the development of some cognitive deficits affecting schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Castagné
- Center for Research in Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Lausanne University-CHUV, CH-1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Castagné V, Cuénod M, Do KQ. An animal model with relevance to schizophrenia: sex-dependent cognitive deficits in osteogenic disorder-Shionogi rats induced by glutathione synthesis and dopamine uptake inhibition during development. Neuroscience 2004; 123:821-34. [PMID: 14751276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Low glutathione levels have been observed in the prefrontal cortex and the cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients, possibly enhancing the cerebral susceptibility to oxidative stress. We used osteogenic disorder Shionogi mutant rats, which constitute an adequate model of the human redox regulation because both are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid. To study the long-term consequences of a glutathione deficit, we treated developing rats with L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, and later investigated their behavior until adulthood. Moreover, some rats were treated with the dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 in order to elevate dopamine extracellular levels, thereby mimicking the dopamine hyperactivity proposed to be involved in schizophrenia. BSO and GBR 12909 alone or in combination minimally affected the development of spontaneous alternation or basic sensory and motor skills. A major effect of BSO alone or in combination with GBR 12909 was the induction of cataracts in both sexes, whereas GBR 12909 induced an elevation of body weight in females only. Sex and age-dependent effects of the treatments were observed in a test of object recognition. At postnatal day 65, whereas male rats treated with both BSO and GBR 12909 failed to discriminate between familiar and novel objects, females were not affected. At postnatal day 94, male object recognition capacity was diminished by BSO and GBR 12909 alone or in combination, whereas females were only affected by the combination of both drugs. Inhibition of brain glutathione synthesis and dopamine uptake in developing rats induce long-term cognitive deficits occurring in adulthood. Males are affected earlier and more intensively than females, at least concerning object recognition. The present study suggests that the low glutathione levels observed in schizophrenic patients may participate in the development of some of their cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Castagné
- Center for Research in Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Lausanne University-CHUV, Site de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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