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Wang X, Chen X, Liu G, Cai H, Le W. The Crucial Roles of Pitx3 in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Development and Parkinson's Disease-Associated Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108614. [PMID: 37239960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), is one of the most prominent pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). To uncover the pathogenic mechanisms of mDA neuronal death during PD may provide therapeutic targets to prevent mDA neuronal loss and slow down the disease's progression. Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3 (Pitx3) is selectively expressed in the mDA neurons as early as embryonic day 11.5 and plays a critical role in mDA neuron terminal differentiation and subset specification. Moreover, Pitx3-deficient mice exhibit some canonical PD-related features, including the profound loss of SNc mDA neurons, a dramatic decrease in striatal dopamine (DA) levels, and motor abnormalities. However, the precise role of Pitx3 in progressive PD and how this gene contributes to mDA neuronal specification during early stages remains unclear. In this review, we updated the latest findings on Pitx3 by summarizing the crosstalk between Pitx3 and its associated transcription factors in mDA neuron development. We further explored the potential benefits of Pitx3 as a therapeutic target for PD in the future. To better understand the transcriptional network of Pitx3 in mDA neuron development may provide insights into Pitx3-related clinical drug-targeting research and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Guangdong Liu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 611731, China
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2
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Yang Z, Luo G, Ying Y, Li H, Wan Y, Xu G, Li M, Xian Y, Feng Y, Fang Y. Novel 2,6-disubstituted benzofuran-3-one analogues improve cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via neuroprotective and antioxidative effects. Bioorg Chem 2023; 132:106346. [PMID: 36638655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There are no highly effective and safe medicines for clinical treatment of ischemic stroke, although the natural product 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) has been approved in China for mild and moderate ischemic stroke. To discover more potent anti-cerebral ischemic agents and overcome the low stability by phthalide derivatives, benzofuran-3-one was selected as a core moiety and two types of nitric oxide (NO)-donating groups were incorporated into the structure. In this work, a series of 2,6-disubstituted benzofuran-3-one derivatives were designed and synthesised as NBP analogues, and tested as neuroprotective and antioxidative agents. Compounds 5 (without an NO donor) and 16 (with an NO donor) displayed more potent neuroprotective effects than the established clinical drugs Edaravone and NBP. More importantly, 5 and 16 also exhibited good antioxidative activity without cytotoxicity in rat primary neuronal and PC12 cells. Most active compounds showed good blood-brain barrier permeability in a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Furthermore, compound 5 reduced the ischemic infarct area significantly in rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury, downregulated ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in inflammatory cells, and upregulated nerve growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Gengzhuo Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yuqing Ying
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Huilan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yang Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Mingdong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yang Xian
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yulin Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuanying Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
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3
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Roles of Transcription Factors in the Development and Reprogramming of the Dopaminergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020845. [PMID: 35055043 PMCID: PMC8775916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons regulate various critical processes in the mammalian nervous system, including voluntary movement and a wide range of behaviors such as mood, reward, addiction, and stress. mdDA neuronal loss is linked with one of the most prominent human movement neurological disorders, Parkinson’s disease (PD). How these cells die and regenerate are two of the most hotly debated PD research topics. As for the latter, it has been long known that a series of transcription factors (TFs) involves the development of mdDA neurons, specifying cell types and controlling developmental patterns. In vitro and in vivo, TFs regulate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, a dopamine transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, all of which are critical for dopamine synthesis and transport in dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons). In this review, we encapsulate the molecular mechanism of TFs underlying embryonic growth and maturation of mdDA neurons and update achievements on dopaminergic cell therapy dependent on knowledge of TFs in mdDA neuronal development. We believe that a deeper understanding of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence DA neurons’ fate and development in the midbrain could lead to a better strategy for PD cell therapy.
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Xiong LL, Tan YX, Du RL, Peng Y, Xue LL, Liu J, Al-Hawwas M, Bobrovskaya L, Liu DH, Chen L, Wang TH, Zhou XF. Effect of Sutellarin on Neurogenesis in Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia Rat Model: Potential Mechanisms of Action. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:677-703. [PMID: 33704029 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Scutellarin (SCU) on neurite growth and neurological functional recovery in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) rats. Primary cortical neurons were cultured to detect the effect of SCU on cell viability of neurons under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Double immunofluorescence staining of Tuj1 and TUNEL then observed the neurite growth and cell apoptosis in vitro,and double immunofluorescence staining of NEUN and TUNEL was performed to examine the neuronal apoptosis and cell apoptosis in brain tissues after HI in vivo. Pharmacological efficacy of SCU was also evaluated in HI rats by neurobehavioral tests, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining. Astrocytes and microglia expression in damaged brain tissues were detected by immunostaining of GFAP and Iba1. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were applied to investigate the genetic expression changes and the protein levels of autophagy-related proteins in the injured cortex and hippocampus after HI. We found that SCU administration preserved cell viability, promoted neurite outgrowth and suppressed apoptosis of neurons subjected to OGD both in vitroand in vivo. Meanwhile, 20 mg/kg SCU treatment improved neurological functions and decreased the expression of astrocytes and microglia in the cortex and hippocampus of HI rats. Additionally, SCU treatment depressed the elevated levels of autophagy-related proteins and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in both cortex and hippocampus. This study demonstrated the potential therapeutic efficacy of SCU by enhancing neurogenesis and restoring long-term neurological dysfunctions, which might be associated with p75NTR depletion in HI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Lin Xiong
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 550000, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Xin Tan
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Mohammed Al-Hawwas
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dong-Hui Liu
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
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Gottipati MK, Zuidema JM, Gilbert RJ. Biomaterial strategies for creating in vitro astrocyte cultures resembling in vivo astrocyte morphologies and phenotypes. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 14:67-74. [PMID: 34296048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are dynamic cells residing in the central nervous system exhibiting many diverse functions. Astrocytes quickly change and present unique phenotypes in response to injury or disease. Here, we briefly summarize recent information regarding astrocyte morphology and function and provide brief insight into their phenotypic changes following injury or disease. We also present the utility of in vitro astrocyte cultures and present recent advances in biomaterial development that enable better recapitulation of their in vivo behavior and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Gottipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY. 12180.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY. 12180.,Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH. 43210
| | - Jonathan M Zuidema
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA. 92093
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY. 12180.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY. 12180
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Gonzalez A. Antioxidants and Neuron-Astrocyte Interplay in Brain Physiology: Melatonin, a Neighbor to Rely on. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:34-50. [PMID: 31989469 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is a review focused onto the role of astrocytes in the protection of neurons against oxidative stress and how melatonin can contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis. The first part of the review is dedicated to the dependence of neurons on astrocytes by terms of survival under oxidative stress conditions. Additionally, the effects of melatonin against oxidative stress in the brain and its putative role in the protection against diseases affecting the brain are highlighted. The effects of melatonin on the physiology of neurons and astrocytes also are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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Li K, Li J, Zheng J, Qin S. Reactive Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2019; 10:664-675. [PMID: 31165009 PMCID: PMC6538217 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, the largest and most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a variety of important roles in regulating homeostasis, increasing synaptic plasticity and providing neuroprotection, thus helping to maintain normal brain function. At the same time, astrocytes can participate in the inflammatory response and play a key role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Reactive astrocytes are strongly induced by numerous pathological conditions in the CNS. Astrocyte reactivity is initially characterized by hypertrophy of soma and processes, triggered by different molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation and ischemia can elicit two different types of reactive astrocytes, termed A1s and A2s. However, in the case of astrocyte reactivity in different neurodegenerative diseases, the recently published research issues remain a high level of conflict and controversy. So far, we still know very little about whether and how the function or reactivity of astrocytes changes in the progression of different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to briefly discuss recent studies highlighting the complex contribution of astrocytes in the process of various neurodegenerative diseases, which may provide us with new prospects for the development of an excellent therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Li
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- 2Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Qin
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wang R, Yang S, Nie T, Zhu G, Feng D, Yang Q. Transcription Factors: Potential Cell Death Markers in Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:552-560. [PMID: 28791585 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a long preclinical phase. The continuous loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of PD. Diagnosis largely depends on clinical observation, but motor dysfunctions do not emerge until 70%-80% of the nigrostriatal nerve terminals have been destroyed. Therefore, a biomarker that indicates the degeneration of DA neurons is urgently needed. Transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate RNA synthesis from a DNA template. The precise control of gene expression plays a critical role in the development, maintenance, and survival of cells, including DA neurons. Deficiency of certain transcription factors has been associated with DA neuron loss and PD. In this review, we focus on some transcription factors and discuss their structure, function, mechanisms of neuroprotection, and their potential for use as biomarkers indicating the degeneration of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shaosong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Tiejian Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Ay M, Luo J, Langley M, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Molecular mechanisms underlying protective effects of quercetin against mitochondrial dysfunction and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in cell culture and MitoPark transgenic mouse models of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurochem 2017; 141:766-782. [PMID: 28376279 PMCID: PMC5643047 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, one of the major flavonoids in plants, has been recently reported to have neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative processes. However, since the molecular signaling mechanisms governing these effects are not well clarified, we evaluated quercetin's effect on the neuroprotective signaling events in dopaminergic neuronal models and further tested its efficacy in the MitoPark transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Western blot analysis revealed that quercetin significantly induced the activation of two major cell survival kinases, protein kinase D1 (PKD1) and Akt in MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cells. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition or siRNA knockdown of PKD1 blocked the activation of Akt, suggesting that PKD1 acts as an upstream regulator of Akt in quercetin-mediated neuroprotective signaling. Quercetin also enhanced cAMP response-element binding protein phosphorylation and expression of the cAMP response-element binding protein target gene brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Results from qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, mtDNA content analysis, and MitoTracker assay experiments revealed that quercetin augmented mitochondrial biogenesis. Quercetin also increased mitochondrial bioenergetics capacity and protected MN9D cells against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity. To further evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of quercetin against the mitochondrial dysfunction underlying PD, we used the progressive dopaminergic neurodegenerative MitoPark transgenic mouse model of PD. Oral administration of quercetin significantly reversed behavioral deficits, striatal dopamine depletion, and TH neuronal cell loss in MitoPark mice. Together, our findings demonstrate that quercetin activates the PKD1-Akt cell survival signaling axis and suggest that further exploration of quercetin as a promising neuroprotective agent for treating PD may offer clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Ay
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Monica Langley
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Yi H, Bao X, Tang X, Fan X, Xu H. Estrogen modulation of calretinin and BDNF expression in midbrain dopaminergic neurons of ovariectomised mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:60-67. [PMID: 27211874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen attenuates the loss of dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and excitatory amino-acid induced neurotoxicity by interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and calretinin (CR) containing dopaminergic (DA) neurons. To examine this interaction more closely, we treated the ovariectomised (OVX) mice with estrodial for 10days, and compared these mice to those OVX mice injected with the vehicle or control mice. Estrogen treatment in OVX mice had significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA and BDNF mRNA levels in the midbrain were also significantly increased by estrogen treatment (P<0.05). OVX markedly decreased the number of TH/CR double stained cells in the SNpc (P<0.05), a trend which could be reversed by estrogen treatment. However, the number of GFAP positive cells in the substantia nigra did not show significant changes (P >0.05) after vehicle or estrodial treatment. Furthermore, we found that estrogen treatment abrogated the OVX-induced decrease in the phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), but not p-ERK. We hypothesize that short-term treatment with estrogen confers neuroprotection to DA neurons by increasing CR in the DA neurons and BDNF in the midbrain, which possibly related to activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Yi
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Chongqing City Family Planning Institute, Chongqing, 400020, PR China
| | - Xiaohang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital,Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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Liu YJ, Lian ZY, Liu G, Zhou HY, Yang HJ. RNA sequencing reveals retinal transcriptome changes in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2101-9. [PMID: 26781437 PMCID: PMC4768987 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate changes in retinal gene expression in streptozotocin (STZ)‑induced diabetic rats using next‑generation sequencing, utilize transcriptome signatures to investigate the molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and identify novel strategies for the treatment of DR. Diabetes was chemically induced in 10‑week‑old male Sprague‑Dawley rats using STZ. Flash‑electroretinography (F‑ERG) was performed to evaluate the visual function of the rats. The retinas of the rats were removed to perform high throughput RNA sequence (RNA‑seq) analysis. The a‑wave, b‑wave, oscillatory potential 1 (OP1), OP2 and ∑OP amplitudes were significantly reduced in the diabetic group, compared with those of the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the implicit b‑wave duration 16 weeks post‑STZ induction were significantly longer in the diabetic rats, compared with the control rats (P<0.001). A total of 868 genes were identified, of which 565 were upregulated and 303 were downregulated. Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 94 apoptotic genes and apoptosis regulatory genes, and 19 inflammatory genes were detected. The results of the KEGG pathway significant enrichment analysis revealed enrichment in cell adhesion molecules, complement and coagulation cascades, and antigen processing and presentation. Diabetes alters several transcripts in the retina, and RNA‑seq provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yun Lian
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Geng Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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12
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Kramer ER, Liss B. GDNF-Ret signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and its implication for Parkinson disease. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3760-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Pitx3 deficiency produces decreased dopamine signaling and induces motor deficits in Pitx3(-/-) mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3314-3320. [PMID: 26363812 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are involved in cognition, control of motor activity, and emotion-related behaviors. Degeneration of DA neurons particularly in the substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. The homeobox transcription factor, Pitx3, plays a critical role in the development, function, and maintenance of midbrain DA neurons. We found that in young adult Pitx3-null mice, Pitx3(-/-), there was decreased tyrosine hydroxylase staining, indicating a loss of DA neurons particularly in the substantia nigra. In addition, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and microdialysis assays of DA release indicated that the lack of Pitx3 caused a significant reduction of striatal DA release. Tonic DA release was impaired more significantly than the phasic DA release induced by burst firing of DA neurons. Furthermore, behavioral tests revealed that Pitx3(-/-) mice displayed abnormal motor activities, including impaired motor coordination and decreased locomotion. In summary, these data provide further evidence that Pitx3 is specifically required for DA-related function and, if impaired, Pitx3 could contribute during the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. In vitro models for neurotoxicology research. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:801-842. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system has a highly complex organization, including many cell types with multiple functions, with an intricate anatomy and unique structural and functional characteristics; the study of its (dys)functionality following exposure to xenobiotics, neurotoxicology, constitutes an important issue in neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - João Paulo Capela
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
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Veenvliet JV, Smidt MP. Molecular mechanisms of dopaminergic subset specification: fundamental aspects and clinical perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4703-27. [PMID: 25064061 PMCID: PMC11113784 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral mesodiencephalon control locomotion and emotion and are affected in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). A clinical hallmark of PD is the specific degeneration of DA neurons located within the substantia nigra (SNc), whereas neurons in the ventral tegmental area remain unaffected. Recent advances have highlighted that the selective vulnerability of the SNc may originate in subset-specific molecular programming during DA neuron development, and significantly increased our understanding of the molecular code that drives specific SNc development. We here present an up-to-date overview of molecular mechanisms that direct DA subset specification, integrating our current knowledge about subset-specific roles of transcription factors, signaling pathways and morphogenes. We discuss strategies to further unravel subset-specific gene-regulatory networks, and the clinical promise of fundamental knowledge about subset specification of DA neurons, with regards to cell replacement therapy and cell-type-specific vulnerability in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V. Veenvliet
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten P. Smidt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Watmuff B, Hartley BJ, Hunt CP, Pouton CW, Haynes JM. Pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons as models of neurodegeneration. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Researchers utilize a number of models of Parkinson’s disease ranging in complexity from immortalized cell lines to nonhuman primates. These models are used to investigate everything from the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, to drugs that may improve patient outcomes. Each model system has advantages and disadvantages, depending on their application. In this review, the authors assess the potential value of embryonic stem and induced-pluripotent stem cells as additions to the crowded Parkinson’s disease in vitro model landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Watmuff
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Brigham Jay Hartley
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron Philip Hunt
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin William Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John Michael Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Chai L, Guo H, Li H, Wang S, Wang YL, Shi F, Hu LM, Liu Y, Adah D. Scutellarin and caffeic acid ester fraction, active components of Dengzhanxixin injection, upregulate neurotrophins synthesis and release in hypoxia/reoxygenation rat astrocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:100-107. [PMID: 24012966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellarin (Scu) and caffeic acid ester fraction (Caf), the extracts from the traditional Chinese herb, Erigeron breviscapus, are known to ameliorate post ischemic neuronal dysfunction. AIM OF THE STUDY Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are essential for neuronal growth and survival. We explored the neuroprotective effect of Scu and Caf by synthesis and release of NGF, BDNF and GDNF in rat astrocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation and MACO rats. And the neuroprotection of Scu and Caf was also explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary rat astrocytes were cultured in vitro. The temporal mRNA and protein expression profile during hypoxia/reoxygenation were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. The expression of p-CREB, p-Akt, p-MAPKs and Bax were analyzed by western blotting. Cell viability of neuro-2A was measured using CCK-8 and cell cytotoxicity was measured with LDH release. RESULTS During hypoxia/reoxygenation a similar decrease pattern of NTFs (NGF, BDNF and GDNF) was observed in both mRNA and protein; Scu and Caf enhanced the expressions of NGF, BDNF and GDNF mRNA and protein in astrocytes under hypoxia/reoxygenation condition. CREB and Akt, but not MAPKs ( p-JNK, p-ERK1/2 and p-38) may be involved in the expression of NTFs. Concomitantly, conditioned medium from astrocytes which was treated by Scu or Caf after hypo3h/Reox24h significantly reduced neurotoxicity compared with conditioned medium from hypo3h/Reox24h astrocytes alone, and they show the tendency of increased neurons viability accompanied with Bax changes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of Scu and Caf might be mediated, at least in part, via a stimulation of the production and release of NTFs through p-CREB and p-Akt signaling. Furthermore, Scu and Caf could antagonistic the hypoxia induced toxicity through astrocytes conditioned medium. Those results suggested that Scu and Caf might have therapeutic potential for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chai
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
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18
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Fuchs J, Stettler O, Alvarez-Fischer D, Prochiantz A, Moya KL, Joshi RL. Engrailed signaling in axon guidance and neuron survival. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1837-45. [PMID: 22708594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several homeoproteins can function in a direct cell non-autonomous fashion to control various biological processes. In the developing nervous system, this mode of signaling has been well documented for Engrailed in the guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons and retino-tectal patterning. Engrailed is also a key factor for mesencephalic dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, not only during development but also in the adult. Haplodeficiency for Engrailed1 leads to progressive adult-onset loss of mDA neurons and several phenotypic alterations reminiscent of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thanks to its transduction properties, Engrailed has been shown to confer neuroprotection in several experimental models of PD. Study of the mechanisms underlying these two Engrailed-mediated effects has revealed a key role of the translation regulation by Engrailed and uncovered an unsuspected link between a homeoprotein and mitochondrial activity. These studies highlight the crucial role of cellular energetic metabolism in neuron development, survival and neurodegeneration, and may help to identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fuchs
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS unité mixte de recherche 7241/INSERM U1050, Development and Neuropharmacology, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
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19
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Clark J, Silvaggi JM, Kiselak T, Zheng K, Clore EL, Dai Y, Bass CE, Simon DK. Pgc-1α overexpression downregulates Pitx3 and increases susceptibility to MPTP toxicity associated with decreased Bdnf. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48925. [PMID: 23145024 PMCID: PMC3492133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms likely contribute to neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD), including mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) positively regulates the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis and the cell's antioxidant responses. Also, expression of PGC-1α-regulated genes is low in substantia nigra (SN) neurons in early PD. Thus upregulation of PGC-1α is a candidate neuroprotective strategy in PD. Here, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) was used to induce unilateral overexpression of Pgc-1α, or a control gene, in the SN of wild-type C57BL/6CR mice. Three weeks after AAV administration, mice were treated with saline or MPTP. Overexpression of Pgc-1α in the SN induced expression of target genes, but unexpectedly it also greatly reduced the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) and other markers of the dopaminergic phenotype with resultant severe loss of striatal dopamine. Reduced Th expression was associated with loss of Pitx3, a transcription factor that is critical for the development and maintenance of dopaminergic cells. Expression of the neurotrophic factor Bdnf, which also is regulated by Pitx3, similarly was reduced. Overexpression of Pgc-1α also led to increased sensitivity to MPTP-induced death of Th+ neurons. Pgc-1α overexpression alone, in the absence of MPTP treatment, did not lead to cell loss in the SN or to loss of dopaminergic terminals. These data demonstrate that overexpression of Pgc-1α results in dopamine depletion associated with lower levels of Pitx3 and enhances susceptibility to MPTP. These data may have ramifications for neuroprotective strategies targeting overexpression of PGC-1α in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Clark
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Chen BY, Wang X, Wang ZY, Wang YZ, Chen LW, Luo ZJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, possibly by triggering the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:30-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Reyes S, Fu Y, Double KL, Cottam V, Thompson LH, Kirik D, Paxinos G, Watson C, Cooper HM, Halliday GM. Trophic factors differentiate dopamine neurons vulnerable to Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:873-86. [PMID: 22926168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest a variety of factors characterize substantia nigra neurons vulnerable to Parkinson's disease, including the transcription factors pituitary homeobox 3 (Pitx3) and orthodenticle homeobox 2 (Otx2) and the trophic factor receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), but there is limited information on their expression and localization in adult humans. Pitx3, Otx2, and DCC were immunohistochemically localized in the upper brainstem of adult humans and mice and protein expression assessed using relative intensity measures and online microarray data. Pitx3 was present and highly expressed in most dopamine neurons. Surprisingly, in our elderly subjects no Otx2 immunoreactivity was detected in dopamine neurons, although Otx2 gene expression was found in younger cases. Enhanced DCC gene expression occurred in the substantia nigra, and higher amounts of DCC protein characterized vulnerable ventral nigral dopamine neurons. Our data show that, at the age when Parkinson's disease typically occurs, there are no significant differences in the expression of transcription factors in brainstem dopamine neurons, but those most vulnerable to Parkinson's disease rely more on the trophic factor receptor DCC than other brainstem dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Reyes
- Neuroscience Research Australia and the School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Pitx3 is a critical mediator of GDNF-induced BDNF expression in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 2011; 31:12802-15. [PMID: 21900559 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0898-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitx3 is a critical homeodomain transcription factor for the proper development and survival of mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons in mammals. Several variants of this gene have been associated with human Parkinson's disease (PD), and lack of Pitx3 in mice causes the preferential loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) mdDA neurons that are most affected in PD. It is currently unclear how Pitx3 activity promotes the survival of SNc mdDA neurons and which factors act upstream and downstream of Pitx3 in this context. Here we show that a transient expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the murine ventral midbrain (VM) induces transcription of Pitx3 via NF-κB-mediated signaling, and that Pitx3 is in turn required for activating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a rostrolateral (SNc) mdDA neuron subpopulation during embryogenesis. The loss of BDNF expression correlates with the increased apoptotic cell death of this mdDA neuronal subpopulation in Pitx3(-/-) mice, whereas treatment of VM cell cultures with BDNF augments the survival of the Pitx3(-/-) mdDA neurons. Most importantly, only BDNF but not GDNF protects mdDA neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death in the absence of Pitx3. As the feedforward regulation of GDNF, Pitx3, and BDNF expression also persists in the adult rodent brain, our data suggest that the disruption of the regulatory interaction between these three factors contributes to the loss of mdDA neurons in Pitx3(-/-) mutant mice and perhaps also in human PD.
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Safi R, Gardaneh M, Panahi Y, Maghsoudi N, Zaefizadeh M, Gharib E. Optimized quantities of GDNF overexpressed by engineered astrocytes are critical for protection of neuroblastoma cells against 6-OHDA toxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:654-65. [PMID: 21969113 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Optimized levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are critical for protection of dopaminergic neurons against parkinsonian cell death. Recombinant lentiviruses harboring GDNF coding sequence were constructed and used to infect astrocytoma cell line 1321N1. The infected astrocytes overexpressed GDNF mRNA and secreted an average of 2.2 ng/mL recombinant protein as tested in both 2 and 16 weeks post-infection. Serial dilutions of GDNF-enriched conditioned medium from infected astrocytes added to growing neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC resulted in commensurate resistance against 6-OHDA toxicity. SK-N-MC cell survival rate rose from 51% in control group to 84% in the cells grown with astro-CM containing 453 pg secreted GDNF, an increase that was highly significant (P < 0.0001). However, larger volumes of the GDNF-enriched conditioned medium failed to improve cell survival and addition of volumes that contained 1,600 pg or more GDNF further reduced survival rate to below 70%. Changes in cell survival paralleled to changes in the percent of apoptotic cell morphologies. These data demonstrate the feasibility of using astrocytes as minipumps to stably oversecrete neurotrophic factors and further indicate that GDNF can be applied to neuroprotection studies in PD pending the optimization of its concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Safi
- Molecular Genetics Group, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Pajoohesh Blvd, Tehran-Karaj HWY, Kilometer 15, PO Box 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
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Detoxified Extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes Inhibits Rotenone-Induced Apoptosis in Human Dopaminergic Cells, SH-SY5Y. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 31:213-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Astrocytic Responses to DNA Delivery Using Nucleofection. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1771-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pickard M, Chari D. Enhancement of magnetic nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer to astrocytes by 'magnetofection': effects of static and oscillating fields. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:217-32. [PMID: 20148634 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the feasibility of using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to transfect astrocytes derived for transplantation and determine if transfection efficacy can be enhanced by static and oscillating magnetic fields. METHODS Astrocytes were transfected using MNPs functionalized with a plasmid encoding a reporter protein. Transfection efficacies were compared following application of static fields and a novel, oscillating array system at a range of frequencies. The transplantation potential of transfected cells was tested in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. RESULTS Rat astrocytes can be efficiently transfected using MNPs with applied static/oscillating fields; the latter effect is frequency dependent. Transfected astrocytes could survive and differentiate following introduction into 3D neural tissue arrays. CONCLUSION MNP vectors can safely and effectively transfect rodent astrocytes and could form the basis of a 'multifunctional nanoplatform' for neural cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pickard
- Cellular & Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
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Haubenberger D, Reinthaler E, Mueller JC, Pirker W, Katzenschlager R, Froehlich R, Bruecke T, Daniel G, Auff E, Zimprich A. Association of transcription factor polymorphisms PITX3 and EN1 with Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:302-7. [PMID: 19345444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors PITX3 and Engrailed 1 (EN1), among others, have been shown to play a crucial role in the maturation and survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The degeneration of those neurons is the pathological hallmark in Parkinson's disease (PD). In a hypothesis-driven candidate gene approach, it has been recently shown that polymorphisms in the genes coding for PITX3 and EN1 are associated with sporadic PD. In a study on 365 patients with PD and 418 controls, we genotyped nine single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning the entire genomic region of PITX3 and EN1. Furthermore, we analyzed whether the genotype of these SNPs associate with the age of onset in PD. We found a strong association between the PITX3 promoter rs3758549 polymorphism and PD (p=0.0001), as well as an association between EN1 rs1438852 and PD (p=0.046). In particular, our highly significant findings regarding the association of rs3758549 reproduce the results of the initial report on transcription factor gene variants, providing further evidence for PITX3 and EN1 polymorphisms as potential genetic risk factors for sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Haubenberger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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