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Kletkiewicz H, Wojciechowski MS, Rogalska J. Cannabidiol effectively prevents oxidative stress and stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in an animal model of global hypoxia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15952. [PMID: 38987284 PMCID: PMC11237132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa. It has therapeutic effects in different paradigms of brain injury, acting as a neuroprotectant. As oxidative stress is a primary risk factor for brain damage after neonatal hypoxia, we tested the effect of CBD on oxidative status and non-protein-bound iron accumulation in the immature brain after hypoxia. Moreover, we tested whether cannabidiol affects the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) which plays a key role in the regulation of cellular adaptation to hypoxia and oxidative stress. We used 7-day-old mice randomly assigned to hypoxic or control groups. Immediately after hypoxia or control exposure, pups were randomly assigned to a vehicle or CBD treatment. 24 h later, they were decapitated and the brains were immediately removed and stored for further biochemical analyses. We found that CBD reduced lipid peroxidation and prevented antioxidant depletion. For the first time, we also demonstrated that CBD upregulated HIF-1α protein level. This study indicates that CBD may effective agent in attenuating the detrimental consequences of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kletkiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
- Centre For Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Michał S Wojciechowski
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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2
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Jithoo A, Penny TR, Pham Y, Sutherland AE, Smith MJ, Petraki M, Fahey MC, Jenkin G, Malhotra A, Miller SL, McDonald CA. The Temporal Relationship between Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Microglial Response following Neonatal Hypoxia Ischemia. Cells 2024; 13:660. [PMID: 38667275 PMCID: PMC11049639 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neuroinflammation are key mechanisms of brain injury. We performed a time-course study following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) to characterize these events. HI brain injury was induced in postnatal day 10 rats by single carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen, 90 min). At 6, 12, 24, and 72 h (h) post-HI, brains were collected to assess neuropathology and BBB dysfunction. A significant breakdown of the BBB was observed in the HI injury group compared to the sham group from 6 h in the cortex and hippocampus (p < 0.001), including a significant increase in albumin extravasation (p < 0.0033) and decrease in basal lamina integrity and tight-junction proteins. There was a decrease in resting microglia (p < 0.0001) transitioning to an intermediate state from as early as 6 h post-HI, with the intermediate microglia peaking at 12 h (p < 0.0001), which significantly correlated to the peak of microbleeds. Neonatal HI insult leads to significant brain injury over the first 72 h that is mediated by BBB disruption within 6 h and a transitioning state of the resident microglia. Key BBB events coincide with the appearance of the intermediate microglial state and this relationship warrants further research and may be a key target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Jithoo
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Tayla R. Penny
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yen Pham
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Amy E. Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Madeleine J. Smith
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Maria Petraki
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Michael C. Fahey
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Suzanne L. Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Courtney A. McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (A.J.); (T.R.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (M.J.S.); (G.J.); (A.M.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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3
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Scutellarin ameliorates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy associated with GAP43-dependent signaling pathway. Chin Med 2021; 16:105. [PMID: 34663387 PMCID: PMC8524967 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) refers to the perinatal asphyxia caused by the cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury. The current study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic efficacy of Scutellarin (Scu) administration on neurological impairments induced by hypoxic-ischemic injury and exploring the underlying mechanisms. Methods Primary cortical neurons were cultured and subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD), and then treated with Scu administration. The growth status of neurons was observed by immunofluorescence staining of TUJ1 and TUNEL. Besides, the mRNA level of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) in OGD neurons with Scu treatment was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To further verify the role of GAP43 in Scu treatment, GAP43 siRNA and knockout were applied in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, behavioral evaluations were performed to elucidate the function of GAP43 in the Scu-ameliorated long-term neurological impairments caused by HI insult. The underlying biological mechanism of Scu treatment was further elucidated via network pharmacological analysis. Finally, the interactive genes with GAP43 were identified by Gene MANIA and further validated by qRT-PCR. Results Our data demonstrated that Scu treatment increased the number of neurons and axon growth, and suppressed cell apoptosis in vitro. And the expression of GAP43 was downregulated after OGD, but reversed by Scu administration. Besides, GAP43 silencing aggravated the Scu-ameliorated neuronal death and axonal damage. Meanwhile, GAP43 knockout enlarged brain infarct area and deteriorated the cognitive and motor dysfunctions of HI rats. Further, network pharmacological analysis revealed the drug targets of Scu participated in such biological processes as neuronal death and regulation of neuronal death, and apoptosis-related pathways. GAP43 exhibited close relationship with PTN, JAK2 and STAT3, and GAP43 silencing upregulated the levels of PTN, JAK2 and STAT3. Conclusions Collectively, our findings revealed Scu treatment attenuated long-term neurological impairments after HI by suppressing neuronal death and enhancing neurite elongation through GAP43-dependent pathway. The crucial role of Scutellarin in neuroprotection provided a novel possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of neonatal HIE. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00517-z.
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Andersson EA, Mallard C, Ek CJ. Circulating tight-junction proteins are potential biomarkers for blood-brain barrier function in a model of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:7. [PMID: 33568200 PMCID: PMC7877092 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal encephalopathy often leads to lifelong disabilities with limited treatments currently available. The brain vasculature is an important factor in many neonatal neurological disorders but there is a lack of diagnostic tools to evaluate the brain vascular dysfunction of neonates in the clinical setting. Measurement of blood–brain barrier tight-junction (TJ) proteins have shown promise as biomarkers for brain injury in the adult. Here we tested the biomarker potential of tight-junctions in the context of neonatal brain injury. Methods The levels of TJ-proteins (occluding, claudin-5, and zonula occludens protein 1) in both blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as blood–brain barrier function via 14C-sucrose (342 Da) and Evans blue extravasation were measured in a hypoxia/ischemia brain-injury model in neonatal rats. Results Time-dependent changes of occludin and claudin-5 levels could be measured in blood and CSF after hypoxia/ischemia with males generally having higher levels than females. The levels of claudin-5 in CSF correlated with the severity of the brain injury at 24 h post- hypoxia/ischemia. Simultaneously, we detected early increase in blood–brain barrier-permeability at 6 and 24 h after hypoxia/ischemia. Conclusions Levels of circulating claudin-5 and occludin are increased after hypoxic/ischemic brain injuries and blood–brain barrier-impairment and have promise as early biomarkers for cerebral vascular dysfunction and as a tool for risk assessment of neonatal brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Axel Andersson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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5
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Xiong LL, Xue LL, Du RL, Zhou HL, Tan YX, Ma Z, Jin Y, Zhang ZB, Xu Y, Hu Q, Bobrovskaya L, Zhou XF, Liu J, Wang TH. Vi4-miR-185-5p-Igfbp3 Network Protects the Brain From Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Injury via Promoting Neuron Survival and Suppressing the Cell Apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:529544. [PMID: 33262982 PMCID: PMC7688014 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.529544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) due to birth asphyxia is common and causes severe neurological deficits, without any effective therapies currently available. Neuronal death is an important driving factors of neurological disorders after HIE, but the regulatory mechanisms are still uncertain. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) or ceRNA network act as a significant regulator in neuroregeneration and neuronal apoptosis, thus owning a great potential as therapeutic targets in HIE. Here, we found a new lncRNA, is the most functional in targeting the Igfbp3 gene in HIE, which enriched in the cell growth and cell apoptosis processes. In addition, luciferase reporter assay showed competitive regulatory binding sites to the target gene Igfbp3 between TCONS00044054 (Vi4) and miR-185-5p. The change in blood miR-185-5p and Igfbp3 expression is further confirmed in patients with brain ischemia. Moreover, Vi4 overexpression and miR-185-5p knock-out promote the neuron survival and neurite growth, and suppress the cell apoptosis, then further improve the motor and cognitive deficits in rats with HIE, while Igfbp3 interfering got the opposite results. Together, Vi4-miR-185-5p-Igfbp3 regulatory network plays an important role in neuron survival and cell apoptosis and further promote the neuro-functional recovery from HIE, therefore is a likely a drug target for HIE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Lin Xiong
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhou
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Xin Tan
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Shijiazhuang Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shijaizhuang, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zi-Bin Zhang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Hu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Jia Liu
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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6
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DISDIER C, STONESTREET BS. Hypoxic-ischemic-related cerebrovascular changes and potential therapeutic strategies in the neonatal brain. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1468-1484. [PMID: 32060970 PMCID: PMC7242133 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-related brain injury is an important cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. The only currently approved therapeutic strategy available to reduce brain injury in the newborn is hypothermia. Therapeutic hypothermia can only be used to treat HI encephalopathy in full-term infants and survivors remain at high risk for a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities as a result of residual brain injury. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Inflammation and neurovascular damage are important factors that contribute to the pathophysiology of HI-related brain injury and represent exciting potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we address the role of each component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) in the pathophysiology of HI-related injury in the neonatal brain. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) observed in the early hours after an HI-related event is associated with a response at the basal lamina level, which comprises astrocytes, pericytes, and immune cells, all of which could affect BBB function to further exacerbate parenchymal injury. Future research is required to determine potential drugs that could prevent or attenuate neurovascular damage and/or augment repair. However, some studies have reported beneficial effects of hypothermia, erythropoietin, stem cell therapy, anti-cytokine therapy and metformin in ameliorating several different facets of damage to the NVU after HI-related brain injury in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence DISDIER
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Barbara S STONESTREET
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Shen G, Ma Q. MicroRNAs in the Blood-Brain Barrier in Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1180-1186. [PMID: 32348227 PMCID: PMC7770646 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200429004242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is a leading cause of acute mortality and chronic disability in newborns. Current evidence shows that cerebral microvascular response and compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity occur rapidly and could primarily be responsible for the brain injury observed in many infants with HI brain injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of highly conserved non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which consist of 21-25 nucleotides in length and usually lead to suppression of target gene expression. Growing evidence has revealed that brainenriched miRNAs act as versatile regulators of BBB dysfunctions in various neurological disorders including neonatal HI brain injury. In the present review, we summarize the current findings regarding the role of miRNAs in BBB impairment after hypoxia/ischemia brain injury. Specifically, we focus on the recent progress of miRNAs in the pathologies of neonatal HI brain injury. These findings can not only deepen our understanding of the role of miRNAs in BBB impairment in HI brain injury, but also provide insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies for preservation of BBB integrity under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Shen
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA92350, USA
| | - Qingyi Ma
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Lawrence D. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA92350, USA
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Mallard C, Ek CJ, Vexler ZS. The myth of the immature barrier systems in the developing brain: role in perinatal brain injury. J Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29528501 DOI: 10.1113/jp274938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system homeostasis is maintained by cellular barriers that protect the brain from external environmental changes and protect the CNS from harmful molecules and pathogens in the blood. Historically, for many years these barriers were thought of as immature, with limited functions, during brain development. In this review, we will present advances in the understanding of the barrier systems during development and evidence to show that in fact the barriers serve many important neurodevelopmental functions and that fetal and newborn brains are well protected. We will also discuss how ischaemic injury or systemic inflammation may breach the integrity of the barriers in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, USA
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9
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Ma Q, Dasgupta C, Li Y, Huang L, Zhang L. MicroRNA-210 Suppresses Junction Proteins and Disrupts Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Neonatal Rat Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071356. [PMID: 28672801 PMCID: PMC5535849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema, primarily caused by disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is one of the serious complications associated with brain injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Our recent study demonstrated that the hypoxic-ischemic (HI) treatment significantly increased microRNA-210 (miR-210) in the neonatal rat brain and inhibition of miR-210 provided neuroprotection in neonatal HI brain injury. The present study aims to determine the role of miR-210 in the regulation of BBB integrity in the developing brain. miR-210 mimic was administered via intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) into the brain of rat pups. Forty-eight hours after the injection, a modified Rice-Vannucci model was conducted to produce HI brain injury. Post-assays included cerebral edema analysis, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining for serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) leakage. The results showed that miR-210 mimic exacerbated cerebral edema and IgG leakage into the brain parenchyma. In contrast, inhibition of miR-210 with its complementary locked nucleic acid oligonucleotides (miR-210-LNA) significantly reduced cerebral edema and IgG leakage. These findings suggest that miR-210 negatively regulates BBB integrity i n the neonatal brain. Mechanistically, the seed sequences of miR-210 were identified complementary to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the mRNA transcripts of tight junction protein occludin and adherens junction protein β-catenin, indicating downstream targets of miR-210. This was further validated by in vivo data showing that miR-210 mimic significantly reduced the expression of these junction proteins in rat pup brains. Of importance, miR-210-LNA preserved the expression of junction proteins occludin and β-catenin from neonatal HI insult. Altogether, the present study reveals a novel mechanism of miR-210 in impairing BBB integrity that contributes to cerebral edema formation after neonatal HI insult, and provides new insights in miR-210-LNA mediated neuroprotection in neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- Center for Neonatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Chiranjib Dasgupta
- Center for Neonatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Neonatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lei Huang
- Center for Neonatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Neonatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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10
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Moretti R, Pansiot J, Bettati D, Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF, Damante G, Fleiss B, Titomanlio L, Gressens P. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in disorders of the developing brain. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:40. [PMID: 25741233 PMCID: PMC4330788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of the developing brain represent a major health problem. The neurological manifestations of brain lesions can range from severe clinical deficits to more subtle neurological signs or behavioral problems and learning disabilities, which often become evident many years after the initial damage. These long-term sequelae are due at least in part to central nervous system immaturity at the time of the insult. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain and maintains homeostasis. BBB alterations are observed during both acute and chronic brain insults. After an insult, excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters are released, causing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent changes in BBB permeability that allow immune cells to enter and stimulate an inflammatory response. The cytokines, chemokines and other molecules released as well as peripheral and local immune cells can activate an inflammatory cascade in the brain, leading to secondary neurodegeneration that can continue for months or even years and finally contribute to post-insult neuronal deficits. The role of the BBB in perinatal disorders is poorly understood. The inflammatory response, which can be either acute (e.g., perinatal stroke, traumatic brain injury) or chronic (e.g., perinatal infectious diseases) actively modulates the pathophysiological processes underlying brain injury. We present an overview of current knowledge about BBB dysfunction in the developing brain during acute and chronic insults, along with clinical and experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Moretti
- INSERM U1141, Robert Debre's Hospital Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141-PROTECT Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France ; S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Università degli Studi di Udine Udine, Italy
| | - Julien Pansiot
- INSERM U1141, Robert Debre's Hospital Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141-PROTECT Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Donatella Bettati
- INSERM U1141, Robert Debre's Hospital Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141-PROTECT Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Strazielle
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 - Lyon University Lyon, France ; Brain-i Lyon, France
| | | | - Giuseppe Damante
- S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Università degli Studi di Udine Udine, Italy
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- INSERM U1141, Robert Debre's Hospital Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141-PROTECT Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France ; Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, St. Thomas' Hospital London, UK
| | - Luigi Titomanlio
- INSERM U1141, Robert Debre's Hospital Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141-PROTECT Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France ; Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- INSERM U1141, Robert Debre's Hospital Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141-PROTECT Paris, France ; PremUP Paris, France ; Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, St. Thomas' Hospital London, UK
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11
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Xiao M, Hu G. Involvement of aquaporin 4 in astrocyte function and neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:385-90. [PMID: 24712483 PMCID: PMC6493026 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is the main water channel in the central nervous system (CNS) and specifically localized to astrocyte processes. Recent studies indicate that AQP4 regulates various biological functions of astrocytes, including maintaining CNS water balance, spatial buffering of extracellular potassium, calcium signal transduction, regulation of neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and adult neurogenesis, while under neuropathological conditions, AQP4 has a role in astrogliosis and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that, besides cerebral edema, neuromyelitis optica and epilepsy, AQP4 participates in the onset and progression of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression, and drug addiction. This review summarizes recent findings and highlights the involvement of AQP4 in astrocyte function and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Infante SK, Rea HC, Perez-Polo JR. Transgenerational effects of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in progeny. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:398-405. [PMID: 23470326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) affects 60% of low birth weight infants and up to 40% of preterm births. Cell death and brain injury after HI have been shown to cause long-lasting behavioral deficits. By using a battery of behavioral tests on second generation 3-week-old rodents, we found that neonatal HI is associated with behavioral outcomes in the progeny of HI-affected parents. Our results suggest an epigenetic transfer mechanism of some of the neurological symptoms associated with neonatal HI. Elucidating the transfer of brain injury to the next generation after HI calls attention to the risks associated with HI injury and the need for proper treatment to reverse these effects. Assessing the devastating extent of HI's reach serves as a cautionary tale to the risks associated with neonatal HI, and provides an incentive to create improved therapeutic measures to treat HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha K Infante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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13
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Baburamani AA, Ek CJ, Walker DW, Castillo-Melendez M. Vulnerability of the developing brain to hypoxic-ischemic damage: contribution of the cerebral vasculature to injury and repair? Front Physiol 2012; 3:424. [PMID: 23162470 PMCID: PMC3493883 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As clinicians attempt to understand the underlying reasons for the vulnerability of different regions of the developing brain to injury, it is apparent that little is known as to how hypoxia-ischemia may affect the cerebrovasculature in the developing infant. Most of the research investigating the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury following hypoxia-ischemia has focused on excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and an inflammatory response, with the response of the developing cerebrovasculature receiving less attention. This is surprising as the presentation of devastating and permanent injury such as germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage (GM-IVH) and perinatal stroke are of vascular origin, and the origin of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) may also arise from poor perfusion of the white matter. This highlights that cerebrovasculature injury following hypoxia could primarily be responsible for the injury seen in the brain of many infants diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Interestingly the highly dynamic nature of the cerebral blood vessels in the fetus, and the fluctuations of cerebral blood flow and metabolic demand that occur following hypoxia suggest that the response of blood vessels could explain both regional protection and vulnerability in the developing brain. However, research into how blood vessels respond following hypoxia-ischemia have mostly been conducted in adult models of ischemia or stroke, further highlighting the need to investigate how the developing cerebrovasculature responds and the possible contribution to perinatal brain injury following hypoxia. This review discusses the current concepts on the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury, the development of the fetal cerebrovasculature and the blood brain barrier (BBB), and key mediators involved with the response of cerebral blood vessels to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University Göteborg, Sweden
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14
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Helmy MM, Ruusuvuori E, Watkins PV, Voipio J, Kanold PO, Kaila K. Acid extrusion via blood-brain barrier causes brain alkalosis and seizures after neonatal asphyxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:3311-9. [PMID: 23125183 PMCID: PMC3501974 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Birth asphyxia is often associated with a high seizure burden that is predictive of poor neurodevelopmental outcome. The mechanisms underlying birth asphyxia seizures are unknown. Using an animal model of birth asphyxia based on 6-day-old rat pups, we have recently shown that the seizure burden is linked to an increase in brain extracellular pH that consists of the recovery from the asphyxia-induced acidosis, and of a subsequent plateau level well above normal extracellular pH. In the present study, two-photon imaging of intracellular pH in neocortical neurons in vivo showed that pH changes also underwent a biphasic acid–alkaline response, resulting in an alkaline plateau level. The mean alkaline overshoot was strongly suppressed by a graded restoration of normocapnia after asphyxia. The parallel post-asphyxia increase in extra- and intracellular pH levels indicated a net loss of acid equivalents from brain tissue that was not attributable to a disruption of the blood–brain barrier, as demonstrated by a lack of increased sodium fluorescein extravasation into the brain, and by the electrophysiological characteristics of the blood–brain barrier. Indeed, electrode recordings of pH in the brain and trunk demonstrated a net efflux of acid equivalents from the brain across the blood–brain barrier, which was abolished by the Na/H exchange inhibitor, N-methyl-isobutyl amiloride. Pharmacological inhibition of Na/H exchange also suppressed the seizure activity associated with the brain-specific alkalosis. Our findings show that the post-asphyxia seizures are attributable to an enhanced Na/H exchange-dependent net extrusion of acid equivalents across the blood–brain barrier and to consequent brain alkalosis. These results suggest targeting of blood–brain barrier-mediated pH regulation as a novel approach in the prevention and therapy of neonatal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Helmy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Perez-Polo JR, Reilly CB, Rea HC. Oxygen resuscitation after hypoxia ischemia stimulates prostaglandin pathway in rat cortex. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:639-44. [PMID: 21514373 PMCID: PMC3158954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hypoxia and hyperoxia in a rodent model of perinatal ischemia results in delayed cell death and inflammation. Hyperoxia increases oxidative stress that can trigger inflammatory cascades, neutrophil activation, and brain microvascular injury. Here we show that 100% oxygen resuscitation in our rodent model of perinatal ischemia increases cortical COX-2 protein levels, S-nitrosylated COX-2cys526, PGE2, iNOS and 5-LOX, all components of the prostaglandin and leukotriene inflammatory pathway.
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16
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Wiktorowicz JE, Stafford S, Rea H, Urvil P, Soman K, Kurosky A, Perez-Polo JR, Savidge TC. Quantification of cysteinyl S-nitrosylation by fluorescence in unbiased proteomic studies. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5601-14. [PMID: 21615140 PMCID: PMC3133729 DOI: 10.1021/bi200008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl S-nitrosylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification affecting protein function in health and disease. Great emphasis has been placed on global, unbiased quantification of S-nitrosylated proteins because of physiologic and oxidative stimuli. However, current strategies have been hampered by sample loss and altered protein electrophoretic mobility. Here, we describe a novel quantitative approach that uses accurate, sensitive fluorescence modification of cysteine S-nitrosylation that leaves electrophoretic mobility unaffected (SNOFlo) and introduce unique concepts for measuring changes in S-nitrosylation status relative to protein abundance. Its efficacy in defining the functional S-nitrosoproteome is demonstrated in two diverse biological applications: an in vivo rat hypoxia-ischemia/reperfusion model and antimicrobial S-nitrosoglutathione-driven transnitrosylation of an enteric microbial pathogen. The suitability of this approach for investigating endogenous S-nitrosylation is further demonstrated using Ingenuity Pathways analysis that identified nervous system and cellular development networks as the top two networks. Functional analysis of differentially S-nitrosylated proteins indicated their involvement in apoptosis, branching morphogenesis of axons, cortical neurons, and sympathetic neurites, neurogenesis, and calcium signaling. Major abundance changes were also observed for fibrillar proteins known to be stress-responsive in neurons and glia. Thus, both examples demonstrate the technique's power in confirming the widespread involvement of S-nitrosylation in hypoxia-ischemia/reperfusion injury and in antimicrobial host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Wiktorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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17
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Woodworth KN, Palmateer J, Swide J, Grafe MR. Short- and long-term behavioral effects of exposure to 21%, 40% and 100% oxygen after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia in the rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:629-38. [PMID: 21600973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, supplementation with 100% oxygen was standard therapy for newborns who required resuscitation at birth or suffered later hypoxic-ischemic events. Exposure to high concentrations of oxygen, however, may worsen oxidative stress induced by ischemic injury. In this study we investigated the short- and long-term behavioral outcomes in rats that had undergone hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on postnatal day 7, followed by 2h exposure to 21%, 40%, or 100% oxygen, compared to normal controls. There were no differences in the development of walking, head lifting and righting reflexes from postnatal days 9 to 15. Cliff avoidance showed some abnormal responses in the H21 animals. From postnatal days 28 to 56, three tests of sensorimotor coordination were performed weekly: ledged tapered beam, cylinder, and bilateral tactile stimulation. The ledged tapered beam test without prior training of animals was sensitive to injury, but did not distinguish between treatment groups. The cylinder test showed a greater use of the unimpaired limb in female 21% and 40% oxygen groups compared to controls. Performance in both cylinder and the beam tests showed a correlation with the degree of brain injury. The bilateral tactile stimulation test showed that the male 21% oxygen groups had worse sensory asymmetry than male 40% or 100% oxygen groups, but was not statistically significantly different from controls. We thus found a minor benefit to post-hypoxia-ischemic treatment with 100% and 40% oxygen compared to 21% in one test of early motor skills. Our results for long-term sensorimotor behavior, however, showed conflicting results, however, as males treated with 40% or 100% oxygen had less sensory asymmetry (better performance) in the bilateral tactile stimulation test than males treated with 21% oxygen, while females had impaired motor performance in the cylinder test with both 21% and 40% oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nina Woodworth
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L113 Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
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Ferrari DC, Nesic O, Perez-Polo JR. Perspectives on neonatal hypoxia/ischemia-induced edema formation. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1957-65. [PMID: 21136160 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia/ischemia (HI) is the most common cause of developmental neurological, cognitive and behavioral deficits in children, with hyperoxia (HHI) treatment being a clinical therapy for newborn resuscitation. Although cerebral edema is a common outcome after HI, the mechanisms leading to excessive fluid accumulation in the brain are poorly understood. Given the rigid nature of the bone-encased brain matter, knowledge of edema formation in the brain as a consequence of any injury, as well as the importance of water clearance mechanisms and water and ion homeostasis is important to our understanding of its detrimental effects. Knowledge of the pathological process underlying the appearance of dysfunctional outcomes after development of cerebral edema after neonatal HI in the developing brain and the molecular events triggered will allow a rational assessment of HHI therapy for neonatal HI and determine whether this treatment is beneficial or harmful to the developing infant.
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