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Joseph DT, Bajpai M, Yadav DK, Sharma S, Anand S, Khan MA. Plasma GDNF levels in spinal dysraphism and its relation with neurological impairment in children: A point of care study. J Pediatr Urol 2024; 20:46.e1-46.e8. [PMID: 37858511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS GDNF plays a crucial role in the stimulation of recovery, neuroplasticity and synaptic reorganization after spinal cord injury providing neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Plasma GDNF levels are upregulated in cases of spina bifida owing to the intrauterine damage of the exposed spinal cord. Our aim was to compare the plasma GDNF levels in patients of spina bifida with non-spina bifida cases and assess the correlation with neurological impairment at one year of follow up. METHODS Single centre prospective analysis of cases of spina bifida from 2020 to 2022 at presentation and after one year of follow up post-surgery. Cases with hernia and hydrocele without any other disorders were recruited into the control group. Plasma GDNF levels were assessed with immunoassay kits and compared with neurological involvement. RESULTS 85 cases were included in the study. GDNF levels were elevated in cases compared to controls (mean 6.62 vs 1.76) with significant p value (<0.01). Same was observed for open and closed defects (mean 7.63 vs 4.86: p < 0.01). At follow up of 52 cases post-surgery cases with neurogenic bladder with abnormal urodynamic studies, sphincter involvement and motor impairment had significantly elevated baseline levels of GDNF compared with those who did not have this neurological impairment (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION The neurotrophic factor up-regulation can reflect an endogenous attempt at neuroprotection against the biochemical and molecular cascades triggered by the spinal cord damage. This upregulation can be represented as important biochemical markers of severe spinal cord damage and can be associated with severity of spine injury in MMC patients. Our results are in keeping with these findings, that, there were increased levels of plasma GDNF levels in cases of spinal dysraphism compared to control population. Also, the type of lesion reflecting the severity whether a closed or an open dysraphism, showed significant difference in levels between them suggesting, yet again, more damage in open defect as expected. The levels were higher with involvement of bladder, sphincter and lower limb power. CONCLUSION There is significant elevation of plasma GDNF levels in cases of spina bifida and this elevation is proportional to the degree of spinal damage and hence the neurological impairment. GDNF levels are a good predictor for assessing the severity of the lesion and thus the outcome in these cases. Additional prospective and long-term studies with a larger cohort are needed for a better understanding of neurotrophin pattern modulation in MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delona Treesa Joseph
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Minu Bajpai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - D K Yadav
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Sachit Anand
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - M A Khan
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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2
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Tsai ET, Peng SY, Wu YR, Lin TC, Chen CY, Liu YH, Tseng YH, Hsiao YJ, Tseng HC, Lai WY, Lin YY, Yang YP, Chiou SH, Chen SP, Chien Y. HLA-Homozygous iPSC-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Rescue Rotenone-Induced Experimental Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy-like Models In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2023; 12:2617. [PMID: 37998352 PMCID: PMC10670753 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise for cell-based therapy, yet the sourcing, quality, and invasive methods of MSCs impede their mass production and quality control. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MSCs (iMSCs) can be infinitely expanded, providing advantages over conventional MSCs in terms of meeting unmet clinical demands. METHODS The potential of MSC therapy for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) remains uncertain. In this study, we used HLA-homozygous induced pluripotent stem cells to generate iMSCs using a defined protocol, and we examined their therapeutic potential in rotenone-induced LHON-like models in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The iMSCs did not cause any tumorigenic incidence or inflammation-related lesions after intravitreal transplantation, and they remained viable for at least nine days in the mouse recipient's eyes. In addition, iMSCs exhibited significant efficacy in safeguarding retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in vitro, and they ameliorated CGL+IPL layer thinning and RGC loss in vivo. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and an electroretinogram demonstrated that iMSCs not only prevented RGC loss and impairments to the retinal architecture, but they also improved retinal electrophysiology performance. CONCLUSION The generation of iMSCs via the HLA homozygosity of iPSCs offers a compelling avenue for overcoming the current limitations of MSC-based therapies. The results underscore the potential of iMSCs when addressing retinal disorders, and they highlight their clinical significance, offering renewed hope for individuals affected by LHON and other inherited retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Tung Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (E.-T.T.)
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Shih-Yuan Peng
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - You-Ren Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chi Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Yu-Hao Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Yu-Hsin Tseng
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Yu-Jer Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Chin Tseng
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Wei-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Yi-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (E.-T.T.)
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (E.-T.T.)
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; (S.-Y.P.); (Y.-R.W.); (Y.-H.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
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3
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The Effect of Different Routes of Xenogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation on the Regenerative Potential of Spinal Cord Injury. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-022-00290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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4
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Bonilla C, Zurita M. Cell-Based Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Treatments and Clinical Trials. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060669. [PMID: 34200905 PMCID: PMC8230536 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents physical damage to the brain tissue that induces transitory or permanent neurological disabilities. TBI contributes to 50% of all trauma deaths, with many enduring long-term consequences and significant medical and rehabilitation costs. There is currently no therapy to reverse the effects associated with TBI. An increasing amount of research has been undertaken regarding the use of different stem cells (SCs) to treat the consequences of brain damage. Neural stem cells (NSCs) (adult and embryonic) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown efficacy in pre-clinical models of TBI and in their introduction to clinical research. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of TBI and the state of clinical trials aimed at evaluating the use of stem cell-based therapies in TBI. The primary aim of these studies is to investigate the safety and efficacy of the use of SCs to treat this disease. Although an increasing number of studies are being carried out, few results are currently available. In addition, we present our research regarding the use of cell therapy in TBI. There is still a significant lack of understanding regarding the cell therapy mechanisms for the treatment of TBI. Thus, future studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility of the transplantation of SCs in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Bonilla
- Cell Therapy Unit, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-191-7879
| | - Mercedes Zurita
- Cell Therapy Unit Responsable, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain;
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5
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Kahraman NS, Öner A. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell implantation in patients with optic atrophy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:3463-3470. [PMID: 33307808 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120977824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic nerve cells can be irreversibly damaged by common various causes. Unfortunately optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells have no regenerative capacity and undergo apoptosis in case of damage. In this study, our aim is to investigate the safety and efficacy of suprachoroidal umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) implantation in patients with optic atrophy. METHODS This study enrolled 29 eyes of 23 patients with optic atrophy who were followed in the ophthalmology department of our hospital. BCVA, anterior segment, fundus examination, color photography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were carried out at each visit. Fundus fluorescein angiography and visual field examination were performed at the end of the first, third, sixth months, and 1 year follow-up. RESULTS After suprachoroidal UC-MSCs implantation there were statistically significant improvements in BCVA and VF results during 12 months follow-up (p < 0.05). When we evaluate the results of VF tests, the mean deviation (MD) value at baseline was -26.11 ± 8.36 (range -14.18 to -34.41). At the end of the first year it improved to -25.01 ± 8.73 (range -12.56 to -34.41) which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). When we evaluate the mean RNFL thickness measurements at baseline and at 12 month follow-up the results were 81.8 ± 24.9 μm and 76.6 ± 22.6 μm, respectively. There was not a significant difference between the mean values (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Stem cell treatment with suprachoroidal implantation of UCMSCs seems to be safe and effective in the treatment for optic nerve diseases that currently have no curative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayşe Öner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Acibadem Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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6
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Barros I, Marcelo A, Silva TP, Barata J, Rufino-Ramos D, Pereira de Almeida L, Miranda CO. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells' Therapy for Polyglutamine Disorders: Where Do We Stand and Where Should We Go? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:584277. [PMID: 33132851 PMCID: PMC7573388 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.584277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders caused by the expansion of the cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat. This mutation encodes extended glutamine (Q) tract in the disease protein, resulting in the alteration of its conformation/physiological role and in the formation of toxic fragments/aggregates of the protein. This group of heterogeneous disorders shares common molecular mechanisms, which opens the possibility to develop a pan therapeutic approach. Vast efforts have been made to develop strategies to alleviate disease symptoms. Nonetheless, there is still no therapy that can cure or effectively delay disease progression of any of these disorders. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are promising tools for the treatment of polyQ disorders, promoting protection, tissue regeneration, and/or modulation of the immune system in animal models. Accordingly, data collected from clinical trials have so far demonstrated that transplantation of MSC is safe and delays the progression of some polyQ disorders for some time. However, to achieve sustained phenotypic amelioration in clinics, several treatments may be necessary. Therefore, efforts to develop new strategies to improve MSC's therapeutic outcomes have been emerging. In this review article, we discuss the current treatments and strategies used to reduce polyQ symptoms and major pre-clinical and clinical achievements obtained with MSC transplantation as well as remaining flaws that need to be overcome. The requirement to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), together with a short rate of cell engraftment in the lesioned area and low survival of MSC in a pathophysiological context upon transplantation may contribute to the transient therapeutic effects. We also review methods like pre-conditioning or genetic engineering of MSC that can be used to increase MSC survival in vivo, cellular-free approaches-i.e., MSC-conditioned medium (CM) or MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a way of possibly replacing the use of MSC and methods required to standardize the potential of MSC/MSC-derived products. These are fundamental questions that need to be addressed to obtain maximum MSC performance in polyQ diseases and therefore increase clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Barros
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,III-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Marcelo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa P Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Barata
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Rufino-Ramos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Viravector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina O Miranda
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,III-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Alvarado-Velez M, Enam SF, Mehta N, Lyon JG, LaPlaca MC, Bellamkonda RV. Immuno-suppressive hydrogels enhance allogeneic MSC survival after transplantation in the injured brain. Biomaterials 2020; 266:120419. [PMID: 33038594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers multiple biochemical and cellular processes that exacerbate brain tissue damage through a secondary injury. Therapies that prevent or limit the evolution of secondary injury could significantly reduce the neurological deficits associated with TBI. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation after TBI can ameliorate neurological deficits by modulating inflammation and enhancing the expression of neurotrophic factors. However, transplanted MSCs can be actively rejected by host immune responses, such as those mediated by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, thereby limiting their therapeutic efficacy. Here, we designed an agarose hydrogel that releases Fas ligand (FasL), a protein that can induce apoptosis of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. We studied the immunosuppressive effect of this hydrogel near the allogeneic MSC transplantation site and its impact on the survival of transplanted MSCs in the injured brain. Agarose-FasL hydrogels locally reduced the host cytotoxic CD8+ T cell population and enhanced the survival of allogeneic MSCs transplanted near the injury site. Furthermore, the expression of crucial neurotrophic factors was elevated in the injury penumbra, suggesting an enhanced therapeutic effect of MSCs. These results suggest that the development of immunosuppressive hydrogels for stem cell delivery can enhance the benefits of stem cell therapy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Alvarado-Velez
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Syed Faaiz Enam
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Nalini Mehta
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Johnathan G Lyon
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Michelle C LaPlaca
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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8
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Whittaker TE, Nagelkerke A, Nele V, Kauscher U, Stevens MM. Experimental artefacts can lead to misattribution of bioactivity from soluble mesenchymal stem cell paracrine factors to extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1807674. [PMID: 32944192 PMCID: PMC7480412 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1807674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that some commonly used Extracellular Vesicle (EV) isolation techniques can lead to substantial contamination with non-EV factors. Whilst it has been established that this impacts the identification of biomarkers, the impact on apparent EV bioactivity has not been explored. Extracellular vesicles have been implicated as critical mediators of therapeutic human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) paracrine signalling. Isolated hMSC-EVs have been used to treat multiple in vitro and in vivo models of tissue damage. However, the relative contributions of EVs and non-EV factors have not been directly compared. The dependence of hMSC paracrine signalling on EVs was first established by ultrafiltration of hMSC-conditioned medium to deplete EVs, which led to a loss of signalling activity. Here, we show that this method also causes depletion of non-EV factors, and that when this is prevented proangiogenic signalling activity is fully restored in vitro. Subsequently, we used size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to separate EVs and soluble proteins to directly and quantitatively compare their relative contributions to signalling. Non-EV factors were found to be necessary and sufficient for the stimulation of angiogenesis and wound healing in vitro. EVs in isolation were found to be capable of potentiating signalling only when isolated by a low-purity method, or when used at comparatively high concentrations. These results indicate a potential for contaminating soluble factors to artefactually increase the apparent bioactivity of EV isolates and could have implications for future studies on the biological roles of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Whittaker
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Nele
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Kauscher
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Das M, Mayilsamy K, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: progress and prospects. Rev Neurosci 2020; 30:839-855. [PMID: 31203262 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of injury-related mortality and morbidity in the USA and around the world. The survivors may suffer from cognitive and memory deficits, vision and hearing loss, movement disorders, and different psychological problems. The primary insult causes neuronal damage and activates astrocytes and microglia which evokes immune responses causing further damage to the brain. Clinical trials of drugs to recover the neuronal loss are not very successful. Regenerative approaches for TBI using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem promising. Results of preclinical research have shown that transplantation of MSCs reduced secondary neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, promoted neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and improved functional outcome in the experimental animals. The functional improvement is not necessarily related to cell engraftment; rather, immunomodulation by molecular factors secreted by MSCs is responsible for the beneficial effects of this therapy. However, MSC therapy has a few drawbacks including tumor formation, which can be avoided by the use of MSC-derived exosomes. This review has focused on the research works published in the field of regenerative therapy using MSCs after TBI and its future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasweta Das
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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10
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Therapeutic potential of stem cells for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1073-1101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Pedrini FA, Boriani F, Bolognesi F, Fazio N, Marchetti C, Baldini N. Cell-Enhanced Acellular Nerve Allografts for Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of the Literature. Neurosurgery 2020; 85:575-604. [PMID: 30247648 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve reconstruction is a difficult problem to solve. Acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) have been widely tested and are a promising alternative to the autologous gold standard. However, current reconstructive methods still yield unpredictable and unsuccessful results. Consequently, numerous studies have been carried out studying alternatives to plain ANAs, but it is not clear if nerve regeneration potential exists between current biological, chemical, and physical enrichment modes. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effects of cell-enhanced ANAs on regeneration of peripheral nerve injuries. METHODS PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, and Scopus databases were searched for related articles published from 2007 to 2017. Inclusion criteria of selected articles consisted of (1) articles written in English; (2) the topic being cell-enhanced ANAs in peripheral nerve regeneration; (3) an in vivo study design; and (4) postgrafting neuroregenerative assessment of results. Exclusion criteria included all articles that (1) discussed central nervous system ANAs; (2) consisted of xenografts as the main topic; and (3) consisted of case series, case reports or reviews. RESULTS Forty papers were selected, and categorization included the animal model; the enhancing cell types; the decellularization method; and the neuroregenerative test performed. The effects of using diverse cellular enhancements combined with ANAs are discussed and also compared with the other treatments such as autologous nerve graft, and plain ANAs. CONCLUSION ANAs cellular enhancement demonstrated positive effects on recovery of nerve function. Future research should include clinical translation, in order to increase the level of evidence available on peripheral nerve reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Alice Pedrini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Boriani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Bolognesi
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Fazio
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Marchetti
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Willing AE, Das M, Howell M, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Potential of mesenchymal stem cells alone, or in combination, to treat traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:616-627. [PMID: 32157822 PMCID: PMC7248546 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes death and disability in the United States and around the world. The traumatic insult causes the mechanical injury of the brain and primary cellular death. While a comprehensive pathological mechanism of TBI is still lacking, the focus of the TBI research is concentrated on understanding the pathophysiology and developing suitable therapeutic approaches. Given the complexities in pathophysiology involving interconnected immunologic, inflammatory, and neurological cascades occurring after TBI, the therapies directed to a single mechanism fail in the clinical trials. This has led to the development of the paradigm of a combination therapeutic approach against TBI. While there are no drugs available for the treatment of TBI, stem cell therapy has shown promising results in preclinical studies. But, the success of the therapy depends on the survival of the stem cells, which are limited by several factors including route of administration, health of the administered cells, and inflammatory microenvironment of the injured brain. Reducing the inflammation prior to cell administration may provide a better outcome of cell therapy following TBI. This review is focused on different therapeutic approaches of TBI and the present status of the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Willing
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mahasweta Das
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark Howell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
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13
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Pinho AG, Cibrão JR, Silva NA, Monteiro S, Salgado AJ. Cell Secretome: Basic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities for CNS Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E31. [PMID: 32093352 PMCID: PMC7169381 DOI: 10.3390/ph13020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of stem cells, in particular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), stands as a promising therapy for trauma, stroke or neurodegenerative conditions such as spinal cord or traumatic brain injuries (SCI or TBI), ischemic stroke (IS), or Parkinson's disease (PD). Over the last few years, cell transplantation-based approaches have started to focus on the use of cell byproducts, with a strong emphasis on cell secretome. Having this in mind, the present review discusses the current state of the art of secretome-based therapy applications in different central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. For this purpose, the following topics are discussed: (1) What are the main cell secretome sources, composition, and associated collection techniques; (2) Possible differences of the therapeutic potential of the protein and vesicular fraction of the secretome; and (3) Impact of the cell secretome on CNS-related problems such as SCI, TBI, IS, and PD. With this, we aim to clarify some of the main questions that currently exist in the field of secretome-based therapies and consequently gain new knowledge that may help in the clinical application of secretome in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia G. Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge R. Cibrão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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14
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Dehghanian F, Soltani Z, Khaksari M. Can Mesenchymal Stem Cells Act Multipotential in Traumatic Brain Injury? J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:677-688. [PMID: 31897971 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, will probably become the third cause of death in the world by the year 2020. Lack of effective treatments approved for TBI is a major health problem. TBI is a heterogeneous disease due to the different mechanisms of injury. Therefore, it requires combination therapies or multipotential therapy that can affect multiple targets. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has considered one of the most promising therapeutic strategies to repair of brain injuries including TBI. In these studies, it has been shown that MSCs can migrate to the site of injury and differentiate into the cells secreting growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The reduction in brain edema, neuroinflammation, microglia accumulation, apoptosis, ischemia, the improvement of motor and cognitive function, and the enhancement in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and neural stem cells survival, proliferation, and differentiation have been indicated in these studies. However, translation of MSCs research in TBI into a clinical setting will require additional preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dehghanian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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15
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Weiss JN, Levy S. Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS): bone marrow derived stem cells in the treatment of Dominant Optic Atrophy. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:41. [PMID: 32039263 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.11.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background We report the results of 6 patients with Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA) who met inclusion criteria and were treated in the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS). SCOTS/SCOTS 2 is an Institutional Review Board approved and NIH registered (NCT03011541) clinical study that uses autologous bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) in the treatment of optic nerve and retinal disease. Methods This is an open label, non-randomized clinical study using natural history of the disease as the comparator. BMSC were separated from aspirated autologous bone marrow with minimal manipulation using an FDA cleared Class II medical device. Patients were treated with combinations of retrobulbar, subtenons, intravitreal or subretinal placement of BMSC followed by intravenous injection of BMSC depending on the arm of the study chosen. There were no surgical complications. Results Of the patients treated, 83.3% (5 of 6 patients) experienced visual improvements and in all of these cases both eyes improved. Ten eyes or 83.3% experienced gains in visual acuity with a median improvement of 2.125 Snellen lines, or approximately 10.63 letters. Two eyes were considered unchanged compared to longstanding measurements. Using LogMAR, the average improvement in vision for all eyes was 29.5%. The averagevisual acuity increasein eyes that improved was 33.3%. Findings were statistically significant with P<0.001. Conclusions Using autologous BMSC per protocols developed in the SCOTS/SCOTS 2 clinical studies resulted in statistically significant visual acuity improvements in patients with DOA or Kjers Optic Neuropathy. Improvements occurred in 83.3% of eyes and averaged 29.5%. Mitochondrial transfer and neuroprotective exosome secretions from the BMSC may have been key to the improvements observed in this mitochondrial disease.
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16
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Ben M’Barek K, Habeler W, Regent F, Monville C. Developing Cell-Based Therapies for RPE-Associated Degenerative Eye Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:55-97. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Lee JY, Acosta S, Tuazon JP, Xu K, Nguyen H, Lippert T, Liska MG, Semechkin A, Garitaonandia I, Gonzalez R, Kern R, Borlongan CV. Human parthenogenetic neural stem cell grafts promote multiple regenerative processes in a traumatic brain injury model. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1029-1046. [PMID: 30867814 PMCID: PMC6401413 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
International Stem Cell Corporation human parthenogenetic neural stem cells (ISC-hpNSC) have potential therapeutic value for patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we demonstrate the behavioral and histological effects of transplanting ISC-hpNSC intracerebrally in an animal model of TBI. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a moderate controlled cortical impact TBI surgery. Transplantation occurred at 72 h post-TBI with functional readouts of behavioral and histological deficits conducted during the subsequent 3-month period after TBI. We characterized locomotor, neurological, and cognitive performance at baseline (before TBI), then on days 0, 1, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 (locomotor and neurological), and on days 28-30, 58-60, and 88-90 (cognitive) after TBI. Following completion of behavioral testing at 3 months post-TBI, animals were euthanized by transcardial perfusion and brains harvested to histologically characterize the extent of brain damage. Neuronal survival was revealed by Nissl staining, and stem cell engraftment and host tissue repair mechanisms such as the anti-inflammatory response in peri-TBI lesion areas were examined by immunohistochemical analyses. Results: We observed that TBI groups given high and moderate doses of ISC-hpNSC had an improved swing bias on an elevated body swing test for motor function, increased scores on forelimb akinesia and paw grasp neurological tests, and committed significantly fewer errors on a radial arm water maze test for cognition. Furthermore, histological analyses indicated that high and moderate doses of stem cells increased the expression of phenotypic markers related to the neural lineage and myelination and decreased reactive gliosis and inflammation in the brain, increased neuronal survival in the peri-impact area of the cortex, and decreased inflammation in the spleen at 90 days post-TBI. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that high and moderate doses of ISC-hpNSC ameliorate TBI-associated histological alterations and motor, neurological, and cognitive deficits.
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18
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Ramli K, Aminath Gasim I, Ahmad AA, Hassan S, Law ZK, Tan GC, Baharuddin A, Naicker AS, Htwe O, Mohammed Haflah NH, B H Idrus R, Abdullah S, Ng MH. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs spontaneously express specific Schwann cell markers. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:233-252. [PMID: 30362196 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral nerve injuries, Schwann cells (SC) play pivotal roles in regenerating damaged nerve. However, the use of SC in clinical cell-based therapy is hampered due to its limited availability. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of using an established induction protocol for human bone marrow derived-MSC (hBM-MSCs) transdifferentiation into a SC lineage. A relatively homogenous culture of hBM-MSCs was first established after serial passaging (P3), with profiles conforming to the minimal criteria set by International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). The cultures (n = 3) were then subjected to a series of induction media containing β-mercaptoethanol, retinoic acid, and growth factors. Quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry analyses were performed to quantify the expression of specific SC markers, that is, S100, GFAP, MPZ and p75 NGFR, in both undifferentiated and transdifferentiated hBM-MSCs. Based on these analyses, all markers were expressed in undifferentiated hBM-MSCs and MPZ expression (mRNA transcripts) was consistently detected before and after transdifferentiation across all samples. There was upregulation at the transcript level of more than twofolds for NGF, MPB, GDNF, p75 NGFR post-transdifferentiation. This study highlights the existence of spontaneous expression of specific SC markers in cultured hBM-MSCs, inter-donor variability and that MSC transdifferentiation is a heterogenous process. These findings strongly oppose the use of a single marker to indicate SC fate. The heterogenous nature of MSC may influence the efficiency of SC transdifferentiation protocols. Therefore, there is an urgent need to re-define the MSC subpopulations and revise the minimal criteria for MSC identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairunnisa Ramli
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ifasha Aminath Gasim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amir Adham Ahmad
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Shariful Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zhe Kang Law
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geok Chin Tan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azmi Baharuddin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amaramalar Selvi Naicker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ohnmar Htwe
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hazla Mohammed Haflah
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah B H Idrus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shalimar Abdullah
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Ko HR, Ahn SY, Chang YS, Hwang I, Yun T, Sung DK, Sung SI, Park WS, Ahn JY. Human UCB-MSCs treatment upon intraventricular hemorrhage contributes to attenuate hippocampal neuron loss and circuit damage through BDNF-CREB signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:326. [PMID: 30463591 PMCID: PMC6249960 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) have been shown to prevent brain damage and improve neurocognition following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of hUCB-MSCs are still elusive. Thus, as the hippocampus is essential for learning, memory, and cognitive functions and is intimately involved in the ventricular system, making it a potential site of IVH-induced injury, we determined the molecular basis of the effects of hUCB-derived MSCs on hippocampal neurogenesis and the recovery of hippocampal neural circuits after IVH in a rodent model. Methods We inflicted severe IVH injury on postnatal day 4 (P4) in rats. After confirmation of successful induction of IVH using MRI (P5), intracerebroventricular administration of MSCs (ICV-MSC) was performed at 2 days post-injury (P6). For hippocampal synaptic determination, a rat entorhinal-hippocampus (EH) organotypic slice co-culture (OSC) was performed using day 3 post-IVH brains (P7) with or without ICV-MSCs. A similar strategy of experiments was applied to those rats receiving hUCB-MSC transfected with BDNF-Si-RNA for knockdown of BDNF or scrambled siRNA controls after IVH. The molecular mechanism of the MSCs effects on neurogenesis and the attenuation of neuron death was determined by evaluation of BDNF-TrkB-Akt-CREB signaling axis. Results We showed that treatment with hUCB-MSCs attenuated neuronal loss and promoted neurogenesis in the hippocampus, an area highly vulnerable to IVH-induced brain injury. hUCB-MSCs activate BDNF-TrkB receptor signaling, eliciting intracellular activation of Akt and/or Erk and subsequent phosphorylation of CREB, which is responsible for promoting rat BDNF transcription. In addition to the beneficial effects of neuroprotection and neurogenesis, hUCB-MSCs also contribute to the restoration of impaired synaptic circuits in the hippocampus and improve neurocognitive functions in IVH-injured neonatal rat through BDNF-TrkB-CREB signaling axis activation. Conclusions Our data suggest that hUCB-MSCs possess therapeutic potential for treating neuronal loss and neurocognitive dysfunction in IVH through the activation of intracellular TrkB-CREB signaling that is invoked by hUCB-MSC-secreted BDNF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1052-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Rim Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - So Yoon Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Yun Sil Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Inwoo Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Taegwan Yun
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong Kyung Sung
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Se In Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Soon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
| | - Jee-Yin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea. .,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea. .,Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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20
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Carbonara M, Fossi F, Zoerle T, Ortolano F, Moro F, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, Stocchetti N. Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells can Potentially Overcome Some Limitations of Previous Clinical Trials. Front Neurol 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 30405517 PMCID: PMC6208094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In the last 30 years several neuroprotective agents, attenuating the downstream molecular and cellular damaging events triggered by TBI, have been extensively studied. Even though many drugs have shown promising results in the pre-clinical stage, all have failed in large clinical trials. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may offer a promising new therapeutic intervention, with preclinical data showing protection of the injured brain. We selected three of the critical aspects identified as possible causes of clinical failure: the window of opportunity for drug administration, the double-edged contribution of mechanisms to damage and recovery, and the oft-neglected role of reparative mechanisms. For each aspect, we briefly summarized the limitations of previous trials and the potential advantages of a newer approach using MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carbonara
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fossi
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplants, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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21
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Flachsbarth K, Jankowiak W, Kruszewski K, Helbing S, Bartsch S, Bartsch U. Pronounced synergistic neuroprotective effect of GDNF and CNTF on axotomized retinal ganglion cells in the adult mouse. Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:258-265. [PMID: 30237104 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is among the potential treatment options for glaucoma and other retinal pathologies characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Here, we examined the impact of a neural stem (NS) cell-based intravitreal co-administration of two neuroprotective factors on the survival of axotomized RGCs. To this aim we used lentiviral vectors to establish clonal NS cell lines ectopically expressing either glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). The modified NS cell lines were intravitreally injected either separately or as a 1:1 mixture into adult mice one day after an optic nerve lesion, and the number of surviving RGCs was determined in retinal flat-mounts two, four and eight weeks after the lesion. For the transplantation experiments, we selected a GDNF- and a CNTF-expressing NS cell line that promoted the survival of axotomized RGCs with a similar efficacy. Eight weeks after the lesion, GDNF-treated retinas contained 3.8- and CNTF-treated retinas 3.7-fold more RGCs than control retinas. Of note, the number of surviving RGCs was markedly increased when both factors were administered simultaneously, with 14.3-fold more RGCs than in control retinas eight weeks after the lesion. GDNF and CNTF thus potently and synergistically rescued RGCs from axotomy-induced cell death, indicating that combinatorial neuroprotective approaches represent a promising strategy to effectively promote the survival of RGCs under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Flachsbarth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wanda Jankowiak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kruszewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Helbing
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Muniswami DM, Kanthakumar P, Kanakasabapathy I, Tharion G. Motor Recovery after Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rat Models of Spinal Cord Injury. Ann Neurosci 2018; 25:126-140. [PMID: 30814821 DOI: 10.1159/000487069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal tissue has a limited potential to self-renew or get repaired after damage. Cell therapies using stem cells are promising approaches for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. However, the clinical use of embryonic stem cells is limited by ethical concerns and other scientific consequences. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) could represent an alternative source of stem cells for replacement therapy. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated that MSCs can give rise to neuronal cells as well as many tissue-specific cell phenotypes. Purpose Motor recovery by transplantation of bone marrow MSCs in rat models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Bone marrow was collected from the femur of albino Wistar rats. MSCs were separated using the Ficoll-Paque density gradient method and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum. Cultured MSC was characterized by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry and neuronal-induced cells were further characterized for neural markers. Cultured MSCs were transplanted into the experimentally injured spinal cord of Wistar rats. Control (injured, but without cell transplantation) and transplanted rats were followed up to 8 weeks, analyzed using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale and electromyography (EMG) for behavioral and physiological status of the injured spinal cord. Finally, the tissue was evaluated histologically. Results Rat MSCs expressed positivity for a panel of MSC markers CD29, CD54, CD90, CD73, and CD105, and negativity for hematopoietic markers CD34, CD14, and CD45. In vitro neuronal transdifferentiated MSCs express positivity for β III tubulin, MAP2, NF, NeuN, Nav1.1, oligodendrocyte (O4), and negativity for glial fibrillary acid protein. All the treated groups show promising hind-limb motor recovery BBB score, except the control group. There was increased EMG amplitude in treated groups as compared to the control group. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled MSC survived and differentiated into neurons in the injured spinal cord, which is responsible for functional recovery. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that BM-MSC has the potential to repair the injured cord in rat models of SCI. Thus, BM-MSC appears to be a promising candidate for cell-based therapy in CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durai Murugan Muniswami
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Weiss JN, Levy S, Benes SC. Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study: bone marrow derived stem cells in the treatment of non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:94. [PMID: 29270420 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.11.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Ten patients with bilateral visual loss due to sequential non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) underwent autologous Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cell (BMSC) therapy within the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS). SCOTS is an Institutional Review Board approved clinical study utilizing autologous BMSC in the treatment of optic nerve and retinal diseases that meet inclusion criteria. Methods The average age of the patients treated was 69.8 years. The average duration of visual loss in eyes treated was 9.8 years and ranged from 1 to 35 years. Affected eyes were treated with either retrobulbar, subtenons and intravenous BMSC or, following vitrectomy, intra-optic nerve, subtenons and intravenous BMSC. The primary outcome was visual acuity as measured by Snellen or converted to LogMAR. Results Following therapy in SCOTS, 80% of patients experienced improvement in Snellen binocular vision (P=0.029) with 20% remaining stable; 73.6% of eyes treated gained vision (P=0.019) and 15.9% remained stable in the post-operative period. There was an average of 3.53 Snellen lines of vision improvement per eye with an average 22.74% and maximum 83.3% improvement in LogMAR acuity per eye. The average LogMAR change in treated eyes was a gain of 0.364 (P=0.0089). Improvements typically manifested no later than 6 months post procedure. Conclusions The use of BMSC in the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study achieved meaningful visual improvements in a significant percentage of the NAION patients reported. Improvements typically manifested no later than 6 months post-procedure. Duration of visual loss did not appear to affect the ability of the eyes to respond to treatment. Possible mechanisms by which visual improvement occurred may include BMSC paracrine secretion of proteins and hormones, transfer of mitochondria, release of messenger RNA or other compounds via exosomes or microvesicles and neuronal transdifferentiation of the stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Weiss
- The Healing Institute, 1308 North State Road 7, Margate, FL 33063, USA
| | - Steven Levy
- MD Stem Cells, 3 Sylvan Road South, Westport, CT 06880, USA
| | - Susan C Benes
- The Eye Center of Columbus, 9262 Neil Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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Hermankova B, Kossl J, Javorkova E, Bohacova P, Hajkova M, Zajicova A, Krulova M, Holan V. The Identification of Interferon-γ as a Key Supportive Factor for Retinal Differentiation of Murine Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1399-1408. [PMID: 28728472 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal disorders represent the main cause of decreased quality of vision and even blindness worldwide. The loss of retinal cells causes irreversible damage of the retina, and there are currently no effective treatment protocols for most retinal degenerative diseases. A promising approach for the treatment of retinal disorders is represented by stem cell-based therapy. The perspective candidates are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can differentiate into multiple cell types and produce a number of trophic and growth factors. In this study, we show the potential of murine bone marrow-derived MSCs to differentiate into cells expressing retinal markers and we identify the key supportive role of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the differentiation process. MSCs were cultured for 7 days with retinal extract and supernatant from T-cell mitogen concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes, simulating the inflammatory site of retinal damage. MSCs cultured in such conditions differentiated to the cells expressing retinal cell markers such as rhodopsin, S antigen, retinaldehyde-binding protein, calbindin 2, recoverin, and retinal pigment epithelium 65. To identify a supportive molecule in the supernatants from activated spleen cells, MSCs were cultured with retinal extract in the presence of various T-cell cytokines. The expression of retinal markers was enhanced only in the presence of IFN-γ, and the supportive role of spleen cell supernatants was abrogated with the neutralization antibody anti-IFN-γ. In addition, differentiated MSCs were able to express a number of neurotrophic factors, which are important for retinal regeneration. Taken together, the results show that MSCs can differentiate into cells expressing retinal markers and that this differentiation process is supported by IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Hermankova
- 1 Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kossl
- 1 Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Javorkova
- 1 Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bohacova
- 1 Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Hajkova
- 1 Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zajicova
- 1 Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Krulova
- 1 Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Holan
- 1 Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine , Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic .,2 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
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Stucky EC, Erndt-Marino J, Schloss RS, Yarmush ML, Shreiber DI. Prostaglandin E 2 Produced by Alginate-Encapsulated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Modulates the Astrocyte Inflammatory Response. NANO LIFE 2017; 7:1750005. [PMID: 29682085 PMCID: PMC5903452 DOI: 10.1142/s1793984417500052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia are well known for their role in propagating secondary injury following brain trauma. Modulation of this injury cascade, including inflammation, is essential to repair and recovery. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated as trophic mediators in several models of secondary CNS injury, however, there has been varied success with the use of direct implantation due to a failure to persist at the injury site. To achieve sustained therapeutic benefit, we have encapsulated MSCs in alginate microspheres and evaluated the ability of these encapsulated MSCs to attenuate neuro-inflammation. In this study, astroglial cultures were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation and immediately co-cultured with encapsulated or monolayer human MSCs. Cultures were assayed for the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) produced by astroglia, MSC-produced prostaglandin E2, and expression of neurotrophin-associated genes. We found that encapsulated MSCs significantly reduced TNF-α produced by LPS-stimulated astrocytes, more effectively than monolayer MSCs, and this enhanced benefit commences earlier than that of monolayer MSCs. Furthermore, in support of previous findings, encapsulated MSCs constitutively produced high levels of PGE2, while monolayer MSCs required the presence of inflammatory stimuli to induce PGE2 production. The early, constitutive presence of PGE2 significantly reduced astrocyte-produced TNF-α, while delayed administration had no effect. Finally, MSC-produced PGE2 was not only capable of modulating inflammation, but appears to have an additional role in stimulating astrocyte neurotrophin production. Overall, these results support the enhanced benefit of encapsulated MSC treatment, both in modulating the inflammatory response and providing neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Stucky
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Joshua Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, USA
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - David I Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Vaquero J, Zurita M, Rico MA, Bonilla C, Aguayo C, Fernández C, Tapiador N, Sevilla M, Morejón C, Montilla J, Martínez F, Marín E, Bustamante S, Vázquez D, Carballido J, Rodríguez A, Martínez P, García C, Ovejero M, Fernández MV. Repeated subarachnoid administrations of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells supported in autologous plasma improve quality of life in patients suffering incomplete spinal cord injury. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:349-359. [PMID: 28089079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) offers new hope for patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Ten patients with established incomplete SCI received four subarachnoid administrations of 30 × 106 autologous bone marrow MSCs, supported in autologous plasma, at months 1, 4, 7 and 10 of the study, and were followed until the month 12. Urodynamic, neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies were performed at months 6 and 12, and compared with basal studies. RESULTS Variable improvement was found in the patients of the series. All of them showed some degree of improvement in sensitivity and motor function. Sexual function improved in two of the eight male patients. Neuropathic pain was present in four patients before treatment; it disappeared in two of them and decreased in another. Clear improvement in bladder and bowel control were found in all patients suffering previous dysfunction. Before treatment, seven patients suffered spasms, and two improved. Before cell therapy, nine patients suffered variable degree of spasticity, and 3 of them showed clear decrease at the end of follow-up. At this time, nine patients showed infra-lesional electromyographic recordings suggesting active muscle reinnervation, and eight patients showed improvement in bladder compliance. After three administrations of MSCs, mean values of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3 and 4 showed slight increases compared with basal levels, but without statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Administration of repeated doses of MSCs by subarachnoid route is a well-tolerated procedure that is able to achieve progressive and significant improvement in the quality of life of patients suffering incomplete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vaquero
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain; Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Zurita
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rico
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Bonilla
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Aguayo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernández
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Tapiador
- Rehabilitation Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sevilla
- Rehabilitation Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Morejón
- Rehabilitation Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Montilla
- Rehabilitation Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Marín
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Bustamante
- Urology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Vázquez
- Urology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Carballido
- Urology Service, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral García
- Neuroimmunology Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta V Fernández
- Neuroscience Research Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
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Jiang L, Jones S, Jia X. Stem Cell Transplantation for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Current Options and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010094. [PMID: 28067783 PMCID: PMC5297728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve regeneration is a complicated process highlighted by Wallerian degeneration, axonal sprouting, and remyelination. Schwann cells play an integral role in multiple facets of nerve regeneration but obtaining Schwann cells for cell-based therapy is limited by the invasive nature of harvesting and donor site morbidity. Stem cell transplantation for peripheral nerve regeneration offers an alternative cell-based therapy with several regenerative benefits. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into Schwann-like cells that recruit macrophages for removal of cellular debris. They also can secrete neurotrophic factors to promote axonal growth, and remyelination. Currently, various types of stem cell sources are being investigated for their application to peripheral nerve regeneration. This review highlights studies involving the stem cell types, the mechanisms of their action, methods of delivery to the injury site, and relevant pre-clinical or clinical data. The purpose of this article is to review the current point of view on the application of stem cell based strategy for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfu Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Salazar Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Guo S, Zhen Y, Wang A. Transplantation of bone mesenchymal stem cells promotes angiogenesis and improves neurological function after traumatic brain injury in mouse. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:2757-2765. [PMID: 29158675 PMCID: PMC5683767 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s141534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has emerged as a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Transplantation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has emerged as a promising treatment for various central nervous system diseases. This study aims to evaluate the effect of BMSCs transplantation by intravenous injection on neurological function and angiogenesis of the TBI mice. C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, sham, TBI, and BMSC. Functional neurological evaluation was performed 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after TBI using neurological severity scores. The impairment of learning and memory in mice was evaluated 14 days after TBI by Morris water maze experiment. Mice were sacrificed 14 days after TBI, and then brain sections were stained by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TDT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling staining to assess brain neuronal apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to evaluate caspase-3 activity and identify vascular distribution and microvessel density. Protein and mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenin-1 (Ang-1) in brain tissues were analyzed by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. BMSCs transplantation promoted recovery of neurological function, ameliorated impairment of learning and memory, attenuated neuronal apoptosis, and diminished caspase-3 activation in mice after TBI. Also, BMSCs transplantation upregulated expressions of VEGF and Ang-1 and promoted the formation of microvessels in brain tissues after TBI. Our study demonstrated the important role of BMSCs transplantation in TBI mouse and indicated that the underlying mechanism was through promoting angiogenesis and improving neurological function. This provides a novel and effective strategy for cell-based therapy in the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shewei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Yingwei Zhen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Anran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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Ottolini D, Calí T, Szabò I, Brini M. Alpha-synuclein at the intracellular and the extracellular side: functional and dysfunctional implications. Biol Chem 2017; 398:77-100. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is an abundant neuronal protein whose physiological function, even if still not completely understood, has been consistently related to synaptic function and vesicle trafficking. A group of disorders known as synucleinopathies, among which Parkinson’s disease (PD), is deeply associated with the misfolding and aggregation of α-syn, which can give rise to proteinaceous inclusion known as Lewy bodies (LB). Proteostasis stress is a relevant aspect in these diseases and, currently, the presence of oligomeric α-syn species rather than insoluble aggregated forms, appeared to be associated with cytotoxicity. Many observations suggest that α-syn is responsible for neurodegeneration by interfering with multiple signaling pathways. α-syn protein can directly form plasma membrane channels or modify with their activity, thus altering membrane permeability to ions, abnormally associate with mitochondria and cause mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e. mitochondrial depolarization, Ca2+ dys-homeostasis, cytochrome c release) and interfere with autophagy regulation. The picture is further complicated by the fact that single point mutations, duplications and triplication in α-syn gene are linked to autosomal dominant forms of PD. In this review we discuss the multi-faced aspect of α-syn biology and address the main hypothesis at the basis of its involvement in neuronal degeneration.
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Edalat H, Hajebrahimi Z, Pirhajati V, Tavallaei M, Movahedin M, Mowla SJ. Exogenous Expression of Nt-3 and TrkC Genes in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Elevated the Survival Rate of the Cells in the Course of Neural Differentiation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1187-1194. [PMID: 27891557 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are attractive cellular sources for cell therapy of many diseases, specifically neurodegenerative ones. The potential capability of BMSCs could be further augmented by enhancing their neuroprotective property, differentiation potential, and survival rate subsequent to transplantation. Therefore, a concurrent upregulation of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and its high affinity receptor, tyrosin kinase C (TrkC), was utilized in our study. BMSCs were cotransfected with pDsRed1-N1-NT-3 and pCMX-TrkC plasmids before induction of neural differentiation. pEGFP-N1-transfected BMSCs were also employed as a control. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed for gene expression analysis. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, while apoptosis rate was assessed by flow cytometry after PI and Annexin V staining. NT-3 and TrkC mRNA levels were greatly elevated following cotransfection of cells with pDsRed1-N1-NT-3 and pCMX-TrkC vectors. The expression of neural markers (i.e., NFM, and NeuroD1) was augmented in cotransfected BMSCs, compared to the control ones, after neural induction. At each time point, the viability and apoptosis rates of the cells over-expressing NT-3 and TrkC showed increased and reduced patterns, respectively. Our data demonstrated that NT-3/TrkC-co-transfected BMSCs, compared to those of intact cells, could be more beneficial graft candidates for the upcoming treatment strategies of neurogenic disorders due to their increased viability and expression of neural markers. This may be due to their increased level of neural differentiation potential and/or their enhanced rate of survival and/or their useful capacity to secrete NT-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houri Edalat
- Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajebrahimi
- Department of Physiology, Aerospace Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Pirhajati
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Tavallaei
- Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Movahedin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and enhance neuroprotective effects in retinal ganglion cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:328-335. [PMID: 27864663 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells leads to visual impairment and blindness in ocular neurodegenerative diseases, especially in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Mounting evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of DR. In the present study, we investigated whether bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have protective ability to relieve hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury on retinal ganglion cells in vitro. An immortalized retinal ganglion cells, RGC-5 cells, were exposed to an indicated concentration of H2O2 for 24 h. Cell viability was analyzed by CCK-8 assay to find out a certain concentration to build H2O2 oxidative damage model. Morphological changes in RGC-5 cells were observed under optical microscope, and cell apoptosis was detected with Hoechst fluorescence staining. Then, BMSCs were co-cultured with RGC-5 cells in a transwell culture system for 24 h and 48 h. Flow cytometry was performed to qualify the apoptosis rate of RGC-5 cells. Conditioned medium was collected for evaluation the inflammatory cytokines by ELISA. The content of intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assayed by thiobarbituric acid and xanthine oxidase method, respectively. qRT-PCR and ELISA were conducted for analysis of the expression changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), respectively. After H2O2 exposure, the morphological varieties were observed as cytoplasm shrinking and paramorphia together with nuclear gathering. Meanwhile, the apoptotic cells had hyperfluorescence with Hoechst 33258 staining. Co-culture with BMSCs significantly inhibited retinal cell death. It was found that BMSCs reduced H2O2-induced inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α, down-regulated intracellular oxidant factor MDA, up-regulated intracellular antioxidant factor SOD, and increased neurotrophins BDNF and CNTF expression. BMSCs may enhance protective effect of RGC-5 cells in H2O2-induced damage through improving antioxidant capacity, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and promoting neurotrophin expression.
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Neuroprotective Effects of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bilateral Common Carotid Arteries Occlusion Model of Cerebral Ischemia in Rat. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:2964712. [PMID: 27847404 PMCID: PMC5101406 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2964712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is the most advanced treatment of the cerebral ischemia, nowadays. Herein, we discuss the neuroprotective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on rat hippocampal cells following intravenous injection of these cells in an ischemia-reperfusion model. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control, sham (surgery without blockage of common carotid arteries), ischemia (common carotid arteries were blocked for 30 min prior to reperfusion), vehicle (7 days after ischemia PBS was injected via the tail vein), and treatment (injections of BMSC into the tail veins 7 days after ischemia). We performed neuromuscular and vestibulomotor function tests to assess behavioral function and, finally, brains were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), anti-Brdu immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL staining. The ischemia group had severe apoptosis. The group treated with BMSCs had a lower mortality rate and also had significant improvement in functional recovery (P < 0.001). Ischemia-reperfusion for 30 min causes damage and extensive neuronal death in the hippocampus, especially in CA1 and CA3 regions, leading to several functional and neurological deficits. In conclusion, intravenous injection of BMSCs can significantly decrease the number of apoptotic neurons and significantly improve functional recovery, which may be a beneficial treatment method for ischemic injuries.
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Ezquer M, Urzua CA, Montecino S, Leal K, Conget P, Ezquer F. Intravitreal administration of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells triggers a cytoprotective microenvironment in the retina of diabetic mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:42. [PMID: 26983784 PMCID: PMC4793534 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the Western world. The reduction in color/contrast sensitivity due to the loss of neural cells in the ganglion cell layer of the retina is an early event in the onset of diabetic retinopathy. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an attractive tool for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they could differentiate into neuronal cells, produce high levels of neurotrophic factors and reduce oxidative stress. Our aim was to determine whether the intravitreal administration of adipose-derived MSCs was able to prevent the loss of retinal ganglion cells in diabetic mice. Methods Diabetes was induced in C57BL6 mice by the administration of streptozotocin. When retinal pro-damage mechanisms were present, animals received a single intravitreal dose of 2 × 105 adipose-derived MSCs or the vehicle. Four and 12 weeks later we evaluated: (a) retinal ganglion cell number (immunofluorescence); (b) neurotrophic factor levels (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)); (c) retinal apoptotic rate (TUNEL); (d) retinal levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage (ELISA); (e) electrical response of the retina (electroretinography); (f) pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factor levels (RT-qPCR and ELISA); and (g) retinal blood vessels (angiography). Furthermore, 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-MSC administration, the presence of donor cells in the retina and their differentiation into neural and perivascular-like cells were assessed (immunofluorescence and flow cytometry). Results MSC administration completely prevented retinal ganglion cell loss. Donor cells remained in the vitreous cavity and did not differentiate into neural or perivascular-like cells. Nevertheless, they increased the intraocular levels of several potent neurotrophic factors (nerve growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) and reduced the oxidative damage in the retina. Additionally, MSC administration has a neutral effect on the electrical response of the retina and did not result in a pathological neovascularization. Conclusions Intravitreal administration of adipose-derived MSCs triggers an effective cytoprotective microenvironment in the retina of diabetic mice. Thus, MSCs represent an interesting tool in order to prevent diabetic retinopathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0299-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, 7710162, Chile
| | - Cristhian A Urzua
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Scarleth Montecino
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, 7710162, Chile
| | - Karla Leal
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, 7710162, Chile
| | - Paulette Conget
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, 7710162, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Lo Barnechea, Santiago, 7710162, Chile.
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Feng N, Hao G, Yang F, Qu F, Zheng H, Liang S, Jin Y. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells promotes the functional recovery of the central nervous system following cerebral ischemia by inhibiting myelin-associated inhibitor expression and neural apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1595-1600. [PMID: 27168778 PMCID: PMC4840788 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia, which may lead to cerebral hypoxia and damage of the brain tissue, is a leading cause of human mortality and adult disability. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a class of adult progenitor cells with the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. The transplantation of bone marrow-derived MSCs is a potential therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, primary MSCs were isolated from healthy rats, labeled and transplanted into the brains of middle cerebral artery occlusion rat models. The location of the labeled MSCs in the rat brains were determined by fluorescent microscopy, and the neurological functions of the rats were scored. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the protein expression levels of myelin-associated inhibitors of regeneration, including Nogo-A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein and myelin-associated glycoprotein, were decreased following transplantation of the bone marrow-derived MSCs. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of Capase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2, as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reactions, were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in the MSC-transplanted rats; thus suggesting that neural apoptosis was inhibited. The results of the present study suggested that the transplantation of bone marrow-derived MSCs was able to promote the functional recovery of the central nervous system following cerebral ischemia. Accordingly, inhibitors targeting myelin-associated inhibitors and apoptosis may be of clinical significance for cerebral ischemia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianping Feng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Guang Hao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Fenggang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Fujun Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Animal Experiment Center, Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Songlan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Jin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Aertker BM, Bedi S, Cox CS. Strategies for CNS repair following TBI. Exp Neurol 2016; 275 Pt 3:411-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Weiss JN, Levy S, Benes SC. Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS): bone marrow-derived stem cells in the treatment of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1685-1694. [PMID: 27904503 PMCID: PMC5116851 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.193251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS) is currently the largest-scale stem cell ophthalmology trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT01920867). SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) to treat optic nerve and retinal diseases. Treatment approaches include a combination of retrobulbar, subtenon, intravitreal, intra-optic nerve, subretinal, and intravenous injection of autologous BMSCs according to the nature of the disease, the degree of visual loss, and any risk factors related to the treatments. Patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy had visual acuity gains on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) of up to 35 letters and Snellen acuity improvements from hand motion to 20/200 and from counting fingers to 20/100. Visual field improvements were noted. Macular and optic nerve head nerve fiber layer typically thickened. No serious complications were seen. The increases in visual acuity obtained in our study were encouraging and suggest that the use of autologous BMSCs as provided in SCOTS for ophthalmologic mitochondrial diseases including Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy may be a viable treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Weiss
- Retina Associates of South Florida, 5800 Colonial Drive, Suite 300, Margate, FL, USA
| | - Steven Levy
- MD Stem Cells, 3 Sylvan Road South, Westport, CT, USA
| | - Susan C Benes
- The Eye Center of Columbus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Stucky EC, Schloss RS, Yarmush ML, Shreiber DI. Alginate micro-encapsulation of mesenchymal stromal cells enhances modulation of the neuro-inflammatory response. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1353-64. [PMID: 26210574 PMCID: PMC5928499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Modulation of inflammation after brain trauma is a key therapeutic goal aimed at limiting the consequences of the subsequent injury cascade. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to dynamically regulate the inflammatory environment in several tissue systems, including the central nervous system. There has been limited success, however, with the use of direct implantation of cells in the brain caused by low viability and engraftment at the injury site. To circumvent this, we encapsulated MSCs in alginate microspheres and evaluated the ability of these encapsulated MSCs to attenuate inflammation in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC). METHODS OHSC were administered lipopolysaccharide to induce inflammation and immediately co-cultured with encapsulated or monolayer human MSCs. After 24 h, culture media was assayed for the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) produced by OHSC, as well as MSC-produced trophic mediators. RESULTS Encapsulated MSCs reduced TNF-α more effectively than did monolayer MSCs. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reduction of TNF-α. In contrast to monolayer MSCs, inflammatory signals were not required to stimulate PGE2 production by encapsulated MSCs. Further encapsulation-stimulated changes were revealed in a multiplex panel analyzing 27 MSC-produced cytokines and growth factors, from which additional mediators with strong correlations to TNF-α levels were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that alginate encapsulation of MSCs may not only provide an improved delivery vehicle for transplantation but may also enhance MSC therapeutic benefit for treating neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Stucky
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - David I Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
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38
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Ke X, Li Q, Xu L, Zhang Y, Li D, Ma J, Mao X. Netrin-1 overexpression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional recovery in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. J Biomed Res 2015; 29:380-9. [PMID: 26445571 PMCID: PMC4585432 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20140076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has been developed as a new method of treating diseases of the peripheral nervous system. While netrin-1 is a critical molecule for axonal path finding and nerve growth, it may also affect vascular network formation. Here, we investigated the effect of transplanting BMSCs that produce netrin-1 in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury. We introduced a sciatic nerve crush injury, and then injected 1×106 BMSCs infected by a recombinant adenovirus expressing netrin-1 Ad5-Netrin-1-EGFP or culture medium into the injured part in the next day. At day 7, 14 and 28 after injection, we measured motor nerve conduction and detected mRNA expressions of netrin-1 receptors UNC5B and Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC), and neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) by real-time PCR. We also detected protein expressions of BDNF and NGF by Western blotting assays and examined BMSCs that incorporated into myelin and vascellum. The results showed that BMSCs infected by Ad5-Netrin-1-EGFP significantly improved the function of the sciatic nerve, and led to increased expression of BDNF and NGF (P<0.05). Moreover, 28 days after injury, more Schwann cells were found in BMSCs infected by Ad5-Netrin-1-EGFP compared to control BMSCs. In conclusion, transplantation of BMSCs that produce netrin-1 improved the function of the sciatic nerve after injury. This method may be a new treatment of nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Ke
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001 , China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001 , China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
| | - Xiaoming Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 , China
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Weiss JN, Levy S, Malkin A. Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS) for retinal and optic nerve diseases: a preliminary report. Neural Regen Res 2015. [PMID: 26199618 PMCID: PMC4498363 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.158365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present the results of a single patient with optic neuropathy treated within the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS). SCOTS is an Institutional Review Board approved clinical trial and is the largest ophthalmology stem cell study registered at the National Institutes of Health to date- www.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT 01920867. SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells in the treatment of optic nerve and retinal diseases. Pre- and post-treatment comprehensive eye exams were independently performed at the Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, USA. A 27 year old female patient had lost vision approximately 5 years prior to enrollment in SCOTS. Pre-treatment best-corrected visual acuity at the Wilmer Eye Institute was 20/800 Right Eye (OD) and 20/4,000 Left Eye (OS). Four months following treatment in SCOTS, the central visual acuity had improved to 20/100 OD and 20/40 OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Weiss
- Retina Associates of South Florida, 5800 Colonial Drive, Suite 300, Margate, FL, USA
| | - Steven Levy
- MD Stem Cells, 412 Main Street, Suite I, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Alexis Malkin
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Wilmer 317, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Samal J, Hoban DB, Naughton C, Concannon R, Dowd E, Pandit A. Fibrin-based microsphere reservoirs for delivery of neurotrophic factors to the brain. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:765-83. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The in vivo therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors to modify neuronal dysfunctions is limited by their short half-life. A biomaterials-based intervention, which protects these factors and allows a controlled release, is required. Materials & methods: Hollow fibrin microspheres were fabricated by charge manipulation using polystyrene templates and were loaded with NGF. Bioactivity of released NGF was demonstrated by neuronal outgrowth assay in PC-12 cells followed by in vivo assessment for NGF release and host response. Results: Fibrin-based hollow spheres showed high loading efficiency (>80%). Neurotrophin encapsulation into the microspheres did not alter its bioactivity and controlled release of NGF was observed in the in vivo study. Conclusion: Fibrin hollow microspheres act as a suitable delivery platform for neurotrophic factors with tunable loading efficiency and maintaining their bioactive form after release in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Samal
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials
| | - Deirdre B Hoban
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carol Naughton
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ruth Concannon
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eilis Dowd
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials
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41
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Mead B, Berry M, Logan A, Scott RAH, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Stem cell treatment of degenerative eye disease. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:243-57. [PMID: 25752437 PMCID: PMC4434205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are being explored extensively as treatments for degenerative eye disease, either for replacing lost neurons, restoring neural circuits or, based on more recent evidence, as paracrine-mediated therapies in which stem cell-derived trophic factors protect compromised endogenous retinal neurons from death and induce the growth of new connections. Retinal progenitor phenotypes induced from embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs/iPSCs) and endogenous retinal stem cells may replace lost photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and restore vision in the diseased eye, whereas treatment of injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has so far been reliant on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Here, we review the properties of non-retinal-derived adult stem cells, in particular neural stem cells (NSCs), MSC derived from bone marrow (BMSC), adipose tissues (ADSC) and dental pulp (DPSC), together with ESC/iPSC and discuss and compare their potential advantages as therapies designed to provide trophic support, repair and replacement of retinal neurons, RPE and glia in degenerative retinal diseases. We conclude that ESCs/iPSCs have the potential to replace lost retinal cells, whereas MSC may be a useful source of paracrine factors that protect RGC and stimulate regeneration of their axons in the optic nerve in degenerate eye disease. NSC may have potential as both a source of replacement cells and also as mediators of paracrine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK.
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert A H Scott
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
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Yılmaz T, Kaptanoğlu E. Current and future medical therapeutic strategies for the functional repair of spinal cord injury. World J Orthop 2015; 6:42-55. [PMID: 25621210 PMCID: PMC4303789 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to social and psychological problems in patients and requires costly treatment and care. In recent years, various pharmacological agents have been tested for acute SCI. Large scale, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trials have failed to demonstrate marked neurological benefit in contrast to their success in the laboratory. Today, the most important problem is ineffectiveness of nonsurgical treatment choices in human SCI that showed neuroprotective effects in animal studies. Recently, attempted cellular therapy and transplantations are promising. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI started in the early 1980s. Research had been looking at neuroprotection in the 1980s and the first half of 1990s and regeneration studies started in the second half of the 1990s. A number of studies on surgical timing suggest that early surgical intervention is safe and feasible, can improve clinical and neurological outcomes and reduce health care costs, and minimize the secondary damage caused by compression of the spinal cord after trauma. This article reviews current evidence for early surgical decompression and nonsurgical treatment options, including pharmacological and cellular therapy, as the treatment choices for SCI.
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Caruso M, Parolini O. Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapies: Regeneration Versus Repair. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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44
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Mesentier-Louro LA, Zaverucha-do-Valle C, da Silva-Junior AJ, Nascimento-dos-Santos G, Gubert F, de Figueirêdo ABP, Torres AL, Paredes BD, Teixeira C, Tovar-Moll F, Mendez-Otero R, Santiago MF. Distribution of mesenchymal stem cells and effects on neuronal survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve crush and cell therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110722. [PMID: 25347773 PMCID: PMC4210195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells have been used in different animal models of neurological diseases. We investigated the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) injected into the vitreous body in a model of optic nerve injury. Adult (3–5 months old) Lister Hooded rats underwent unilateral optic nerve crush followed by injection of MSC or the vehicle into the vitreous body. Before they were injected, MSC were labeled with a fluorescent dye or with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which allowed us to track the cells in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Sixteen and 28 days after injury, the survival of retinal ganglion cells was evaluated by assessing the number of Tuj1- or Brn3a-positive cells in flat-mounted retinas, and optic nerve regeneration was investigated after anterograde labeling of the optic axons with cholera toxin B conjugated to Alexa 488. Transplanted MSC remained in the vitreous body and were found in the eye for several weeks. Cell therapy significantly increased the number of Tuj1- and Brn3a-positive cells in the retina and the number of axons distal to the crush site at 16 and 28 days after optic nerve crush, although the RGC number decreased over time. MSC therapy was associated with an increase in the FGF-2 expression in the retinal ganglion cells layer, suggesting a beneficial outcome mediated by trophic factors. Interleukin-1β expression was also increased by MSC transplantation. In summary, MSC protected RGC and stimulated axon regeneration after optic nerve crush. The long period when the transplanted cells remained in the eye may account for the effect observed. However, further studies are needed to overcome eventually undesirable consequences of MSC transplantation and to potentiate the beneficial ones in order to sustain the neuroprotective effect overtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Alessandra Mesentier-Louro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Zaverucha-do-Valle
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Almir Jordão da Silva-Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Nascimento-dos-Santos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gubert
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Padilha de Figueirêdo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Torres
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno D. Paredes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Teixeira
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F. Santiago
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Mead B, Logan A, Berry M, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Paracrine-mediated neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised retinal ganglion cells by human dental pulp stem cells: comparison with human bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109305. [PMID: 25290916 PMCID: PMC4188599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated and compared the neurotrophic activity of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC), human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hAMSC) on axotomised adult rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vitro in order to evaluate their therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative conditions of RGC. Using the transwell system, RGC survival and length/number of neurites were quantified in coculture with stem cells in the presence or absence of specific Fc-receptor inhibitors to determine the role of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, VEGF, GDNF, PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB/BB in stem cell-mediated RGC neuroprotection and neuritogenesis. Conditioned media, collected from cultured hDPSC/hBMSC/hAMSC, were assayed for the secreted growth factors detailed above using ELISA. PCR array determined the hDPSC, hBMSC and hAMSC expression of genes encoding 84 growth factors and receptors. The results demonstrated that hDPSC promoted significantly more neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised RGC than either hBMSC or hAMSC, an effect that was neutralized after the addition of specific Fc-receptor inhibitors. hDPSC secreted greater levels of various growth factors including NGF, BDNF and VEGF compared with hBMSC/hAMSC. The PCR array confirmed these findings and identified VGF as a novel potentially therapeutic hDPSC-derived neurotrophic factor (NTF) with significant RGC neuroprotective properties after coculture with axotomised RGC. In conclusion, hDPSC promoted significant multi-factorial paracrine-mediated RGC survival and neurite outgrowth and may be considered a potent and advantageous cell therapy for retinal nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A. Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Mortazavi MM, Harmon OA, Adeeb N, Deep A, Tubbs RS. Treatment of spinal cord injury: a review of engineering using neural and mesenchymal stem cells. Clin Anat 2014; 28:37-44. [PMID: 25156268 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over time, various treatment modalities for spinal cord injury have been trialed, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods. Among these, replacement of the injured neural and paraneural tissues via cellular transplantation of neural and mesenchymal stem cells has been the most attractive. Extensive experimental studies have been done to identify the safety and effectiveness of this transplantation in animal and human models. Herein, we review the literature for studies conducted, with a focus on the human-related studies, recruitment, isolation, and transplantation, of these multipotent stem cells, and associated outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Mortazavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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47
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Skop NB, Calderon F, Cho CH, Gandhi CD, Levison SW. Improvements in biomaterial matrices for neural precursor cell transplantation. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:19. [PMID: 26056586 PMCID: PMC4452047 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Progress is being made in developing neuroprotective strategies for traumatic brain injuries; however, there will never be a therapy that will fully preserve neurons that are injured from moderate to severe head injuries. Therefore, to restore neurological function, regenerative strategies will be required. Given the limited regenerative capacity of the resident neural precursors of the CNS, many investigators have evaluated the regenerative potential of transplanted precursors. Unfortunately, these precursors do not thrive when engrafted without a biomaterial scaffold. In this article we review the types of natural and synthetic materials that are being used in brain tissue engineering applications for traumatic brain injury and stroke. We also analyze modifications of the scaffolds including immobilizing drugs, growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules to improve CNS regeneration and functional recovery. We conclude with a discussion of some of the challenges that remain to be solved towards repairing and regenerating the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan B Skop
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, NJMS-Cancer Center, H-1226, 205 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103 USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Frances Calderon
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, NJMS-Cancer Center, H-1226, 205 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Cheul H Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, NJMS-Cancer Center, H-1226, 205 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103 USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, NJMS-Cancer Center, H-1226, 205 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103 USA
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48
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Stoll EA. Advances toward regenerative medicine in the central nervous system: challenges in making stem cell therapy a viable clinical strategy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:12. [PMID: 26056581 PMCID: PMC4452056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the prospects of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of nervous system disorders. The eagerness of scientists, clinicians, and spin-out companies to develop new therapies led to premature clinical trials in human patients, and now the initial excitement has largely turned to skepticism. Rather than embracing a defeatist attitude or pressing blindly ahead, I argue it is time to evaluate the challenges encountered by regenerative medicine in the central nervous system and the progress that is being made to solve these problems. In the twenty years since the adult brain was discovered to have an endogenous regenerative capacity, much basic research has been done to elucidate mechanisms controlling proliferation and cellular identity; how stem cells may be directed into neuronal lineages; genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral interventions that modulate neurogenic activity; and the exact nature of limitations to regeneration in the adult, aged, diseased and injured CNS. These findings should prove valuable in designing realistic clinical strategies to improve the prospects of stem cell-based therapies. In this review, I discuss how basic research continues to play a critical role in identifying both barriers and potential routes to regenerative therapy in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stoll
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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49
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Stoll EA. Advances toward regenerative medicine in the central nervous system: challenges in making stem cell therapy a viable clinical strategy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:12. [PMID: 26056581 PMCID: PMC4452056 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the prospects of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of nervous system disorders. The eagerness of scientists, clinicians, and spin-out companies to develop new therapies led to premature clinical trials in human patients, and now the initial excitement has largely turned to skepticism. Rather than embracing a defeatist attitude or pressing blindly ahead, I argue it is time to evaluate the challenges encountered by regenerative medicine in the central nervous system and the progress that is being made to solve these problems. In the twenty years since the adult brain was discovered to have an endogenous regenerative capacity, much basic research has been done to elucidate mechanisms controlling proliferation and cellular identity; how stem cells may be directed into neuronal lineages; genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral interventions that modulate neurogenic activity; and the exact nature of limitations to regeneration in the adult, aged, diseased and injured CNS. These findings should prove valuable in designing realistic clinical strategies to improve the prospects of stem cell-based therapies. In this review, I discuss how basic research continues to play a critical role in identifying both barriers and potential routes to regenerative therapy in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stoll
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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50
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Azedi F, Kazemnejad S, Zarnani AH, Behzadi G, Vasei M, Khanmohammadi M, Khanjani S, Edalatkhah H, Lakpour N. Differentiation potential of menstrual blood- versus bone marrow-stem cells into glial-like cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:615-24. [PMID: 24446420 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Menstrual blood is easily accessible, renewable, and inexpensive source of stem cells that have been interested for cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we showed conversion of menstrual blood stem cells (MenSCs) into clonogenic neurosphere- like cells (NSCs), which can be differentiated into glial-like cells. Moreover, differentiation potential of MenSCs into glial lineage was compared with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). Differentiation potential of individual converted NSCs derived from MenSCs or BMSCs into glial-like cells was investigated using immunofluorescence staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction.The fibroblastic morphology of both MenSCs and BMSCs was turned into NSCs shape during first step of differentiation. NSCs derived from both BMSCs and MenSCs expressed higher levels of Olig-2 and Nestin markers compared to undifferentiated cells. The expression levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA up regulated only in BMSCs-NSCs no in MenSCs-NSCs. However, outgrowth of individual NSCs derived from both MenSCs and BMSCs into glial-like cells led to significant up regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein,Olig-2 and MBP at mRNA and protein level accompanied with down regulation of Nestin protein.This is the first study demonstrating that MenSCs can be converted to NSCs with differentiation ability into glial-like cells. Accumulative data show different expression pattern of glial markers in differentiated MenSCs compared to BMSCs. The comparable differentiation potential, more accessibility and no invasive technique for sample collection of MenSCs in comparison with BMSCs introduce MenSCs as an apt, consistent and safe alternative to BMSCs for cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Azedi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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