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Seledtsov VI, von Delwig AA. Immune memory limits human longevity: the role of memory СD4+ T cells in age-related immune abnormalities. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:209-215. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1745638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ivanovich Seledtsov
- Department of Immunology, Innovita Research Company, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
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2
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Seledtsova GV, Ivanova IP, Shishkov AA, Seledtsov VI. Immune responses to polyclonal T-cell vaccination in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:879-884. [PMID: 27602793 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1223767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall objective of disease management in autoimmune diseases is to suppress chronic inflammation and prevent organ damage. Therapies often revolve around five drug classes: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), anti-malarials, steroids, immunosuppressants, and bio-therapies. However, none of these is a 'cure' and each displays a potential for adverse events. In particular, while all of them suppress harmful autoimmune responses, they also impact on useful protective immune responses. T-Cell receptor (TCR) immunogenicity provides a rationale for T-cell vaccinations to induce anti-idiotypic immune responses with the purpose of down-regulating functionality of idiotype-bearing self-reactive T-cells. To explore this, in this study, 39 patients with progressive (chronic) multiple sclerosis (MS) were multiply immunized with autological polyclonal T-cell vaccines (TCVs). None of the TCV-treated patients experienced any significant side-effects during the entire follow-up period (2 years). T-Cell vaccination had no significant effects on T-cell sub-population contents in the blood of MS patients after 2 years of immunotherapy initiation. However, a substantial reduction in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cells able to produce interferon (IFN)-γ following activation were noted in the blood of TCV-treated patients. Moreover, significant and sustained reduction in plasma IFNγ levels and concomitant increases in interleukin (IL)-4 levels were documented in these samples. The TCV-treated subjects, however, exhibited no significant changes in plasma IL-17 and IL-18. More importantly was a significant decline in proliferative T-cell responses to myelin antigens in the TCV-treated patients, indicating attenuation of myelin-specific T-cell activity. Collectively, the results suggest that polyclonal T-cell vaccination is safe to use, able to induce measurable, long-lasting, anti-inflammatory immune effects in patients with advanced MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Seledtsova
- a State Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Irina P Ivanova
- a State Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Alexey A Shishkov
- a State Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
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3
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Bourdette DN, Edmonds E, Smith C, Bowen JD, Guttmann CRG, Nagy ZP, Simon J, Whitham R, Lovera J, Yadav V, Mass M, Spencer L, Culbertson N, Bartholomew RM, Theofan G, Milano J, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. A highly immunogenic trivalent T cell receptor peptide vaccine for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2016; 11:552-61. [PMID: 16193893 DOI: 10.1191/1352458505ms1225oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: T cell receptor (TCR) peptide vaccination is a novel approach to treating multiple sclerosis (MS). The low immunogenicity of previous vaccines has hindered the development of TCR peptide vaccination for MS. Objective: To compare the immunogenicity of intramuscular injections of TCR BV5S2, BV6S5 and BV13S1 CDR2 peptides in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) with intradermal injections of the same peptides without IFA. Methods: MS subjects were randomized to receive TCR peptides/IFA, TCR peptides/saline or IFA alone. Subjects were on study for 24 weeks. Results: The TCR peptides/IFA vaccine induced vigorous T cell responses in 100% of subjects completing the 24-week study (9/9) compared with only 20% (2/10) of those receiving the TCR peptides/saline vaccine (P =0.001). IFA alone induced a weak response in only one of five subjects. Aside from injection site reactions, there were no significant adverse events attributable to the treatment. Conclusions: The trivalent TCR peptide in IFA vaccine represents a significant improvement in immunogenicity over previous TCR peptide vaccines and warrants investigation of its ability to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Bourdette
- Department of Neurology L226, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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4
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Cohen-Kaminsky S, Jambou F. Prospects for a T-cell receptor vaccination against myasthenia gravis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 4:473-92. [PMID: 16117705 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) vaccination has been proposed as a specific therapy against autoimmune diseases. It is already used in clinical trials, which are supported by pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Current vaccine developments are focusing on enhancement of immunogenicity as well as selecting the best route of immunization and adjuvant to favor the therapeutic effect. In the meantime, academic laboratories are tackling the regulatory mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of the vaccines to further understand how to control the therapeutic tool. Indeed, several examples in experimental models of autoimmune diseases indicate that any specific therapy may rely on a delicate balance between the pathogenic and regulatory mechanisms. This review presents a critical analysis of the potential of such therapy in myasthenia gravis, a prototype antibody-mediated disease. Indeed, a specific pathogenic T-cell target population and a TCR-specific regulatory mechanism mediated by anti-TCR antibodies and involved in protection from the disease have recently been identified in a patient subgroup. The presence of spontaneous anti-TCR antibodies directed against the pathogenic T-cells that may be boosted by a TCR vaccine provides a rationale for such therapy in myasthenia gravis. The development of this vaccine may well benefit from experience gained in the other autoimmune diseases in which clinical trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Cohen-Kaminsky
- UMR 8078 Remodelage Tissulaire et Fonctionnel: Signalisation et Physiopathologie, Institut Paris Sud Cytokines, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
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5
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Schnyder B, Schnyder-Candrian S. Dual Role of Th17 Cytokines, IL-17A,F, and IL-22 in Allergic Asthma. IL-17, IL-22 AND THEIR PRODUCING CELLS: ROLE IN INFLAMMATION AND AUTOIMMUNITY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7178895 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0522-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory role of T helper (Th) 17 cells and therefore of its cytokines, IL-17 (IL-17A), IL-17F, and IL-22, in autoimmune disorders has been favored, although there is evidence that not only IL-17A but also IL-17F and IL-22 have a dual role as negative regulators. Here we review the concept of the dual function of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 in the light of recent strategies to use neutralization of these cytokines as potential alternative to neutralizing TNF and IL-1 treatments in chronic inflammatory disorders. Expectedly, in allergic lung inflammation, neutralization of IL-17A inhibited neutrophil recruitment. However, this IL-17A antibody treatment concomitantly increased eosinophil recruitment by neutralizing IL-17A’s dual role as negative regulator. IL-17A negatively regulated dendritic cell function and activation of T helper cell (Th)2 cytokine production. Furthermore, IL-17A inhibited Th2-characteristic chemokine and adhesion molecule expression. On a mechanistic level, IL-17A acted on IκB-β by preventing degradation and in turn leading to reduced NF-κB activation or IL-17A inhibited transcription factor IRF-1. Therefore, anti-IL-17A therapy, although presenting a promising lead in chronic inflammatory disorders, bears a potential risk of exacerbating allergic asthma.
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6
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Karussis D, Shor H, Yachnin J, Lanxner N, Amiel M, Baruch K, Keren-Zur Y, Haviv O, Filippi M, Petrou P, Hajag S, Vourka-Karussis U, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Khoury S, Abramsky O, Atlan H, Cohen IR, Abulafia-Lapid R. T cell vaccination benefits relapsing progressive multiple sclerosis patients: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50478. [PMID: 23272061 PMCID: PMC3522721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell vaccination (TCV) for multiple sclerosis (MS) refers to treatment with autologous anti-myelin T-cells, attenuated by irradiation. Previously published clinical trials have been all open-labeled. AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of TCV in progressive MS, in a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. METHODOLOGY Twenty-six patients with relapsing-progressive MS were enrolled in the study (mean age: 39±9.8 years; mean EDSS: 4.4±1.7). T-cell lines reactive to 9 different peptides of the myelin antigens, MBP, MOG and PLP were raised from the patients' peripheral blood. The patients were randomized into two groups: 19 were treated with TCV (four subcutaneous injections of 10-30×10(6) T-cells, attenuated by irradiation, on days 1, 30, 90 and 180) and 7 patients were treated with sham injections. Twenty-four patients (17 in the TCV group and 7 in the placebo) were eligible for per-protocol analysis. RESULTS At one year following the inclusion, an increase in the EDSS (+0.50) and an increase in 10-meter walking time (+0.18 sec), were observed in the placebo group; in the TCV group there was a decrease in the EDSS (-0.44; p<0.01) and in the 10-meter walking time (0.84 sec; p<0.005). Sixteen of the 17 patients (94.1%) in the TCV group remained relapse-free during the year of the study, as compared to 42.9% in the placebo group (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 with adjustment). The proportion of patients with any relapse during the year of the study in the TCV-group, was reduced by 89.6%., as compared to the placebo-treated group. MRI parameters did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS This is the first controlled, double-blind trial with TCV in progressive MS. The results demonstrate the feasibility and safety of the procedure, and provide significant indications of clinical efficacy. Further studies with larger groups of subjects are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01448252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Karussis
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail: (DK); (RAL)
| | - Hagai Shor
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julia Yachnin
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naama Lanxner
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Merav Amiel
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Keren Baruch
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Keren-Zur
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofra Haviv
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Panayiota Petrou
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shalom Hajag
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Urania Vourka-Karussis
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Salim Khoury
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Abramsky
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and the Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Henri Atlan
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irun R. Cohen
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Abulafia-Lapid
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Human Biology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail: (DK); (RAL)
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7
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Zhang C, Zhang X, Chen XH. Hypothesis: Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Stromal Cells Regulate the Foxp3 Expression of Regulatory T Cells Through the TGF-β1/Smad3 Pathway. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 62:463-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Buenafe AC, Andrew S, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. Regulatory T cells play a role in T-cell receptor CDR2 peptide regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunology 2011; 135:168-79. [PMID: 22044096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting T-cell receptor (TCR) -specific responsiveness has been known to provide an effective autoregulatory mechanism for limiting inflammation mediated by T effector cells. Our previous use of TCR peptides derived from the CDR3 regions of a pathogenic TCR effectively reversed ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in a humanized TCR transgenic model. In this study, we use the TCR BV8S2 CDR2 peptide in the non-transgenic C57BL/6 EAE model to down-regulate the heterogeneous TCR BV8S2(+) MOG-35-55-specific pathogenic T-cell population and demonstrate successful treatment of EAE after disease onset. Suppression of disease was associated with reduced MOG-35-55-specific and non-specific T-cell production of interleukin-17a and interferon-γ in the central nervous system, as well as reduced numbers of CD4(+) and Foxp3(+) T cells in the central nervous system. With the use of Foxp3-GFP and Foxp3 conditional knockout mice, we demonstrate that the TCR CDR2 peptide treatment effect is dependent on the presence of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and that regulatory T cell numbers are significantly expanded in the periphery of treated mice. Hence, TCR CDR2 peptide therapy is effective in regulating heterogeneous, pathogenic T-cell populations through the activity of the Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Buenafe
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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9
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Buenafe AC, Andrew S, Afentoulis M, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. Prevention and treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with clonotypic CDR3 peptides: CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells suppress interleukin-2-dependent expansion of myelin basic protein-specific T cells. Immunology 2010; 130:114-24. [PMID: 20059576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-derived peptides are recognized by the immune system and are capable of modulating autoimmune responses. Using the myelin basic protein (MBP) TCR 1501 transgenic mouse model, we demonstrated that TCR CDR3 peptides from the transgenic TCR can provide a protective effect when therapy is initiated before the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). More importantly, TCR CDR3 peptide therapy can ameliorate the disease when administered after EAE onset. Concurrent with the therapeutic effects, we observed reduced T-cell proliferation and reduced interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels in response to stimulation with MBP-85-99 peptide in splenocyte cultures from mice receiving TCR CDR3 peptides compared with that of control mice. Moreover, we found that Foxp3(+) CD4 T cells from mice protected with TCR CDR3 peptide are preferentially expanded in the presence of IL-2. This is supportive of a proposed mechanism where Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells induced by therapy with MBP-85-99 TCR CDR3 peptides limit expansion and the encephalitogenic activity of MBP-85-99-specific T cells by regulating the levels of secreted IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Buenafe
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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10
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Vaccination with autoreactive CD4+Th1 clones in lupus-prone MRL/Mp-Faslpr/lpr mice. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Offner H, Vandenbark AA. Congruent Effects of Estrogen and T-Cell Receptor Peptide Therapy on Regulatory T Cells in EAE and MS. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 24:447-77. [PMID: 16318990 DOI: 10.1080/08830180500371462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both estrogen (E2) and T-cell receptor (TCR) peptides have beneficial effects on the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and possibly multiple sclerosis (MS) that involve distinct but congruent mechanisms. Of interest, these two approaches share an ability to enhance expression of the FoxP3 gene and associated activity of regulatory T (Treg) cells. E2 increases the number and activity of FoxP3(+) T cells through Esr-1 signaling during TCR activation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. In contrast, TCR peptide therapy appears to increase the frequency of regulatory FoxP3(+) T cells specific for self-TCR determinants expressed by targeted pathogenic T cells. The combined effects on Treg expansion and activation induced by these distinct immunoregulatory approaches may account for their potent effects on clinical EAE and argue for a similar combined therapeutic approach for MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Estrogens/immunology
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Estrogens/therapeutic use
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Models, Immunological
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medicial Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, 97239, USA.
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12
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Jin Y, Fuller L, Esquenazi V, Blomberg BB, Burke GW, Ciancio G, Tzakis AG, Ricordi C, Miller J. Induction of Auto-reactive Regulatory T Cells by Stimulation with Immature Autologous Dendritic Cells. Immunol Invest 2009; 36:213-32. [PMID: 17365021 DOI: 10.1080/08820130601015775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have shown in ex vivo studies in donor bone marrow-infused kidney transplant recipients, that chimeric cells of either donor or recipient origin taken from the recipient's bone marrow down-regulated the recipient's cellular immune responses. In the present study, we have now induced regulatory T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of renal transplant recipients or laboratory volunteers by multi-stimulation with autologous immature dendritic cell (iDC) enriched populations derived from either bone marrow cells (BMC) of the (immunosuppressed) kidney transplant recipients or PBMC of the laboratory volunteers (i.e., ibDC and ipDC, respectively). These regulatory T cells, induced by ibDC and ipDC, were autoreactive and designated as TAb and TAp with similar phenotypes and functional profiles. They were largely CD4 + CD25high, CD45RA low and CD45RO high, and uniformly expressed intracellular CTLA-4, and message of IL-4, IL-10, Foxp3, and differentially expressed TGFbeta. Their proliferative responses to autologous mature dendritic stimulating cells (mDC) were approximately two-fold stronger than to allogeneic mDC, and to allogeneic mDC were significantly lower than those of (control) autologous TPBL, suggesting an anergic state. TAb and TAp were not cytotoxic to autologous cells expressing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens, but were able to inhibit (regulate) the effector phase of this TPBL response to both autologous and allogeneic EBV lymphoblasts. This regulation appeared to require cell-to-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Jin
- The Lillian Jean Kaplan Renal Transplant Center of the Division of Transplantation of the Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
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13
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Scalapino KJ, Daikh DI. Suppression of glomerulonephritis in NZB/NZW lupus prone mice by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6031. [PMID: 19551149 PMCID: PMC2696596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown cause characterized by expansion of autoreactive lymphocytes. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a component of the normal immune system and contribute to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Treg abnormalities have been associated with several autoimmune diseases and there is interest in the role of Tregs in SLE. We previously demonstrated that transfer of expanded CD4+CD25+CD62LHI Tregs slows the development of lupus in (NZBxNZW)F1 (B/W) mice. However in the absence of Treg specific surface antigens, cell purification remains a compromise between the breadth and purity of the population isolated. Importantly, purified populations always contain Foxp3− effector T cells (Teffs) that theoretically could exacerbate autoimmunity in the recipient. Here we explore the impact of transferring the more comprehensive, but less pure Treg subset defined by CD4+CD25+ expression on development of murine lupus. All cells were FACS sorted and expanded prior to adoptive transfer. Development of proteinuria and survival were measured. We found that exogenous expansion of CD4+CD25+ cells produced a population containing 70–85% CD4+Foxp3+Tregs. Expanded Tregs had higher CTLA-4 and Foxp3 expression, increased in vitro suppression capacity, and prolonged in vivo survival as compared to freshly isolated cells. Adoptive transfer of expanded CD4+CD25+ Tregs inhibited the onset of glomerulonephritis and prolonged survival in mice. Importantly the population of Teff contained within the adoptively transferred cells had reduced survival and proliferation capacity as compared to either co-transferred Tregs or transferred Teffs expanded in the absence of Tregs. These studies demonstrate that adoptive transfer of expanded CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs has the capacity to inhibit the onset of murine lupus and that this capacity is significant despite transfer of co-cultured Teff cells. These data indicate that when co-expanded with regulatory T cells, exogenously activated Teffs from autoimmune patients may not pose a significant risk of promoting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Scalapino
- Arthritis Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David I. Daikh
- Arthritis Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Vandenbark AA, Abulafia-Lapid R. Autologous T-cell vaccination for multiple sclerosis: a perspective on progress. BioDrugs 2008; 22:265-73. [PMID: 18611069 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822040-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
T-cell vaccination (TCV) is a unique approach to induce immune regulation that may have importance in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). TCV employs a classic vaccine strategy of injecting an attenuated form of the disease-causing agent--in this case, myelin-reactive T cells--that have been selected and expanded from each MS donor and then re-injected after irradiation to induce protective immunity. This anti-T-cell immunity consistently results in selective deletion or regulation of the targeted pathogenic T cells in vivo. Longitudinal studies have established that TCV is safe and often results in a reduced relapse rate and clinical stability or improvement, at least temporarily, in the majority of treated MS patients. These results lend direct support to the involvement of inflammatory myelin-reactive T cells in the MS disease process. However, these hopeful trends reported in a number of pilot trials await validation in larger proof-of-principle trials that are now in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, characterized pathologically by a perivascular infiltrate consisting predominantly of T cells and macrophages. Although its aetiology remains unknown, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that autoimmune mechanisms play a major role in the development of the disease. Several widely used disease-modifying agents are approved for the treatment of MS. However, these agents are only partially effective and their ability to attenuate the more progressive phases of the disease is not clear at this time. Therefore, there is a need to develop improved treatment options for MS. This article reviews the role of several novel, selective vaccine strategies that are currently under investigation, including: (i) T-cell vaccination (TCV); (ii) T-cell receptor (TCR) peptide vaccination; (iii) DNA vaccination; and (iv) altered peptide ligand (APL) vaccination. The administration of attenuated autoreactive T cells induces regulatory networks to specifically suppress pathogenic T cells in MS, a strategy named TCV. The concept of TCV was based on the experience of vaccination against aetiological agents of infectious diseases in which individuals are purposely exposed to an attenuated microbial pathogen, which then instructs the immune system to recognize and neutralize it in its virulent form. In regard to TCV, attenuated, pathogenic T cells are similarly used to instruct the immune system to recognize and neutralize disease-inducing T cells. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS, pathogenic T cells use a strikingly limited number of variable-region elements (V region) to form TCR specific for defined autoantigens. Thus, vaccination with peptides directed against these TCR structures may induce immunoregulatory mechanisms, thereby preventing EAE. However, unlike EAE, myelin-reactive T cells derived from MS patients utilize a broad range of different V regions, challenging the clinical utility of this approach. Subsequently, the demonstration that injection of plasmid DNA encoding a reporter gene into skeletal muscle results in expression of the encoded proteins, as well as in the induction of immune responses in animal models of autoimmunity, was explored as another strategy to re-establish self-tolerance. This approach has promise for the treatment of MS and, therefore, warrants further investigation. APLs are molecules in which the native encephalitogenic peptides are modified by substitution(s) of one or a few amino acids critical for contact with the TCR. Depending on the substitution(s) at the TCR contact residues of the cognate peptide, an APL can induce immune responses that can protect against or reverse EAE. However, the heterogeneity of the immune response in MS patients requires further study to determine which patients are most likely to benefit from APL therapy. Other potential approaches for vaccines in MS include vaccination against axonal growth inhibitors associated with myelin, use of dendritic cells pulsed with specific antigens, and active vaccination against proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, vaccines for MS represent promising approaches for the treatment of this devastating disease, as well as other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Vandenbark AA, Culbertson NE, Bartholomew RM, Huan J, Agotsch M, LaTocha D, Yadav V, Mass M, Whitham R, Lovera J, Milano J, Theofan G, Chou YK, Offner H, Bourdette DN. Therapeutic vaccination with a trivalent T-cell receptor (TCR) peptide vaccine restores deficient FoxP3 expression and TCR recognition in subjects with multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2007; 123:66-78. [PMID: 17944900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination using T-cell receptor (TCR) peptides from V genes commonly expressed by potentially pathogenic T cells remains an approach of interest for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune diseases. We developed a trivalent TCR vaccine containing complementarity determining region (CDR) 2 peptides from BV5S2, BV6S5 and BV13S1 emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant that reliably induced high frequencies of TCR-specific T cells. To evaluate induction of regulatory T-cell subtypes, immunological and clinical parameters were followed in 23 treatment-naïve subjects with relapsing-remitting or progressive MS who received 12 monthly injections of the trivalent peptide vaccine over 1 year in an open-label study design. Prior to vaccination, subjects had reduced expression of forkhead box (Fox) P3 message and protein, and reduced recognition of the expressed TCR repertoire by TCR-reactive cells compared with healthy control donors. After three or four injections, most vaccinated MS subjects developed high frequencies of circulating interleukin (IL)-10-secreting T cells specific for the injected TCR peptides and significantly enhanced expression of FoxP3 by regulatory T cells present in both 'native' CD4+ CD25+ and 'inducible' CD4+ CD25- peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). At the end of the trial, PBMC from vaccinated MS subjects retained or further increased FoxP3 expression levels, exhibited significantly enhanced recognition of the TCR V gene repertoire apparently generated by perturbation of the TCR network, and significantly suppressed neuroantigen but not recall antigen responses. These findings demonstrate that therapeutic vaccination using only three commonly expressed BV gene determinants can induce an expanded immunoregulatory network in vivo that may optimally control complex autoreactive responses that characterize the inflammatory phase of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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17
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Schnyder-Candrian S, Togbe D, Couillin I, Mercier I, Brombacher F, Quesniaux V, Fossiez F, Ryffel B, Schnyder B. Interleukin-17 is a negative regulator of established allergic asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2715-25. [PMID: 17101734 PMCID: PMC2118159 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T helper (Th)17 cells producing interleukin (IL)-17 play a role in autoimmune and allergic inflammation. Here, we show that IL-23 induces IL-17 in the lung and IL-17 is required during antigen sensitization to develop allergic asthma, as shown in IL-17R–deficient mice. Since IL-17 expression increased further upon antigen challenge, we addressed its function in the effector phase. Most strikingly, neutralization of IL-17 augmented the allergic response in sensitized mice. Conversely, exogenous IL-17 reduced pulmonary eosinophil recruitment and bronchial hyperreactivity, demonstrating a novel regulatory role of IL-17. Mechanistically, IL-17 down modulated eosinophil-chemokine eotaxin (CCL11) and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 (TARC) in lungs in vivo and ex vivo upon antigen restimulation. In vitro, IL-17 reduced TARC production in dendritic cells (DCs)—the major source of TARC—and antigen uptake by DCs and IL-5 and IL-13 production in regional lymph nodes. Furthermore, IL-17 is regulated in an IL-4–dependent manner since mice deficient for IL-4Rα signaling showed a marked increase in IL-17 concentration with inhibited eosinophil recruitment. Therefore, endogenous IL-17 is controlled by IL-4 and has a dual role. Although it is essential during antigen sensitization to establish allergic asthma, in sensitized mice IL-17 attenuates the allergic response by inhibiting DCs and chemokine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schnyder-Candrian
- Université d' Orléans, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Molecular Immunology and Embryology, 45071 Orléans, France
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18
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Yong Z, Chang L, Mei YX, Yi L. Role and mechanisms of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the induction and maintenance of transplantation tolerance. Transpl Immunol 2006; 17:120-9. [PMID: 17306743 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To gain transplantation tolerance between donor organs and hosts is the ultimate goal of all sorts of organ transplantations. Induction of regulatory T cells has been demonstrated to lead to transplantation tolerance. This paper will review subsets of regulatory T cells, the role and mechanisms of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in graft rejection and tolerance, pathway used by Tregs to recognized alloantigens, pathways of Tregs homing into the graft and effects of immunosuppression on Tregs. It was well known that Tregs play a pivotal role in transplantation tolerance. The mechanisms by which Tregs exert their regulatory effect in the induction and maintenance of transplantation tolerance, anthropogenically, consist of physical cell-to-cell contact with potential target cells, autocrine and paracrine properties. ICAM-1, TGF-beta, CTLA-4, GITR and OX40 (CD134), etc. are involved in the regulatory function of Tregs through cell-to-cell contact mechanism. IL-10 and TGF-beta are two important soluble mediators involved in the autocrine mechanism by which Tregs exert their regulatory function. Paracrine properties refer to re-educate potentially destructive alloresponsive T cells to gain regulatory function. All that discussed above could illustrate, at least partially, how naturally occurring Tregs exert their regulatory function in vivo as they constitute only 5-10% of peripheral CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical Collage, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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19
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Abstract
T-cell vaccination (TCV) controls pathogenic autoimmune T-cell responses via two different regulatory cell populations: anti-idiotypic and anti-ergotypic T cells. Anti-idiotypic T cells recognize clone-specific determinants, like the CDR3 region of the T-cell receptor. Anti-ergotypic T cells recognize antigenic determinants derived from activation markers, which are upregulated by activated T cells, like CD25. In this review, we analyse the different components of the anti-ergotypic response: (1) the target T cells, which can be CD8+ or CD4+ T cells that express TCRalphabeta or TCRgammadelta; (2) the ergotope, which can be a T cell-restricted ergotope not expressed by other cell types or a widely expressed, shared ergotope and (3) the anti-ergotypic T cells, which are detectable in the naive immune system, but whose numbers can be expanded during the induction of an immune response against, or as a result of TCV or specific, anti-ergotypic vaccination. Finally, we discuss possible interactions between anti-ergotypic regulators and other regulatory T cells. We propose that the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells may make possible the cross-regulation of anti-ergotypic and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, fine-tuning immunoregulation in the mature immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Gorczynski RM. Thymocyte/Splenocyte-Derived CD4+CD25+Treg Stimulated by Anti-CD200R2 Derived Dendritic Cells Suppress Mixed Leukocyte Cultures and Skin Graft Rejection. Transplantation 2006; 81:1027-34. [PMID: 16612280 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000214984.65520.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD200 delivers immunoregulatory signals following engagement of its receptor, CD200R. A family of CD200Rs (CD200R1-4) has been described. Spleen expresses cell surface CD200R1, while bone marrow shows predominantly expression of cell surface CD200R2/R3. We showed that dendritic cell precursors (DCp) cultured with anti-CD200R2/3 develop the capacity to induce CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) from peripheral lymphocytes. We now characterize DCs involved in induction of antigen-specific Treg from thymocytes or peripheral T cells, and the properties of Treg cells maintained in long-term culture. METHODS Bone marrow DCp (C3H or BL/6 origin) were cultured for 8 days with GMCSF, IL-4 and anti-CD200R2, or with CD200Fc and a previously described peptide inhibitor of CD200R1 to allow preferential engagement of non-CD200R1 receptors by CD200. Mixed leukocyte cultures (MLCs) were initiated with allogeneic responder lymphocytes/thymocytes (BL/6 or C3H) and mitomycin-c treated DCs to induce Treg. Treg cells were maintained by reculture with DCs derived in the same manner and IL-2, cloned at limiting dilution, and tested for their ability to suppress MLCs and skin graft rejection in vivo. RESULTS Foxp3(+) CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg were derived from 60-hr thymocyte and splenocyte T cell cultures using both DC populations. Cloned C3H Treg (Foxp3(+)) suppressed both C3H anti-BL/6 reactivity in a fresh MLC and rejection of BL/6 skin allografts in C3H recipients; the converse was true for BL/6 Treg. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that CD200 triggering of bone-marrow DCs in the absence of CD200R1 engagement induces CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg, and these cloned antigen-specific Treg may have clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald M Gorczynski
- Transplant Research Division, Toronto Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Hong J, Zang YCQ, Nie H, Zhang JZ. CD4+ regulatory T cell responses induced by T cell vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5024-9. [PMID: 16547138 PMCID: PMC1458788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508784103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with irradiated autologous T cells (T cell vaccination) is shown to induce regulatory T cell responses that are poorly understood. In this study, CD4(+) regulatory T cell lines were generated from patients with multiple sclerosis that received immunization with irradiated autologous myelin basic protein-reactive T cells. The resulting CD4(+) regulatory T cell lines had marked inhibition on autologous myelin basic protein-reactive T cells and displayed two distinctive patterns distinguishable by the expression of transcription factor Foxp3 and cytokine profile. The majority of the T cell lines had high Foxp3 expression and secreted both IFN-gamma and IL-10 as compared with the other pattern characteristic of low Foxp3 expression and predominant production of IL-10 but not IFN-gamma. CD4(+) regulatory T cell lines of both patterns expressed CD25 and reacted with activated autologous T cells but not resting T cells, irrespective of antigen specificity of the target T cells. It was evident that they recognized preferentially a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 61-73 of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain. T cell vaccination correlated with increased Foxp3 expression and T cell reactivity to peptide 61-73. The findings have important implications in the understanding of the role of CD4(+) regulatory T cell response induced by T cell vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hong
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Joint Immunology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Ying C. Q. Zang
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hong Nie
- Joint Immunology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Jingwu Z. Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Joint Immunology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
- E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai 200025, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Baylor College of Medicine, Mail Station NB302, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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22
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Levings MK, Roncarolo MG. Phenotypic and functional differences between human CD4+CD25+ and type 1 regulatory T cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 293:303-26. [PMID: 15981486 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27702-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory (Tr) cells have an essential role in the induction and maintenance of tolerance to both and foreign self-antigens. Many types of T cells with regulatory activity have been described in mice and humans, and those within the CD4+ subset have been extensively characterized. CD4+ Type-1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells produce high levels of IL-10 and mediate IL-10-dependent suppression, whereas the effects of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Tr cells appear to be cell-contact-dependent. Tr1 cells arise in the periphery upon encountering antigen in a tolerogenic environment. In contrast, it appears that CD4+CD25+ Tr cells can either arise directly in the thymus or be induced by antigen in the periphery. We have been interested in defining the phenotype and function of different subsets of CD4+ Tr cells present in human peripheral blood, with the ultimate aim of designing therapeutic strategies to harness their immunoregulatory effects. This review will discuss the similarities and differences between human Tr1 and naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Tr cells, as well as evidence that indicates that they have nonoverlapping, but synergistic roles in immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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23
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Huan J, Culbertson N, Spencer L, Bartholomew R, Burrows GG, Chou YK, Bourdette D, Ziegler SF, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. Decreased FOXP3 levels in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:45-52. [PMID: 15952173 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) may result from the failure of tolerance mechanisms to prevent expansion of pathogenic T cells. Our study is the first to establish that MS patients have abnormalities in FOXP3 message and protein expression levels in peripheral CD4+ CD25+ T cells (Tregs) that are quantitatively related to a reduction in functional suppression induced during suboptimal T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation. Of importance, this observation links a defect in functional peripheral immunoregulation to an established genetic marker that has been unequivocally shown to be involved in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. Diminished FOXP3 levels thus indicate impaired immunoregulation by Tregs that may contribute to MS. Future studies will evaluate the effects of therapies known to influence Treg cell function and FOXP3 expression, including TCR peptide vaccination and supplemental estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Huan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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