1
|
Yasin M, Licchetta L, Khan N, Ullah I, Jan Z, Dawood M, Ahmed AN, Azeem A, Minardi R, Carelli V, Saleha S. Genetic heterogeneity in epilepsy and comorbidities: insights from Pakistani families. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:172. [PMID: 38783254 PMCID: PMC11112905 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy, a challenging neurological condition, is often present with comorbidities that significantly impact diagnosis and management. In the Pakistani population, where financial limitations and geographical challenges hinder access to advanced diagnostic methods, understanding the genetic underpinnings of epilepsy and its associated conditions becomes crucial. METHODS This study investigated four distinct Pakistani families, each presenting with epilepsy and a spectrum of comorbidities, using a combination of whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing. The epileptic patients were prescribed multiple antiseizure medications (ASMs), yet their seizures persist, indicating the challenging nature of ASM-resistant epilepsy. RESULTS Identified genetic variants contributed to a diverse range of clinical phenotypes. In the family 1, which presented with epilepsy, developmental delay (DD), sleep disturbance, and aggressive behavior, a homozygous splice site variant, c.1339-6 C > T, in the COL18A1 gene was detected. The family 2 exhibited epilepsy, intellectual disability (ID), DD, and anxiety phenotypes, a homozygous missense variant, c.344T > A (p. Val115Glu), in the UFSP2 gene was identified. In family 3, which displayed epilepsy, ataxia, ID, DD, and speech impediment, a novel homozygous frameshift variant, c.1926_1941del (p. Tyr643MetfsX2), in the ZFYVE26 gene was found. Lastly, family 4 was presented with epilepsy, ID, DD, deafness, drooling, speech impediment, hypotonia, and a weak cry. A homozygous missense variant, c.1208 C > A (p. Ala403Glu), in the ATP13A2 gene was identified. CONCLUSION This study highlights the genetic heterogeneity in ASM-resistant epilepsy and comorbidities among Pakistani families, emphasizing the importance of genotype-phenotype correlation and the necessity for expanded genetic testing in complex clinical cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Laura Licchetta
- RCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Niamat Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Neurology, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Zakir Jan
- Department of Neurology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Science, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Dawood
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Asif Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Arfa Azeem
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Raffaella Minardi
- RCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- RCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Shamim Saleha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Sun H, Mou L, Lu Y, Wu Z, Pu Z, Yang MM. Unveiling the molecular complexity of proliferative diabetic retinopathy through scRNA-seq, AlphaFold 2, and machine learning. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1382896. [PMID: 38800474 PMCID: PMC11116564 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1382896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), a major cause of blindness, is characterized by complex pathogenesis. This study integrates single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), machine learning, and AlphaFold 2 methods to explore the molecular level of PDR. Methods We analyzed scRNA-seq data from PDR patients and healthy controls to identify distinct cellular subtypes and gene expression patterns. NMF was used to define specific transcriptional programs in PDR. The oxidative stress-related genes (ORGs) identified within Meta-Program 1 were utilized to construct a predictive model using twelve machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, we employed AlphaFold 2 for the prediction of protein structures, complementing this with molecular docking to validate the structural foundation of potential therapeutic targets. We also analyzed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and the interplay among key ORGs. Results Our scRNA-seq analysis revealed five major cell types and 14 subcell types in PDR patients, with significant differences in gene expression compared to those in controls. We identified three key meta-programs underscoring the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of PDR. Three critical ORGs (ALKBH1, PSIP1, and ATP13A2) were identified, with the best-performing predictive model demonstrating high accuracy (AUC of 0.989 in the training cohort and 0.833 in the validation cohort). Moreover, AlphaFold 2 predictions combined with molecular docking revealed that resveratrol has a strong affinity for ALKBH1, indicating its potential as a targeted therapeutic agent. PPI network analysis, revealed a complex network of interactions among the hub ORGs and other genes, suggesting a collective role in PDR pathogenesis. Conclusion This study provides insights into the cellular and molecular aspects of PDR, identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets using advanced technological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- MetaLife Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- MetaLife Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zijing Wu
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- MetaLife Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zuhui Pu
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- MetaLife Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming-ming Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Croucher KM, Fleming SM. ATP13A2 (PARK9) and basal ganglia function. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1252400. [PMID: 38249738 PMCID: PMC10796451 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1252400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP13A2 is a lysosomal protein involved in polyamine transport with loss of function mutations associated with multiple neurodegenerative conditions. These include early onset Parkinson's disease, Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While ATP13A2 mutations may result in clinical heterogeneity, the basal ganglia appear to be impacted in the majority of cases. The basal ganglia is particularly vulnerable to environmental exposures such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial agents which are also established risk factors for many neurodegenerative conditions. Not surprisingly then, impaired function of ATP13A2 has been linked to heavy metal toxicity including manganese, iron, and zinc. This review discusses the role of ATP13A2 in basal ganglia function and dysfunction, potential common pathological mechanisms in ATP13A2-related disorders, and how gene x environment interactions may contribute to basal ganglia dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Croucher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Sheila M. Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dhanushkodi NR, Abul Khair SB, Ardah MT, Haque ME. ATP13A2 Gene Silencing in Drosophila Affects Autophagic Degradation of A53T Mutant α-Synuclein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021775. [PMID: 36675288 PMCID: PMC9861907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 (PARK9), an autophagy-related protein, cause Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, an autosomal recessive, juvenile-onset form of parkinsonism. α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic neuronal protein that forms toxic aggregates in Parkinson's disease (PD). We studied α-syn aggregation and autophagic flux in ATP13A2-knockdown Drosophila expressing either wild-type (WT) or mutant α-syn. Dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss was studied by confocal microscopy. Sleep and circadian activity were evaluated in young and old flies using a Drosophila activity monitor. Thirty-day-old ATP13A2-RNAi A53T-α-syn flies had increased Triton-insoluble α-syn levels, compared to control A53T-α-syn flies without ATP13A2-RNAi. Whole-brain staining revealed significantly fewer dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the PPL2 cluster of 30-day-old ATP13A2-RNAi flies expressing WT-, A30P-, and A53T-α-syn than in that of controls. In ATP13A2-RNAi A53T-α-syn flies, autophagic flux was decreased, as indicated by increased accumulation of Ref(2)P, the Drosophila p62 homologue. ATP13A2 silencing decreased total locomotor activity in young, and enhanced sleep features, similar to PD (decreasing bout length), in old flies expressing A53T-α-syn. ATP13A2 silencing also altered the circadian locomotor activity of A30P- and A53T-α-syn flies. Thus, ATP13A2 may play a role in the autophagic degradation of A53T-α-syn.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang F, Wu Z, Long F, Tan J, Gong N, Li X, Lin C. The Roles of ATP13A2 Gene Mutations Leading to Abnormal Aggregation of α-Synuclein in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:927682. [PMID: 35875356 PMCID: PMC9296842 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.927682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PARK9 (also known as ATP13A2) is recognized as one of the key genes that cause PD, and a mutation in this gene was first discovered in a rare case of PD in an adolescent. Lewy bodies (LBs) formed by abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein, which is encoded by the SNCA gene, are one of the pathological diagnostic criteria for PD. LBs are also recognized as one of the most important features of PD pathogenesis. In this article, we first summarize the types of mutations in the ATP13A2 gene and their effects on ATP13A2 mRNA and protein structure; then, we discuss lysosomal autophagy inhibition and the molecular mechanism of abnormal α-synuclein accumulation caused by decreased levels and dysfunction of the ATP13A2 protein in lysosomes. Finally, this article provides a new direction for future research on the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets for ATP13A2 gene-related PD from the perspective of ATP13A2 gene mutations and abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine of Hunan Province, Center for Medical Genetics, Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ni Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changwei Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Changwei Lin, orcid.org/0000-0003-1676-0912
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Storey CL, Williams RSB, Fisher PR, Annesley SJ. Dictyostelium discoideum: A Model System for Neurological Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030463. [PMID: 35159273 PMCID: PMC8833889 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of neurological disorders is increasing due to population growth and extended life expectancy. Despite advances in the understanding of these disorders, curative strategies for treatment have not yet eventuated. In part, this is due to the complexities of the disorders and a lack of identification of their specific underlying pathologies. Dictyostelium discoideum has provided a useful, simple model to aid in unraveling the complex pathological characteristics of neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses and lissencephaly. In addition, D. discoideum has proven to be an innovative model for pharmaceutical research in the neurological field. Scope of review: This review describes the contributions of D. discoideum in the field of neurological research. The continued exploration of proteins implicated in neurological disorders in D. discoideum may elucidate their pathological roles and fast-track curative therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Louise Storey
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia; (C.L.S.); (P.R.F.)
| | - Robin Simon Brooke Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK;
| | - Paul Robert Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia; (C.L.S.); (P.R.F.)
| | - Sarah Jane Annesley
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia; (C.L.S.); (P.R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-394-791-412
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse correlation between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that similar genes and pathways are dysregulated in both diseases but in a contrasting manner. Given the genetic convergence of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders commonly known as Batten disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, we sought to explore the relationship between cancer and the NCLs. In this review, we survey data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and available literature on the roles of NCL genes in different oncogenic processes to reveal links between all the NCL genes and cancer-related processes. We also discuss the potential contributions of NCL genes to cancer immunology. Based on our findings, we propose that further research on the relationship between cancer and the NCLs may help shed light on the roles of NCL genes in both diseases and possibly guide therapy development.
Collapse
|
8
|
Manganese Accumulation in the Brain via Various Transporters and Its Neurotoxicity Mechanisms. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245880. [PMID: 33322668 PMCID: PMC7763224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, serving as a cofactor for several key enzymes, such as glutamine synthetase, arginase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. However, its chronic overexposure can result in a neurological disorder referred to as manganism, presenting symptoms similar to those inherent to Parkinson’s disease. The pathological symptoms of Mn-induced toxicity are well-known, but the underlying mechanisms of Mn transport to the brain and cellular toxicity leading to Mn’s neurotoxicity are not completely understood. Mn’s levels in the brain are regulated by multiple transporters responsible for its uptake and efflux, and thus, dysregulation of these transporters may result in Mn accumulation in the brain, causing neurotoxicity. Its distribution and subcellular localization in the brain and associated subcellular toxicity mechanisms have also been extensively studied. This review highlights the presently known Mn transporters and their roles in Mn-induced neurotoxicity, as well as subsequent molecular and cellular dysregulation upon its intracellular uptakes, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, disruption of neurotransmission, α-synuclein aggregation, and amyloidogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang KH, Chen CM. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070597. [PMID: 32650609 PMCID: PMC7402083 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in substantia nigra (SN). Studies have suggested the potential involvement of dopamine, iron, calcium, mitochondria and neuroinflammation in contributing to overwhelmed oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in PD. Function studies on PD-causative mutations of SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, FBXO7 and ATP13A2 further indicate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, it is reasonable that molecules involved in oxidative stress, such as DJ-1, coenzyme Q10, uric acid, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosin, homocysteine, retinoic acid/carotenes, vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase and products of lipid peroxidation, could be candidate biomarkers for PD. Applications of antioxidants to modulate oxidative stress could be a strategy in treating PD. Although a number of antioxidants, such as creatine, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, pioglitazone, melatonin and desferrioxamine, have been tested in clinical trials, none of them have demonstrated conclusive evidence to ameliorate the neurodegeneration in PD patients. Difficulties in clinical studies may be caused by the long-standing progression of neurodegeneration, lack of biomarkers for premotor stage of PD and inadequate drug delivery across blood–brain barrier. Solutions for these challenges will be warranted for future studies with novel antioxidative treatment in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8347); Fax: +886-3-3288849
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
ATP13A2 deficiency disrupts lysosomal polyamine export. Nature 2020; 578:419-424. [PMID: 31996848 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP13A2 (PARK9) is a late endolysosomal transporter that is genetically implicated in a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, including Kufor-Rakeb syndrome-a parkinsonism with dementia1-and early-onset Parkinson's disease2. ATP13A2 offers protection against genetic and environmental risk factors of Parkinson's disease, whereas loss of ATP13A2 compromises lysosomes3. However, the transport function of ATP13A2 in lysosomes remains unclear. Here we establish ATP13A2 as a lysosomal polyamine exporter that shows the highest affinity for spermine among the polyamines examined. Polyamines stimulate the activity of purified ATP13A2, whereas ATP13A2 mutants that are implicated in disease are functionally impaired to a degree that correlates with the disease phenotype. ATP13A2 promotes the cellular uptake of polyamines by endocytosis and transports them into the cytosol, highlighting a role for endolysosomes in the uptake of polyamines into cells. At high concentrations polyamines induce cell toxicity, which is exacerbated by ATP13A2 loss due to lysosomal dysfunction, lysosomal rupture and cathepsin B activation. This phenotype is recapitulated in neurons and nematodes with impaired expression of ATP13A2 or its orthologues. We present defective lysosomal polyamine export as a mechanism for lysosome-dependent cell death that may be implicated in neurodegeneration, and shed light on the molecular identity of the mammalian polyamine transport system.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sironi L, Restelli LM, Tolnay M, Neutzner A, Frank S. Dysregulated Interorganellar Crosstalk of Mitochondria in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010233. [PMID: 31963435 PMCID: PMC7016713 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is complex and involves the impairment of crucial intracellular physiological processes. Importantly, in addition to abnormal α-synuclein aggregation, the dysfunction of various mitochondria-dependent processes has been prominently implicated in PD pathogenesis. Besides the long-known loss of the organelles’ bioenergetics function resulting in diminished ATP synthesis, more recent studies in the field have increasingly focused on compromised mitochondrial quality control as well as impaired biochemical processes specifically localized to ER–mitochondria interfaces (such as lipid biosynthesis and calcium homeostasis). In this review, we will discuss how dysregulated mitochondrial crosstalk with other organelles contributes to PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sironi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.R.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (S.F.); Tel.: +41-61-265-2776 (L.S. & S.F.)
| | - Lisa Michelle Restelli
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Markus Tolnay
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Albert Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.R.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (S.F.); Tel.: +41-61-265-2776 (L.S. & S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin L, Frazer DM, Lu Y, Wilkins SJ, Ayton S, Bush A, Anderson GJ. Mice overexpressing hepcidin suggest ferroportin does not play a major role in Mn homeostasis. Metallomics 2019; 11:959-967. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00370j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Knockout mice with constitutively low ferroportin show that ferroportin does not make a major contribution to manganese homeostasis in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Jin
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - David M. Frazer
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Sarah J. Wilkins
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- University of Melbourne
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Ashley Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- University of Melbourne
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Gregory J. Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Faculty of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rayaprolu S, Seven YB, Howard J, Duffy C, Altshuler M, Moloney C, Giasson BI, Lewis J. Partial loss of ATP13A2 causes selective gliosis independent of robust lipofuscinosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:17-26. [PMID: 29859891 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in ATP13A2 are associated with three neurodegenerative diseases: a rare form of Parkinson's disease termed Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS), a lysosomal storage disorder termed neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), and a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Furthermore, recent data suggests that heterozygous carriers of mutations in ATP13A2 may confer risk for the development of Parkinson's disease, similar to the association of mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) with both Parkinson's disease and Gaucher's disease, a lysosomal storage disorder. Mutations in ATP13A2 are generally thought to be loss of function; however, the lack of human autopsy tissue has prevented the field from determining the pathological consequences of losing functional ATP13A2. We and others have previously neuropathologically characterized mice completely lacking murine Atp13a2, demonstrating the presence of lipofuscinosis within the brain - a key feature of NCL, one of the diseases to which ATP13A2 mutations have been linked. To determine if loss of one functional Atp13a2 allele can serve as a risk factor for disease, we have now assessed heterozygous Atp13a2 knockout mice for key features of NCL. In this report, we demonstrate that loss of one functional Atp13a2 allele leads to both microgliosis and astrocytosis in multiple brain regions compared to age-matched controls; however, levels of lipofuscin were only modestly elevated in the cortex of heterozygous Atp13a2 knockout mice over controls. This data suggests the possibility that partial loss of ATP13A2 causes inflammatory changes within the brain which appear to be independent of robust lipofuscinosis. This study suggests that heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in ATP13A2 are likely harmful and indicates that glial involvement in the disease process may be an early event that positions the CNS for subsequent disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Rayaprolu
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yasin B Seven
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John Howard
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Colin Duffy
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Marcelle Altshuler
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christina Moloney
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jada Lewis
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maass F, Michalke B, Leha A, Boerger M, Zerr I, Koch JC, Tönges L, Bähr M, Lingor P. Elemental fingerprint as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 145:342-351. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Maass
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry; German Research Center for Environmental Health; Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Andreas Leha
- Department of Medical Statistics; University Medical Center Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Matthias Boerger
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
- DZNE; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Koch
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); Goettingen Germany
| | - Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology; Ruhr-University Bochum; St. Josef-Hospital; Bochum Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); Goettingen Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); Goettingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sørensen DM, Holemans T, van Veen S, Martin S, Arslan T, Haagendahl IW, Holen HW, Hamouda NN, Eggermont J, Palmgren M, Vangheluwe P. Parkinson disease related ATP13A2 evolved early in animal evolution. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193228. [PMID: 29505581 PMCID: PMC5837089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several human P5-type transport ATPases are implicated in neurological disorders, but little is known about their physiological function and properties. Here, we investigated the relationship between the five mammalian P5 isoforms ATP13A1-5 in a comparative study. We demonstrated that ATP13A1-4 isoforms undergo autophosphorylation, which is a hallmark P-type ATPase property that is required for substrate transport. A phylogenetic analysis of P5 sequences revealed that ATP13A1 represents clade P5A, which is highly conserved between fungi and animals with one member in each investigated species. The ATP13A2-5 isoforms belong to clade P5B and diversified from one isoform in fungi and primitive animals to a maximum of four in mammals by successive gene duplication events in vertebrate evolution. We revealed that ATP13A1 localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and experimentally demonstrate that ATP13A1 likely contains 12 transmembrane helices. Conversely, ATP13A2-5 isoforms reside in overlapping compartments of the endosomal system and likely contain 10 transmembrane helices, similar to what was demonstrated earlier for ATP13A2. ATP13A1 complemented a deletion of the yeast P5A ATPase SPF1, while none of ATP13A2-5 could complement either the loss of SPF1 or that of the single P5B ATPase YPK9 in yeast. Thus, ATP13A1 carries out a basic ER function similar to its yeast counterpart Spf1p that plays a role in ER related processes like protein folding and processing. ATP13A2-5 isoforms diversified in mammals and are expressed in the endosomal system where they may have evolved novel complementary or partially redundant functions. While most P5-type ATPases are widely expressed, some P5B-type ATPases (ATP13A4 and ATP13A5) display a more limited tissue distribution in the brain and epithelial glandular cells, where they may exert specialized functions. At least some P5B isoforms are of vital importance for the nervous system, since ATP13A2 and ATP13A4 are linked to respectively Parkinson disease and autism spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Mollerup Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tugce Arslan
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ida Winther Haagendahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Waldal Holen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Norin Nabil Hamouda
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Eggermont
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the study was to discuss the main mechanisms associated with environmental and genetic factors that contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). RECENT FINDINGS Novel genetic contributors to PD are being identified at a rapid pace in addition to novel environmental factors. The discovery of mutations in alpha-synuclein and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 causing inherited forms of PD along with epidemiological, in vitro, and in vivo studies identifying herbicides, pesticides, and metals as risk factors have dramatically improved our understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of PD. However, at the same time, these discoveries have also added layers of complexity to the disease. Within the last several years, the genetics associated with PD has dominated the field in many ways; however, the majority of PD cases are likely due to different combinations of environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility. The most common toxicants used to model PD including rotenone, paraquat, and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine have been shown to interact with many of the genes linked with PD such as alpha-synuclein. Therefore, an understanding of mechanisms common between genetic and environmental factors is essential for early detection and successful translation of potential therapies, which is the ultimate goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, RGE, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Central Role of Biometals Maintains Oxidative Balance in the Context of Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8210734. [PMID: 28751933 PMCID: PMC5511683 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8210734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, oxidative stress as a biological aspect is defined as an imbalance between the free radical generation and antioxidant capacity of living systems. The intracellular imbalance of ions, disturbance in membrane dynamics, hypoxic conditions, and dysregulation of gene expression are all molecular pathogenic mechanisms closely associated with oxidative stress and underpin systemic changes in the body. These also include aspects such as chronic immune system activation, the impairment of cellular structure renewal, and alterations in the character of the endocrine secretion of diverse tissues. All of these mentioned features are crucial for the correct function of the various tissue types in the body. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge about the common roots of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders induced by oxidative stress. We discuss these common roots with regard to the way that (1) the respective metal ions are involved in the maintenance of oxidative balance and (2) the metabolic and signaling disturbances of the most important biometals, such as Mg2+, Zn2+, Se2+, Fe2+, or Cu2+, can be considered as the central connection point between the pathogenesis of both types of disorders and oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fleming SM, Santiago NA, Mullin EJ, Pamphile S, Karkare S, Lemkuhl A, Ekhator OR, Linn SC, Holden JG, Aga DS, Roth JA, Liou B, Sun Y, Shull GE, Schultheis PJ. The effect of manganese exposure in Atp13a2-deficient mice. Neurotoxicology 2017; 64:256-266. [PMID: 28595912 PMCID: PMC10178982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the P5-ATPase ATP13A2 are associated with Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. While the function of ATP13A2 is unclear, in vitro studies suggest it is a lysosomal protein that interacts with the metals manganese (Mn) and zinc and the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein. Loss of ATP13A2 function in mice causes sensorimotor deficits, enhanced autofluorescent storage material, and accumulation of alpha-synuclein. The present study sought to determine the effect of Mn administration on these same outcomes in ATP13A2-deficient mice. Wildtype and ATP13A2-deficient mice received saline or Mn at 5-9 or 12-19 months for 45days. Sensorimotor function was assessed starting at day 30. Autofluorescence was quantified in multiple brain regions and alpha-synuclein protein levels were determined in the ventral midbrain. Brain Mn, iron, zinc, and copper concentrations were measured in 5-9 month old mice. The results show Mn enhanced sensorimotor function, increased autofluorescence in the substantia nigra, and increased insoluble alpha-synuclein in the ventral midbrain in older ATP13A2-deficient mice. In addition, the Mn regimen used increased Mn concentration in the brain and levels were higher in Mn-treated mutants than controls. These results indicate loss of ATP13A2 function leads to increased sensitivity to Mn in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States.
| | - Nicholas A Santiago
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | | | - Shanta Pamphile
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Swagata Karkare
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Andrew Lemkuhl
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Osunde R Ekhator
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephen C Linn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, United States
| | - John G Holden
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jerome A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin Liou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Gary E Shull
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Patrick J Schultheis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Estrada-Cuzcano A, Martin S, Chamova T, Synofzik M, Timmann D, Holemans T, Andreeva A, Reichbauer J, De Rycke R, Chang DI, van Veen S, Samuel J, Schöls L, Pöppel T, Mollerup Sørensen D, Asselbergh B, Klein C, Zuchner S, Jordanova A, Vangheluwe P, Tournev I, Schüle R. Loss-of-function mutations in the ATP13A2/PARK9 gene cause complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG78). Brain 2017; 140:287-305. [PMID: 28137957 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower limbs due to degeneration of the corticospinal motor neurons. In a Bulgarian family with three siblings affected by complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia, we performed whole exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping and identified a homozygous p.Thr512Ile (c.1535C > T) mutation in ATP13A2. Molecular defects in this gene have been causally associated with Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (#606693), an autosomal recessive form of juvenile-onset parkinsonism, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (#606693), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments. Further analysis of 795 index cases with hereditary spastic paraplegia and related disorders revealed two additional families carrying truncating biallelic mutations in ATP13A2. ATP13A2 is a lysosomal P5-type transport ATPase, the activity of which critically depends on catalytic autophosphorylation. Our biochemical and immunocytochemical experiments in COS-1 and HeLa cells and patient-derived fibroblasts demonstrated that the hereditary spastic paraplegia-associated mutations, similarly to the ones causing Kufor-Rakeb syndrome and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, cause loss of ATP13A2 function due to transcript or protein instability and abnormal intracellular localization of the mutant proteins, ultimately impairing the lysosomal and mitochondrial function. Moreover, we provide the first biochemical evidence that disease-causing mutations can affect the catalytic autophosphorylation activity of ATP13A2. Our study adds complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG78) to the clinical continuum of ATP13A2-associated neurological disorders, which are commonly hallmarked by lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. The disease presentation in our patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia was dominated by an adult-onset lower-limb predominant spastic paraparesis. Cognitive impairment was present in most of the cases and ranged from very mild deficits to advanced dementia with fronto-temporal characteristics. Nerve conduction studies revealed involvement of the peripheral motor and sensory nerves. Only one of five patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia showed clinical indication of extrapyramidal involvement in the form of subtle bradykinesia and slight resting tremor. Neuroimaging cranial investigations revealed pronounced vermian and hemispheric cerebellar atrophy. Notably, reduced striatal dopamine was apparent in the brain of one of the patients, who had no clinical signs or symptoms of extrapyramidal involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada-Cuzcano
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teodora Chamova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albena Andreeva
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jennifer Reichbauer
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dae-In Chang
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Samuel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pöppel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Danny Mollerup Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Klein
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Albena Jordanova
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany .,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Demirsoy S, Martin S, Motamedi S, van Veen S, Holemans T, Van den Haute C, Jordanova A, Baekelandt V, Vangheluwe P, Agostinis P. ATP13A2/PARK9 regulates endo-/lysosomal cargo sorting and proteostasis through a novel PI(3, 5)P2-mediated scaffolding function. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1656-1669. [PMID: 28334751 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP13A2 (also called PARK9), is a transmembrane endo-/lysosomal-associated P5 type transport ATPase. Loss-of-function mutations in ATP13A2 result in the Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome (KRS), a form of autosomal Parkinson's disease (PD). In spite of a growing interest in ATP13A2, very little is known about its physiological role in stressed cells. Recent studies suggest that the N-terminal domain of ATP13A2 may hold key regulatory functions, but their nature remains incompletely understood. To this end, we generated a set of melanoma and neuroblastoma cell lines stably overexpressing wild-type (WT), catalytically inactive (D508N) and N-terminal mutants, or shRNA against ATP13A2. We found that under proteotoxic stress conditions, evoked by the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib, endo-/lysosomal associated full-length ATP13A2 WT, catalytically-inactive or N-terminal fragment mutants, reduced the intracellular accumulation of ubiquitin-conjugated (Ub) proteins, independent of autophagic degradation. In contrast, ATP13A2 silencing increased the intracellular accumulation of Ub-proteins, a pattern also observed in patient-derived fibroblasts harbouring ATP13A2 loss-of function mutations. In treated cells, ATP13A2 evoked endocytic vesicle relocation and increased cargo export through nanovesicles. Expression of an ATP13A2 mutant abrogating PI(3,5)P2 binding or chemical inhibition of the PI(3,5)P2-generating enzyme PIKfyve, compromised vesicular trafficking/nanovesicles export and rescued intracellular accumulation of Ub-proteins in response to proteasomal inhibition. Hence, our study unravels a novel activity-independent scaffolding role of ATP13A2 in trafficking/export of intracellular cargo in response to proteotoxic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Demirsoy
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
| | - S Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Motamedi
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
| | - S van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Van den Haute
- Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Jordanova
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - V Baekelandt
- Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Agostinis
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven (KU Leuven)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huber RJ. Using the social amoeba Dictyostelium to study the functions of proteins linked to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:83. [PMID: 27881166 PMCID: PMC5122030 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), also known as Batten disease, is a debilitating neurological disorder that affects both children and adults. Thirteen genetically distinct genes have been identified that when mutated, result in abnormal lysosomal function and an excessive accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin in neurons, as well as other cell types outside of the central nervous system. The NCL family of proteins is comprised of lysosomal enzymes (PPT1/CLN1, TPP1/CLN2, CTSD/CLN10, CTSF/CLN13), proteins that peripherally associate with membranes (DNAJC5/CLN4, KCTD7/CLN14), a soluble lysosomal protein (CLN5), a protein present in the secretory pathway (PGRN/CLN11), and several proteins that display different subcellular localizations (CLN3, CLN6, MFSD8/CLN7, CLN8, ATP13A2/CLN12). Unfortunately, the precise functions of many of the NCL proteins are still unclear, which has made targeted therapy development challenging. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has emerged as an excellent model system for studying the normal functions of proteins linked to human neurological disorders. Intriguingly, the genome of this eukaryotic soil microbe encodes homologs of 11 of the 13 known genes linked to NCL. The genetic tractability of the organism, combined with its unique life cycle, makes Dictyostelium an attractive model system for studying the functions of NCL proteins. Moreover, the ability of human NCL proteins to rescue gene-deficiency phenotypes in Dictyostelium suggests that the biological pathways regulating NCL protein function are likely conserved from Dictyostelium to human. In this review, I will discuss each of the NCL homologs in Dictyostelium in turn and describe how future studies can exploit the advantages of the system by testing new hypotheses that may ultimately lead to effective therapy options for this devastating and currently untreatable neurological disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
ATP13A2 is a lysosomal P-type transport ATPase that has been implicated in Kufor-Rakeb syndrome and Parkinson's disease (PD), providing protection against α-synuclein, Mn(2+), and Zn(2+) toxicity in various model systems. So far, the molecular function and regulation of ATP13A2 remains undetermined. Here, we demonstrate that ATP13A2 contains a unique N-terminal hydrophobic extension that lies on the cytosolic membrane surface of the lysosome, where it interacts with the lysosomal signaling lipids phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylinositol(3,5)bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2]. We further demonstrate that ATP13A2 accumulates in an inactive autophosphorylated state and that PA and PI(3,5)P2 stimulate the autophosphorylation of ATP13A2. In a cellular model of PD, only catalytically active ATP13A2 offers cellular protection against rotenone-induced mitochondrial stress, which relies on the availability of PA and PI(3,5)P2. Thus, the N-terminal binding of PA and PI(3,5)P2 emerges as a key to unlock the activity of ATP13A2, which may offer a therapeutic strategy to activate ATP13A2 and thereby reduce α-synuclein toxicity or mitochondrial stress in PD or related disorders.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cell biology of the NCL proteins: What they do and don't do. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2242-55. [PMID: 25962910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatal, primarily childhood neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), are currently associated with mutations in 13 genes. The protein products of these genes (CLN1 to CLN14) differ in their function and their intracellular localization. NCL-associated proteins have been localized mostly in lysosomes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN7, CLN10, CLN12 and CLN13) but also in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (CLN6 and CLN8), or in the cytosol associated to vesicular membranes (CLN4 and CLN14). Some of them such as CLN1 (palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1), CLN2 (tripeptidyl-peptidase 1), CLN5, CLN10 (cathepsin D), and CLN13 (cathepsin F), are lysosomal soluble proteins; others like CLN3, CLN7, and CLN12, have been proposed to be lysosomal transmembrane proteins. In this review, we give our views and attempt to summarize the proposed and confirmed functions of each NCL protein and describe and discuss research results published since the last review on NCL proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
Collapse
|
24
|
Rinaldi DE, Corradi GR, Cuesta LM, Adamo HP, de Tezanos Pinto F. The Parkinson-associated human P5B-ATPase ATP13A2 protects against the iron-induced cytotoxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1646-55. [PMID: 25912790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
P-type ion pumps are membrane transporters that have been classified into five subfamilies termed P1-P5. The ion transported by the P5-ATPases is not known. Five genes named ATP13A1-ATP13A5 that belong to the P5-ATPase group are present in humans. Loss-of-function mutations in the ATP13A2 gene (PARK9, OMIM 610513) underlay a form of Parkinson's disease (PD) known as the Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS), which belongs to the group of syndromes of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Here we report that the cytotoxicity induced by iron exposure was two-fold reduced in CHO cells stably expressing the ATP13A2 recombinant protein (ATP13A2). Moreover, the iron content in ATP13A2 cells was lower than control cells stably expressing an inactive mutant of ATP13A2. ATP13A2 expression caused an enlargement of lysosomes and late endosomes. ATP13A2 cells exhibited a reduced iron-induced lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP). These results suggest that ATP13A2 overexpression improves the lysosome membrane integrity and protects against the iron-induced cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora E Rinaldi
- From IQUIFIB-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Gerardo R Corradi
- From IQUIFIB-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- From IQUIFIB-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Hugo P Adamo
- From IQUIFIB-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina.
| | - Felicitas de Tezanos Pinto
- From IQUIFIB-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Park JS, Blair NF, Sue CM. The role of ATP13A2 in Parkinson's disease: Clinical phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. Mov Disord 2015; 30:770-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney; St. Leonards New South Wales Australia
| | - Nicholas F. Blair
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney; St. Leonards New South Wales Australia
| | - Carolyn M. Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney; St. Leonards New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bae EJ, Lee C, Lee HJ, Kim S, Lee SJ. ATP13A2/PARK9 Deficiency Neither Cause Lysosomal Impairment Nor Alter α-Synuclein Metabolism in SH-SY5Y Cells. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:365-71. [PMID: 25548536 PMCID: PMC4276807 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a multifactorial disorder with several genes linked to the familial types of the disease. ATP13A2 is one of those genes and encode for a transmembrane protein localized in lysosomes and late endosomes. Previous studies suggested the roles of this protein in lysosomal functions and cellular ion homeostasis. Here, we set out to investigate the role of ATP13A2 in lysosomal function and in metabolism of α-synuclein, another PD-linked protein whose accumulation is implicated in the pathogenesis. We generated non-sense mutations in both copies of ATP13A2 gene in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. We examined lysosomal function of ATP13A2-/- cells by measuring the accumulation of lysosomal substrate proteins, such as p62 and polyubiquitinated proteins, induction of acidic compartments, and degradation of ectopically introduced dextran. None of these measures were altered by ATP13A2 deficiency. The steady-state levels of α-synuclein in cells or secretion of this protein were unaltered either in ATP13A2-/- compared to the normal cells. Therefore, the proposed roles of ATP13A2 in lysosomal functions may not be generalized and may depend on the cellular context. The ATP13A2-/- cells generated in the current study may provide a useful control for studies on the roles of PD genes in lysosomal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Bae
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Cheolsoon Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Seokjoong Kim
- ToolGen, Inc., Biotechnology Incubating Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 305-390, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lopes da Fonseca T, Outeiro TF. ATP13A2 and Alpha-synuclein: a Metal Taste in Autophagy. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:314-23. [PMID: 25548531 PMCID: PMC4276802 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a complex and multifactorial disorder of both idiopathic and genetic origin. Thus far, more than 20 genes have been linked to familial forms of PD. Two of these genes encode for ATP13A2 and alpha-synuclein (asyn), proteins that seem to be members of a common network in both physiological and disease conditions. Thus, two different hypotheses have emerged supporting a role of ATP13A2 and asyn in metal homeostasis or in autophagy. Interestingly, an appealing theory might combine these two cellular pathways. Here we review the novel findings in the interaction between these two proteins and debate the exciting roads still ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lopes da Fonseca
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany. ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany. ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
α-Synuclein-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease occurs independent of ATP13A2 (PARK9). Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:229-43. [PMID: 25461191 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ATP13A2 (PARK9) gene cause early-onset, autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD) and Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. ATP13A2 mRNA is spliced into three distinct isoforms encoding a P5-type ATPase involved in regulating heavy metal transport across vesicular membranes. Here, we demonstrate that three ATP13A2 mRNA isoforms are expressed in the normal human brain and are modestly increased in the cingulate cortex of PD cases. ATP13A2 can mediate protection toward a number of stressors in mammalian cells and can protect against α-synuclein-induced toxicity in cellular and invertebrate models of PD. Using a primary cortical neuronal model combined with lentiviral-mediated gene transfer, we demonstrate that human ATP13A2 isoforms 1 and 2 display selective neuroprotective effects toward toxicity induced by manganese and hydrogen peroxide exposure through an ATPase-independent mechanism. The familial PD mutations, F182L and G504R, abolish the neuroprotective effects of ATP13A2 consistent with a loss-of-function mechanism. We further demonstrate that the AAV-mediated overexpression of human ATP13A2 is not sufficient to attenuate dopaminergic neurodegeneration, neuropathology, and striatal dopamine and motoric deficits induced by human α-synuclein expression in a rat model of PD. Intriguingly, the delivery of an ATPase-deficient form of ATP13A2 (D513N) to the substantia nigra is sufficient to induce dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and motor deficits in rats, potentially suggesting a dominant-negative mechanism of action. Collectively, our data demonstrate a distinct lack of ATP13A2-mediated protection against α-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity in the rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, and limited neuroprotective capacity overall, and raise doubts about the potential of ATP13A2 as a therapeutic target for PD.
Collapse
|
29
|
van Veen S, Sørensen DM, Holemans T, Holen HW, Palmgren MG, Vangheluwe P. Cellular function and pathological role of ATP13A2 and related P-type transport ATPases in Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:48. [PMID: 24904274 PMCID: PMC4033846 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 lead to Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, a parkinsonism with dementia. ATP13A2 belongs to the P-type transport ATPases, a large family of primary active transporters that exert vital cellular functions. However, the cellular function and transported substrate of ATP13A2 remain unknown. To discuss the role of ATP13A2 in neurodegeneration, we first provide a short description of the architecture and transport mechanism of P-type transport ATPases. Then, we briefly highlight key P-type ATPases involved in neuronal disorders such as the copper transporters ATP7A (Menkes disease), ATP7B (Wilson disease), the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases ATP1A2 (familial hemiplegic migraine) and ATP1A3 (rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism). Finally, we review the recent literature of ATP13A2 and discuss ATP13A2's putative cellular function in the light of what is known concerning the functions of other, better-studied P-type ATPases. We critically review the available data concerning the role of ATP13A2 in heavy metal transport and propose a possible alternative hypothesis that ATP13A2 might be a flippase. As a flippase, ATP13A2 may transport an organic molecule, such as a lipid or a peptide, from one membrane leaflet to the other. A flippase might control local lipid dynamics during vesicle formation and membrane fusion events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Danny M Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henrik W Holen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPkin, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael G Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPkin, University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Interaction of Cu(II) and Ni(II) with Ypk9 protein fragment via NMR studies. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:656201. [PMID: 24790577 PMCID: PMC3982466 DOI: 10.1155/2014/656201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
P1D2E3K4H5E6L7 (PK9-H), a fragment of Ypk9, the yeast homologue of the human Park9 protein, was studied for its coordination abilities towards Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions through mono- and bi-dimensional NMR techniques. Both proteins are involved in the transportation of metal ions, including manganese and nickel, from the cytosol to the lysosomal lumen. Ypk9 showed manganese detoxification role, preventing a Mn-induced Parkinsonism (PD) besides mutations in Park9, linked to a juvenile form of the disease. Here, we tested PK9-H with Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions, the former because it is an essential element ubiquitous in the human body, so its trafficking should be strictly regulated and one cannot exclude that Ypk9 may play a role in it, and the latter because, besides being a toxic element for many organisms and involved in different pathologies and inflammation states, it seems that the protein confers protection against it. NMR experiments showed that both cations can bind PK9-H in an effective way, leading to complexes whose coordination mode depends on the pH of the solution. NMR data have been used to build a model for the structure of the major Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes. Structural changes in the conformation of the peptide with organized side chain orientation promoted by nickel coordination were detected.
Collapse
|
31
|
Park JS, Koentjoro B, Veivers D, Mackay-Sim A, Sue CM. Parkinson's disease-associated human ATP13A2 (PARK9) deficiency causes zinc dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2802-15. [PMID: 24399444 PMCID: PMC4014187 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ATP13A2 (PARK9), a lysosomal type 5 P-type ATPase, has been associated with autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). ATP13A2 encodes a protein that is highly expressed in neurons and is predicted to function as a cation pump, although the substrate specificity remains unclear. Accumulation of zinc and mitochondrial dysfunction are established aetiological factors that contribute to PD; however, their underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Using patient-derived human olfactory neurosphere cultures, which harbour loss-of-function mutations in both alleles of ATP13A2, we identified a low intracellular free zinc ion concentration ([Zn2+]i), altered expression of zinc transporters and impaired sequestration of Zn2+ into autophagy-lysosomal pathway-associated vesicles, indicating that zinc dyshomeostasis occurs in the setting of ATP13A2 deficiency. Pharmacological treatments that increased [Zn2+]i also induced the production of reactive oxygen species and aggravation of mitochondrial abnormalities that gave rise to mitochondrial depolarization, fragmentation and cell death due to ATP depletion. The toxic effect of Zn2+ was blocked by ATP13A2 overexpression, Zn2+ chelation, antioxidant treatment and promotion of mitochondrial fusion. Taken together, these results indicate that human ATP13A2 deficiency results in zinc dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of zinc dyshomeostasis in PD and its contribution to mitochondrial dysfunction with ATP13A2 as a molecular link between the two distinctive aetiological factors of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lambie EJ, Tieu PJ, Lebedeva N, Church DL, Conradt B. CATP-6, a C. elegans ortholog of ATP13A2 PARK9, positively regulates GEM-1, an SLC16A transporter. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77202. [PMID: 24130856 PMCID: PMC3793975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, we found that gain-of-function mutations that hyperactivate GEM-1 (an SLC16A transporter protein) can bypass the requirement for GON-2 (a TRPM channel protein) during the initiation of gonadogenesis in C. elegans. Consequently, we proposed that GEM-1 might function as part of a Mg2+ uptake pathway that functions in parallel to GON-2. In this study, we report that CATP-6, a C. elegans ortholog of the P5B ATPase, ATP13A2 (PARK9), is necessary for gem-1 gain-of-function mutations to suppress the effects of gon-2 inactivation. One possible explanation for this observation is that GEM-1 serves to activate CATP-6, which then functions as a Mg2+ transporter. However, we found that overexpression of GEM-1 can alleviate the requirement for CATP-6 activity, suggesting that CATP-6 probably acts as a non-essential upstream positive regulator of GEM-1. Our results are consistent with the notion that P5B ATPases govern intracellular levels of Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ by regulating the trafficking of transporters and other proteins associated with the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Lambie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Pamela J. Tieu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Nadja Lebedeva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Diane L. Church
- Parkinson's Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Barbara Conradt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- CIPS Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schultheis PJ, Fleming SM, Clippinger AK, Lewis J, Tsunemi T, Giasson B, Dickson DW, Mazzulli JR, Bardgett ME, Haik KL, Ekhator O, Chava AK, Howard J, Gannon M, Hoffman E, Chen Y, Prasad V, Linn SC, Tamargo RJ, Westbroek W, Sidransky E, Krainc D, Shull GE. Atp13a2-deficient mice exhibit neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, limited α-synuclein accumulation and age-dependent sensorimotor deficits. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2067-82. [PMID: 23393156 PMCID: PMC3633373 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 (PARK9), encoding a lysosomal P-type ATPase, are associated with both Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). KRS has recently been classified as a rare genetic form of Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas NCL is a lysosomal storage disorder. Although the transport activity of ATP13A2 has not been defined, in vitro studies show that its loss compromises lysosomal function, which in turn is thought to cause neuronal degeneration. To understand the role of ATP13A2 dysfunction in disease, we disrupted its gene in mice. Atp13a2(-/-) and Atp13a2(+/+) mice were tested behaviorally to assess sensorimotor and cognitive function at multiple ages. In the brain, lipofuscin accumulation, α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic pathology were measured. Behaviorally, Atp13a2(-/-) mice displayed late-onset sensorimotor deficits. Accelerated deposition of autofluorescent storage material (lipofuscin) was observed in the cerebellum and in neurons of the hippocampus and the cortex of Atp13a2(-/-) mice. Immunoblot analysis showed increased insoluble α-synuclein in the hippocampus, but not in the cortex or cerebellum. There was no change in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra or in striatal dopamine levels in aged Atp13a2(-/-) mice. These results show that the loss of Atp13a2 causes sensorimotor impairments, α-synuclein accumulation as occurs in PD and related synucleinopathies, and accumulation of lipofuscin deposits characteristic of NCL, thus providing the first direct demonstration that null mutations in Atp13a2 can cause pathological features of both diseases in the same organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Schultheis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dehay B, Martinez-Vicente M, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA, Yue Z, Cookson MR, Klein C, Vila M, Bezard E. Lysosomal impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:725-32. [PMID: 23580333 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of autophagy-lysosomal pathways (ALPs) is increasingly regarded as a major pathogenic event in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). ALP alterations are observed in sporadic PD brains and in toxic and genetic rodent models of PD-related neurodegeneration. In addition, PD-linked mutations and post-translational modifications of α-synuclein impair its own lysosomal-mediated degradation, thereby contributing to its accumulation and aggregation. Furthermore, other PD-related genes, such as leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), parkin, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), have been mechanistically linked to alterations in ALPs. Conversely, mutations in lysosomal-related genes, such as glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and lysosomal type 5 P-type ATPase (ATP13A2), have been linked to PD. New data offer mechanistic molecular evidence for such a connection, unraveling a causal link between lysosomal impairment, α-synuclein accumulation, and neurotoxicity. First, PD-related GBA deficiency/mutations initiate a positive feedback loop in which reduced lysosomal function leads to α-synuclein accumulation, which, in turn, further decreases lysosomal GBA activity by impairing the trafficking of GBA from the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi to lysosomes, leading to neurodegeneration. Second, PD-related mutations/deficiency in the ATP13A2 gene lead to a general lysosomal impairment characterized by lysosomal membrane instability, impaired lysosomal acidification, decreased processing of lysosomal enzymes, reduced degradation of lysosomal substrates, and diminished clearance of autophagosomes, collectively contributing to α-synuclein accumulation and cell death. According to these new findings, primary lysosomal defects could potentially account for Lewy body formation and neurodegeneration in PD, laying the groundwork for the prospective development of new neuroprotective/disease-modifying therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring lysosomal levels and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dehay
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bordeaux Segalen, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Bordeaux, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
ATP13A2 deficiency induces a decrease in cathepsin D activity, fingerprint-like inclusion body formation, and selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1316-25. [PMID: 23499937 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS) was originally described as an autosomal recessive form of early-onset parkinsonism with pyramidal degeneration and dementia. ATP13A2 was identified as the causative gene in KRS. ATP13A2 encodes the ATP13A2 protein, which is a lysosomal type5 P-type ATPase, and ATP13A2 mutations are linked to autosomal recessive familial parkinsonism. Here, we report that normal ATP13A2 localizes in the lysosome, whereas disease-associated variants remain in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cathepsin D activity was decreased in ATP13A2-knockdown cells that displayed lysosome-like bodies characterized by fingerprint-like structures. Furthermore, an atp13a2 mutation in medaka fish resulted in dopaminergic neuronal death, decreased cathepsin D activity, and fingerprint-like structures in the brain. Based on these results, lysosome abnormality is very likely to be the primary cause of KRS/PARK9.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Two genes responsible for the juvenile Parkinson’s disease (PD), PINK1 and Parkin, have been implicated in mitochondrial quality control. The inactivation of PINK1, which encodes a mitochondrial kinase, leads to age-dependent mitochondrial degeneration in Drosophila. The phenotype is closely associated with the impairment of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and defects in mitochondrial dynamics. Drosophila genetic studies have further revealed that PINK1 is an upstream regulator of Parkin and is involved in the mitochondrial dynamics and motility. A series of cell biological studies have given rise to a model in which the activation of PINK1 in damaged mitochondria induces the selective elimination of mitochondria in cooperation with Parkin through the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy machineries. Although the relevance of this pathway to PD etiology is still unclear, approaches using stem cells from patients and animal models will help to understand the significance of mitochondrial quality control by the PINK1-Parkin pathway in PD and in healthy individuals. Here I will review recent advances in our understanding of the PINK1-Parkin signaling and will discuss the roles of PINK1-Parkin signaling for mitochondrial maintenance and how the failure of this signaling leads to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The Ca2+/Mn2+ ion-pump PMR1 links elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels to α-synuclein toxicity in Parkinson's disease models. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:465-77. [PMID: 23154387 PMCID: PMC3569987 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, which arises from a yet elusive concurrence between genetic and environmental factors. The protein α-synuclein (αSyn), the principle toxic effector in PD, has been shown to interfere with neuronal Ca(2+) fluxes, arguing for an involvement of deregulated Ca(2+) homeostasis in this neuronal demise. Here, we identify the Golgi-resident Ca(2+)/Mn(2+) ATPase PMR1 (plasma membrane-related Ca(2+)-ATPase 1) as a phylogenetically conserved mediator of αSyn-driven changes in Ca(2+) homeostasis and cytotoxicity. Expression of αSyn in yeast resulted in elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels and increased cell death, both of which could be inhibited by deletion of PMR1. Accordingly, absence of PMR1 prevented αSyn-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in nematodes and flies. In addition, αSyn failed to compromise locomotion and survival of flies when PMR1 was absent. In conclusion, the αSyn-driven rise of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels is pivotal for its cytotoxicity and requires PMR1.
Collapse
|