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Hacioglu C, Kar F, Sahin MC. Neurochemical Research of LOXBlock-1 and ZnSO 4 against Neurodegenerative Damage Induced by Amyloid Beta(1-42). Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3204-3214. [PMID: 37872362 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Synaptosomes offer an intriguing ex vivo model system for investigating the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative processes. Lipoxygenases significantly affect the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Homeostasis of trace elements such as zinc is necessary for the continuity of brain functions. In this study, we purpose to determine whether LOXBlock-1, a 12/15 lipoxygenase inhibitor, and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) provide any biochemical protection during neurodegenerative damage in synaptosomes induced by amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42). In this study, animals (30 Wistar Albino male rats 30) were divided into 5 groups (6 animals in each group): Control, 10µM Aβ1-42, 10µM Aβ1-42+25mM LOXBlock-1, 10µM Aβ1-42+10µM ZnSO4, and 10µM Aβ1-42+25mM LOXBlock-1+10µM ZnSO4. Synaptosomes were isolated from the rat cerebral cortex. Following, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels, reduced-glutathione (GSH) levels, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, and 8-OHdG levels in synaptosomes were detected according to the ELISA method. ADA and AChE expression and protein levels were analyzed. MDA, nNOS, AChE, and 8-OHdG levels in synaptosomes treated with Aβ1-42 resulted in an increase, while there was a decrease in ADA, GSH, and CAT levels (p<0.001 vs. control). Conversely, LOXBlock-1 and ZnSO4 treatments in synaptosomes treated with Aβ1-42 decreased MDA, nNOS, AChE, and 8-OHdG levels, while ADA, GSH, and CAT levels increased. Moreover, the most effective improvement was seen in the co-treatment group of LOXBlock-1 and ZnSO4. Our data showed that LOXBlock-1 and ZnSO4 co-treatment may protect against Aβ1-42 exposure in rat brain synaptosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhan Hacioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Kar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Meryem Cansu Sahin
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Imaging Techniques Program, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
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Moustafa M, Khalil A, Darwish NHE, Zhang DQ, Tawfik A, Al-Shabrawey M. 12-HETE activates Müller glial cells: The potential role of GPR31 and miR-29. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 171:106805. [PMID: 38141777 PMCID: PMC10939904 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes, driven by an intricate network of cellular and molecular mechanisms. This study sought to explore the mechanisms by investigating the role of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), its receptor GPR31, and microRNA (miR-29) in the context of DR, specifically focusing on their impact on Müller glial cells. We found that 12-HETE activates Müller cells (MCs), elevates glutamate production, and induces inflammatory and oxidative responses, all of which are instrumental in DR progression. The expression of GPR31, the receptor for 12-HETE, was prominently found in the retina, especially in MCs and retinal ganglion cells, and was upregulated in diabetes. Interestingly, miR29 showed potential as a protective agent, mitigating the harmful effects of 12-HETE by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress, and restoring the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Our results underline the central role of 12-HETE in DR progression through activation of a neurovascular toxic pathway in MCs and illuminate the protective capabilities of miR-29, highlighting both as promising therapeutic targets for the management of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moustafa
- Eye Research Center, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (OUWB-SOM), Rochester, MI, USA; Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA; Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, USA
| | - Abraham Khalil
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noureldien H E Darwish
- Eye Research Center, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (OUWB-SOM), Rochester, MI, USA; Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura College of Medicine, Mansoura University-Egypt
| | - Dao-Qi Zhang
- Eye Research Center, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (OUWB-SOM), Rochester, MI, USA; Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA; Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, USA
| | - Amany Tawfik
- Eye Research Center, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (OUWB-SOM), Rochester, MI, USA; Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA; Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Eye Research Center, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (OUWB-SOM), Rochester, MI, USA; Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA; Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, USA.
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Optimization of Pressurized Liquid Extraction and In Vitro Neuroprotective Evaluation of Ammodaucus leucotrichus. Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226951. [PMID: 34834042 PMCID: PMC8625519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammodaucus leucotrichus is a spontaneous plant endemic of the North African region. An efficient selective pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method was optimized to concentrate neuroprotective extracts from A. leucotrichus fruits. Green solvents were tested, namely ethanol and water, within a range of temperatures between 40 to 180 °C. Total carbohydrates and total phenolics were measured in extracts, as well as in vitro antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical scavenging), anticholinesterase (AChE) and anti-inflammatory (LOX) activities. Metabolite profiling was carried out by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-q-TOF-MS/MS), identifying 94 compounds. Multivariate analysis was performed to correlate composition with bioactivity. A remarkable effect of the temperature using water was observed: the higher temperature, the higher extraction yield, the higher total phenolic content, as well as the higher total carbohydrates content. The water extract obtained at 180 °C, 10.34 MPa and 10 min showed meaningful anti-inflammatory (IC50LOX = 39.4 µg/mL) and neuroprotective activities (IC50AChE = 55.6 µg/mL). The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the cluster analysis correlated these activities with the presence of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds.
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Bu ZQ, Yu HY, Wang J, He X, Cui YR, Feng JC, Feng J. Emerging Role of Ferroptosis in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke: A New Therapeutic Target? ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211037505. [PMID: 34463559 PMCID: PMC8424725 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211037505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of high morbidity, mortality, and disability
worldwide; however, the treatment methods are limited and do not always achieve
satisfactory results. The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is complex, defined by multiple
mechanisms; among them, programmed death of neuronal cells plays a significant role.
Ferroptosis is a novel type of regulated cell death characterized by iron redistribution
or accumulation and increased lipid peroxidation in the membrane. Ferroptosis is
implicated in many pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases,
and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we summarize current research findings on
ferroptosis, including possible molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications of
ferroptosis regulators, with a focus on the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis
and treatment of ischemic stroke. Understanding the role of ferroptosis in ischemic stroke
will throw some light on the development of methods for diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Qi Bu
- Department of Neurology, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- Department of Neurology, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Neurology, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurology, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue-Ran Cui
- Department of Neurology, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Chun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, 117971The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Modulation of the Primary Astrocyte-Enriched Cultures' Oxylipin Profiles Reduces Neurotoxicity. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080498. [PMID: 34436439 PMCID: PMC8399552 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, manipulations with reactive astrocytes have been viewed as a new therapeutic approach that will enable the development of treatments for acute brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes can release several substances, which may exert neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects, but the nature of these substances is still largely unknown. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that these effects may be attributed to oxylipins, which are synthesized from n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We used astrocyte-enriched cultures and found that: (1) lipid fractions secreted by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rat primary astrocyte-enriched cultures-possessed neurotoxic activity in rat primary neuronal cultures; (2) both of the tested oxylipin synthesis inhibitors, ML355 and Zileuton, reduce the LPS-stimulated release of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by astrocyte cultures, but only ML355 can change lipid fractions from neurotoxic to non-toxic; and (3) oxylipin profiles, measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) from neurotoxic and non-toxic lipid fractions, reveal a group of n-3 docosahexaenoic acid derivatives, hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (HdoHEs)-4-HdoHE, 8-HdoHE, and 17-HdoHE, which may reflect the neuroprotective features of lipid fractions. Regulating the composition of astrocyte oxylipin profiles may be suggested as an approach for regulation of neurotoxicity in inflammatory processes.
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Chang X, Wang X, Li J, Shang M, Niu S, Zhang W, Li Y, Sun Z, Gan J, Li W, Tang M, Xue Y. Silver nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells through autophagy and apoptosis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111696. [PMID: 33396027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread application and inevitable environmental exposure, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be accumulated in various organs. More serious concerns are raised on the biological safety and potential toxicity of AgNPs in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the hippocampus. This study aimed to investigate the biological effects and the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in AgNPs mediated cytotoxicity using the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line (HT22 cells). AgNPs reduced cell viability and induced membrane leakage in a dose-dependent manner, determined by the MTT and LDH assay. In doses of 25, 50, 100 μg mL-1 for 24 h, AgNPs promoted the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused the oxidative stress in HT22 cells. AgNPs induced autophagy, determined by the transmission electron microscopy observation, upregulation of LC3 II/I and downregulation of p62 expression levels. The mechanistic investigation showed that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was activated by phosphorylation, which was enrolled in an AgNP-induced autophagy process. AgNPs could further trigger the apoptosis by upregulation of caspase-3 and Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 in HT22 cells. These results revealed AgNP-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells, which was mediated by autophagy and apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The study could provide the experimental evidence and explanation for the potential neurotoxicity triggered by AgNPs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Chang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengting Shang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yunjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zuoyi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junying Gan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Schäfer M, Fan Y, Gu T, Heydeck D, Stehling S, Ivanov I, Yao YG, Kuhn H. The lipoxygenase pathway of Tupaia belangeri representing Scandentia. Genomic multiplicity and functional characterization of the ALOX15 orthologs in the tree shrew. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158550. [PMID: 31676437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a rat-sized mammal, which is more closely related to humans than mice and rats. However, the use of tree shrew to explore the patho-mechanisms of human inflammatory disorders has been limited since nothing is known about eicosanoid metabolism in this mammalian species. Eicosanoids are important lipid mediators exhibiting pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, which are biosynthesized via lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. When we searched the tree shrew genome for the presence of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase isoforms we found copies of functional COX1, COX2 and LOX genes. Interestingly, we identified four copies of ALOX15 genes, which encode for four structurally distinct ALOX15 orthologs (tupALOX15a-d). To explore the catalytic properties of these enzymes we expressed tupALOX15a and tupALOX15c as catalytically active proteins and characterized their enzymatic properties. As predicted by the Evolutionary Hypothesis of ALOX15 specificity we found that the two enzymes converted arachidonic acid predominantly to 12S-HETE and they also exhibited membrane oxygenase activities. However, their reaction kinetic properties (KM for arachidonic acid and oxygen, T- and pH-dependence) and their substrate specificities were remarkably different. In contrast to mice and humans, tree shrew ALOX15 isoforms are highly expressed in the brain suggesting a role of these enzymes in cerebral function. The genomic multiplicity and the tissue expression patterns of tree shrew ALOX15 isoforms need to be considered when the results of in vivo inflammation studies obtained in this animal are translated into the human situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjann Schäfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Tianle Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Stehling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Settypalli T, Chunduri VR, Kerru N, Nallapaneni HK, Chintha VR, Daggupati T, Yeguvapalli S, Wudayagiri R. Design, Synthesis, Neuroprotective and Antibacterial Activities of 1,2,4‐Triazolo[3,4‐b]1,3,4‐thiadiazole Linked Thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives and In Silico Docking Studies. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nagaraju Kerru
- Department of ChemistrySri Venkateswara University- Tirupati- 517502
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Zheng Y, Liu Y, Karatas H, Yigitkanli K, Holman TR, van Leyen K. Contributions of 12/15-Lipoxygenase to Bleeding in the Brain Following Ischemic Stroke. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:125-131. [PMID: 31562627 PMCID: PMC7278041 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic strokes are caused by one or more blood clots that typically obstruct one of the major arteries in the brain, but frequently also result in leakage of the blood-brain barrier and subsequent hemorrhage. While it has long been known that the enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is up-regulated following ischemic strokes and contributes to neuronal cell death, recent research has shown an additional major role for 12/15-LOX in causing this hemorrhagic transformation. These findings have important implications for the use of 12/15-LOX inhibitors in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yigitkanli
- Medicana Bursa Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Odunluk Mh. İzmir yolu Cd. No 41, 16110 Nilüfer / BURSA
| | - Theodore R. Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, US
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA,Corresponding Author: Klaus van Leyen, Ph. D., Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Dept. of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., R. 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, (617) 724-6556,
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Figueiredo-González M, Reboredo-Rodríguez P, González-Barreiro C, Simal-Gándara J, Valentão P, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Andrade P, Cancho-Grande B. Evaluation of the neuroprotective and antidiabetic potential of phenol-rich extracts from virgin olive oils by in vitro assays. Food Res Int 2018; 106:558-567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Figueiredo-González M, Reboredo-Rodríguez P, González-Barreiro C, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Simal-Gándara J, Cancho-Grande B. Nutraceutical Potential of Phenolics from 'Brava' and 'Mansa' Extra-Virgin Olive Oils on the Inhibition of Enzymes Associated to Neurodegenerative Disorders in Comparison with Those of 'Picual' and 'Cornicabra'. Molecules 2018; 23:E722. [PMID: 29561824 PMCID: PMC6017695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in the Mediterranean diet is based on the protective effects against several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Polyphenol-rich functional foods have been proposed to be unique supplementary and nutraceutical treatments for these disorders. Extra-virgin olive oils (EVOOs) obtained from 'Brava' and 'Mansa', varieties recently identified from Galicia (northwestern Spain), were selected for in vitro screening to evaluate their capacity to inhibit key enzymes involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)), major depressive disorder (MDD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) (monoamine oxidases: hMAO-A and hMAO-B respectively). 'Brava' oil exhibited the best inhibitory activity against all enzymes, when they are compared to 'Mansa' oil: BuChE (IC50 = 245 ± 5 and 591 ± 23 mg·mL-1), 5-LOX (IC50 = 45 ± 7 and 106 ± 14 mg·mL-1), hMAO-A (IC50 = 30 ± 1 and 72 ± 10 mg·mL-1) and hMAO-B (IC50 = 191 ± 8 and 208 ± 14 mg·mL-1), respectively. The inhibitory capacity of the phenolic extracts could be associated with the content of secoiridoids, lignans and phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Figueiredo-González
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Orense, Spain.
| | - Patricia Reboredo-Rodríguez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Orense, Spain.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO)-Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Carmen González-Barreiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Orense, Spain.
| | - Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jesús Simal-Gándara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Orense, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Cancho-Grande
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Orense, Spain.
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Triloknadh S, Venkata Rao C, Nagaraju K, Hari Krishna N, Venkata Ramaiah C, Rajendra W, Trinath D, Suneetha Y. Design, synthesis, neuroprotective, antibacterial activities and docking studies of novel thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-alkyne Mannich base and oxadiazole hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1663-1669. [PMID: 29602681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine alkyne Mannich base derivatives (7a-e, 8a-e) and thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (9a-e, 10a-e) have been synthesized and evaluated for their neuroprotective and neurotoxicity activities where 9a, 10d displayed good neuroprotection 10.6 and 11.88 µg/mL respectively against the H2O2 induced cell death at the EC50 values and 9b, 9d showed respective toxic effects on PC12 cells at CC50 86.12 and 94.16 µg/mL. Compounds 9a, 9e, 10a and 10b showed strong antibacterial activity against two gram positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis) and two gram-negative strains (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) and showed good binding affinities with C(30) carotenoid dehydrosqualene synthase, Gyrase A and LpxC. This is the first report for the demonstration of thieno[2,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives as promising neuroprotective agents against H2O2 induced neurotoxicity on PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Settypalli Triloknadh
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chunduri Venkata Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kerru Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Wudayagiri Rajendra
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Daggupati Trinath
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Yeguvapalli Suneetha
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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13
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Maher P, van Leyen K, Dey PN, Honrath B, Dolga A, Methner A. The role of Ca 2+ in cell death caused by oxidative glutamate toxicity and ferroptosis. Cell Calcium 2017; 70:47-55. [PMID: 28545724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ ions play a fundamental role in cell death mediated by oxidative glutamate toxicity or oxytosis, a form of programmed cell death similar and possibly identical to other forms of cell death like ferroptosis. Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space occurs late in a cascade characterized by depletion of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione, increases in cytosolic reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we aim to compare oxidative glutamate toxicity with ferroptosis, address the signaling pathways that culminate in Ca2+ influx and cell death and discuss the proteins that mediate this. Recent evidence hints toward a role of the machinery responsible for store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which refills the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after receptor-mediated ER Ca2+ release or other forms of store depletion. Pharmacological inhibition of SOCE or transcriptional downregulation of proteins involved in SOCE like the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1, the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels Orai1 and TRPC1 and the linking protein Homer protects against oxidative glutamate toxicity and direct oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) injury, a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. This suggests that SOCE inhibition might have some potential therapeutic effects in human disease associated with oxidative stress like neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Partha Narayan Dey
- University Medical Center and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Neurology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Birgit Honrath
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Methner
- University Medical Center and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Neurology, Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Increased 12/15-Lipoxygenase Leads to Widespread Brain Injury Following Global Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:194-202. [PMID: 27838820 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Global ischemia following cardiac arrest is characterized by high mortality and significant neurological deficits in long-term survivors. Its mechanisms of neuronal cell death have only partially been elucidated. 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is a major contributor to delayed neuronal cell death and vascular injury in experimental stroke, but a possible role in brain injury following global ischemia has to date not been investigated. Using a mouse bilateral occlusion model of transient global ischemia which produced surprisingly widespread injury to cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, we show here that 12/15-LOX is increased in a time-dependent manner in the vasculature and neurons of both cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, 12/15-LOX co-localized with apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a mediator of non-caspase-related apoptosis in the cortex. In contrast, caspase-3 activation was more prevalent in the hippocampus. 12/15-lipoxygenase knockout mice were protected against global cerebral ischemia compared to wild-type mice, accompanied by reduced neurologic impairment. The lipoxygenase inhibitor LOXBlock-1 similarly reduced neuronal cell death both when pre-administered and when given at a therapeutically relevant time point 1 h after onset of ischemia. These findings suggest a pivotal role for 12/15-LOX in both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic pathways following global cerebral ischemia and suggest a novel therapeutic approach to reduce brain injury following cardiac arrest.
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15
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Zhang Z, Li Z, Deng W, He Q, Wang Q, Shi W, Chen Q, Yang W, Spector M, Gong A, Yu J, Xu X. Ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells promote differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:727-733. [PMID: 27983986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many neurological diseases are closely associated with demyelination caused by pathological changes of oligodendrocytes. Although intrinsic remyelination occurs after injury, the regeneration efficiency of myelinating oligodendrocytes remains to be improved. Herein, we reported an initiative finding of employing a valuable cell source, namely neural crest-derived ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), for promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation by co-culturing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) with the EMSCs. The results demonstrated that the OPCs/EMSCs co-culture could remarkably increase the number and length of oligodendrocyte processes in comparison with the mono-cultured OPCs and non-contact OPCs/EMSCs transwell culture. Furthermore, the inhibition experiments revealed that the EMSCs-produced soluble factor Sonic hedgehog, gap junction protein connexin 43 and extracellular matrix molecule laminin accounted for the promoted OPC differentiation since inhibiting the function of anyone of the three proteins led to substantial retraction of processes and detachment of oligodendrocytes. Altogether, OPCs/EMSCs co-culture system could be a paradigmatic approach for promoting differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes, and EMSCs will be a promising cell source for the treatment of neurological diseases caused by oligodendrocyte death and demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Zhengnan Li
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qinghua He
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wentao Shi
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Myron Spector
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aihua Gong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China.
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16
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Eleftheriadis N, Thee SA, Zwinderman MRH, Leus NGJ, Dekker FJ. Activity-Based Probes for 15-Lipoxygenase-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12300-5. [PMID: 27612308 PMCID: PMC5218545 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) plays an important role in several inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, COPD, and chronic bronchitis, as well as various CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Activity-based probes of 15-LOX-1 are required to explore the role of this enzyme further and to enable drug discovery. In this study, we developed a 15-LOX-1 activity-based probe for the efficient activity-based labeling of recombinant 15-LOX-1. 15-LOX-1-dependent labeling in cell lysates and tissue samples was also possible. To mimic the natural substrate of the enzyme, we designed activity-based probes that covalently bind to the active enzyme and include a terminal alkene as a chemical reporter for the bioorthogonal linkage of a detectable functionality through an oxidative Heck reaction. The activity-based labeling of 15-LOX-1 should enable the investigation and identification of this enzyme in complex biological samples, thus opening up completely new opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A Thee
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn R H Zwinderman
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek G J Leus
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Eleftheriadis N, Thee SA, Zwinderman MRH, Leus NGJ, Dekker FJ. Activity-Based Probes for 15-Lipoxygenase-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A. Thee
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martijn R. H. Zwinderman
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Niek G. J. Leus
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy; University of Groningen; Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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18
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Armstrong M, van Hoorebeke C, Horn T, Deschamps J, Freedman JC, Kalyanaraman C, Jacobson MP, Holman T. Human 15-LOX-1 active site mutations alter inhibitor binding and decrease potency. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5380-5387. [PMID: 27647374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (h15-LOX-1 or h12/15-LOX) reacts with polyunsaturated fatty acids and produces bioactive lipid derivatives that are implicated in many important human diseases. One such disease is stroke, which is the fifth leading cause of death and the first leading cause of disability in America. The discovery of h15-LOX-1 inhibitors could potentially lead to novel therapeutics in the treatment of stroke, however, little is known about the inhibitor/active site interaction. This study utilizes site-directed mutagenesis, guided in part by molecular modeling, to gain a better structural understanding of inhibitor interactions within the active site. We have generated eight mutants (R402L, R404L, F414I, F414W, E356Q, Q547L, L407A, I417A) of h15-LOX-1 to determine whether these active site residues interact with two h15-LOX-1 inhibitors, ML351 and an ML094 derivative, compound 18. IC50 values and steady-state inhibition kinetics were determined for the eight mutants, with four of the mutants affecting inhibitor potency relative to wild type h15-LOX-1 (F414I, F414W, E356Q and L407A). The data indicate that ML351 and compound 18, bind in a similar manner in the active site to an aromatic pocket close to F414 but have subtle differences in their specific binding modes. This information establishes the binding mode for ML094 and ML351 and will be leveraged to develop next-generation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Christopher van Hoorebeke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Thomas Horn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Joshua Deschamps
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - J Cody Freedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Chakrapani Kalyanaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Theodore Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States.
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19
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Eleftheriadis N, Poelman H, Leus NGJ, Honrath B, Neochoritis CG, Dolga A, Dömling A, Dekker FJ. Design of a novel thiophene inhibitor of 15-lipoxygenase-1 with both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:786-801. [PMID: 27477687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) plays a dual role in diseases with an inflammatory component. On one hand 15-LOX-1 plays a role in pro-inflammatory gene expression and on the other hand it has been shown to be involved in central nervous system (CNS) disorders by its ability to mediate oxidative stress and damage of mitochondrial membranes under hypoxic conditions. In order to further explore applications in the CNS, novel 15-LOX-1 inhibitors with favorable physicochemical properties need to be developed. Here, we present Substitution Oriented Screening (SOS) in combination with Multi Component Chemistry (MCR) as an effective strategy to identify a diversely substituted small heterocyclic inhibitors for 15-LOX-1, denoted ThioLox, with physicochemical properties superior to previously identified inhibitors. Ex vivo biological evaluation in precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) showed inhibition of pro-inflammatory gene expression and in vitro studies on neuronal HT-22 cells showed a strong protection against glutamate toxicity for this 15-LOX-1 inhibitor. This provides a novel approach to identify novel small with favorable physicochemical properties for exploring 15-LOX-1 as a drug target in inflammatory diseases and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Hessel Poelman
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Niek G J Leus
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Honrath
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Constantinos G Neochoritis
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
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20
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Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Bayır H. Therapies targeting lipid peroxidation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1640:57-76. [PMID: 26872597 PMCID: PMC4870119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation can be broadly defined as the process of inserting a hydroperoxy group into a lipid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the phospholipids are often the targets for peroxidation. Phospholipids are indispensable for normal structure of membranes. The other important function of phospholipids stems from their role as a source of lipid mediators - oxygenated free fatty acids that are derived from lipid peroxidation. In the CNS, excessive accumulation of either oxidized phospholipids or oxygenated free fatty acids may be associated with damage occurring during acute brain injury and subsequent inflammatory responses. There is a growing body of evidence that lipid peroxidation occurs after severe traumatic brain injury in humans and correlates with the injury severity and mortality. Identification of the products and sources of lipid peroxidation and its enzymatic or non-enzymatic nature is essential for the design of mechanism-based therapies. Recent progress in mass spectrometry-based lipidomics/oxidative lipidomics offers remarkable opportunities for quantitative characterization of lipid peroxidation products, providing guidance for targeted development of specific therapeutic modalities. In this review, we critically evaluate previous attempts to use non-specific antioxidants as neuroprotectors and emphasize new approaches based on recent breakthroughs in understanding of enzymatic mechanisms of lipid peroxidation associated with specific death pathways, particularly apoptosis. We also emphasize the role of different phospholipases (calcium-dependent and -independent) in hydrolysis of peroxidized phospholipids and generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil Selvan Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Elizabeth Megan Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Childrens׳s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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21
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Conrad M, Angeli JPF, Vandenabeele P, Stockwell BR. Regulated necrosis: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:348-66. [PMID: 26775689 PMCID: PMC6531857 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of regulated cell death presents tantalizing possibilities for gaining control over the life-death decisions made by cells in disease. Although apoptosis has been the focus of drug discovery for many years, recent research has identified regulatory mechanisms and signalling pathways for previously unrecognized, regulated necrotic cell death routines. Distinct critical nodes have been characterized for some of these alternative cell death routines, whereas other cell death routines are just beginning to be unravelled. In this Review, we describe forms of regulated necrotic cell death, including necroptosis, the emerging cell death modality of ferroptosis (and the related oxytosis) and the less well comprehended parthanatos and cyclophilin D-mediated necrosis. We focus on small molecules, proteins and pathways that can induce and inhibit these non-apoptotic forms of cell death, and discuss strategies for translating this understanding into new therapeutics for certain disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, Northwest Corner Building, MC 4846, New York, New York 10027, USA
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22
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Armstrong MM, Freedman CJ, Jung JE, Zheng Y, Kalyanaraman C, Jacobson MP, Simeonov A, Maloney DJ, van Leyen K, Jadhav A, Holman TR. A potent and selective inhibitor targeting human and murine 12/15-LOX. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1183-90. [PMID: 26899595 PMCID: PMC4778748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human reticulocyte 12/15-lipoxygenase (h12/15-LOX) is a lipid-oxidizing enzyme that can directly oxidize lipid membranes in the absence of a phospholipase, leading to a direct attack on organelles, such as the mitochondria. This cytotoxic activity of h12/15-LOX is up-regulated in neurons and endothelial cells after a stroke and thought to contribute to both neuronal cell death and blood-brain barrier leakage. The discovery of inhibitors that selectively target recombinant h12/15-LOX in vitro, as well as possessing activity against the murine ortholog ex vivo, could potentially support a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stroke. Herein, we report a new family of inhibitors discovered in a High Throughput Screen (HTS) that are selective and potent against recombinant h12/15-LOX and cellular mouse 12/15-LOX (m12/15-LOX). MLS000099089 (compound 99089), the parent molecule, exhibits an IC50 potency of 3.4±0.5 μM against h12/15-LOX in vitro and an ex vivo IC50 potency of approximately 10 μM in a mouse neuronal cell line, HT-22. Compound 99089 displays greater than 30-fold selectivity versus h5-LOX and COX-2, 15-fold versus h15-LOX-2 and 10-fold versus h12-LOX, when tested at 20 μM inhibitor concentration. Steady-state inhibition kinetics reveals that the mode of inhibition of 99089 against h12/15-LOX is that of a mixed inhibitor with a Kic of 1.0±0.08 μM and a Kiu of 6.0±3.3 μM. These data indicate that 99089 and related derivatives may serve as a starting point for the development of anti-stroke therapeutics due to their ability to selectively target h12/15-LOX in vitro and m12/15-LOX ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Armstrong
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States
| | - Cody J Freedman
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States
| | - Joo Eun Jung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Chakrapani Kalyanaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David J Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Theodore R Holman
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States.
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23
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Prolonged Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on p53/p21 Pathway-Mediated Proliferation, DNA Damage Response, and Methylation Parameters in HT22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1285-1300. [PMID: 26843106 PMCID: PMC5310673 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are toxic to biological systems. However, little is known about their actions at molecular level and the cytophysiological effects after AgNP removal. As nanoparticles are suggested a promising tool to transport drugs to the brain for use in neurological conditions, we used HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells as a model to study AgNP-mediated effects after their removal from the cell culture medium. We selected a relatively low concentration of AgNPs, 5 μg/ml, treated the cells for 48 h, and evaluated AgNP-induced cytophysiological effects after 96 h of AgNP removal. AgNP removal did not result in cytotoxicity. In contrast, AgNPs modulated HT22 cell cycle and proliferation and induced oxidative stress and 53BP1 recruitment, which were accompanied by elevated levels of p53 and p21. AgNP-associated diminution in lamin B1 pools did not significantly affect the structure of the nucleus. No disruption in F-actin dynamics was observed upon AgNP treatment. Moreover, we showed for the first time that AgNPs stimulated changes in DNA methylation: the augmentation in 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and DNMT1, DNMT2, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b levels were observed. The upregulation of DNMT2 may be a part of cellular stress response to AgNP treatment. Taken together, AgNP removal resulted in p53/p21-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, oxidant-based DNA damage response, and changes in DNA methylation patterns, which suggests that more attention should be paid to the possible outcomes in individuals exposed to nano-sized biomaterials.
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Zhou Y, Liu J, Zheng M, Zheng S, Jiang C, Zhou X, Zhang D, Zhao J, Ye D, Zheng M, Jiang H, Liu D, Cheng J, Liu H. Structural optimization and biological evaluation of 1,5-disubstituted pyrazole-3-carboxamines as potent inhibitors of human 5-lipoxygenase. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:32-45. [PMID: 26904397 PMCID: PMC4724694 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is a well-validated drug target and its inhibitors are potential drugs for treating leukotriene-related disorders. Our previous work on structural optimization of the hit compound 2 from our in-house collection identified two lead compounds, 3a and 3b, exhibiting a potent inhibitory profile against 5-LOX with IC50 values less than 1 µmol/L in cell-based assays. Here, we further optimized these compounds to prepare a class of novel pyrazole derivatives by opening the fused-ring system. Several new compounds exhibited more potent inhibitory activity than the lead compounds against 5-LOX. In particular, compound 4e not only suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in brain inflammatory cells and protected neurons from oxidative toxicity, but also significantly decreased infarct damage in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Molecular docking analysis further confirmed the consistency of our theoretical results and experimental data. In conclusion, the excellent in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activities of these compounds against 5-LOX suggested that these novel chemical structures have a promising therapeutic potential to treat leukotriene-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuli Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chunyi Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jihui Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Deju Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingfang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.:+86 21 50806600 2302; fax: +86 2150807088 (Dongxiang Liu);Tel./fax: +86 512 65884725 (Jian Cheng);Tel./fax: +86 21 50807042 (Hong Liu).
| | - Jian Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.:+86 21 50806600 2302; fax: +86 2150807088 (Dongxiang Liu);Tel./fax: +86 512 65884725 (Jian Cheng);Tel./fax: +86 21 50807042 (Hong Liu).
| | - Hong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.:+86 21 50806600 2302; fax: +86 2150807088 (Dongxiang Liu);Tel./fax: +86 512 65884725 (Jian Cheng);Tel./fax: +86 21 50807042 (Hong Liu).
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Jung JE, Karatas H, Liu Y, Yalcin A, Montaner J, Lo EH, van Leyen K. STAT-dependent upregulation of 12/15-lipoxygenase contributes to neuronal injury after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:2043-51. [PMID: 26174325 PMCID: PMC4671126 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major brain injury mechanism after ischemic stroke. 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is a key mediator of oxidative stress, contributing to neuronal cell death and vascular leakage. Nonetheless, the mechanism leading to its upregulation is currently unknown. We show here that Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs), specifically STAT6 and possibly STAT1, increase transcription of 12/15-LOX in neuronal cells. Both p-STAT6 and -1 bound to specific STAT binding sites in the mouse 12/15-LOX promoter. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown showed STAT6 to be the dominant regulator, reducing 12/15-LOX promoter activation and cell death in oxidatively stressed HT22 cells. STAT6 siRNA efficiently prevented the increase of 12/15-LOX in murine primary neurons, both after induction of oxidative stress and after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Early activation of STAT6 and STAT1 in mice was consistent with a role in regulating 12/15-LOX in focal ischemia. Brains of human stroke patients showed increased p-STAT6 and p-STAT1 in the peri-infarct region, along with 12/15-LOX and markers of apoptosis. These results link STAT6 and STAT1 to the 12/15-LOX damage pathway and suggest disregulation of STAT-dependent transcription as injury mechanism in stroke. Selectively targeting STATs may thus be a novel therapeutic approach to reducing brain injury after a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Eun Jung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ayfer Yalcin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.,Biruni University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joan Montaner
- Laboratorio de Investigación Neurovascular Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Activity of Polyphenolic Compounds against Candida glabrata. Molecules 2015; 20:17903-12. [PMID: 26426003 PMCID: PMC6332047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201017903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic mycoses increase the morbidity and mortality of immuno-compromised patients. Five Candida species have been shown to be responsible for 97% of worldwide cases of invasive candidiasis. Resistance of C. glabrata and C. krusei to azoles has been reported, and new, improved antifungal agents are needed. The current study was designed to evaluatethe activity of various polyphenolic compounds against Candida species. Antifungal activity was evaluated following the M27-A3 protocol of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay. Myricetin and baicalein inhibited the growth of all species tested. This effect was strongest against C. glabrata, for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was lower than that of fluconazole. The MIC values against C. glabrata for myricitrin, luteolin, quercetin, 3-hydroxyflavone, and fisetin were similar to that of fluconazole. The antioxidant activity of all compounds was confirmed, and polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity had the greatest activity against C. glabrata. The structure and position of their hydroxyl groups appear to influence their activity against C. glabrata.
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Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) form a family of lipid peroxidizing enzymes, which have been implicated in a number of physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, hyperproliferative and neurodegenerative diseases. They occur in two of the three domains of terrestrial life (bacteria, eucarya) and the human genome involves six functional LOX genes, which encode for six different LOX isoforms. One of these isoforms is ALOX15, which has first been described in rabbits in 1974 as enzyme capable of oxidizing membrane phospholipids during the maturational breakdown of mitochondria in immature red blood cells. During the following decades ALOX15 has extensively been characterized and its biological functions have been studied in a number of cellular in vitro systems as well as in various whole animal disease models. This review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge on the protein-chemical, molecular biological and enzymatic properties of ALOX15 in various species (human, mouse, rabbit, rat) as well as its implication in cellular physiology and in the pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Niska K, Santos-Martinez MJ, Radomski MW, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. CuO nanoparticles induce apoptosis by impairing the antioxidant defense and detoxification systems in the mouse hippocampal HT22 cell line: Protective effect of crocetin. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:663-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Identification of 12/15-lipoxygenase as a regulator of axon degeneration through high-content screening. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2927-41. [PMID: 25698732 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2936-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration is a programed process that takes place during development, in response to neuronal injury, and as a component of neurodegenerative disease pathology, yet the molecular mechanisms that drive this process remain poorly defined. In this study, we have developed a semi-automated, 384-well format axon degeneration assay in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using a trophic factor withdrawal paradigm. Using this setup, we have screened a library of known drugs and bioactives to identify several previously unappreciated regulators of axon degeneration, including lipoxygenases. Multiple structurally distinct lipoxygenase inhibitors as well as mouse DRG neurons lacking expression of 12/15-lipoxygenase display protection of axons in this context. Retinal ganglion cell axons from 12/15-lipoxygenase-null mice were similarly protected from degeneration following nerve crush injury. Through additional mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that lipoxygenases act cell autonomously within neurons to regulate degeneration, and are required for mitochondrial permeabilization and caspase activation in the axon. These findings suggest that these enzymes may represent an attractive target for treatment of neuropathies and provide a potential mechanism for the neuroprotection observed in various settings following lipoxygenase inhibitor treatment.
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Sukhanov S, Snarski P, Vaughn C, Lobelle-Rich P, Kim C, Higashi Y, Shai SY, Delafontaine P. Insulin-like growth factor I reduces lipid oxidation and foam cell formation via downregulation of 12/15-lipoxygenase. Atherosclerosis 2014; 238:313-20. [PMID: 25549319 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) infusion in Apoe(-/-) mice decreased atherosclerotic plaque size and plaque macrophage and lipid content suggesting that IGF-1 suppressed formation of macrophage-derived foam cells. Since 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) plays an important role in OxLDL and foam cell formation, we hypothesized that IGF-1 downregulates 12/15-LOX, thereby suppressing lipid oxidation and foam cell formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that IGF-1 decreased 12/15-LOX plaque immunopositivity and serum OxLDL levels in Apoe(-/-) mice. IGF-1 reduced 12/15-LOX protein and mRNA levels in cultured THP-1 macrophages and IGF-1 also decreased expression of STAT6 transcription factor. IGF-1 reduction in macrophage 12/15-LOX was mediated in part via a PI3 kinase- and STAT6-dependent transcriptional mechanism. IGF-1 suppressed THP-1 macrophage ability to oxidize lipids and form foam cells. IGF-1 downregulated 12/15-LOX in human blood-derived primary macrophages and IGF-1 decreased LDL oxidation induced by these cells. IGF-1 reduced LDL oxidation and formation of foam cells by wild type murine peritoneal macrophages, however these effects were completely blocked in 12/15-LOX-null macrophages suggesting that the ability of IGF-1 to reduce LDL oxidation and foam cells formation is dependent on its ability to downregulate 12/15-LOX. CONCLUSIONS Overall our data demonstrate that IGF-1 reduces lipid oxidation and foam cell formation via downregulation of 12/15-LOX and this mechanism may play a major role in the anti-atherosclerotic effects of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Sukhanov
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Charlotte Vaughn
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patricia Lobelle-Rich
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Catherine Kim
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shaw-Yung Shai
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kuhn H, Banthiya S, van Leyen K. Mammalian lipoxygenases and their biological relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:308-30. [PMID: 25316652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) form a heterogeneous class of lipid peroxidizing enzymes, which have been implicated not only in cell proliferation and differentiation but also in the pathogenesis of various diseases with major public health relevance. As other fatty acid dioxygenases LOXs oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids to their corresponding hydroperoxy derivatives, which are further transformed to bioactive lipid mediators (eicosanoids and related substances). On the other hand, lipoxygenases are key players in the regulation of the cellular redox homeostasis, which is an important element in gene expression regulation. Although the first mammalian lipoxygenases were discovered 40 years ago and although the enzymes have been well characterized with respect to their structural and functional properties the biological roles of the different lipoxygenase isoforms are not completely understood. This review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge on the physiological roles of different mammalian LOX-isoforms and their patho-physiological function in inflammatory, metabolic, hyperproliferative, neurodegenerative and infectious disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charite, Chariteplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Swathi Banthiya
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charite, Chariteplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Genrel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Back SA, Rosenberg PA. Pathophysiology of glia in perinatal white matter injury. Glia 2014; 62:1790-815. [PMID: 24687630 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the preterm brain has a particular predilection for cerebral white matter. White matter injury (WMI) is the most common cause of brain injury in preterm infants and a major cause of chronic neurological morbidity including cerebral palsy. Factors that predispose to WMI include cerebral oxygenation disturbances and maternal-fetal infection. During the acute phase of WMI, pronounced oxidative damage occurs that targets late oligodendrocyte progenitors (pre-OLs). The developmental predilection for WMI to occur during prematurity appears to be related to both the timing of appearance and regional distribution of susceptible pre-OLs that are vulnerable to a variety of chemical mediators including reactive oxygen species, glutamate, cytokines, and adenosine. During the chronic phase of WMI, the white matter displays abberant regeneration and repair responses. Early OL progenitors respond to WMI with a rapid robust proliferative response that results in a several fold regeneration of pre-OLs that fail to terminally differentiate along their normal developmental time course. Pre-OL maturation arrest appears to be related in part to inhibitory factors that derive from reactive astrocytes in chronic lesions. Recent high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data support that three distinct forms of chronic WMI exist, each of which displays unique MRI and histopathological features. These findings suggest the possibility that therapies directed at myelin regeneration and repair could be initiated early after WMI and monitored over time. These new mechanisms of acute and chronic WMI provide access to a variety of new strategies to prevent or promote repair of WMI in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Back
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Liu Q, Qiu J, Liang M, Golinski J, van Leyen K, Jung JE, You Z, Lo EH, Degterev A, Whalen MJ. Akt and mTOR mediate programmed necrosis in neurons. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1084. [PMID: 24577082 PMCID: PMC3944276 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a newly described form of regulated necrosis that contributes to neuronal death in experimental models of stroke and brain trauma. Although much work has been done elucidating initiating mechanisms, signaling events governing necroptosis remain largely unexplored. Akt is known to inhibit apoptotic neuronal cell death. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream effector of Akt that controls protein synthesis. We previously reported that dual inhibition of Akt and mTOR reduced acute cell death and improved long term cognitive deficits after controlled-cortical impact in mice. These findings raised the possibility that Akt/mTOR might regulate necroptosis. To test this hypothesis, we induced necroptosis in the hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 using concomitant treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and the pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone. TNFα/zVAD treatment induced cell death within 4 h. Cell death was preceded by RIPK1–RIPK3–pAkt assembly, and phosphorylation of Thr-308 and Thr473 of AKT and its direct substrate glycogen synthase kinase-3β, as well as mTOR and its direct substrate S6 ribosomal protein (S6), suggesting activation of Akt/mTOR pathways. Pretreatment with Akt inhibitor viii and rapamycin inhibited Akt and S6 phosphorylation events, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and necroptosis by over 50% without affecting RIPK1–RIPK3 complex assembly. These data were confirmed using small inhibitory ribonucleic acid-mediated knockdown of AKT1/2 and mTOR. All of the aforementioned biochemical events were inhibited by necrostatin-1, including Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, generation of oxidative stress, and RIPK1–RIPK3–pAkt complex assembly. The data suggest a novel, heretofore unexpected role for Akt and mTOR downstream of RIPK1 activation in neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Liu
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [3] Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Qiu
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Liang
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [3] Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Golinski
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - K van Leyen
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - J E Jung
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Z You
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E H Lo
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - A Degterev
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M J Whalen
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Chou VP, Ko N, Holman TR, Manning-Boğ AB. Gene-environment interaction models to unmask susceptibility mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. J Vis Exp 2014:e50960. [PMID: 24430802 DOI: 10.3791/50960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, but its effects in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis are less understood. Gene-environment interaction models have utility in unmasking the impact of specific cellular pathways in toxicity that may not be observed using a solely genetic or toxicant disease model alone. To evaluate if distinct LOX isozymes selectively contribute to PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic (i.e. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX deficient) mice can be challenged with a toxin that mimics cell injury and death in the disorder. Here we describe the use of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a nigrostriatal lesion to elucidate the distinct contributions of LOX isozymes to neurodegeneration related to PD. The use of MPTP in mouse, and nonhuman primate, is well-established to recapitulate the nigrostriatal damage in PD. The extent of MPTP-induced lesioning is measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine and its metabolites and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis of striatum for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine. To assess inflammatory markers, which may demonstrate LOX isozyme-selective sensitivity, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry are performed on brain sections containing substantia nigra, and GFAP Western blot analysis is performed on striatal homogenates. This experimental approach can provide novel insights into gene-environment interactions underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and PD.
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36
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Luci DK, Jameson JB, Yasgar A, Diaz G, Joshi N, Kantz A, Markham K, Perry S, Kuhn N, Yeung J, Kerns EH, Schultz L, Holinstat M, Nadler JL, Taylor-Fishwick DA, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Holman TR, Maloney DJ. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of 4-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:495-506. [PMID: 24393039 DOI: 10.1021/jm4016476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of iron-containing enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to provide the corresponding bioactive hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) metabolites. These eicosanoid signaling molecules are involved in a number of physiologic responses such as platelet aggregation, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Our group has taken a particular interest in platelet-type 12-(S)-LOX (12-LOX) because of its demonstrated role in skin diseases, diabetes, platelet hemostasis, thrombosis, and cancer. Herein, we report the identification and medicinal chemistry optimization of a 4-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)benzenesulfonamide-based scaffold. Top compounds, exemplified by 35 and 36, display nM potency against 12-LOX, excellent selectivity over related lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases, and possess favorable ADME properties. In addition, both compounds inhibit PAR-4 induced aggregation and calcium mobilization in human platelets and reduce 12-HETE in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane K Luci
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, Maryland, United States
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Yang R, Cui HJ, Wang H, Wang Y, Liu JH, Li Y, Lu Y. N-Stearoyltyrosine Protects Against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Toxicity by an Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF)-Mediated Caspase-Independent Cell Death Pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:169-79. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13184fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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38
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Jang I, Park S, Cho JW, Yigitkanli K, van Leyen K, Roth J. Genetic ablation and short-duration inhibition of lipoxygenase results in increased macroautophagy. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:276-87. [PMID: 24291223 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is involved in organelle homeostasis by degrading mitochondria in maturing red blood cells and by eliminating excess peroxisomes in liver. Furthermore, 12/15-LOX contributes to diseases by exacerbating oxidative stress-related injury, notably in stroke. Nonetheless, it is unclear what the consequences are of abolishing 12/15-LOX activity. Mice in which the alox15 gene has been ablated do not show an obvious phenotype, and LOX enzyme inhibition is not overtly detrimental. We show here that liver histology is also unremarkable. However, electron microscopy demonstrated that 12/15-LOX knockout surprisingly leads to increased macroautophagy in the liver. Not only macroautophagy but also mitophagy and pexophagy were increased in hepatocytes, which otherwise showed unaltered fine structure and organelle morphology. These findings were substantiated by immunofluorescence showing significantly increased number of LC3 puncta and by Western blotting demonstrating a significant increase for LC3-II protein in both liver and brain homogenates of 12/15-LOX knockout mice. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX activity by treatment with four structurally different inhibitors had similar effects in cultured HepG2 hepatoma cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with significantly increased autophagy discernable already after 2 hours. Hence, our study reveals a link between ablation or inhibition of 12/15-LOX and stimulation of macroautophagy. The enhanced macroautophagy may be related to the known tissue-protective effects of LOX ablation or inhibition under various diseased conditions caused by oxidative stress and ischemia. This could provide an important cleaning mechanism of cells and tissues to prevent accumulation of damaged mitochondria and other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Jang
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Sujin Park
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Kazim Yigitkanli
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jürgen Roth
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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van Leyen K. Lipoxygenase: an emerging target for stroke therapy. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2013; 12:191-9. [PMID: 23394536 DOI: 10.2174/18715273112119990053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection as approach to stroke therapy has recently seen a revival of sorts, fueled in part by the continuing necessity to improve acute stroke care, and in part by the identification of novel drug targets. 12/15- Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX), one of the key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade, contributes to both neuronal cell death and vascular injury. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX may thus provide multifactorial protection against ischemic injury. Targeting 12/15-LOX and related eicosanoid pathways is the subject of this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., R. 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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40
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Evaluation of the antioxidative properties of lipoxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1179-88. [PMID: 23238474 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is a component of many pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases and inflammation. An important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are lipoxygenases (LOX) - enzymes responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. LOX inhibitors have a protective effect in inflammatory diseases and in neurodegenerative disorders because of their anti-inflammatory activity. However, the molecular mechanism of the protective action of LOX inhibitors has not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidative potential of widely used LOX inhibitors: BWB70C, AA-861, zileuton, baicalein and NDGA. The antioxidative properties were evaluated in cell-free systems. We measured the effect of the tested compounds on iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation and on carbonyl group formation in the rat brain homogenate. Direct free radical scavenging was analyzed by using DPPH assay. RESULTS Our data showed that the inhibitor of all LOXs, i.e., NDGA, 5-LOX inhibitor BWB70C and the inhibitor of 12/15-LOX, baicalein, significantly decreased the level of lipid and protein oxidation. The free radical scavenging activity of these inhibitors was comparable to known ROS scavengers, i.e., resveratrol and trolox. Zileuton (the inhibitor of 5-LOX) slightly prevented lipid and protein oxidation, it also scavenged the DPPH radical. AA-861 (the inhibitor of 5 and 12/15-LOX) slightly protected lipids against Fe/asc-evoked lipid peroxidation at high concentrations, but had no effect on carbonyl group formation and DPPH scavenging. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that some LOX inhibitors demonstrate potent anti-oxidative, free radical scavenging properties. AA-861, whose antioxidative potential is very weak, may be a specific tool to be used in experimental and perhaps even clinical applications.
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Haynes RL, van Leyen K. 12/15-lipoxygenase expression is increased in oligodendrocytes and microglia of periventricular leukomalacia. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:140-54. [PMID: 23838566 DOI: 10.1159/000350230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress involving premyelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a major factor in the pathogenesis of preterm white matter injury. In animal and cell culture studies, activation of the lipid-oxidizing enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) plays a central role as an inflammatory mediator in the pathology of oxidative stress and OL cell death, as well as ischemia and neuronal death. The role of 12/15-LOX, however, is unclear in the developing human brain. The mechanism of 12/15-LOX involves the production of reactive oxygen species through the metabolism of arachidonic acid, as well as direct detrimental effects on organelle membranes. Here we tested the hypothesis that the density of 12/15-LOX-expressing cells is increased in periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Using immunocytochemistry (ICC) in human paraffin-embedded tissue, 12/15-LOX expression was seen in macrophages of the focally necrotic lesions in the periventricular white matter, as well as in glial cells throughout the surrounding white matter with reactive gliosis. Interestingly, no significant 12/15-LOX expression was detected in neurons in the cerebral cortex overlying the damaged white matter. Using a scoring system from 0 to 3, we assessed the density of 12/15-LOX-expressing cells in diffusely gliotic white matter from 20 to 43 postconceptional (PC) weeks in 19 PVL cases (median = 36 PC weeks) and 10 control (non-PVL) cases (median = 34 PC weeks). The density of 12/15-LOX-positive cells was significantly increased in the diffuse component of PVL (score = 1.17 ± 0.15) compared to controls (score = 0.48 ± 0.21; p = 0.014). Using double-label ICC, 12/15-LOX was observed in PVL in OLs of the O4 and O1 premyelinating stages, as well as in mature OLs as determined with the mature OL marker adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). In addition, 12/15-LOX expression was present in a population of CD68-positive activated microglia. There was no 12/15-LOX expression in reactive astrocytes. Finally we observed terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick end-labeling-positive cells within the white matter of PVL that expressed 12/15-LOX and/or within close proximity of 12/15-LOX-positive cells. Our data support a role for 12/15-LOX activation as an inflammatory mediator of injury in PVL, with a contribution of 12/15-LOX to PVL-induced damage to or cell death of OLs, including those at the O1 and O4 stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Haynes
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Hoobler EK, Holz C, Holman TR. Pseudoperoxidase investigations of hydroperoxides and inhibitors with human lipoxygenases. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3894-9. [PMID: 23669189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mode of action for lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors is critical to determining their efficacy in the cell. The pseudoperoxidase assay is an important tool for establishing if a LOX inhibitor is reductive in nature, however, there have been difficulties identifying the proper conditions for each of the many human LOX isozymes. In the current paper, both the 234 nM decomposition (UV) and iron-xylenol orange (XO) assays are shown to be effective methods of detecting pseudoperoxidase activity for 5-LOX, 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1 and 15-LOX-2, but only if 13-(S)-HPODE is used as the hydroperoxide substrate. The AA products, 12-(S)-HPETE and 15-(S)-HPETE, are not consistent hydroperoxide substrates since they undergo a competing transformation to the di-HETE products. Utilizing the above conditions, the selective 12-LOX and 15-LOX-1 inhibitors, probes for diabetes, stroke and asthma, are characterized for their inhibitory nature. Interestingly, ascorbic acid also supports the pseudoperoxidase assay, suggesting that it may have a role in maintaining the inactive ferrous form of LOX in the cell. In addition, it is observed that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a known reductive LOX inhibitor, appears to generate radical species during the pseudoperoxidase assay, which are potent inhibitors against the human LOX isozymes, producing a negative pseudoperoxidase result. Therefore, inhibitors that do not support the pseudoperoxidase assay with the human LOX isozymes, should also be investigated for rapid inactivation, to clarify the negative pseudoperoxidase result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Hoobler
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Tucker SC, Honn KV. Emerging targets in lipid-based therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:673-688. [PMID: 23261527 PMCID: PMC4106802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of prostaglandins and NSAIDS in the clinic has proven that lipid mediators and their associated pathways make attractive therapeutic targets. When contemplating therapies involving lipid pathways, several basic agents come to mind. There are the enzymes and accessory proteins that lead to the metabolism of lipid substrates, provided through diet or through actions of lipases, the subsequent lipid products, and finally the lipid sensors or receptors. There is abundant evidence that molecules along this lipid continuum can serve as prognostic and diagnostic indicators and are in fact viable therapeutic targets. Furthermore, lipids themselves can be used as therapeutics. Despite this, the vernacular dialog pertaining to "biomarkers" does not routinely include mention of lipids, though this is rapidly changing. Collectively these agents are becoming more appreciated for their respective roles in diverse disease processes from cancer to preterm labor and are receiving their due appreciation after decades of ground work in the lipid field. By relating examples of disease processes that result from dysfunction along the lipid continuum, as well as examples of lipid therapies and emerging technologies, this review is meant to inspire further reading and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Tucker
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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44
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Albrecht P, Henke N, Tien MLT, Issberner A, Bouchachia I, Maher P, Lewerenz J, Methner A. Extracellular cyclic GMP and its derivatives GMP and guanosine protect from oxidative glutamate toxicity. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:610-9. [PMID: 23357478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell death in response to oxidative stress plays a role in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and can be studied in detail in the neuronal cell line HT22, where extracellular glutamate causes glutathione depletion by inhibition of the glutamate/cystine antiporter system xc(-), elevation of reactive oxygen species and eventually programmed cell death caused by cytotoxic calcium influx. Using this paradigm, we screened 54 putative extracellular peptide or small molecule ligands for effects on cell death and identified extracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as a protective substance. Extracellular cGMP was protective, whereas the cell-permeable cGMP analog 8-pCPT-cGMP or the inhibition of cGMP degradation by phosphodiesterases was toxic. Interestingly, metabolites GMP and guanosine were even more protective than cGMP and the inhibition of the conversion of GMP to guanosine attenuated its effect, suggesting that GMP offers protection through its conversion to guanosine. Guanosine increased system xc(-) activity and cellular glutathione levels in the presence of glutamate, which can be explained by transcriptional upregulation of xCT, the functional subunit of system xc(-). However, guanosine also provided protection when added late in the cell death cascade and significantly reduced the number of calcium peaking cells, which was most likely not mediated by transcriptional mechanisms. We observed no changes in the classical protective pathways such as phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2 or induction of Nrf2 or ATF4. We conclude that extracellular guanosine protects against endogenous oxidative stress by two probably independent mechanisms involving system xc(-) induction and inhibition of cytotoxic calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Yigitkanli K, Pekcec A, Karatas H, Pallast S, Mandeville E, Joshi N, Smirnova N, Gazaryan I, Ratan RR, Witztum JL, Montaner J, Holman TR, Lo EH, van Leyen K. Inhibition of 12/15-lipoxygenase as therapeutic strategy to treat stroke. Ann Neurol 2012. [PMID: 23192915 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting newly identified damage pathways in the ischemic brain can help to circumvent the currently severe limitations of acute stroke therapy. Here we show that the activity of 12/15-lipoxygenase was increased in the ischemic mouse brain, and 12/15-lipoxygenase colocalized with a marker for oxidized lipids, MDA2. This colocalization was also detected in the brain of 2 human stroke patients, where it also coincided with increased apoptosis-inducing factor. A novel inhibitor of 12/15-lipoxygenase, LOXBlock-1, protected neuronal HT22 cells against oxidative stress. In a mouse model of transient focal ischemia, the inhibitor reduced infarct sizes both 24 hours and 14 days poststroke, with improved behavioral parameters. Even when treatment was delayed until at least 4 hours after onset of ischemia, LOXBlock-1 was protective. Furthermore, it reduced tissue plasminogen activator-associated hemorrhage in a clot model of ischemia/reperfusion. This study establishes inhibition of 12/15-lipoxygenase as a viable strategy for first-line stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Yigitkanli
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
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Mitchell LA, Henderson AJ, Dow SW. Suppression of vaccine immunity by inflammatory monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5612-21. [PMID: 23136203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvant-induced inflammation augments vaccine immunity in part by recruiting APCs to vaccine draining lymph nodes (LNs). However, the role of one APC subtype, inflammatory monocytes, in regulating vaccine immunity in healthy animals has not been fully examined in detail. Therefore, vaccine-mediated monocyte recruitment and subsequent immune responses were investigated using murine vaccination models and in vitro assays. Recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to vaccine draining LNs was rapid and mediated primarily by local production of MCP-1, as revealed by studies in MCP-1(-/-) mice. Interrupting monocyte recruitment to LNs by either transient monocyte depletion or monocyte migration blockade led to marked amplification of both cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccination. These results were most consistent with the idea that rapidly mobilized inflammatory monocytes were actually suppressing vaccine responses. The suppressive nature of vaccine-elicited monocytes was confirmed using in vitro cocultures of murine monocytes and T cells. Furthermore, it was determined that inflammatory monocytes suppressed T cell responses by sequestering cysteine, as cysteine supplementation in vitro and in vivo appreciably augmented vaccine responses. These findings indicated, therefore, that vaccination-elicited inflammation, although necessary for effective immunity, also generated potent counter-regulatory immune responses that were mediated primarily by inflammatory monocytes. Therefore, interrupting monocyte-mediated vaccine counterregulatory responses may serve as an effective new strategy for broadly amplifying vaccine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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47
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Chou VP, Holman TR, Manning-Bog AB. Differential contribution of lipoxygenase isozymes to nigrostriatal vulnerability. Neuroscience 2012; 228:73-82. [PMID: 23079635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The 5- and 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes have been implicated to contribute to disease development in CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. These LOX isozymes are distinct in function, with differential effects on neuroinflammation, and the impact of the distinct isozymes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has not as yet been evaluated. To determine whether the isozymes contribute differently to nigrostriatal vulnerability, the effects of 5- and 12/15-LOX deficiency on dopaminergic tone under naïve and toxicant-challenged conditions were tested. In naïve mice deficient in 5-LOX expression, a modest but significant reduction (18.0% reduction vs. wildtype (WT)) in striatal dopamine (DA) was detected (n=6-8 per genotype). A concomitant decline in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme was also revealed in null 5-LOX vs. WT mice (26.2%); however, no changes in levels of DA or TH immunoreactivity were observed in null 12/15-LOX vs. WT mice. When challenged with the selective dopaminergic toxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), WT mice showed a marked reduction in DA (31.9%) and robust astrocytic and microglial activation as compared to saline-treated animals. In contrast, null 5-LOX littermates demonstrated no significant striatal DA depletion or astrogliosis (as noted by Western blot analyses for glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity). In naïve null 12/15-LOX mice, no significant change in striatal DA values was observed compared to WT, and following MPTP treatment, the transgenics revealed striatal DA reduction similar to the challenged WT mice. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that: (i) LOX isozymes are involved in the maintenance of normal dopaminergic function in the striatum and (ii) the 5- and 12/15-LOX isozymes contribute differentially to striatal vulnerability in response to neurotoxicant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Chou
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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48
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Pekcec A, Yigitkanli K, Jung JE, Pallast S, Xing C, Antipenko A, Minchenko M, Nikolov DB, Holman TR, Lo EH, van Leyen K. Following experimental stroke, the recovering brain is vulnerable to lipoxygenase-dependent semaphorin signaling. FASEB J 2012; 27:437-45. [PMID: 23070608 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-206896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from stroke is limited, in part, by an inhibitory environment in the postischemic brain, but factors preventing successful remodeling are not well known. Using cultured cortical neurons from mice, brain endothelial cells, and a mouse model of ischemic stroke, we show that signaling from the axon guidance molecule Sema3A via eicosanoid second messengers can contribute to this inhibitory environment. Either 90 nM recombinant Sema3A, or the 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) metabolites 12-HETE and 12-HPETE at 300 nM, block axon extension in neurons compared to solvent controls, and decrease tube formation in endothelial cells. The Sema3A effect is reversed by inhibiting 12/15-LOX, and neurons derived from 12/15-LOX-knockout mice are insensitive to Sema3A. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion to induce stroke in mice, immunohistochemistry shows both Sema3A and 12/15-LOX are increased in the cortex up to 2 wk. To determine whether a Sema3A-dependent damage pathway is activated following ischemia, we injected recombinant Sema3A into the striatum. Sema3A alone did not cause injury in normal brains. But when injected into postischemic brains, Sema3A increased cortical damage by 79%, and again, this effect was reversed by 12/15-LOX inhibition. Our findings suggest that blocking the semaphorin pathway should be investigated as a therapeutic strategy to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Pekcec
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Neuroprotection of hydroxysafflor yellow A in the transient focal ischemia: Inhibition of protein oxidation/nitration, 12/15-lipoxygenase and blood–brain barrier disruption. Brain Res 2012; 1473:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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50
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Metabolism of anandamide into eoxamides by 15-lipoxygenase-1 and glutathione transferases. Lipids 2012; 47:781-91. [PMID: 22684912 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) can metabolize arachidonic acid (ARA) into pro-inflammatory mediators such as the eoxins, 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE), and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. We have in this study investigated the formation of various lipid hydroperoxide by either purified 15-LO-1 or in the Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L1236, which contain abundant amount of 15-LO-1. Both purified 15-LO-1 and L1236 cells produced lipid hydroperoxides more efficiently when anandamide (AEA) or 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol ester was used as substrate than with ARA. Furthermore, L1236 cells converted AEA to a novel class of cysteinyl-containing metabolites. Based on RP-HPLC, mass spectrometry and comparison to synthetic products, these metabolites were identified as the ethanolamide of the eoxin (EX) C(4) and EXD(4). By using the epoxide EXA(4)-ethanol amide, it was also found that platelets have the capacity to produce the ethanolamide of EXC(4) and EXD(4). We suggest that the ethanolamides of the eoxins should be referred to as eoxamides, in analogy to the ethanolamides of prostaglandins which are named prostamides. The metabolism of AEA into eoxamides might engender molecules with novel biological effects. Alternatively, it might represent a new mechanism for the termination of AEA signalling.
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