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Chen K, Wei X, Wang R, Yang L, Zou D, Wang Y. BMP7 alleviates trigeminal neuralgia by reducing oligodendrocyte apoptosis and demyelination. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:143. [PMID: 37875834 PMCID: PMC10594892 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMP7 has been shown to have neuroprotective effects and to alleviate demyelination. However, its role in trigeminal neuralgia (TN) has not been well investigated. The current study aims to determine whether BMP7 plays a role in demyelination, its effects on pain behaviors and mechanism of action in rats with TN. METHODS We used an infraorbital-nerve chronic-constriction injury (ION-CCI) to establish a rat model of TN. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) were injected into the rats to upregulate or downregulate BMP7. The mechanical withdrawal thresholds (MWT) of the injured rats were detected using Von Frey filaments. The changes in expression levels of BMP7 and oligodendrocyte (OL) markers were examined by western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The ION-CCI induced mechanical allodynia, demyelination, and loss of OLs with a reduction of BMP7. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-BMP7 that inhibited BMP7 expression also caused mechanical allodynia, demyelination, and loss of OLs, and its mechanism may be OL apoptosis. Overexpressing BMP7 in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis(VC) with AAV-BMP7 relieved all three phenotypes induced by the CCI, and its mechanism may be alleviating OLs apoptosis. Two signal pathways associated with apoptosis, STAT3 and p65, were significantly downregulated in the VC after CCI and rescued by BMP7 overexpression. CONCLUSION BMP7 can alleviate TN by reducing OLs apoptosis and subsequent demyelination. The mechanism behind this protection could be BMP7-mediated activation of the STAT3 and NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway and subsequent decrease in OL apoptosis. Importantly, our study presents clear evidence in support of BMP7 as a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of TN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojin Wei
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- Bourns Engineering, The University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dingquan Zou
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Wei X, Huang C, Chen K, Liu S, Wang M, Yang L, Wang Y. BMP7 Attenuates Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury by Suppressing the Microglia Activation and Inducing Microglial Polarization Via the STAT3 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03930-y. [PMID: 37071344 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Excessive activation of pro-inflammatory (M1) microglia phenotypes after spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts tissue repair and increases the risk of secondary SCI. We previously reported that adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated delivery of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) promotes functional recovery after SCI by reducing oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination; however, little is known about the early effects of BMP7 in ameliorating neuroinflammation in the acute SCI phase. Herein, we demonstrate that treatment with recombinant human BMP7 (rhBMP7) suppresses the viability of LPS-induced HMC3 microglia cells and increases the proportion with the M2 phenotype. Consistently, in a rat SCI model, rhBMP7 decreases the activation of microglia and promotes M2 polarization. After rhBMP7 administration, the STAT3 signaling pathway was activated in LPS-induced HMC3 cells and microglia in spinal cord lesions. Furthermore, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased in cell culture supernatants, lesion sites of injured spinal cords, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation after rhBMP7 administration, thus reducing neuron loss in the injured spinal cord and promoting functional recovery after SCI. These results provide insight into the immediate early mechanisms by which BMP7 may ameliorate the inflammation response to secondary SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Wei
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chaodong Huang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuxin Liu
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Wang L, Chen Y, Wei L, He J. BMP-6 Attenuates Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Apoptosis in Human Neural Stem Cells through Inhibiting p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 15:144-154. [PMID: 34711703 PMCID: PMC9148838 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Neural stem cells (NSCs) remain in the mammalian brain throughout life and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for central nervous system (CNS) injury. Bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) had shown a protective effect in different types of cells. However, the role of BMP-6 in NSCs is largely unclear. The present study was aimed to investigate whether BMP-6 could protect human NSCs (hNSCs) against the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death. Methods and Results Upon challenge with OGD treatment, cell viability was significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner, as indicated by the CCK-8 assay. BMP-6 could attenuate the OGD-induced cell injury in a dose-dependent manner and decrease the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Moreover, BMP-6 markedly weakened the OGD-induced alterations in the expression of procaspase-8/9/3 and reversed the expression of cleaved-caspase-3. Interestingly, noggin protein (the BMP-6 inhibitor) attenuated the neuroprotective effect of BMP-6 in cultured hNSCs. Furthermore, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway was activated by OGD treatment and BMP-6 markedly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with noggin abolished the effect of BMP-6 on p38 activation. SB239063, a selective p38 inhibitor, exerted similar effects with BMP-6 in protecting hNSCs against the OGD-induced apoptosis. These results indicated that blocking the phosphorylation of p38 might contribute to the neuroprotective effect of BMP-6 against the OGD-induced injury in hNSCs. Conclusions These findings suggested that BMP-6 might be a therapeutic target in the OGD-induced cell death, which provides a novel therapeutic strategy for enhancing host and graft NSCs survival in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Liu S, Zhang W, Yang L, Zhou F, Liu P, Wang Y. Overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 reduces oligodendrocytes loss and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8764-8774. [PMID: 34390115 PMCID: PMC8435414 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), as a severe disease with no effective therapeutic measures, has always been a hot topic for scientists. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), as a multifunctional cytokine, has been reported to exert protective effects on the nervous system. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect and the potential mechanisms of BMP7 on rats that suffered SCI. Rat models of SCI were established by the modified Allen's method. Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) was injected at T9 immediately before SCI to overexpress BMP7. Results showed that the expression of BMP7 decreased in the injured spinal cords that were at the same time demyelinated. AAV‐BMP7 partly reversed oligodendrocyte (OL) loss, and it was beneficial to maintain the normal structure of myelin. The intervention group showed an increase in the number of axons and Basso‐Beattie‐Bresnahan scores. Moreover, double‐labelled immunofluorescence images indicated p‐Smad1/5/9 and p‐STAT3 in OLs induced by BMP7 might be involved in the protective effects of BMP7. These findings suggest that BMP7 may be a feasible therapy for SCI to reduce demyelination and promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liu
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 921th Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Chen YT, Tsai MJ, Hsieh N, Lo MJ, Lee MJ, Cheng H, Huang WC. The superiority of conditioned medium derived from rapidly expanded mesenchymal stem cells for neural repair. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:390. [PMID: 31842998 PMCID: PMC6916259 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex and severe neurological condition. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secreted factors show promising potential for regenerative medicine. Many studies have investigated MSC expansion efficacy of all kinds of culture medium formulations, such as growth factor-supplemented or xeno-free medium. However, very few studies have focused on the potential of human MSC (hMSC) culture medium formulations for injured spinal cord repair. In this study, we investigated the effect of hMSC-conditioned medium supplemented with bFGF, EGF, and patient plasma, namely, neural regeneration laboratory medium (NRLM), on SCI in vitro and in vivo. Methods Commercial and patient bone marrow hMSCs were obtained for cultivation in standard medium and NRLM separately. Several characteristics, including CD marker expression, differentiation, and growth curves, were compared between MSCs cultured in standard medium and NRLM. Additionally, we investigated the effect of the conditioned medium (referred to as NRLM-CM) on neural repair, including inflammation inhibition, neurite regeneration, and spinal cord injury (SCI), and used a coculture system to detect the neural repair function of NRLM-MSCs. Results Compared to standard culture medium, NRLM-CM had superior in inflammation reduction and neurite regeneration effects in vitro and improved functional restoration in SCI rats in vivo. In comparison with standard culture medium MSCs, NRLM-MSCs proliferated faster regardless of the age of the donor. NRLM-MSCs also showed increased adipose differentiative potential and reduced CD90 expression. Both types of hMSC CM effectively enhanced injured neurite outgrowth and protected against H2O2 toxicity in spinal cord neuron cultures. Cytokine arrays performed in hMSC-CM further revealed the presence of at least 120 proteins. Among these proteins, 6 demonstrated significantly increased expression in NRLM-CM: adiponectin (Acrp30), angiogenin (ANG), HGF, NAP-2, uPAR, and IGFBP2. Conclusions The NRLM culture system provides rapid expansion effects and functional hMSCs. The superiority of the derived conditioned medium on neural repair shows potential for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Nini Hsieh
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jei Lo
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Attia N, Mashal M, Grijalvo S, Eritja R, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Cationic niosome-based hBMP7 gene transfection of neuronal precursor NT2 cells to reduce the migration of glioma cells in vitro. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tsai MJ, Huang CT, Huang YS, Weng CF, Shyue SK, Huang MC, Liou DY, Lin YR, Cheng CH, Kuo HS, Lin Y, Lee MJ, Huang WH, Huang WC, Cheng H. Improving the regenerative potential of olfactory ensheathing cells by overexpressing prostacyclin synthetase and its application in spinal cord repair. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:34. [PMID: 28545516 PMCID: PMC5444105 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), specialized glia that ensheathe bundles of olfactory nerves, have been reported as a favorable substrate for axonal regeneration. Grafting OEC to injured spinal cord appears to facilitate axonal regeneration although the functional recovery is limited. In an attempt to improve the growth-promoting properties of OEC, we transduced prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) to OEC via adenoviral (Ad) gene transfer and examined the effect of OEC with enhanced prostacyclin synthesis in co-culture and in vivo. Prostacyclin is a vasodilator, platelet anti-aggregatory and cytoprotective agent. Results Cultured OEC expressed high level of cyclooxygneases, but not PGIS. Infection of AdPGIS to OEC could selectively augument prostacyclin synthesis. When cocultured with either OEC or AdPGIS-OEC, neuronal cells were resistant to OGD-induced damage. The resulted OEC were further transplanted to the transected cavity of thoracic spinal cord injured (SCI) rats. By 6 weeks post-surgery, significant functional recovery in hind limbs occurred in OEC or AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats compared with nontreated SCI rats. At 10–12 weeks postgraft, AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats showed significantly better motor restoration than OEC transplanted SCI rats. Futhermore, regenerating fiber tracts in the distal spinal cord stump were found in 40–60% of AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats. Conclusions Enhanced synthesis of prostacyclin in grafted OEC improved fiber tract regeneration and functional restoration in spinal cord injured rats. These results suggest an important potential of prostacyclin in stimulating OEC therapeutic properties that are relevant for neural transplant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yong-San Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Dann-Ying Liou
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ru Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hsun Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Sheng Kuo
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yilo Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
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Tsai MJ, Tsai SK, Huang MC, Liou DY, Huang SL, Hsieh WH, Huang WC, Huang SS, Cheng H. Acidic FGF promotes neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons and improves neuroprotective effect in a cerebral ischemic rat model. Neuroscience 2015; 305:238-47. [PMID: 26241340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a neurotrophic factor which is a powerful neuroprotective and neuroregenerative factor of the nervous system. Prior study had shown that levels of FGFs significantly increase following ischemic injury, reflecting a physiological protection mechanism. However, few reports demonstrated the efficacy of applying aFGF in cerebral ischemia. A recent report showed that the intranasal aFGF treatment improved neurological functional recovery; however, it did not significantly reduce the lesion size in ischemic rats. The present study examines the neuroprotective effect of aFGF on cortical neuron-glial cultures under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell damage and investigates whether epidural application of slow-released aFGF could improve benefit on ischemic stroke injury in conscious rats. We used a topical application of aFGF mixed in fibrin glue, a slow-release carrier, over the peri-ischemic cortex and examined such treatment on cerebral infarction and behavioral impairments of rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Results demonstrate that aFGF effectively protected cortical neuron-glial cultures from OGD-induced neuronal damage. Neurite extension from cortical neurons was significantly enhanced by aFGF, mediated through activation of AKT and ERK. In addition, topical application of fibrin glue-mixed aFGF dose-dependently reduced ischemia-induced brain infarction and improved functional restoration in ischemic stroke rats. Slow-released aFGF not only protected hippocampal and cortical cell loss but reduced microglial infiltration in FCI rats. Our results suggest that aFGF mixed in fibrin glue could prolong the protective/regenerative efficacy of aFGF to the damaged brain tissue and thus improve the functional restorative effect of aFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - S K Tsai
- Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - M C Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - D Y Liou
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - S L Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - W H Hsieh
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - W C Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - S S Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - H Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Li RX, Yiu WH, Tang SCW. Role of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in renal fibrosis. Front Physiol 2015; 6:114. [PMID: 25954203 PMCID: PMC4407503 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is final common pathway of end stage renal disease. Irrespective of the primary cause, renal fibrogenesis is a dynamic process which involves a large network of cellular and molecular interaction, including pro-inflammatory cell infiltration and activation, matrix-producing cell accumulation and activation, and secretion of profibrogenic factors that modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and cell-cell interaction. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is a protein of the TGF-β super family and increasingly regarded as a counteracting molecule against TGF-β. A large variety of evidence shows an anti-fibrotic role of BMP-7 in chronic kidney disease, and this effect is largely mediated via counterbalancing the profibrotic effect of TGF-β. Besides, BMP-7 reduced ECM formation by inactivating matrix-producing cells and promoting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). BMP-7 also increased ECM degradation. Despite these observations, the anti-fibrotic effect of BMP-7 is still controversial such that fine regulation of BMP-7 expression in vivo might be a great challenge for its ultimate clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xi Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong China
| | - Wai Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong China
| | - Sydney C W Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong China
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10
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Tseng FW, Liou DY, Tsai MJ, Huang WC, Cheng H. Cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of PAL31 overexpression in glial cells. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:60. [PMID: 25034417 PMCID: PMC4112974 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a series of reactive changes and causes severe neurological deficits. A pronounced inflammation contributes to secondary pathology after SCI. Astroglia respond to SCI by proliferating, migrating, and altering phenotype. The impact of reactive gliosis on the pathogenesis of SCI is not fully understood. Our previous study has identified an inflammatory modulating protein, proliferation related acidic leucine-rich protein (PAL31) which is upregulated in the microglia/macrophage of injured cords. Because PAL31 participates in cell cycle progression and reactive astroglia often appears in the injured cord, we aim to examine whether PAL31 is involved in glial modulation after injury. Results Enhanced PAL31 expression was shown not only in microglia/macrophages but also in spinal astroglia after SCI. Cell culture study reveal that overexpression of PAL31 in mixed glial cells or in C6 astroglia significantly reduced LPS/IFNγ stimulation. Further, enhanced PAL31 expression in C6 astroglia protected cells from H2O2 toxicity; however, this did not affect its proliferative activity. The inhibiting effect of PAL31 on LPS/IFNγ stimulation was observed in glia or C6 after co-culture with neuronal cells. The results demonstrated that the overexpressed PAL31 in glial cells protected neuronal damages through inhibiting NF-kB signaling and iNOS. Conclusions Our data suggest that PAL31upregulation might be beneficial after spinal cord injury. Reactive gliosis might become a good target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Recovery of neurological function of ischemic stroke by application of conditioned medium of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from normal and cerebral ischemia rats. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:5. [PMID: 24447306 PMCID: PMC3922747 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) release bioactive factors and provide neuroprotection for CNS injury. However, it remains elusive whether BM-MSC derived from healthy donors or stroke patients provides equal therapeutic potential. The present work aims to characterize BM-MSC prepared from normal healthy rats (NormBM-MSC) and cerebral ischemia rats (IschBM-MSC), and examine the effects of their conditioned medium (Cm) on ischemic stroke animal model. Results Isolated NormBM-MSC or IschBM-MSC formed fibroblastic like morphology and expressed CD29, CD90 and CD44 but failed to express the hematopoietic marker CD34. The number of colony formation of BM-MSC was more abundant in IschBM-MSC than in NormBM-MSC. This is in contrast to the amount of Ficoll-fractionated mononuclear cells from normal donor and ischemic rats. The effect of cm of BM-MSC was further examined in cultures and in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) animal model. Both NormBM-MSC Cm and IschBM-MSC Cm effectively increased neuronal connection and survival in mixed neuron-glial cultures. In vivo, intravenous infusion of NormBM-MSC Cm and IschBM-MSC Cm after stroke onset remarkably improved functional recovery. Furthermore, NormBM-MSC Cm and IschBM-MSC Cm increased neurogenesis and attenuated microglia/ macrophage infiltration in MCAo rat brains. Conclusions Our data suggest equal effectiveness of BM-MSC Cm derived from ischemic animals or from a normal population. Our results thus revealed the potential of BM-MSC Cm on treatment of ischemic stroke.
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12
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Enhanced prostacyclin synthesis by adenoviral gene transfer reduced glial activation and ameliorated dopaminergic dysfunction in hemiparkinsonian rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:649809. [PMID: 23691265 PMCID: PMC3649752 DOI: 10.1155/2013/649809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI2), a potent vasodilator and platelet antiaggregatory eicosanoid, is cytoprotective in cerebral circulation. It is synthesized from arachidonic acid (AA) by the sequential action of cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 1 or 2 and prostacyclin synthase (PGIS). Because prostacyclin is unstable in vivo, PGI2 analogs have been developed and demonstrated to protect against brain ischemia. This work attempts to selectively augment PGI2 synthesis in mixed glial culture or in a model of Parkinson's disease (PD) by direct adenoviral gene transfer of prostacyclin biosynthetic enzymes and examines whether it confers protection in cultures or in vivo. Confluent mixed glial cultures actively metabolized exogenous AA into PGE2 and PGD2. These PGs were largely NS398 sensitive and considered as COX-2 products. Gene transfer of AdPGIS to the cultures effectively shunted the AA catabolism to prostacyclin synthesis and concurrently reduced cell proliferation. Furthermore, PGIS overexpression significantly reduced LPS stimulation in cultures. In vivo, adenoviral gene transfer of bicistronic COX-1/PGIS to substantia nigra protected 6-OHDA- induced dopamine depletion and ameliorated behavioral deficits. Taken together, this study shows that enhanced prostacyclin synthesis reduced glial activation and ameliorated motor dysfunction in hemiparkinsonian rats. Prostacyclin may have a neuroprotective role in modulating the inflammatory response in degenerating nigra-striatal pathway.
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Comparative effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:234179. [PMID: 23589758 PMCID: PMC3622403 DOI: 10.1155/2013/234179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After injury to the CNS, microglia are rapidly activated and concentrated and trigger inflammatory reaction at the sites of injury. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) represent attractive cell sources for treating CNS injury. Although anti-inflammatory and paracrine effects of grafted BMMSC have been shown, direct modulation of BMMSC on microglia in situ remains unclear. The present work employs in vitro transwell assay to characterize the effects of BMMSC on LPS-stimulated microglia. BMMSC are cultivated in serum and serum-free (sf) conditions, namely, BMMSC and BMMSC-sf. Both cultures express major surface markers specific for mesenchymal stem cells. However, the BMMSC-sf exhibit sphere-like structure with reduced expression of two adherent cell markers, CD29 and CD90. Compared to BMMSC-sf, BMMSC are fibroblast like and have faster differentiation potential into neural-like cells. Furthermore, BMMSC release significant levels of TIMP-1 and VEGF, regardless of being alone or in coculture. The downregulated MMP-9 mRNA may be caused by TIMP-1 secretion from BMMSC. Our cell culture system provides a powerful tool for investigating the molecular and cellular changes in microglia-BMMSC cocultures.
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Age-dependent modulation of cortical transcriptomes in spinal cord injury and repair. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49812. [PMID: 23236355 PMCID: PMC3517588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both injury and aging of the central nervous system reportedly produce profound changes in gene expression. Therefore, aging may interfere with the success of therapeutic interventions which were tailored for young patients. Using genome-scale transcriptional profiling, we identified distinct age-dependent expression profiles in rat sensorimotor cortex during acute, subacute and chronic phases of spinal cord injury (SCI). Aging affects the cortical transcriptomes triggered by transection of the corticospinal tract as there was only a small overlap between the significantly lesion-regulated genes in both age groups. Over-representation analysis of the lesion-regulated genes revealed that, in addition to biological processes in common, such as lipid metabolism, others, such as activation of complement cascade, were specific for aged animals. When a recently developed treatment to suppress fibrotic scarring (anti-scarring treatment AST) was applied to the injured spinal cord of aged (22 months) and young (2 months) rats, we found that the cortical gene expression in old rats was modulated to resemble regeneration-associated profiles of young animals including the up-regulation of known repair promoting growth and transcription factors at 35 dpo. In combination with recent immunohistochemical findings demonstrating regenerative axon growth upon AST in aged animals, the present investigation on the level of gene expression strongly supports the feasibility of a successful AST therapy in elderly patients.
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15
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Doan LT, Javier AL, Furr NM, Nguyen KL, Cho KW, Monuki ES. A Bmp reporter with ultrasensitive characteristics reveals that high Bmp signaling is not required for cortical hem fate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44009. [PMID: 22984456 PMCID: PMC3439469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) functions during forebrain development have been limited by a lack of Bmp signaling readouts. Here we used a novel Bmp signaling reporter ("BRE-gal" mice) to study Bmp signaling in the dorsal telencephalon. At early stages, BRE-gal expression was restricted to the dorsal telencephalic midline. At later stages, strong BRE-gal expression occurred in neurons of the marginal zone and dentate gyrus. Comparisons to nuclear phospho-Smad1/5/8 (pSmad) and Msx1 indicated that BRE-gal expression occurred exclusively in neural cells with high-level Bmp signaling. BRE-gal responsiveness to Bmps was confirmed in reporter-negative cortical cells cultured with Bmp4, and both in vivo and in vitro, BRE-gal expression was switch-like, or ultrasensitive. In the early dorsal telencephalon, BRE-gal expression negatively correlated with the cortical selector gene Lhx2, indicating a BRE-gal expression border that coincides with the cortex-hem boundary. However, in Lhx2 null chimeras, neither BRE-gal nor nuclear pSmad increases were observed in ectopic hem cells. These findings establish BRE-gal as an ultrasensitive reporter of Bmp signaling in the dorsal telencephalon, imply that hem fate can be specified at different Bmp signaling intensities, and suggest that Lhx2 primarily regulates the responses to--rather than the intensity of--Bmp signaling in dorsal telencephalic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda T. Doan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Anna L. Javier
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Furr
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ken W. Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin S. Monuki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lin YL, Tsai MJ, Lo MJ, Chang SE, Shih YH, Lee MJ, Kuo HS, Kuo WC, Huang WC, Cheng H, Huang MC. Evaluation of the antiangiogenic effect of Kringle 1-5 in a rat glioma model. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:479-89; discussion 489-90. [PMID: 21796002 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31822f3aea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kringle 1-5 (K1-5) is a potent antiangiogenesis factor for treating breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, its use in treating brain tumors has not been studied. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether K1-5 is effective at treating gliomas. METHODS The effects of K1-5 on cell morphology and cytotoxicity with or without lipopolysaccharide were tested in primary mixed neuronal-glial cultures. The antiglioma activity of K1-5 was evaluated by intra-arterial administration of K1-5 at 4 days after implantation of C6 glioma cells into the rat hippocampus. In 1 group of animals, tumor size, tumor vasculature, and tumor histology were evaluated on day 12. Animal survival was assessed in the other group. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that K1-5 did not induce cytotoxicity in neurons and glia. In vivo studies demonstrated that K1-5 reduced vessel length and vessel density and inhibited perivascular tumor invasion. In addition, K1-5 normalized vessel morphology, decreased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor, decreased tumor hypoxia, and decreased pseudopalisading necrosis. The average tumor volume was smaller in the treated than in the untreated group. Furthermore, animals treated with K1-5 survived significantly longer. CONCLUSION Kringle 1-5 effectively reduces the growth of malignant gliomas in the rat. Although still far from translation in humans, K1-5 might be a possible future alternative treatment option for patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lo Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chitty DW, Tremblay RG, Ribecco-Lutkiewicz M, Haukenfrers J, Zurakowski B, Massie B, Sikorska M, Bani-Yaghoub M. Development of BMP7-producing human cells, using a third generation lentiviral gene delivery system. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 205:17-27. [PMID: 22209770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, plays important roles in the development of various tissues and organs in mouse and human. In particular, BMP7 is critical for the formation of the nervous system and it is considered to have therapeutic potential in brain injury and stroke. One approach to make BMP7 more suitable for therapeutic purposes is the development of efficient vectors that allow the consistent, reliable and cost-effective production of the BMP7 protein. In this study, we developed an efficient BMP7 delivery system, using a third generation lentiviral vector to produce functional BMP7 protein. The lentiviral transduction of several human cell types, including human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, amniotic fluid cells, NTera2 neurons (NT2-N) and primary neuronal cultures resulted in BMP7 expression. The production of BMP7 protein was achieved for at least 4 weeks post-transduction, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SMAD phosphorylation and neuronal differentiation assays verified the bioactivity and functionality of the lentiviral-based BMP7 protein, respectively. In addition, the intracerebroventricular injection of the lentivirus resulted in exogenous BMP7 expression in both neurons and astrocytes in the mouse brain. Taken together, this gene delivery system provides a reliable source of functional BMP7 protein for future in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Chitty
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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Acid fibroblast growth factor and peripheral nerve grafts regulate Th2 cytokine expression, macrophage activation, polyamine synthesis, and neurotrophin expression in transected rat spinal cords. J Neurosci 2011; 31:4137-47. [PMID: 21411654 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2592-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury elicits an inflammatory response that recruits macrophages to the injured spinal cord. Quantitative real-time PCR results have shown that a repair strategy combining peripheral nerve grafts with acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) induced higher interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13 levels in the graft areas of rat spinal cords compared with transected spinal cords at 10 and 14 d. This led to higher arginase I-positive alternatively activated macrophage (M2 macrophage) responses. The gene expression of several enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathways was also upregulated in the graft areas of repaired spinal cords. The treatment induced a twofold upregulation of polyamine levels at 14 d, as confirmed by HPLC. Polyamines are important for the repair process, as demonstrated by the observation that treatment with inhibitors of arginase I and ornithine decarboxylase attenuates the functional recoveries of repaired rats. After 14 d, the treatment also induced the expression of neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as M2 macrophages within grafted nerves expressing BDNF. IL-4 was upregulated in the injury sites of transected rats that received aFGF alone compared with those that received nerve grafts alone at 10 d. Conversely, nerve graft treatment induced NGF and BDNF expression at 14 d. Macrophages expressing polyamines and BDNF may benefit axonal regeneration at 14 d. These results indicate that aFGF and nerve grafts regulate different macrophage responses, and M2 macrophages may play an important role in axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury in rats.
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Billington CJ, Ng B, Forsman C, Schmidt B, Bagchi A, Symer DE, Schotta G, Gopalakrishnan R, Sarver AL, Petryk A. The molecular and cellular basis of variable craniofacial phenotypes and their genetic rescue in Twisted gastrulation mutant mice. Dev Biol 2011; 355:21-31. [PMID: 21549111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The severity of numerous developmental abnormalities can vary widely despite shared genetic causes. Mice deficient in Twisted gastrulation (Twsg1(-/-)) display such phenotypic variation, developing a wide range of craniofacial malformations on an isogenic C57BL/6 strain background. To examine the molecular basis for this reduced penetrance and variable expressivity, we used exon microarrays to analyze gene expression in mandibular arches from several distinct, morphologically defined classes of Twsg1(-/-) and wild type (WT) embryos. Hierarchical clustering analysis of transcript levels identified numerous differentially expressed genes, clearly distinguishing severely affected and unaffected Twsg1(-/-) mutants from WT embryos. Several genes that play well-known roles in craniofacial development were upregulated in unaffected Twsg1(-/-) mutant embryos, suggesting that they may compensate for the loss of TWSG1. Imprinted genes were overrepresented among genes that were differentially expressed particularly between affected and unaffected mutants. The most severely affected embryos demonstrated increased p53 signaling and increased expression of its target, Trp53inp1. The frequency of craniofacial defects significantly decreased with a reduction of p53 gene dosage from 44% in Twsg1(-/-)p53(+/+) pups (N=675) to 30% in Twsg1(-/-)p53(+/-) (N=47, p=0.04) and 15% in Twsg1(-/-)p53(-/-) littermates (N=39, p=0.001). In summary, these results demonstrate that phenotypic variability in Twsg1(-/-) mice is associated with differential expression of certain developmentally regulated genes, and that craniofacial defects can be partially rescued by reduced p53 levels. We postulate that variable responses to stress may contribute to variable craniofacial phenotypes by triggering differential expression of genes and variable cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Billington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0356, USA
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Sun L, Guo C, Liu D, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Song Z, Han H, Chen D, Zhao Y. Protective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 against amyloid-beta induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Neuroscience 2011; 184:151-63. [PMID: 21496477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) has neuroprotective effects against ischemia, oxidation stress, and lipopolysaccharide, but its role on amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we exposed PC12 cells to Aβ25-35 for 26 h to induce neurotoxicity, and added exogenous BMP7 at 2 h to observe the neuroprotective effects. The protective mechanisms involved, mostly related to inhibition of cell apoptosis and oxidation stress, were analyzed. In rat in vivo experiments, we bilaterally injected Aβ1-40 into the basal forebrain to simulate neuropathological processes in AD, performed the Morris water maze test to evaluate the effect of Aβ on spatial learning and memory, and explored the change of endogenous BMP7 expression in the brain. The present study demonstrated that BMP7 prevented neuronal injuries in PC12 cells induced by Aβ25-35, including cell apoptosis and morphological impairment of dendrites as well as oxidation stress. BMP7 treatment significantly protected PC12 cells against Aβ25-35-induced injury and inhibited the increasing content of the Bax gene and the decreasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Aβ1-40 bilaterally injected into the rat basal forebrain obviously inhibited the rat's spatial learning ability and memory, and significantly induced downregulation of endogenous BMP7 in the basal forebrain while upregulating it in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that BMP7 has neuroprotective effects against Aβ, which may be mediated through inhibition of Bax gene expression during cell apoptosis and elevation of SOD activities during the oxidative stress response. On the other hand, endogenous BMP7 may have a potential self-modulation capacity through negative feedback between the region of the basal forebrain and the hippocampus as a protective cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine No. 600 South Wanping Road, Shanghai 200080, China
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Effects of mouse recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-7 transfection on cell apoptosis, NF-kappaB, and downstream genes in cultured primary cardiomyocytes after simulated ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:69-77. [PMID: 20631551 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181e0badc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the acting mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in anti-ischemic protective effect, we investigate the effects of BMP-7 transfection on cell apoptosis, NF-kappaB activity, and downstream genes in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes during simulated ischemia-reperfusion. METHOD In vitro cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were divided into four groups: normal control group (Group C), simulated ischemia-reperfusion group (Group IR: cultured cardiomyocytes were subjected to 2 hours hypoxia followed by 4 hours reoxygenation), transfected group (Group BT: after transfection with pcDNA3.1-BMP-7 plasmid, cardiomyocytes were subjected to 2 hours hypoxia/4 hours reoxygenation), and empty vector control group (Group ET: same as group BT except that cells were transfected with empty pcDNA3.1 vector). Malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity, and Ca(2+) concentration were measured. Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining and fluorescence activated cell sorting assay were applied to determine the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes and immunocytochemistry and Western blot were used to detect nuclear expression of NF-kappaB in cardiomyocytes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1. RESULTS Compared with Group IR, malondialdehyde content of Group BT significantly decreased, whereas superoxide dismutase activity significantly elevated. In addition, intracellular Ca(2+) concentration of Group BT significantly reduced and apoptotic cells were significantly less. Decreased optical density ratio of NF-kappaB in the nucleus and reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression were also detected. CONCLUSION These results suggest that rat recombinant BMP-7 transfection provides sustained support for the repair of myocardium from ischemia injury through reducing cell apoptosis, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, antagonizing intracellular Ca(2+) overload, and preventing the activation of downstream signaling factors in signal transduction pathway mediated by NF-kappaB.
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Silymarin protects spinal cord and cortical cells against oxidative stress and lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:867-75. [PMID: 20868716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event which leads to a loss of neurological function below the level of injury. A secondary degenerative process is initiated following acute SCI. This secondary cascade provides opportunities for the delivery of therapeutic interventions. Silymarin, a widely used "liver herb", is frequently used for the protection against various hepatobiliary problems. However, the effectiveness of silymarin in central nervous system (CNS), especially in spinal cord, is not firmly established. The present work evaluates the effects of silymarin and its major constituent, silybin, on oxidative stress and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in primary neuronal/glial cell cultures and in vivo. Silymarin or silybin inhibited glial cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, it protected glial cells against peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, ATP depletion, and cell damage. Interestingly, the inhibition of peroxide-induced ROS by silybin could be partially attenuated by inhibitors of NFκB or protein kinase C (PKC), suggesting an involvement of NFκB and PKC signaling pathways. In mixed neuronal/glial cell cultures from cerebral cortex or spinal cord, silymarin or silybin effectively attenuated peroxide-induced ROS formation, with silymarin being more effective than silybin, implicating other constituents of silymarin that may be involved. Consistently, silymarin reduced LPS-induced injures in spinal neuronal/glial cell cultures. In vivo, intrathecal administration of silymarin immediately after eliciting contusive SCI effectively improved hindlimb locomotor behavior in the rats. Taken together, silymarin or silybin shows promise in protecting the CNS cells from toxin- or injury-induced damages and might be used to treat head- or spinal cord-injuries related to free radical assault.
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Tsai MJ, Chen YMA, Weng CF, Liou DY, Yang HC, Chen CH, Liao RIH, Kuo FS, Chiu CW, Kuo HS, Huang MC, Lin YL, Lee MJ, Kuo WC, Huang WC, Cheng H. Enhanced expression of glycine N-methyltransferase by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in CNS culture is neuroprotective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1199:194-203. [PMID: 20633125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is the most abundant hepatic methyltransferase and plays important roles in regulating methyl group metabolism. In the central nervous system, GNMT expression is low and its function has not been revealed. The present study examines the effect of GNMT overexpression by adenovirus-mediated transfer in cortical mixed neuron-glial cultures. Infection of adenovirus encoding green fluorescence protein to cultures demonstrates high preference for non-neuronal cells. Optimal GNMT overexpression in cultures by adenoviral GNMT (Ad-GNMT) infection not only induces protein kinase C phosphorylation, but also increases neuronal/oligodendroglial survival. Furthermore, these Ad-GNMT-infected cultures are significantly resistant to H(2)O(2) toxicity and lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Conditioned media from Ad-GNMT-infected microglia also significantly enhance neuronal survival. Taken together, enhanced GNMT expression in mixed neuronal-glial cultures is neuroprotective, most likely mediated through non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tsai MJ, Pan HA, Liou DY, Weng CF, Hoffer BJ, Cheng H. Adenoviral gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein-7 enhances functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in rats. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1214-24. [PMID: 20520648 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor-β subfamily, function as instructive signals for neuronal lineage commitment and promote neuronal differentiation. However, the mechanism of BMP7 action in vivo after peripheral nerve injury is poorly understood. This study examines the efficacy of gene transfer of adenoviral (Ad) BMP7 on peripheral neuropathy. Transgene expression was found in both Ad-infected sciatic nerves and their respective remote neurons, indicating Ad transduction by a retrograde transport. After AdBMP7 infection to nerves, the sciatic nerves were crushed or transected. Hind limb functional behavior, including rotarod test and sciatic functional index, were conducted in rats weekly after nerve injury. Interestingly, enhanced BMP7 expression significantly improved hind limb functional recovery in AdBMP7-transduced rats when compared with AdGFP-transduced nerve-crushed or transected rats. Furthermore, AdBMP7 transduction reduced injury-induced macrophage activation, nerve demyelination and axonal degeneration. By contrast, AdBMP7 infection did not affect the hyperalgesia paw-withdrawal latency after nerve injury. We further examined the effect of AdBMP7 infection on sciatic nerve explant and Schwann cell cultures. Enhanced cell proliferation was significantly increased by AdBMP7 transduction in both cultures. Taken together, BMP7 overexpression by Ad gene transfer was beneficial in both nerves and Schwann cells on functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322 Shih-pai Road Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Sehgal R, Sheibani N, Rhodes SJ, Belecky Adams TL. BMP7 and SHH regulate Pax2 in mouse retinal astrocytes by relieving TLX repression. Dev Biol 2009; 332:429-43. [PMID: 19505455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pax2 is essential for development of the neural tube, urogenital system, optic vesicle, optic cup and optic tract. In the eye, Pax2 deficiency is associated with coloboma, a loss of astrocytes in the optic nerve and retina, and abnormal axonal pathfinding of the ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm. Thus, appropriate expression of Pax2 is essential for astrocyte determination and differentiation. Although BMP7 and SHH have been shown to regulate Pax2 expression, the molecular mechanism by which this regulation occurs is not well understood. In this study, we determined that BMP7 and SHH activate Pax2 expression in mouse retinal astrocyte precursors in vitro. SHH appeared to play a dual role in Pax2 regulation; 1) SHH may regulate BMP7 expression, and 2) the SHH pathway cooperates with the BMP pathway to regulate Pax2 expression. BMP and SHH pathway members can interact separately or together with TLX, a repressor protein in the tailless transcription factor family. Here we show that the interaction of both pathways with TLX relieves the repression of Pax2 expression in mouse retinal astrocytes. Together these data reveal a new mechanism for the cooperative actions of signaling pathways in astrocyte determination and differentiation and suggest interactions of regulatory pathways that are applicable to other developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Sehgal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA
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26
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Chiocco MJ, Harvey BK, Wang Y, Hoffer BJ. Neurotrophic factors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 13 Suppl 3:S321-8. [PMID: 18267258 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive disorder with no known etiology. Pathologically, there is a loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum. Current available therapies for PD are targeted to the restoration of striatal dopamine. These approaches may alleviate symptoms transiently, but fail to slow the progression of disease. One emergent therapeutic approach is the use of neurotrophic factors to halt or reverse the loss of dopaminergic neurons. There have been intensive research efforts both preclinically and clinically testing the efficacy and safety of neurotrophic factors for the treatment of PD. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of various trophic factors, both old and recent, and their status as therapeutic molecules for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Chiocco
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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27
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Shen H, Luo Y, Kuo CC, Deng X, Chang CF, Harvey BK, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y. 9-Cis-retinoic acid reduces ischemic brain injury in rodents via bone morphogenetic protein. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:545-55. [PMID: 18803283 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a biologically active derivative of vitamin A, has protective effects against damage caused by H(2)O(2) or oxygen-glucose deprivation in mesangial and PC12 cells. In cultured human osteosarcoma cells, RA enhances the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7), a trophic factor that reduces ischemia- or neurotoxin-mediated neurodegeneration in vivo. The purpose of this study is to examine whether RA reduces ischemic brain injury through a BMP7 mechanism. We found that intracerebroventricular administration of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) enhanced BMP7 mRNA expression, detected by RT-PCR, in rat cerebral cortex at 24 hr after injection. Rats were also subjected to transient focal ischemia induced by ligation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) at 1 day after 9cRA injection. Pretreatment with 9cRA increased locomotor activity and attenuated neurological deficits 2 days after MCA ligation. 9cRA also reduced cerebral infarction and TUNEL labeling. These protective responses were antagonized by the BMP antagonist noggin given 1 day after 9cRA injection. Taken together, our data suggest that 9cRA has protective effects against ischemia-induced injury, and these effects involve BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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28
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Yeh CH, Chang CK, Cheng MF, Lin HJ, Cheng JT. The antioxidative effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:292-7. [PMID: 19275892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) protects kidneys from diabetic nephropathy (DN), and high glucose (HG)-induced oxidative stress is involved in DN. We investigated the antioxidative ability of BMP-7 using HG-treated mesangial cells. We treated rat mesangial cells (RMCs) with recombinant human BMP-7 (rhBMP-7) and examined changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and intracellular signals in response to HG-induced oxidative stress. rhBMP-7 decreased the level of ROS in HG-treated RMCs. In contrast, lowering endogenous BMP-7 by siRNA or BMP receptor II (BMP-RII) by anti-BMP-RII antibodies increased the level of ROS in HG-treated RMCs. rhBMP-7 increased Smad-1,5,8 phosphorylation, decreased PKCzeta and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, and decreased fibronectin and collagen IV synthesis in HG-treated RMCs. In conclusion, we found that BMP-7 could protect mesangial cells from HG-induced oxidative stress by activating BMP-RII. The antioxidative activity of BMP-7 was primarily due to inhibition of PKCzeta, JNK phosphorylation, and c-jun activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hua Yeh
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Ferriero DM. Cannabinoids--can what hurts you make you stronger? Commentary on the article by Alvarez et al. on page 653. Pediatr Res 2008; 64:590-1. [PMID: 19034198 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181894a3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0663, USA.
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