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Talaee N, Azadvar S, Khodadadi S, Abbasi N, Asli-Pashaki ZN, Mirabzadeh Y, Kholghi G, Akhondzadeh S, Vaseghi S. Comparing the effect of fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline, on the level of BDNF and depression in preclinical and clinical studies: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:983-1016. [PMID: 38558317 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) dysfunction is one of the most important mechanisms underlying depression. It seems that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improve depression via affecting BDNF level. In this systematic review, for the first time, we aimed to review the effect of three SSRIs including fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline, on both depression and BDNF level in preclinical and clinical studies. PubMed electronic database was searched, and 193 articles were included in this study. After reviewing all manuscripts, only one important difference was found: subjects. We found that SSRIs induce different effects in animals vs. humans. Preclinical studies showed many controversial effects, while human studies showed only two effects: improvement of depression, with or without the improvement of BDNF. However, most studies used chronic SSRIs treatment, while acute SSRIs were not effectively used and evaluated. In conclusion, it seems that SSRIs are reliable antidepressants, and the improvement effect of SSRIs on depression is not dependent to BDNF level (at least in human studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Talaee
- Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shataw Azadvar
- Department of Power Electronic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Khodadadi
- Student Research Committee, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahal Abbasi
- Department of Health Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Mirabzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Kholghi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, 1419815477, Iran.
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Dionisie V, Ciobanu AM, Toma VA, Manea MC, Baldea I, Olteanu D, Sevastre-Berghian A, Clichici S, Manea M, Riga S, Filip GA. Escitalopram Targets Oxidative Stress, Caspase-3, BDNF and MeCP2 in the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of a Rat Model of Depression Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147483. [PMID: 34299103 PMCID: PMC8304451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, escitalopram (ESC) has been suggested to have different mechanisms of action beyond its well known selective serotonin reuptake inhibition. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of escitalopram on oxidative stress, apoptosis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), and oligodendrocytes number in the brain of chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressed rats. The animals were randomised in four groups (8 in each group): control, stress, stress + ESC 5 and stress + ESC 5/10. ESC was administered for 42 days in a fixed dose (5 mg/kg b.w.) or in an up-titration regimen (21 days ESC 5 mg/kg b.w. then 21 days ESC 10 mg/kg b.w.). Sucrose preference test (SPT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were also performed. ESC improved the percentage of sucrose preference, locomotion and anxiety. ESC5/10 reduced the oxidative damage in the hippocampus and improved the antioxidant defence in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. ESC5/10 lowered caspase 3 activity in the hippocampus. Escitalopram had a modulatory effect on BDNF and the number of oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus and frontal lobe and also improved the MeCP2 expressions. The results confirm the multiple pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and suggest that escitalopram exerts an antidepressant effect via different intricate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Dionisie
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adela Magdalena Ciobanu
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
- Neuroscience Department, Discipline of Psychiatry, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Alexandru Toma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Biochemistry and Experimental Biology, Institute of Biological Research, Branch of NIRDBS Bucharest, 400113 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, NIRD for Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.A.T.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Mihnea Costin Manea
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (V.A.T.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Ioana Baldea
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Diana Olteanu
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Alexandra Sevastre-Berghian
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Simona Clichici
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Mirela Manea
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Sorin Riga
- Department of Stress Research and Prophylaxis, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 927180 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
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Therapeutic effects of exercise, escitalopram, and exercise-accompanied escitalopram on brain functions in rats with depression. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/phypha.26.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Henn L, Zanta NC, Girardi CEN, Suchecki D. Chronic Escitalopram Treatment Does Not Alter the Effects of Neonatal Stress on Hippocampal BDNF Levels, 5-HT 1A Expression and Emotional Behaviour of Male and Female Adolescent Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:926-943. [PMID: 33063280 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress is considered a risk factor for the development of long-term psychiatric disorders. Maternal deprivation (MD) is a useful paradigm to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of early stress-induced changes in neurodevelopment trajectory. The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of a chronic treatment with escitalopram (ESC) on the hippocampal levels of BDNF and neuropeptide Y (NPY), expression of serotonin type 1A receptor (5-HT1A), plasma corticosterone levels and emotional behaviours in male and female adolescent rats submitted to MD at 9 days of life (group DEP9) and challenged with a brief and mild stress (saline injection (SAL)) at the end of MD. Whole litters were kept with mothers (CTL) or submitted to MD (DEP9). Within each group, pups were stress-challenged (CTL-SAL and DEP9-SAL) or not (CTL-NSAL and DEP9-NSAL). ESC or vehicle treatments began at weaning and lasted 24 days, when animals were sacrificed for determination of neurobiological variables or submitted to a battery of tests for evaluation of emotional behaviours. The results showed that BDNF levels were higher in SAL-challenged males and in DEP9-SAL females, whereas 5-HT1A receptor expression was reduced in DEP9 males and in SAL-challenged females. There were no changes in NPY or corticosterone levels. In the forced swim test, SAL-challenged males and DEP9 females displayed less immobility and ESC only increased social motivation in males. The results indicated that neonatal stress led to sex-dependent changes in neurobiology and behaviour and that chronic ESC treatment had minor effects on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Henn
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 1° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Natália C Zanta
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 1° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo N Girardi
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 1° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 1° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
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Schott BH, Kronenberg G, Schmidt U, Düsedau HP, Ehrentraut S, Geisel O, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Gass P, Dunay IR, Hellweg R. Robustly High Hippocampal BDNF levels under Acute Stress in Mice Lacking the Full-length p75 Neurotrophin Receptor. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2021; 54:205-213. [PMID: 33592642 DOI: 10.1055/a-1363-1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) exerts its effects on neural plasticity via 2 distinct receptor types, the tyrosine kinase TrkB and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). The latter can promote inflammation and cell death while TrkB is critically involved in plasticity and memory, particularly in the hippocampus. Acute and chronic stress have been associated with suppression of hippocampal BDNF expression and impaired hippocampal plasticity. We hypothesized that p75NTR might be involved in the hippocampal stress response, in particular in stress-induced BDNF suppression, which might be accompanied by increased neuroinflammation. METHOD We assessed hippocampal BDNF protein concentrations in wild-type mice compared that in mice lacking the long form of the p75NTR (p75NTRExIII-/-) with or without prior exposure to a 1-hour restraint stress challenge. Hippocampal BDNF concentrations were measured using an optimized ELISA. Furthermore, whole-brain mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (Il6) was assessed with RT-PCR. RESULTS Deletion of full-length p75NTR was associated with higher hippocampal BDNF protein concentration in the stress condition, suggesting persistently high hippocampal BDNF levels in p75NTR-deficient mice, even under stress. Stress elicited increased whole-brain Il6 mRNA expression irrespective of genotype; however, p75NTRExIII-/- mice showed elevated baseline Il6 expression and thus a lower relative increase. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for a role of p75NTR signaling in the regulation of hippocampal BDNF levels, particularly under stress. Furthermore, p75NTR signaling modulates baseline but not stress-related Il6 gene expression in mice. Our findings implicate p75NTR signaling as a potential pathomechanism in BDNF-dependent modulation of risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn H Schott
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Behavioral Neurology, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Golo Kronenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University of Leicester and Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning P Düsedau
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ehrentraut
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Olga Geisel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Peter Gass
- Central Institute for Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Heidelberg University, Mannheim Faculty, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mondal AC, Fatima M. Direct and indirect evidences of BDNF and NGF as key modulators in depression: role of antidepressants treatment. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:283-296. [PMID: 30235967 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1527328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is one of the most prevalent, recurrent and life-threatening mental illnesses. However, the precise mechanism underlying the disorder is not yet clearly understood. It is therefore, essential to identify the novel biomarkers which may help in the development of effective treatment. METHODS In this milieu, the profile of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were considered as biomarkers in the light of pathophysiology of depression and its treatment. RESULTS Previously, we have reported that BDNF level in the postmortem brain of suicide victims was significantly lower than those of normal controls. We also found decreased BDNF levels in the specific brain regions of the learned helplessness model of depression in rat, and was found to increase normal level following chronic fluoxetine hydrochloride treatment. NGF is another important member of neurotrophin, which is dysregulated in the pathophysiology of depression in some models of peripheral nerve damage and stress. The results shown evidences of the effect of antidepressants on modulating depression via the NGF in preclinical and clinical models of depression, but conflicted, therefore make it currently difficult to affirm the therapeutic role of antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS Here, we review some of the preclinical and clinical studies aimed at disclosing the role of BDNF and NGF mediated pathophysiological mechanisms of depression and the new therapeutic approaches targeting those key molecules. In addition, an important link between BDNF, NGF and depression has been discussed in the light of current existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Chandra Mondal
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology , School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Mahino Fatima
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology , School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
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Kai-Xin-San series formulae alleviate depressive-like behaviors on chronic mild stressed mice via regulating neurotrophic factor system on hippocampus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1467. [PMID: 28469194 PMCID: PMC5431115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kai-xin-san (KXS) is a famous Chinese medicinal formula applied for treating stress-related psychiatric diseases with the symptoms such as depression, forgetfulness and dizziness. In clinic, the composition ratio of KXS is always varied and KXS series formulae are created. Here, we aim to compare the anti-depressive effect of different ratios of KXS and reveal its action mechanism on regulation of neurotrophic factor system. Firstly, daily intra-gastric administration of chemically standardized extracts of KXS series formulae for seven days significantly alleviated the depressive symptoms of chronic unpredictable mild stressed mice displayed by enhanced sucrose consumptions and decreased immobile time of forced swimming coupled with increased locomotor activities. KXS might fulfill this effect by up-regulating the expressions of NGF, BDNF and Trk receptors in hippocampus, which were confirmed by the treatment of corresponding blockers tPA-stop and K252a. The ratio with higher amounts of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Polygalae Radix exerted most profound effect on anti-depression and regulation enzymes in metabolic pathway of neurotrophic factors. These findings suggested that KXS was beneficial for enhancing supplies, up-regulating receptors, and restoring the dysfunction of metabolic pathway of neurotrophic factors, which might account for its anti-depression effect.
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The effects of desipramine, fluoxetine, or tianeptine on changes in bulbar BDNF levels induced by chronic social instability stress and inflammation. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:520-525. [PMID: 31994095 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is a major predisposing factor in the development of psychiatric disorders and potential source of augmented inflammatory processes in the brain. Increasing body of evidence shows an important role of alterations in the olfactory bulbs (OBs) function in stress-related disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of antidepressants on the alterations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in female rats subjected to chronic social instability stress (CSIS). METHODS 9 weeks old female rats were subjected to CSIS and injected ip once daily with desipramine (10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (5 mg/kg), or tianeptine (10 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. On the last day of the experiment, rats being at the estrus phase of cycle were injected ip with LPS (1 mg/kg) or saline. RESULTS The BDNF mRNA and protein levels were evaluated in the olfactory bulbs. and the BDNF protein levels were measured in plasma. A single LPS administration in the stressed rats resulted in significant decrease in the bulbar BDNF mRNA, but not in the protein level. Chronic administration of desipramine, fluoxetine, or tianeptine increased the BDNF mRNA expression and protein levels in the LPS-injected stressed rats. There was no effect of the studied antidepressants on the reduction of the plasma BDNF protein level induced by CSIS and LPS. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that studied antidepressants were effective in inhibiting the impact of LPS on BDNF expression in the stressed rats what may be significant for beneficial action of this drugs.
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Jia S, Liu Y, Shi Y, Ma Y, Hu Y, Wang M, Li X. Elevation of Brain Magnesium Potentiates Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in the Hippocampus of Young and Aged Mice. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1903-12. [PMID: 26754806 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) can self-renew and generate all neural lineage types, and they persist in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the cortex. Here, we show that dietary-supplemented - magnesium-L-threonate (MgT), a novel magnesium compound designed to elevate brain magnesium regulates the NSC pool in the adult hippocampus. We found that administration of both short- and long-term regimens of MgT, increased the number of hippocampal NSCs. We demonstrated that in young mice, dietary supplementation with MgT significantly enhanced NSC proliferation in the SGZ. Importantly, in aged mice that underwent long-term (12-month) supplementation with MgT, MgT did not deplete the hippocampal NSC reservoir but rather curtailed the age-associated decline in NSC proliferation. We further established an association between extracellular magnesium concentrations and NSC self-renewal in vitro by demonstrating that elevated Mg(2+) concentrations can maintain or increase the number of cultured hippocampal NSCs. Our study also suggests that key signaling pathways for cell growth and proliferation may be candidate targets for Mg(2+) 's effects on NSC self-renewal. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1903-1912, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihe Ma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Neuroprotective potential of escitalopram against behavioral, mitochondrial and oxidative dysfunction induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. Ann Neurosci 2015; 22:11-8. [PMID: 26124545 PMCID: PMC4410522 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.220104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative syndrome that leads to marked decline in cognitive functioning along with uncharacteristic body movements called chorea. There exists no therapeutic agent to address the disease.3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) which is a suicide inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase and a well-known experimental model to study Huntington’s disease, causes substantial impairment in gait and memory through oxidative and neuronal damage. Purpose In the present study protective effect of escitalopram against 3-NP induced neurotoxicity was explored. Methods Adult female Wistar ratswere subjected to per oral administration of 2 different doses of escitalopram (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 12 days followed by intraperitoneal injection of 3-NP (20 mg/kg) on the last four days. Results Intraperitoneal injection of 3-NP lead to significant induction of HD like symptoms in rats such as impaired memory, reduced locomotor activity, hind limb impairment, decreased body weight, oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment with 2 different dose of escitalopram helped reverse the mitochondrial enzyme dysfunction along with reversal of behavioural and biochemical anomaly induced by 3-NP. Further, histopathological examination confirmed the neuroprotective potential of escitalopram against 3-NP induced pathological lesions. Conclusion The results obtained thus substantiate the claim that escitalopram might play an antioxidant and neuroprotective role against 3-NP induced alterations in rats and can prove to be a promising candidate for the management of HD.
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Chen YW, Lin PY, Tu KY, Cheng YS, Wu CK, Tseng PT. Significantly lower nerve growth factor levels in patients with major depressive disorder than in healthy subjects: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:925-33. [PMID: 25897228 PMCID: PMC4389916 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s81432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since its discovery several decades ago, nerve growth factor (NGF) has been found to play roles in different areas, such as neurology, endocrinology, and immunology. There is some evidence linking NGF and psychiatry, including the role of NGF in subjects' response to stress, the alteration of NGF in different emotional states, and the penetration of NGF across the blood-brain barrier under specific conditions. There are many inconsistent findings regarding the differences in NGF in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) at the present time. The aim of our study was to clarify whether NGF levels are different in MDD compared with healthy controls (HCs). METHODS We conducted a thorough literature search and compared peripheral NGF levels between MDD and HC through meta-analysis, and investigated possible confounding variables through meta-regression. RESULTS Seven studies were brought into the current meta-analysis comparing peripheral NGF in MDD and HCs. The main result was that the NGF levels were significantly lower in MDD than in HCs and that this had an inverse correlation with mean age and disease severity. In addition, meta-analysis of four articles found that the peripheral NGF levels did not change significantly before and after treatment. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the significant differences in peripheral NGF levels in patients with MDD. However, further exploration of the dynamic changes in peripheral NGF along with the disease course, and specific studies investigating the correlation of NGF in the peripheral and CNS environments are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Wen Chen
- Department of Neurology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yu Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Nowacka MM, Paul-Samojedny M, Bielecka AM, Obuchowicz E. Chronic social instability stress enhances vulnerability of BDNF response to LPS in the limbic structures of female rats: A protective role of antidepressants. Neurosci Res 2014; 88:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Increasing number of studies has during the last decade linked neurotrophic factors with the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and with the mechanisms of action of drugs used for the treatment of these disorders. In particular, brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF and its receptor TrkB have been connected with the pathophysiology in mood disorders, and there is strong evidence that BDNF signaling is critically involved in the recovery from depression with both pharmacological and psychological means. Neurotrophins play a central role in neuronal plasticity and network connectivity in developing adult brain, and recent evidence links plasticity and network rewiring with mood disorders and their treatment. Therefore, neurotrophins should not be seen as happiness factors but as critical tools in the process where brain networks are optimally tuned to environment, and it is against this background that the effects of neurotrophins on neuropsychiatric disorders should be looked at.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Bilgen AE, Bozkurt Zincir S, Zincir S, Ozdemir B, Ak M, Aydemir E, Sener I. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in treatment resistant major depression. Brain Res Bull 2014; 104:82-7. [PMID: 24747833 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of electroconvulsive treatment on serum BDNF and NGF levels in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. METHODS Thirty patients with treatment-resistant major depression and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. The patients' serum BDNF and NGF levels were measured three times; before treatment (T0), when the clinical response occurred (T1) and at the end of treatment (T2). RESULTS The reduction detected in the HAM-D scores with ECT during the T0-T1, T1-T2 and T0-T2 periods was found to be statistically significant. In the patient group, increase in the mean BDNF levels after ECT treatment was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Significant increases in serum BDNF levels with ECT were lower than in the control group, and the serum NGF levels did not increase significantly. There was no relationship between the severity of the depression and serum BDNF and NGF levels (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated the role of neurotrophic factors in the etiopathogenesis of major depression. Future studies should investigate the relationship between neurotrophic factors with neuroendocrine and genetic processes to elucidate the psychobiology and treatment of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Emrah Bilgen
- Etimesgut Asker Hastanesi, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Selma Bozkurt Zincir
- Erenkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Zincir
- Gölcük Asker Hastanesi, Department of Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Barbaros Ozdemir
- Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Ak
- Memorial Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Emre Aydemir
- Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Irfan Sener
- Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
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Liu X, Zhang T, He S, Hong B, Peng D, Su H, Li F, Tang Y, Lin Z, Fang Y, Jiang K. Nerve growth factor variations in patients with mood disorders: no changes in eight weeks of clinical treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:835-40. [PMID: 24868159 PMCID: PMC4031241 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s62741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) has received much attention for its role in mood disorders. The primary objective of the present study was to examine serum NGF levels in Chinese inpatients with depressive or manic episodes in the acute phase and to explore the changes in NGF levels after effective clinical treatments. METHODS One hundred and seven consecutive inpatients and outpatients with mood disorders (30 with unipolar depression, 23 with bipolar depression, and 54 with bipolar mania), and 50 healthy controls were recruited. The serum NGF levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Patients with bipolar mania presented higher serum NGF levels compared to those of healthy controls. After 8 weeks of medical treatment, there were significant improvements in symptoms in patients, but no significant changes in NGF levels. CONCLUSION The present findings may help to strengthen and expand the understanding of the role of NGF in the acute stages of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen He
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Daihui Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Lin
- Biochemistry laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaida Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Martino M, Rocchi G, Escelsior A, Contini P, Colicchio S, de Berardis D, Amore M, Fornaro P, Fornaro M. NGF serum levels variations in major depressed patients receiving duloxetine. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1824-8. [PMID: 23507186 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in the modulation of the neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI) system, whereas alterations in neuroplasticity and NEI homeostasis seem to play a role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Objective of the study was to investigate NGF levels variations in MDD patients during antidepressant treatment with duloxetine, a relatively newer SNRI. METHODS 30 MDD patients and 32 healthy controls were assessed using Hamilton depression scale (HAM-D) and monitored for NGF serum levels at baseline, week 6 and week 12 of duloxetine treatment (60 mg/day) and at baseline, respectively. RESULTS According to early clinical response to duloxetine (defined at week 6 by reduction >50% of baseline HAM-D score), MDD patients were distinguished in early responders (ER) and early non-responders (ENR), who overall reached clinical response at week 12. Laboratory analysis showed overall significant lower baseline NGF levels among depressed patients compared to healthy controls, not significantly in ER and significantly in ENR. During duloxetine treatment NGF levels further decreased in association with clinical response, reaching significantly lower values in ER at W6 compared to controls, and in ENR at W12 compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in NGF levels during duloxetine treatment in association to clinical response could be indicative of a relative restoring of NEI stress-adaptation system, since stressors, inducing neuronal instability due to neurotrophins activity changes, permits circuitry remodeling as background in the selection of alternative adaptive behaviors. However, the lower baseline NGF levels found in MDD patients that further decrease during the treatment could represent a lower neurotrophin set point, possibly reflecting a functional impairment in stress-adaptive neuroplasticity in depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martino
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST, Genoa, Italy.
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Audet MC, Anisman H. Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in depressive illnesses. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:68. [PMID: 23675319 PMCID: PMC3650474 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of depressive disorders had long been attributed to monoamine variations, and pharmacological treatment strategies likewise focused on methods of altering monoamine availability. However, the limited success achieved by treatments that altered these processes spurred the search for alternative mechanisms and treatments. Here we provide a brief overview concerning a possible role for pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in major depression, as well as the possibility of targeting these factors in treating this disorder. The data suggest that focusing on one or another cytokine or growth factor might be counterproductive, especially as these factors may act sequentially or in parallel in affecting depressive disorders. It is also suggested that cytokines and growth factors might be useful biomarkers for individualized treatments of depressive illnesses.
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Della FP, Abelaira HM, Réus GZ, Santos MABD, Tomaz DB, Antunes AR, Scaini G, Morais MOS, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Treatment with tianeptine induces antidepressive-like effects and alters the neurotrophin levels, mitochondrial respiratory chain and cycle Krebs enzymes in the brain of maternally deprived adult rats. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:93-105. [PMID: 23325329 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Maternally deprived rats were treated with tianeptine (15 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days during their adult phase. Their behavior was then assessed using the forced swimming and open field tests. The BDNF, NGF and energy metabolism were assessed in the rat brain. Deprived rats increased the immobility time, but tianeptine reversed this effect and increased the swimming time; the BDNF levels were decreased in the amygdala of the deprived rats treated with saline and the BDNF levels were decreased in the nucleus accumbens within all groups; the NGF was found to have decreased in the hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens of the deprived rats; citrate synthase was increased in the hippocampus of non-deprived rats treated with tianeptine and the creatine kinase was decreased in the hippocampus and amygdala of the deprived rats; the mitochondrial complex I and II-III were inhibited, and tianeptine increased the mitochondrial complex II and IV in the hippocampus of the non-deprived rats; the succinate dehydrogenase was increased in the hippocampus of non-deprived rats treated with tianeptine. So, tianeptine showed antidepressant effects conducted on maternally deprived rats, and this can be attributed to its action on the neurochemical pathways related to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciela P Della
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Araya-Callís C, Hiemke C, Abumaria N, Flugge G. Chronic psychosocial stress and citalopram modulate the expression of the glial proteins GFAP and NDRG2 in the hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:209-22. [PMID: 22610521 PMCID: PMC3465647 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It has been suggested that there are causal relationships between alterations in brain glia and major depression. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether a depressive-like state induces changes in brain astrocytes, we used chronic social stress in male rats, an established preclinical model of depression. Expression of two astrocytic proteins, the intermediate filament component glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the cytoplasmic protein N-myc downregulated gene 2 (NDRG2), was analyzed in the hippocampus. For comparison, expression of the neuronal protein syntaxin-1A was also determined. METHODS Adult male rats were subjected to daily social defeat for 5 weeks and were concomitantly treated with citalopram (30 mg/kg/day, via the drinking water) for 4 weeks. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed that the chronic stress downregulated GFAP but upregulated NDRG2 protein. Citalopram did not prevent these stress effects, but the antidepressant per se downregulated GFAP and upregulated NDRG2 in nonstressed rats. In contrast, citalopram prevented the stress-induced upregulation of the neuronal protein syntaxin-1A. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that chronic stress and citalopram differentially affect expression of astrocytic genes while the antidepressant drug does not prevent the stress effects. The inverse regulation of the cytoskeletal protein GFAP and the cytoplasmic protein NDRG2 indicates that the cells undergo profound metabolic changes during stress and citalopram treatment. Furthermore, the present findings indicate that a 4-week treatment with citalopram does not restore normal glial function in the hippocampus, although the behavior of the animals was normalized within this treatment period, as reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Araya-Callís
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Hiemke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nashat Abumaria
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gabriele Flugge
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Gottingen, Germany
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Behavior in a Forced Swimming Test and Expression of the Genes for a Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Antiapoptotic Protein Bcl-xl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-012-9676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Neto FL, Borges G, Torres-Sanchez S, Mico JA, Berrocoso E. Neurotrophins role in depression neurobiology: a review of basic and clinical evidence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:530-52. [PMID: 22654714 PMCID: PMC3263450 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting a huge percentage of the active population especially in developed countries. Research has devoted much of its attention to this problematic and many drugs have been developed and are currently prescribed to treat this pathology. Yet, many patients are refractory to the available therapeutic drugs, which mainly act by increasing the levels of the monoamines serotonin and noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft. Even in the cases antidepressants are effective, it is usually observed a delay of a few weeks between the onset of treatment and remission of the clinical symptoms. Additionally, many of these patients who show remission with antidepressant therapy present a relapse of depression upon treatment cessation. Thus research has focused on other possible molecular targets, besides monoamines, underlying depression. Both basic and clinical evidence indicates that depression is associated with
several structural and neurochemical changes where the levels of neurotrophins, particularly of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are altered. Antidepressants, as well as other therapeutic strategies, seem to restore these levels. Neuronal atrophy, mostly detected in limbic structures that regulate mood and cognition, like the hippocampus, is observed in depressed patients and in animal behavioural paradigms for depression. Moreover, chronic antidepressant treatment enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis, supporting the notion that this event underlies antidepressants effects. Here we review some of the preclinical and clinical studies, aimed at disclosing the role of neurotrophins in the pathophysiological
mechanisms of depression and the mode of action of antidepressants, which favour the neurotrophic/neurogenic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani L Neto
- Instituto de Histologia e Embriologia, Faculdade de Medicina e IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
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Ladurelle N, Gabriel C, Viggiano A, Mocaër E, Baulieu EE, Bianchi M. Agomelatine (S20098) modulates the expression of cytoskeletal microtubular proteins, synaptic markers and BDNF in the rat hippocampus, amygdala and PFC. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:493-509. [PMID: 22160164 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Agomelatine is described as a novel and clinical effective antidepressant drug with melatonergic (MT(1)/MT(2)) agonist and 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist properties. Previous studies suggest that modulation of neuronal plasticity and microtubule dynamics may be involved in the treatment of depression. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the effects of agomelatine on microtubular, synaptic and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins in selected rat brain regions. METHODS Adult male rats received agomelatine (40 mg/kg i.p.) once a day for 22 days. The pro-cognitive effect of agomelatine was tested in the novel object recognition task and antidepressant activity in the forced swimming test. Microtubule dynamics markers, microtubule-associated protein type 2 (MAP-2), phosphorylated MAP-2, synaptic markers [synaptophysin, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) and spinophilin] and BDNF were measured by Western blot in the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC). RESULTS Agomelatine exerted pro-cognitive and antidepressant activity and induced molecular changes in the brain areas examined. Agomelatine enhanced microtubule dynamics in the hippocampus and to a higher magnitude in the amygdala. By contrast, in the PFC, a decrease in microtubule dynamics was observed. Spinophilin (dendritic spines marker) was decreased, and BDNF increased in the hippocampus. Synaptophysin (presynaptic) and spinophilin were increased in the PFC and amygdala, while PSD-95 (postsynaptic marker) was increased in the amygdala, consistent with the phenomena of synaptic remodelling. CONCLUSIONS Agomelatine modulates cytoskeletal microtubule dynamics and synaptic markers. This may play a role in its pharmacological behavioural effects and may result from the melatonergic agonist and 5-HT(2C) antagonist properties of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Ladurelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-UMR788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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23
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Abelaira HM, Réus GZ, Ribeiro KF, Zappellini G, Cipriano AL, Scaini G, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Lamotrigine treatment reverses depressive-like behavior and alters BDNF levels in the brains of maternally deprived adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:348-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zhong H, Haddjeri N, Sánchez C. Escitalopram, an antidepressant with an allosteric effect at the serotonin transporter--a review of current understanding of its mechanism of action. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:1-13. [PMID: 21901317 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Escitalopram is a widely used antidepressant for the treatment of patients with major depression. It is the pure S-enantiomer of racemic citalopram. Several clinical trials and meta-analyses indicate that escitalopram is quantitatively more efficacious than many other antidepressants with a faster onset of action. OBJECTIVE This paper reviews current knowledge about the mechanism of action of escitalopram. RESULTS The primary target for escitalopram is the serotonin transporter (SERT), which is responsible for serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) reuptake at the terminals and cell bodies of serotonergic neurons. Escitalopram and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors bind with high affinity to the 5-HT binding site (orthosteric site) on the transporter. This leads to antidepressant effects by increasing extracellular 5-HT levels which enhance 5-HT neurotransmission. SERT also has one or more allosteric sites, binding to which modulates activity at the orthosteric binding site but does not directly affect 5-HT reuptake by the transporter. In vitro studies have shown that through allosteric binding, escitalopram decreases its own dissociation rate from the orthosteric site on the SERT. R-citalopram, the nontherapeutic enantiomer in citalopram, is also an allosteric modulator of SERT but can inhibit the actions of escitalopram by interfering negatively with its binding. Both nonclinical studies and some clinical investigations have demonstrated the cellular, neurochemical, neuroadaptive, and neuroplastic changes induced by escitalopram with acute and chronic administration. CONCLUSIONS The findings from binding, neurochemical, and neurophysiological studies may provide a mechanistic rationale for the clinical difference observed with escitalopram compared to other antidepressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huailing Zhong
- U-Pharm Laboratories LLC, 239 New Road, Suite A-107, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA.
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Schulte-Herbrüggen O, Vogt MA, Hörtnagl H, Gass P, Hellweg R. Pramipexole is active in depression tests and modulates monoaminergic transmission, but not brain levels of BDNF in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 677:77-86. [PMID: 22206815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor agonist pramipexole exerts antidepressive capacities in patients with Parkinson's disease with little evidence for patients with affective diseases only. Little is known about the neurobiological basis of these antidepressive effects. In this study, C57BL/6N mice received acute or chronic (3 weeks) treatment with pramipexole in different dosages (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3mg/kg b.w.) and imipramine or saline serving as positive and negative controls. To characterize antidepressant-like effects mice underwent behavioral characterization. In a second experiment dosages of pramipexole shown to be effective were used and candidate brain regions including hippocampus, frontal cortex and striatum were analyzed for levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline and dopamine and their metabolites as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to investigate possible neurochemical correlates of behavioral changes. Whereas acute treatment with pramipexole resulted in antidepressive-like effects in the Porsolt Forced Swim Test, Novel Cage Test, Openfield Test and Dark-light-Box Test and a tendency but insignificant effect in the Tail Suspension Test, chronic treatment did not show significant effects in any of the behavioral analyses. Neurochemical analyses revealed a highly significant effect on dopaminergic metabolites in the striatum as well as a moderate transient modulation of the serotonergic system in the hippocampus. BDNF levels were not affected by any dosage and treatment regime in any brain region investigated. In conclusion, the present data substantiate antidepressive effects of pramipexole and indicate a contribution of the dopaminergic and serotonergic metabolism in these effects, but argue against an eminent role of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Schulte-Herbrüggen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Dekeyne A, Brocco M, Loiseau F, Gobert A, Rivet JM, Di Cara B, Cremers TI, Flik G, Fone KCF, Watson DJG, Papp M, Sharp T, Serres F, Cespuglio R, Olivier B, Chan JSW, Lavielle G, Millan MJ. S32212, a Novel Serotonin Type 2C Receptor Inverse Agonist/α2-Adrenoceptor Antagonist and Potential Antidepressant: II. A Behavioral, Neurochemical, and Electrophysiological Characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:765-80. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.187534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
A stressful event increases the risk of developing depression later in life, but the possible predisposing factors remain unknown. Our study aims to characterize latent vulnerability traits underlying the development of depressive disorders in adult animals. Four weeks after a priming stressful event, serum corticosterone concentration returned to control values in all animals, whereas the other biological parameters returned to basal level in only 58% of animals (called nonvulnerable). In contrast, 42% of animals displayed persistent decreased serum and hippocampus BDNF concentrations, reduced hippocampal volume and neurogenesis, CA3 dendritic retraction and decrease in spine density, as well as amygdala neuron hypertrophy, constituting latent vulnerability traits to depression. In this group, called vulnerable, a subsequent mild stress evoked a rise of serum corticosterone levels and a "depressive" phenotype, in contrast to nonvulnerable animals. Intracerebroventricular administration of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, a selective TrkB receptor agonist, dampened the development of the "depressive" phenotype. Our results thus characterize the presence of latent vulnerability traits that underlie the emergence of depression and identify the association of low BDNF with normal corticosterone serum concentrations as a predictive biomarker of vulnerability to depression.
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Hansson AC, Rimondini R, Heilig M, Mathé AA, Sommer WH. Dissociation of antidepressant-like activity of escitalopram and nortriptyline on behaviour and hippocampal BDNF expression in female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1378-87. [PMID: 21262856 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110393049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A major hypothesis of depression postulates that a dysregulation of the neurotrophin systems is directly involved in the pathophysiology of depression, and that restoration of such deficits may underlie the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant treatment. One key finding supporting this hypothesis is upregulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus after antidepressant treatment. Here, we further test the hypothesis of BDNF involvement in antidepressant action in a genetic rat model of depression after chronic oral treatment with escitalopram, nortriptyline or placebo. Active treatments had significant behavioural antidepressant-like actions in female rats of the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and non-selected Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, while Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats were unaffected. Escitalopram, but not nortriptyline, markedly reduced BDNF mRNA levels in the dentate gyrus of FSL rats. The BDNF downregulation was common to the four major promoters of the gene. Treatments did not affect BDNF expression in FRL or SD strains. We conclude that the antidepressant effects of escitalopram and nortriptyline, two common drugs with different pharmacological profiles, appear to be unrelated to the regulation of hippocampal BDNF expression in female rats. These results indicate that the tropic hypothesis of depression has limitations and emphasize the need for validated disease models of depression to assess potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C Hansson
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bulygina VV, Shishkina GT, Berezova IV, Dygalo NN. BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus following exposure of rats to forced swimming stress. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2011; 437:82-4. [PMID: 21562951 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496611020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V V Bulygina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novasibirsk, Russia
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Agostinho FR, Réus GZ, Stringari RB, Ribeiro KF, Pfaffenseller B, Stertz L, Panizzutti BS, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J. Olanzapine plus fluoxetine treatment increases Nt-3 protein levels in the rat prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2011; 497:99-103. [PMID: 21545827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging for a role for neurotrophins in the treatment of mood disorders. In this study, we evaluated the effects of chronic administration of fluoxetine, olanzapine and the combination of fluoxetine/olanzapine on the brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the rat brain. Wistar rats received daily injections of olanzapine (3 or 6 mg/kg) and/or fluoxetine (12.5 or 25mg/kg) for 28 days, and we evaluated for BDNF, NGF and NT-3 protein levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Our results showed that treatment with fluoxetine and olanzapine alone or in combination did not alter BDNF in the prefrontal cortex (p=0.37), hippocampus (p=0.98) and amygdala (p=0.57) or NGF protein levels in the prefrontal cortex (p=0.72), hippocampus (p=0.23) and amygdala (p=0.64), but NT-3 protein levels were increased by olanzapine 6 mg/kg/fluoxetine 25mg/kg combination in the prefrontal cortex (p=0.03), in the hippocampus (p=0.83) and amygdala (p=0.88) NT-3 protein levels did not alter. Finally, these findings further support the hypothesis that NT-3 could be involved in the effect of treatment with antipsychotic and antidepressant combination in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano R Agostinho
- Laboratório de Neurociências and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Wager-Smith K, Markou A. Depression: a repair response to stress-induced neuronal microdamage that can grade into a chronic neuroinflammatory condition? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:742-64. [PMID: 20883718 PMCID: PMC3777427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and disability, yet it is poorly understood. Here we review data supporting a novel theoretical model for the biology of depression. In this model, a stressful life event leads to microdamage in the brain. This damage triggers an injury repair response consisting of a neuroinflammatory phase to clear cellular debris and a spontaneous tissue regeneration phase involving neurotrophins and neurogenesis. During healing, released inflammatory mediators trigger sickness behavior and psychological pain via mechanisms similar to those that produce physical pain during wound healing. The depression remits if the neuronal injury repair process resolves successfully. Importantly, however, the acute psychological pain and neuroinflammation often transition to chronicity and develop into pathological depressive states. This hypothesis for depression explains substantially more data than alternative models, including why emerging data show that analgesic, anti-inflammatory, pro-neurogenic and pro-neurotrophic treatments have antidepressant effects. Thus, an acute depressive episode can be conceptualized as a normally self-limiting but highly error-prone process of recuperation from stress-triggered neuronal microdamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wager-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the chronic unpredictable stress rat model and the effects of chronic antidepressant treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:808-16. [PMID: 20172535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) is a widely used animal model of depression. The present study was undertaken to investigate behavioral, physiological and molecular effects of CUS and/or chronic antidepressant treatment (venlafaxine or imipramine) in the same set of animals. Anhedonia, a core symptom of depression, was assessed by measuring consumption of a palatable solution. Exposure to CUS reduced intake of a palatable solution and this effect was prevented by chronic antidepressant treatment. Moreover, chronic antidepressant treatment decreased depressive-like behavior in a modified forced swim test in stressed rats. Present evidence suggests a role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depression. BDNF mRNA levels in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus were assessed by in situ hybridization. Exposure to CUS was not correlated with a decrease but rather with an increase in BDNF mRNA expression in both the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus and the CA3 region of the ventral hippocampus indicating that there is no simple link between depression-like behaviors per se and brain BDNF levels in rats. However, a significant increase in BDNF mRNA levels in the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus correlated with chronic antidepressant treatment emphasizing a role for BDNF in the mechanisms underlying antidepressant activity.
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Alboni S, Benatti C, Capone G, Corsini D, Caggia F, Tascedda F, Mendlewicz J, Brunello N. Time-dependent effects of escitalopram on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuroplasticity related targets in the central nervous system of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 643:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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