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Song C, Li S, Mai Y, Li L, Dai G, Zhou Y, Liang X, Zou OM, Wang Y, Zhou L, Liu J, Zou Y. Dysregulated expression of miR-140 and miR-122 compromised microglial chemotaxis and led to reduced restriction of AD pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:167. [PMID: 38956605 PMCID: PMC11218311 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of amyloid β, which is produced by amyloidogenic cleavage of APP by β- and γ-secretase, is one of the primary hallmarks of AD pathology. APP can also be processed by α- and γ-secretase sequentially, to generate sAPPα, which has been shown to be neuroprotective by promoting neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival, etc. METHODS: The global expression profiles of miRNA in blood plasma samples taken from 11 AD patients as well as from 14 age and sex matched cognitively normal volunteers were analyzed using miRNA-seq. Then, overexpressed miR-140 and miR-122 both in vivo and in vitro, and knock-down of the endogenous expression of miR-140 and miR-122 in vitro. Used a combination of techniques, including molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, to detect the impact of miRNAs on AD pathology. RESULTS In this study, we identified that two miRNAs, miR-140-3p and miR-122-5p, both targeting ADAM10, the main α-secretase in CNS, were upregulated in the blood plasma of AD patients. Overexpression of these two miRNAs in mouse brains induced cognitive decline in wild type C57BL/6J mice as well as exacerbated dyscognition in APP/PS1 mice. Although significant changes in APP and total Aβ were not detected, significantly downregulated ADAM10 and its non-amyloidogenic product, sAPPα, were observed in the mouse brains overexpressing miR-140/miR-122. Immunohistology analysis revealed increased neurite dystrophy that correlated with the reduced microglial chemotaxis in the hippocampi of these mice, independent of the other two ADAM10 substrates (neuronal CX3CL1 and microglial TREM2) that were involved in regulating the microglial immunoactivity. Further in vitro analysis demonstrated that both the reduced neuritic outgrowth of mouse embryonic neuronal cells overexpressing miR-140/miR-122 and the reduced Aβ phagocytosis in microglia cells co-cultured with HT22 cells overexpressing miR-140/miR-122 could be rescued by overexpressing the specific inhibitory sequence of miR-140/miR-122 TuD as well as by addition of sAPPα, rendering these miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that neuroprotective sAPPα was a key player in the neuropathological progression induced by dysregulated expression of miR-140 and miR-122. Targeting these miRNAs might serve as a promising therapeutic strategy in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Shufang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yingren Mai
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Linpeng Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Guoku Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Xiaosheng Liang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Olivia Meilan Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China.
| | - Yi Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
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Kim SB, Mun BR, Kim SY, Elangovan M, Park EJ, Choi WS, Park WJ. Therapeutic effects of a novel synthetic α-secretase. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1383905. [PMID: 38912519 PMCID: PMC11191342 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1383905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) has been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical studies have further proven that elimination of Aβ can be a viable therapeutic option. In the current study, we conceptualized a fusion membrane protein, referred to as synthetic α-secretase (SAS), that can cleave amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ specifically at the α-site. In mammalian cells, SAS indeed cleaved APP and Aβ at the α-site. Overexpression of SAS in the hippocampus was achieved by direct injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) that expresses SAS (AAV9-SAS) into the bilateral ventricles of mouse brains. SAS enhanced the non-amyloidogenic processing of APP, thus reducing the levels of soluble Aβ and plaques in the 5xFAD mice. In addition, SAS significantly attenuated the cognitive deficits in 5xFAD mice, as demonstrated by novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Unlike other Aβ-cleaving proteases, SAS has highly strict substrate specificity. We propose that SAS can be an efficient modality to eliminate excessive Aβ from diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Mun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yoon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthukumar Elangovan
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Euy Jun Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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3
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Lee JY, Lim MCX, Koh RY, Tsen MT, Chye SM. Blood-based therapies to combat neurodegenerative diseases. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:985-1004. [PMID: 38842660 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, known as the progressive loss of neurons in terms of their structure and function, is the principal pathophysiological change found in the majority of brain-related disorders. Ageing has been considered the most well-established risk factor in most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is currently no effective treatment or cure for these diseases; the approved therapeutic options to date are only for palliative care. Ageing and neurodegenerative diseases are closely intertwined; reversing the aspects of brain ageing could theoretically mitigate age-related neurodegeneration. Ever since the regenerative properties of young blood on aged tissues came to light, substantial efforts have been focused on identifying and characterizing the circulating factors in the young and old systemic milieu that may attenuate or accentuate brain ageing and neurodegeneration. Later studies discovered the superiority of old plasma dilution in tissue rejuvenation, which is achieved through a molecular reset of the systemic proteome. These findings supported the use of therapeutic blood exchange for the treatment of degenerative diseases in older individuals. The first objective of this article is to explore the rejuvenating properties of blood-based therapies in the ageing brains and their therapeutic effects on AD. Then, we also look into the clinical applications, various limitations, and challenges associated with blood-based therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yee Lee
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mervyn Chen Xi Lim
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Min Tze Tsen
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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4
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Majou D, Dermenghem AL. Effects of DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) and estradiol on amyloid β-peptide regulation in the brain. Brain Res 2024; 1823:148681. [PMID: 37992797 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In the early stages of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD), there is a strong correlation between memory impairment and cortical levels of soluble amyloid-β peptide oligomers (Aβ). It has become clear that Aβ disrupt glutamatergic synaptic function, which can in turn lead to the characteristic cognitive deficits of SAD, but the actual pathways are still not well understood. This opinion article describes the pathogenic mechanisms underlying cerebral amyloidosis. These mechanisms are dependent on the amyloid precursor protein and concern the synthesis of Aβ peptides with competition between the non-amyloidogenic pathway and the amyloidogenic pathway (i.e. a competition between the ADAM10 and BACE1 enzymes), on the one hand, and the various processes of Aβ residue clearance, on the other hand. This clearance mobilizes both endopeptidases (NEP, and IDE) and removal transporters across the blood-brain barrier (LRP1, ABCB1, and RAGE). Lipidated ApoE also plays a major role in all processes. The disturbance of these pathways induces an accumulation of Aβ. The description of the mechanisms reveals two key molecules in particular: (i) free estradiol, which has genomic and non-genomic action, and (ii) free DHA as a preferential ligand of PPARα-RXRα and PPARɣ-RXRα heterodimers. DHA and free estradiol are also self-regulating, and act in synergy. When a certain level of chronic DHA and free estradiol deficiency is reached, a permanent imbalance is established in the central nervous system. The consequences of these deficits are revealed in particular by the presence of Aβ peptide deposits, as well as other markers of the etiology of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Majou
- ACTIA, 149, rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, France.
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5
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Sola-Sevilla N, Puerta E. SIRT2 as a potential new therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:124-131. [PMID: 37488853 PMCID: PMC10479864 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia globally with an increasing incidence over the years, bringing a heavy burden to individuals and society due to the lack of an effective treatment. In this context, sirtuin 2, the sirtuin with the highest expression in the brain, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes and discusses the complex roles of sirtuin 2 in different molecular mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease such as amyloid and tau pathology, microtubule stability, neuroinflammation, myelin formation, autophagy, and oxidative stress. The role of sirtuin 2 in all these processes highlights its potential implication in the etiology and development of Alzheimer's disease. However, its presence in different cell types and its enormous variety of substrates leads to apparently contradictory conclusions when it comes to understanding its specific functions. Further studies in sirtuin 2 research with selective sirtuin 2 modulators targeting specific sirtuin 2 substrates are necessary to clarify its specific functions under different conditions and to validate it as a novel pharmacological target. This will contribute to the development of new treatment strategies, not only for Alzheimer's disease but also for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Sola-Sevilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Zhang Q, Yan Y. The role of natural flavonoids on neuroinflammation as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease: a narrative review. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2582-2591. [PMID: 37449593 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects a large proportion of older adult people and is characterized by memory loss, progressive cognitive impairment, and various behavioral disturbances. Although the pathological mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease are complex and remain unclear, previous research has identified two widely accepted pathological characteristics: extracellular neuritic plaques containing amyloid beta peptide, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing tau. Furthermore, research has revealed the significant role played by neuroinflammation over recent years. The inflammatory microenvironment mainly consists of microglia, astrocytes, the complement system, chemokines, cytokines, and reactive oxygen intermediates; collectively, these factors can promote the pathological process and aggravate the severity of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the development of new drugs that can target neuroinflammation will be a significant step forward for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Flavonoids are plant-derived secondary metabolites that possess various bioactivities. Previous research found that multiple natural flavonoids could exert satisfactory treatment effects on the neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we describe the pathogenesis and neuroinflammatory processes of Alzheimer's disease, and summarize the effects and mechanisms of 13 natural flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, morin, kaempferol, fisetin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, rutin, icariin, mangiferin, and anthocyanin) derived from plants or medicinal herbs on neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. As an important resource for the development of novel compounds for the treatment of critical diseases, it is essential that we focus on the exploitation of natural products. In particular, it is vital that we investigate the effects of flavonoids on the neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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7
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Nithianandam V, Bukhari H, Leventhal MJ, Battaglia RA, Dong X, Fraenkel E, Feany MB. Integrative analysis reveals a conserved role for the amyloid precursor protein in proteostasis during aging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7034. [PMID: 37923712 PMCID: PMC10624868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aβ peptides derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, the normal function of APP and the importance of that role in neurodegenerative disease is less clear. We recover the Drosophila ortholog of APP, Appl, in an unbiased forward genetic screen for neurodegeneration mutants. We perform comprehensive single cell transcriptional and proteomic studies of Appl mutant flies to investigate Appl function in the aging brain. We find an unexpected role for Appl in control of multiple cellular pathways, including translation, mitochondrial function, nucleic acid and lipid metabolism, cellular signaling and proteostasis. We mechanistically define a role for Appl in regulating autophagy through TGFβ signaling and document the broader relevance of our findings using mouse genetic, human iPSC and in vivo tauopathy models. Our results demonstrate a conserved role for APP in controlling age-dependent proteostasis with plausible relevance to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Nithianandam
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Hassan Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Matthew J Leventhal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT Ph.D. Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel A Battaglia
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Xianjun Dong
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Hub, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
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Chau DDL, Ng LLH, Zhai Y, Lau KF. Amyloid precursor protein and its interacting proteins in neurodevelopment. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1647-1659. [PMID: 37387352 PMCID: PMC10629809 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as the pathogenic amyloid-β peptide is derived from it. Two closely related APP family proteins (APPs) have also been identified in mammals. Current knowledge, including genetic analyses of gain- and loss-of-function mutants, highlights the importance of APPs in various physiological functions. Notably, APPs consist of multiple extracellular and intracellular protein-binding regions/domains. Protein-protein interactions are crucial for many cellular processes. In past decades, many APPs interactors have been identified which assist the revelation of the putative roles of APPs. Importantly, some of these interactors have been shown to influence several APPs-mediated neuronal processes which are found defective in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Studying APPs-interactor complexes would not only advance our understanding of the physiological roles of APPs but also provide further insights into the association of these processes to neurodegeneration, which may lead to the development of novel therapies. In this mini-review, we summarize the roles of APPs-interactor complexes in neurodevelopmental processes including neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, axonal guidance and synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dik-Long Chau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Laura Lok-Haang Ng
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuqi Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Alsaqati M, Thomas RS, Kidd EJ. Upregulation of endocytic protein expression in the Alzheimer's disease male human brain. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100084. [PMID: 37449017 PMCID: PMC10336166 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) primarily after APP is internalised by endocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytic processes are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is also evidence that cholesterol and flotillin affect APP endocytosis. We hypothesised that endocytic protein expression would be altered in the brains of people with AD compared to non-diseased subjects which could be linked to increased Aβ generation. We compared protein expression in frontal cortex samples from men with AD compared to age-matched, non-diseased controls. Soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42, the soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, βCTF, BACE1, presenilin-1 and the ratio of phosphorylated:total GSK3β were significantly increased while the insoluble Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio was significantly decreased in AD brains. Total and phosphorylated tau were markedly increased in AD brains. Significant increases in clathrin, AP2, PICALM isoform 4, Rab-5 and caveolin-1 and 2 were seen in AD brains but BIN1 was decreased. However, using immunohistochemistry, caveolin-1 and 2 were decreased. The results obtained here suggest an overall increase in endocytosis in the AD brain, explaining, at least in part, the increased production of Aβ during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma J. Kidd
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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Schreiner TG, Schreiner OD, Adam M, Popescu BO. The Roles of the Amyloid Beta Monomers in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1411. [PMID: 37239082 PMCID: PMC10216198 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide is an important biomarker in Alzheimer's disease, with the amyloidogenic hypothesis as one of the central hypotheses trying to explain this type of dementia. Despite numerous studies, the etiology of Alzheimer's disease remains incompletely known, as the pathological accumulation of amyloid beta aggregates cannot fully explain the complex clinical picture of the disease. Or, for the development of effective therapies, it is mandatory to understand the roles of amyloid beta at the brain level, from its initial monomeric stage prior to aggregation in the form of senile plaques. In this sense, this review aims to bring new, clinically relevant data on a subject intensely debated in the literature in the last years. In the first part, the amyloidogenic cascade is reviewed and the possible subtypes of amyloid beta are differentiated. In the second part, the roles played by the amyloid beta monomers in physiological and pathological (neurodegenerative) conditions are illustrated based on the most relevant and recent studies published on this topic. Finally, considering the importance of amyloid beta monomers in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, new research directions with diagnostic and therapeutic impacts are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21–23 Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Oliver Daniel Schreiner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
- Medical Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iași, Romania
| | - Maricel Adam
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21–23 Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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Franklin ZJ, Croce L, Dekeryte R, Delibegovic M, Platt B. BACE cleavage of APP does not drive the diabetic phenotype of PLB4 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 182:106142. [PMID: 37137417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), two prevalent diseases related to ageing, often share common pathologies including increased inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and impaired metabolic homeostasis predominantly affecting different organs. Therefore, it was unexpected to find in a previous study that neuronal hBACE1 knock-in (PLB4 mouse) leads to both an AD- and T2DM- like phenotype. The complexity of this co-morbidity phenotype required a deeper systems approach to explore the age-related changes in AD and T2DM-like pathologies of the PLB4 mouse. Therefore, we here analysed key neuronal and metabolic tissues comparing associated pathologies to those of normal ageing. METHODS Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and protein turnover were assessed in 5-h fasted 3- and 8-month-old male PLB4 and wild-type mice. Western Blot and quantitative PCR were performed to determine regulation of homeostatic and metabolic pathways in insulin-stimulated brain, liver and muscle tissue. RESULTS Neuronal hBACE1 expression caused early pathological cleavage of APP (increased monomeric Aβ (mAβ) levels at 3-months), in parallel with brain ER stress (increased phosphorylation of the translation regulation factor (p-eIF2α) and the chaperone binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP)). However, APP processing shifted over time (higher full-length APP and sAPPβ levels, alongside lower mAβ and secreted APPα at 8 months), along with increased ER stress (phosphorylated/total inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)) in brain and liver. Metabolically, systemic glucose intolerance was evident from 3 months, yet metabolic signalling varied greatly between tissues and ages, and was confined to the periphery (muscle insulin receptors (IR), dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) levels, and decreased phosphorylated protein Kinase B (p-Akt), alongside increased liver DPP4 and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)), all of which normalised to wild-type levels at 8 months. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the murine nervous system is affected early by APP misprocessing as a result of hBACE1 introduction, which coincided with ER stress, but not IR changes, and was alleviated with age. Peripheral metabolic alterations occurred early and revealed tissue-specific (liver vs. muscle) adaptations in metabolic markers but did not correlate with neuronal APP processing. Compensatory vs. contributory neuronal mechanisms associated with hBACE1 expression at different ages may explain why mice intrinsically do not develop AD pathologies and may offer new insights for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Franklin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - L Croce
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - R Dekeryte
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - M Delibegovic
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - B Platt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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Wittrahm R, Takalo M, Kuulasmaa T, Mäkinen PM, Mäkinen P, Končarević S, Fartzdinov V, Selzer S, Kokkola T, Antikainen L, Martiskainen H, Kemppainen S, Marttinen M, Jeskanen H, Rostalski H, Rahunen E, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Natunen T, Lambert JC, Tanzi RE, Kim DY, Rauramaa T, Herukka SK, Soininen H, Laakso M, Pike I, Leinonen V, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Protective Alzheimer's disease-associated APP A673T variant predominantly decreases sAPPβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid and 2D/3D cell culture models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 182:106140. [PMID: 37120095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rare A673T variant was the first variant found within the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene conferring protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thereafter, different studies have discovered that the carriers of the APP A673T variant show reduced levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the plasma and better cognitive performance at high age. Here, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of APP A673T carriers and control individuals using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify differentially regulated targets in an unbiased manner. Furthermore, the APP A673T variant was introduced into 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models together with the pathogenic APP Swedish and London mutations. Consequently, we now report for the first time the protective effects of the APP A673T variant against AD-related alterations in the CSF, plasma, and brain biopsy samples from the frontal cortex. The CSF levels of soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) and Aβ42 were significantly decreased on average 9-26% among three APP A673T carriers as compared to three well-matched controls not carrying the protective variant. Consistent with these CSF findings, immunohistochemical assessment of cortical biopsy samples from the same APP A673T carriers did not reveal Aβ, phospho-tau, or p62 pathologies. We identified differentially regulated targets involved in protein phosphorylation, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in the CSF and plasma samples of APP A673T carriers. Some of the identified targets showed inverse levels in AD brain tissue with respect to increased AD-associated neurofibrillary pathology. In 2D and 3D neuronal cell culture models expressing APP with the Swedish and London mutations, the introduction of the APP A673T variant resulted in lower sAPPβ levels. Concomitantly, the levels of sAPPα were increased, while decreased levels of CTFβ and Aβ42 were detected in some of these models. Our findings emphasize the important role of APP-derived peptides in the pathogenesis of AD and demonstrate the effectiveness of the protective APP A673T variant to shift APP processing towards the non-amyloidogenic pathway in vitro even in the presence of two pathogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Wittrahm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petra M Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | - Stefan Selzer
- Proteome Sciences GmbH & Co. KG, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Leila Antikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Henna Martiskainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heli Jeskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Eija Rahunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- U1167, University of Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Unit of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; NeuroCenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Hamilton House, London, WC1H 9BB, UK.
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Unit of Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Mockett BG, Ryan MM. The therapeutic potential of the neuroactive peptides of soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha in Alzheimer's disease and related neurological disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 139:93-101. [PMID: 35654665 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) is a multi-functional brain-derived protein that has neuroprotective, neurogenic and neurotropic properties. Moreover, it is known to facilitate synaptic function and promote neural repair. These properties suggest sAPPα may be useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurological diseases characterized by synaptic failure and neuronal loss, such as occurs in Alzheimer's disease, and for neural repair following traumatic brain injury and stroke. However, sAPPα's relatively large size and the difficulty of ongoing delivery of therapeutics to the brain mean this is not currently practicable. Importantly, however, sAPPα is composed of several neuroactive domains that each possess properties that collectively are remarkably similar to those of sAPPα itself. Here, we review the molecular structure of sAPPα and identify the domains that contribute to its overall functionality. Four peptide motifs present as possible targets for therapeutic development. We review their physiochemical and neuroactive properties, both within sAPPα and as isolated peptides, and discuss their potential for future development as multipurpose therapeutic agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders of neuronal function. Further, we discuss the role of heparin binding sites, found within sAPPα's structure and overlapping with the neuroactive domains, as sites for interactions with effector proteins and synaptic receptors. The potential role of the neuroactive peptides known as Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs) as neuroprotective motifs is also reviewed. Mechanisms of peptide delivery to the brain are briefly discussed. Finally, we summarise the potential benefits and pitfalls of using the isolated peptides, either individually or in combination, for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Margaret M Ryan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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14
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Sadeghi L, Marefat A. Investigation of the Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Effects on Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing in Hippocampal Cells. Basic Clin Neurosci 2023; 14:203-212. [PMID: 38107528 PMCID: PMC10719978 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2005.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) are small magnetic particles that are widely used in different aspects of biology and medicine in modern life. Fe2O3-NP accumulated in the living cells due to the absence of an active system to excrete the iron ions and damages cellular organelles by high reactivity. Methods Herein cytotoxic effects of Fe2O3-NP with a size of 50 nm on the primary culture of neonatal rat hippocampus were investigated using 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Pathophysiological signs of Alzheimer's disease such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, Aβ aggregation, soluble APPα, and APPβ secretion were also investigated in hippocampal cells treated with various concentrations of nanoparticle (NP) for different exposure times. Results Our results revealed that Fe2O3-NP treatment causes oxidative stress in cells which is accompanied by upregulation of the APP and Aβ in a concentration-dependent manner. NP exposure also leads to more secretion of sAPPβ rather than sAPPα, leading to increased activation of β-secretase in NP-received cells. All the harmful effects accumulate in neurons that cannot be renovated, leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion This study approved iron-based NPs could help to develop Alzheimer's and related neurological disorders and explained why some of the iron chelators have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease. Highlights Fe2O3-NP induced oxidative stress in hippocampal cells in a concentration dependent manner.Fe2O3-NP imposed up-regulation of APP in hippocampal cells.Fe2O3-NP activated β-secretase and elevated sAPPβ/sAPPα ratio.Cumulative effects of Fe2O3-NP damages increased cell death in neurons. Plain Language Summary The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by chronic neurodegeneration, impairment of memory, and disturbed planning, language, and thinking ability. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles has been increased in all aspects of life. Among these nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NP) are vital in biological sciences, medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and optical imaging. Considering the general application and high reactivity of iron, growing concerns exist about the Fe2O3-NP application harms, especially in the central nervous system. Hippocampus tissue is one of the affected tissues in AD, which is widely investigated in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Fe2O3-NP on the primary culture of the hippocampus as one of the main tissues damaged in patients with AD. Our results revealed that treatment with different concentrations of Fe2O3-NP caused cellular damage in hippocampal cells. Exposure to Fe2O3-NP also caused oxidative stress. Our results showed a close association between oxidative stress and AD's pathological symptoms. The Fe2O3-NP application in medicine and biology should be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezu Marefat
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Nirogi R, Grandhi VR, Medapati R, Ganuga N, Abraham R, Thentu JB, Palacharla VRC, Petlu S, Srirangavaram M, Subramanian R, Ravella SR, Gagginapally SR, Benade V, Jayarajan P, Mohammed AR. Usmarapride (SUVN-D4010), a 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Behavioural, neurochemical and pharmacological profiling. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175625. [PMID: 36997046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects cognitive functions with negative impact on day to day activities and an ultimate loss of independent living. Current standard of care (SOC) for AD, viz. donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine etc. either alone or in combination show modest efficacy without changing the course of the disease. On prolonged treatment, side effects are more common with an eventual loss of efficacy. Aducanumab, a monoclonal antibody is a disease modifying therapeutic agent targeting the toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins for its clearance. However, it is found to have only modest efficacy in AD patients and its approval by FDA is controversial. Alternate, effective and safe therapeutics are need of the hour, as AD cases are expected to be doubled by 2050. Recently, 5-HT4 receptors have been envisioned as target for alleviating AD associated cognitive impairment with potential disease modifying ability impacting disease progression. Usmarapride is a 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist, being developed for the possible treatment of AD with symptomatic and disease modifying potential. Usmarapride demonstrated promising effects in ameliorating cognitive deficits in diverse animal models of episodic, working, social, and emotional memories. Usmarapride produced elevation in cortical acetylcholine in rats. Furthermore, usmarapride increased levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha, a potential mechanism to reverse toxic Aβ peptide pathology. Usmarapride also potentiated the pharmacological effects of donepezil in animal models. To conclude, usmarapride may be a promising intervention for alleviating the cognitive dysfunction in AD patients with disease modifying potential.
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16
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Li Y, Wang JZ, Deng YM, Wang K, Yang L, Long C. Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Regulates Electrophysiological Properties in the Hippocampus via Altered Kv1.4 Expression and Function in Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:1241-1256. [PMID: 36872774 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) is enriched in neurons. However, the mechanism underlying AβPP regulation of neuronal activity is poorly understood. Potassium channels are critically involved in neuronal excitability. In hippocampus, A-type potassium channels are highly expressed and involved in determining neuronal spiking. OBJECTIVE We explored hippocampal local field potential (LFP) and spiking in the presence and absence of AβPP, and the potential involvement of an A-type potassium channel. METHODS We used in vivo extracellular recording and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to determine neuronal activity, current density of A-type potassium currents, and western blot to detect changes in related protein levels. RESULTS Abnormal LFP was observed in AβPP-/- mice, including reduced beta and gamma power, and increased epsilon and ripple power. The firing rate of glutamatergic neurons reduced significantly, in line with an increased action potential rheobase. Given that A-type potassium channels regulate neuronal firing, we measured the protein levels and function of two major A-type potassium channels and found that the post-transcriptional level of Kv1.4, but not Kv4.2, was significantly increased in the AβPP-/- mice. This resulted in a marked increase in the peak time of A-type transient outward potassium currents in both glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) neurons. Furthermore, a mechanistic experiment using human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells revealed that the AβPP deficiency-induced increase in Kv1.4 may not involve protein-protein interaction between AβPP and Kv1.4. CONCLUSION This study suggests that AβPP modulates neuronal firing and oscillatory activity in the hippocampus, and Kv1.4 may be involved in mediating the modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Zhao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Ming Deng
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Long
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Shi Z, Chen H, Zhou X, Yang W, Lin Y. Pharmacological effects of natural medicine ginsenosides against Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952332. [PMID: 36467099 PMCID: PMC9708891 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the most important pharmacological active ingredient of ginseng, with multiple biological therapeutic targets, mild action and no side effects. It is having shown beneficial effects in vitro and in vivo models of AD. In this review, we analyze large literature, summarize the inhibition of ginsenosides fibrous extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of possible mechanisms, and explain the effects of ginsenosides on AD neuroprotection from the aspects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis, prove the potential of ginsenosides as a new class of drugs for the treatment of AD. In addition, according to the current clinical application status of natural drugs, this paper analysis the delivery route and delivery mode of ginsenosides from the perspective of pharmacokinetics, providing a deeper insight into the clinical application of ginsenosides in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Banerjee S, Manisha C, Bharathi J J, Kumar AP, Justin A, Ramanathan M. Structural dynamics and catalytic modulations of Aβ regulating enzymes as future outlook for Alzheimer's. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 631:1-8. [PMID: 36162324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aβ cascade hypothesis being considered most evident event in AD pathology and even today it holds good. Dysregulation of catalytic events of Aβ regulating enzymes can possibly cause faulty Aβ trafficking; inequity of Aβ formation and clearance resulting in misfolded protein accumulation, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Many novel approaches have been made on this pathway to discover new molecules, unfortunately couldn't reach the terminal phases of clinical trials. Over decades, studies have been more focused on enzyme chemistry and explored the relationship between structural features and catalytic function of Aβ regulating enzymes. However, the modulations of catalytic mechanisms of those enzymes have not been imposed so far to reduce the Aβ load. Hence, in this review, we have critically detailed the knowledge of basic structural dynamics and possible catalytic modulations of enzymes responsible for Aβ formation and clearance that will impart new perspectives in drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643 001, India
| | - Chennu Manisha
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643 001, India
| | - Jeyaram Bharathi J
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643 001, India
| | - Ashwini Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643 001, India
| | - Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643 001, India.
| | - Muthiah Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 004, India
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19
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Regulation of the Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein α (sAPPα) Levels by Acetylcholinesterase and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Lung Cancer Cell Media. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810746. [PMID: 36142659 PMCID: PMC9500850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparing two human lung cancer cells, we previously found lower levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and intact amyloid-β40/42 (Aβ), and higher levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) in the media of H1299 cells as compared to A549 cell media. In this study, we hypothesized that the levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPPα) are regulated by AChE and mBDNF in A549 and H1299 cell media. The levels of sAPPα were higher in the media of H1299 cells. Knockdown of AChE led to increased sAPPα and mBDNF levels and correlated with decreased levels of intact Aβ40/42 in A549 cell media. AChE and mBDNF had opposite effects on the levels of Aβ and sAPPα and were found to operate through a mechanism involving α-secretase activity. Treatment with AChE decreased sAPPα levels and simultaneously increased the levels of intact Aβ40/42 suggesting a role of the protein in shifting APP processing away from the non-amyloidogenic pathway and toward the amyloidogenic pathway, whereas treatment with mBDNF led to opposite effects on those levels. We also show that the levels of sAPPα are regulated by protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, phosphoinositide 3 Kinase (PI3K), but not by protein kinase A (PKA).
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20
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Bai N, Li N, Cheng R, Guan Y, Zhao X, Song Z, Xu H, Yi F, Jiang B, Li X, Wu X, Jiang C, Zhou T, Guo Q, Guo W, Feng Y, Wang Z, Ma M, Yu Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wang C, Zhao W, Liu S, Song X, Liu H, Cao L. Inhibition of SIRT2 promotes APP acetylation and ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111062. [PMID: 35830807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). SIRT2, an NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent deacetylase, accumulates in the aging brain. Here, we report that, in the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD, genetic deletion of SIRT2 or pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 ameliorates cognitive impairment. We find that suppression of SIRT2 enhances acetylation of APP, which promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of APP at the cell surface, leading to increased soluble APP-α (sAPPα). We discover that lysines 132 and 134 of the major pathogenic protein β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor are acetylated and that these residues are deacetylated by SIRT2. Strikingly, exogenous expression of wild-type or an acetylation-mimic APP mutant protects cultured primary neurons from Aβ42 challenge. Our study identifies SIRT2-mediated deacetylation of APP on K132 and K134 as a regulated post-translational modification (PTM) and suggests inhibition of SIRT2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bai
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Rong Cheng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yi Guan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiong Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhijie Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Fei Yi
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Cui Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Wendong Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Mengtao Ma
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shihui Liu
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Innovation Center of Aging-Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China.
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Innovation Center of Aging-Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China.
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21
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Nikolaeva NS, Yandulova EY, Aleksandrova YR, Starikov AS, Neganova ME. The Role of a Pathological Interaction between β-amyloid and Mitochondria in the Occurrence and Development of Alzheimer's Disease. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:19-34. [PMID: 36348714 PMCID: PMC9611857 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in existence. It is characterized by an impaired cognitive function that is due to a progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques are the main pathological features of the disease. In addition to abnormal protein aggregation, increased mitochondrial fragmentation, altered expression of the genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, disruptions in the ER-mitochondria interaction, and mitophagy are observed. Reactive oxygen species are known to affect Aβ expression and aggregation. In turn, oligomeric and aggregated Aβ cause mitochondrial disorders. In this review, we summarize available knowledge about the pathological effects of Aβ on mitochondria and the potential molecular targets associated with proteinopathy and mitochondrial dysfunction for the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Nikolaeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - E. Yu. Yandulova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - Yu. R. Aleksandrova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - A. S. Starikov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - M. E. Neganova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
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22
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Cho Y, Bae HG, Okun E, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Physiology and pharmacology of amyloid precursor protein. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108122. [PMID: 35114285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein and a well-characterized precursor protein of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, which accumulate in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathologies. Aβ has been extensively investigated since the amyloid hypothesis in AD was proposed. Besides Aβ, previous studies on APP and its proteolytic cleavage products have suggested their diverse pathological and physiological functions. However, their roles still have not been thoroughly understood. In this review, we extensively discuss the evolutionarily-conserved biology of APP, including its structure and processing pathway, as well as recent findings on the physiological roles of APP and its fragments in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. We have also elaborated upon the current status of APP-targeted therapeutic approaches for AD treatment by discussing inhibitors of several proteases participating in APP processing, including α-, β-, and γ-secretases. Finally, we have highlighted the future perspectives pertaining to further research and the potential clinical role of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Pauld Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Israel
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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23
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Monascus purpureus Fermented Product Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairment in the Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic J20 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that various hallmarks such as amyloid overproduction, tau dysfunction, insulin resistance/diabetic mechanisms, and neuroinflammation are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study investigated the bioactive functions of ankaflavin (AK) and monascin (MS) in the fermented product of Monascus purpureus and found their abilities to ameliorate AD by modifying several important pathogenic factors including improved cognitive function, reversed behavioral deficits, reduced hippocampal β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) burden, decreased tau hyper-phosphorylation, and reduced neuroinflammation in the J20 mouse model of AD compared to wild type. Monascus purpureus fermented product (MPFP) was suggested to act as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist and it was compared against the action of a well-known anti-diabetic PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone. MPFP could be a promising therapeutic strategy for disease modification in AD.
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24
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Nowakowska-Gołacka J, Czapiewska J, Sominka H, Sowa-Rogozińska N, Słomińska-Wojewódzka M. EDEM1 Regulates Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolism and Amyloid-β Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010117. [PMID: 35008544 PMCID: PMC8745108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein 1 (EDEM1) is a quality control factor directly involved in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) process. It recognizes terminally misfolded proteins and directs them to retrotranslocation which is followed by proteasomal degradation in the cytosol. The amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is synthesized and N-glycosylated in the ER and transported to the Golgi for maturation before being delivered to the cell surface. The amyloidogenic cleavage pathway of APP leads to production of amyloid-β (Aβ), deposited in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Here, using biochemical methods applied to human embryonic kidney, HEK293, and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, we show that EDEM1 is an important regulatory factor involved in APP metabolism. We find that APP cellular levels are significantly reduced after EDEM1 overproduction and are increased in cells with downregulated EDEM1. We also report on EDEM1-dependent transport of APP from the ER to the cytosol that leads to proteasomal degradation of APP. EDEM1 directly interacts with APP. Furthermore, overproduction of EDEM1 results in decreased Aβ40 and Aβ42 secretion. These findings indicate that EDEM1 is a novel regulator of APP metabolism through ERAD.
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25
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Role of Receptors in Relation to Plaques and Tangles in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312987. [PMID: 34884789 PMCID: PMC8657621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the identification of Aβ plaques and NFTs as biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, therapeutic interventions remain elusive, with neither an absolute prophylactic nor a curative medication available to impede the progression of AD presently available. Current approaches focus on symptomatic treatments to maintain AD patients’ mental stability and behavioral symptoms by decreasing neuronal degeneration; however, the complexity of AD pathology requires a wide range of therapeutic approaches for both preventive and curative treatments. In this regard, this review summarizes the role of receptors as a potential target for treating AD and focuses on the path of major receptors which are responsible for AD progression. This review gives an overall idea centering on major receptors, their agonist and antagonist and future prospects of viral mimicry in AD pathology. This article aims to provide researchers and developers a comprehensive idea about the different receptors involved in AD pathogenesis that may lead to finding a new therapeutic strategy to treat AD.
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26
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Iarkov A, Mendoza C, Echeverria V. Cholinergic Receptor Modulation as a Target for Preventing Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:665820. [PMID: 34616271 PMCID: PMC8488354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain resulting in progressive impairment in cognitive and motor abilities. The physiological and molecular mechanisms triggering dopaminergic neuronal loss are not entirely defined. PD occurrence is associated with various genetic and environmental factors causing inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain, leading to oxidative stress, proteinopathy, and reduced viability of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress affects the conformation and function of ions, proteins, and lipids, provoking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation and dysfunction. The disruption of protein homeostasis induces the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and parkin and a deficit in proteasome degradation. Also, oxidative stress affects dopamine release by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The cholinergic system is essential in modulating the striatal cells regulating cognitive and motor functions. Several muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in the striatum. The nAChRs signaling reduces neuroinflammation and facilitates neuronal survival, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity. Since there is a deficit in the nAChRs in PD, inhibiting nAChRs loss in the striatum may help prevent dopaminergic neurons loss in the striatum and its pathological consequences. The nAChRs can also stimulate other brain cells supporting cognitive and motor functions. This review discusses the cholinergic system as a therapeutic target of cotinine to prevent cognitive symptoms and transition to dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iarkov
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristhian Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
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27
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Idebenone Decreases Aβ Pathology by Modulating RAGE/Caspase-3 Signaling and the Aβ Degradation Enzyme NEP in a Mouse Model of AD. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090938. [PMID: 34571815 PMCID: PMC8471964 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study reveals that the FDA-approved drug idebenone has therapeutic effects on the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in a mouse model. In particular, idebenone regulates pathological progression associated with Aβ by downregulating the non-amyloidogenic pathway, inhibiting RAGE/caspase-3 signaling, and enhancing Aβ catabolism. In addition, idebenone modulates tauopathy by reducing levels of the tau kinase p-GSK3β, thereby suppressing tau hyperphosphorylation at Thr231. These data suggest that idebenone modulates Aβ and tau pathology in a mouse model of AD. Abstract The coenzyme Q10 analogue idebenone is an FDA-approved antioxidant that can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The effects of idebenone on the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been comprehensively investigated. Here, we examined the impact of idebenone treatment on AD pathology in 5xFAD mice, a model of AD. Idebenone significantly downregulated Aβ plaque number via multi-directional pathways in this model. Specifically, idebenone reduced the RAGE/caspase-3 signaling pathway and increased levels of the Aβ degradation enzyme NEP and α-secretase ADAM17 in 5xFAD mice. Importantly, idebenone significantly suppressed tau kinase p-GSK3βY216 levels, thereby inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation at Thr231 and total tau levels in 5xFAD mice. Taken together, the present study indicates that idebenone modulates amyloidopathy and tauopathy in 5xFAD mice, suggesting therapeutic potential for AD.
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28
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Mencer S, Kartawy M, Lendenfeld F, Soluh H, Tripathi MK, Khaliulin I, Amal H. Proteomics of autism and Alzheimer's mouse models reveal common alterations in mTOR signaling pathway. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:480. [PMID: 34535637 PMCID: PMC8448888 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two different neurological disorders that share common clinical features, such as language impairment, executive functions, and motor problems. A genetic convergence has been proposed as well. However, the molecular mechanisms of these pathologies are still not well understood. Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO), the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated posttranslational modification, targets key proteins implicated in synaptic and neuronal functions. Previously, we have shown that NO and SNO are involved in the InsG3680(+/+) ASD and P301S AD mouse models. Here, we performed large-scale computational biology analysis of the SNO-proteome followed by biochemical validation to decipher the shared mechanisms between the pathologies. This analysis pointed to the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway as one of the shared molecular mechanisms. Activation of mTOR in the cortex of both mouse models was confirmed by western blots that showed increased phosphorylation of RPS6, a major substrate of mTORC1. Other molecular alterations affected by SNO and shared between the two mouse models, such as synaptic-associated processes, PKA signaling, and cytoskeleton-related processes were also detected. This is the first study to decipher the SNO-related shared mechanisms between SHANK3 and MAPT mutations. Understanding the involvement of SNO in neurological disorders and its intersection between ASD and AD might help developing an effective novel therapy for both neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Mencer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maryam Kartawy
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Felix Lendenfeld
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Huda Soluh
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Igor Khaliulin
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haitham Amal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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29
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Icariin improves cognitive deficits by reducing the deposition of β-amyloid peptide and inhibition of neurons apoptosis in SAMP8 mice. Neuroreport 2021; 31:663-671. [PMID: 32427716 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapeutic drugs for prevent or reverse the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not been developed. Icariin (ICA), a prenylated flavonol glycoside derived from the traditional Chinese herb Epimedium sagittatum, exerts a variety of pharmacological activities and shows promise in the treatment and prevention of AD. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of ICA in SAMP8 mice model of aspects of early AD and explored potential underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that intragastric administration of ICA could reverse the learning and memory impairment of SAMP8 mice in the Morris water maze. Western blot of hippocampal specimens revealed that ICA down-regulated the expression of BACE1 to reduce the expression of cytotoxic Aβ1-42. Furthermore, ICA siginificantly increase the Bcl-2/Bax ratio by increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and decreasing the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and thus inhibit neurons apoptosis. These findings indicate that ICA could improve cognitive deficits by reducing the deposition of β1-42 and inhibition of neurons apoptosis and provide further evidence for the clinical efficacy of ICA in the treatment of AD.
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30
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A review on α-mangostin as a potential multi-target-directed ligand for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173950. [PMID: 33607107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, declining language skills and other cognitive disorders. AD has brought great mental and economic burden to patients, families and society. However due to the complexity of AD's pathology, drugs developed for the treatment of AD often fail in clinical or experimental trials. The main problems of current anti-AD drugs are low efficacy due to mono-target method or side effects, especially high hepatotoxicity. To tackle these two main problems, multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) based on "one molecule, multiple targets" has been studied. MTDLs can regulate multiple biological targets at the same time, so it has shown higher efficacy, better safety. As a natural active small molecule, α-mangostin (α-M) has shown potential multi-factor anti-AD activities in a series of studies, furthermore it also has a certain hepatoprotective effect. The good availability of α-M also provides support for its application in clinical research. In this work, multiple activities of α-M related to AD therapy were reviewed, which included anti-cholinesterase, anti-amyloid-cascade, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, low toxicity, hepatoprotective effects and drug formulation. It shows that α-M is a promising candidate for the treatment of AD.
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31
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Vijayan D, Chandra R. Amyloid Beta Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease: Major Culprits and Recent Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:148-166. [PMID: 31385768 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190806153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and has been a global concern for several years. Due to the multi-factorial nature of the disease, AD has become irreversible, fatal and imposes a tremendous socio-economic burden. Even though experimental medicines suggested moderate benefits, AD still lacks an effective treatment strategy for the management of symptoms or cure. Among the various hypotheses that describe development and progression of AD, the amyloid hypothesis has been a long-term adherent to the AD due to the involvement of various forms of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the impairment of neuronal and cognitive functions. Hence, majority of the drug discovery approaches in the past have focused on the prevention of the accumulation of Aβ peptides. Currently, there are several agents in the phase III clinical trials that target Aβ or the various macromolecules triggering Aβ deposition. In this review, we present the state of the art knowledge on the functional aspects of the key players involved in the amyloid hypothesis. Furthermore, we also discuss anti-amyloid agents present in the Phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Vijayan
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Remya Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Thalassery Campus, Kannur University, Kerala Pin 670 661, India
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Ryan M, Tan VTY, Thompson N, Guévremont D, Mockett BG, Tate WP, Abraham WC, Hughes SM, Williams J. Lentivirus-Mediated Expression of Human Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein-Alpha Promotes Long-Term Induction of Neuroprotective Genes and Pathways in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1075-1090. [PMID: 33386801 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) can enhance memory and is neurotrophic and neuroprotective across a range of disease-associated insults, including amyloid-β toxicity. In a significant step toward validating sAPPα as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease (AD), we demonstrated that long-term overexpression of human sAPPα (for 8 months) in a mouse model of amyloidosis (APP/PS1) could prevent the behavioral and electrophysiological deficits that develop in these mice. OBJECTIVE To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the significant physiological and behavioral improvements observed in sAPPα-treated APP/PS1 mice. METHODS We assessed the long-term effects on the hippocampal transcriptome following continuous lentiviral delivery of sAPPα or empty-vector to male APP/PS1 mice and wild-type controls using Affymetrix Mouse Transcriptome Assays. Data analysis was carried out within the Affymetrix Transcriptome Analysis Console and an integrated analysis of the resulting transcriptomic data was performed with Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA). RESULTS Mouse transcriptome assays revealed expected AD-associated gene expression changes in empty-vector APP/PS1 mice, providing validation of the assays used for the analysis. By contrast, there were specific sAPPα-associated gene expression profiles which included increases in key neuroprotective genes such as Decorin, betaine-GABA transporter and protocadherin beta-5, subsequently validated by qRT-PCR. An integrated biological pathways analysis highlighted regulation of GABA receptor signaling, cell survival and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, upstream gene regulatory analysis implicated sAPPα activation of Interleukin-4, which can counteract inflammatory changes in AD. CONCLUSION This study identified key molecular processes that likely underpin the long-term neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of increasing sAPPα levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ryan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Valerie T Y Tan
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nasya Thompson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Diane Guévremont
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Williams
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Ju Y, Tam KY. 9R, the cholinesterase and amyloid beta aggregation dual inhibitor, as a multifunctional agent to improve cognitive deficit and neuropathology in the triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Lo Giudice M, Mihalik B, Turi Z, Dinnyés A, Kobolák J. Calcilytic NPS 2143 Reduces Amyloid Secretion and Increases sAβPPα Release from PSEN1 Mutant iPSC-Derived Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:885-899. [PMID: 31640098 PMCID: PMC6918902 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts and studies over the last three decades, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a disorder not fully understood and incurable so far. Development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to obtain terminally differentiated neurons from adult somatic cells revolutionized the study of AD, providing a powerful tool for modelling the disease and for screening candidate drugs. Indeed, iPSC reprogramming allowed generation of neurons from both sporadic and familial AD patients with the promise to recapitulate the early pathological mechanisms in vitro and to identify novel targets. Interestingly, NPS 2143, a negative allosteric modulator of the calcium sensing receptor, has been indicated as a possible therapeutic for AD. In the present study, we assessed the potential of our iPSC-based familial AD cellular model as a platform for drug testing. We found that iPSC-derived neurons respond to treatment with γ-secretase inhibitor, modifying the physiological amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing and amyloid-β (Aβ) secretion. Moreover, we demonstrated the expression of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) protein in human neurons derived from healthy and familial AD subjects. Finally, we showed that calcilytic NPS 2143 induced a changing of Aβ and sAβPPα secreted into conditioned media and modulation of CaSR and PSEN1 expression at the plasma membrane of AD neurons. Overall, our findings suggest that NPS 2143 affects important AD processes in a relevant in vitro system of familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lo Giudice
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Bălașa AF, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM. Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease-An Up-To-Date Overview. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E421. [PMID: 33076333 PMCID: PMC7602623 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a highly complex process which is associated with a variety of molecular mechanisms related to ageing. Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, affecting more than 45 million individuals. The underlying mechanisms involve amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) deposition, which will subsequently lead to oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, neuron dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. The current diagnosis methods are still limited in regard to the possibility of the accurate and early detection of the diseases. Therefore, research has shifted towards the identification of novel biomarkers and matrices as biomarker sources, beyond amyloid-β and tau protein levels within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that could improve AD diagnosis. In this context, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of both conventional and novel biomarkers for AD found within body fluids, including CSF, blood, saliva, urine, tears, and olfactory fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Florian Bălașa
- Târgu Mures, Emergency Clinical Hospital, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, RO-540142 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
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36
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Ristori E, Donnini S, Ziche M. New Insights Into Blood-Brain Barrier Maintenance: The Homeostatic Role of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein in Cerebral Vasculature. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1056. [PMID: 32973564 PMCID: PMC7481479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular homeostasis is maintained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective structure that separates the peripheral blood circulation from the brain and protects the central nervous system (CNS). Dysregulation of BBB function is the precursor of several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), both related to β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and deposition. The origin of BBB dysfunction before and/or during CAA and AD onset is not known. Several studies raise the possibility that vascular dysfunction could be an early step in these diseases and could even precede significant Aβ deposition. Though accumulation of neuron-derived Aβ peptides is considered the primary influence driving AD and CAA pathogenesis, recent studies highlighted the importance of the physiological role of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in endothelial cell homeostasis, suggesting a potential role of this protein in maintaining vascular stability. In this review, we will discuss the physiological function of APP and its cleavage products in the vascular endothelium. We further suggest how loss of APP homeostatic regulation in the brain vasculature could lead toward pathological outcomes in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ristori
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Donnini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marina Ziche
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Ovsepian SV, Horacek J, O'Leary VB, Hoschl C. The Ups and Downs of BACE1: Walking a Fine Line between Neurocognitive and Other Psychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:222-234. [PMID: 32713260 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420940943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although neurocognitive deficit is the best-recognized indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD), psychotic and other noncognitive symptoms are the prime cause of institutionalization. BACE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Aβ of AD, and one of the promising therapeutic targets in countering cognitive decline and amyloid pathology. Changes in BACE1 activity have also emerged to cause significant noncognitive neuropsychiatric symptoms and impairments of circadian rhythms, as evident from clinical trials and reports in transgenic models. In this study, we consider key characteristics of BACE1 with its contribution to neurocognitive deficit and other psychiatric symptoms of AD. We argue that a growing list of noncognitive mental impairments related to pharmacological modulation of BACE1 might present a major obstacle in clinical translation of emerging therapeutic leads targeting this protease. The adverse effects of BACE1 inhibition on mental health call for a revision of treatment strategies that assume indiscriminate inhibition of this key protease, and stress the need for further mechanistic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saak V Ovsepian
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jiri Horacek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Hoschl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Paroni G, Bisceglia P, Seripa D. Understanding the Amyloid Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:493-510. [PMID: 30883346 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis (AH) is still the most accepted model to explain the pathogenesis of inherited Alzheimer's disease (IAD). However, despite the neuropathological overlapping with the non-inherited form (NIAD), AH waver in explaining NIAD. Thus, 30 years after its first statement several questions are still open, mainly regarding the role of amyloid plaques (AP) and apolipoprotein E (APOE). Accordingly, a pathogenetic model including the role of AP and APOE unifying IAD and NIAD pathogenesis is still missing. In the present understanding of the AH, we suggested that amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides production and AP formation is a physiological aging process resulting from a systemic age-related decrease in the efficiency of the proteins catabolism/clearance machinery. In this pathogenetic model Aβ peptides act as neurotoxic molecules, but only above a critical concentration [Aβ]c. A threshold mechanism triggers IAD/NIAD onset only when [Aβ]≥[Aβ]c. In this process, APOE modifies [Aβ]c threshold in an isoform-specific way. Consequently, all factors influencing Aβ anabolism, such as amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene mutations, and/or Aβ catabolism/clearance could contribute to exceed the threshold [Aβ]c, being characteristic of each individual. In this model, AP formation does not depend on [Aβ]c. The present interpretation of the AH, unifying the pathogenetic theories for IAD and NIAD, will explain why AP and APOE4 may be observed in healthy aging and why they are not the cause of AD. It is clear that further studies are needed to confirm our pathogenetic model. Nevertheless, our suggestion may be useful to better understand the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paroni
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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Mirkin NG, Krimm S. Hydrogen sulfide concentration in the milieu of the hydrated alanine dipeptide determines its polyproline II-beta propensity: Main chain contribution to the energetic origin of the formation of amyloid. Biopolymers 2020; 111:e23356. [PMID: 32379917 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In view of the observation that the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in brains with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is lower than that in normal brains and in line with our previous studies indicating that additional content in the aqueous environment (milieu) of a peptide can change its local energetic preference from a polyproline II (P) to a β conformation (and therefore its tendency to form the β-chain structures that lead to the amyloid plaques associated with the disease), we have studied the effect of H2 S concentration on such propensity in a simple model peptide, the alanine dipeptide (ADP). The two concentration states are represented by ADP(H2 O)18 (H2 S) and ADP(H2 O)18 (H2 S)2 . Ab initio calculations of these structures show that the lowest energy of the former is a β conformation while that of the latter is a P, mirroring the observed AD results and strengthening our proposal that amyloid diseases are better viewed in the context of a protein milieu-folding paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi G Mirkin
- LSA Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Samuel Krimm
- LSA Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
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Phosphorylation Signaling in APP Processing in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010209. [PMID: 31892243 PMCID: PMC6981488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the central nervous system is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The regulation of the processing of the single- transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays an important role in the generation of Aβ in the brain. The phosphorylation of APP and key enzymes involved in the proteolytic processing of APP has been demonstrated to be critical for modulating the generation of Aβ by either altering the subcellular localization of APP or changing the enzymatic activities of the secretases responsible for APP processing. In addition, the phosphorylation may also have an impact on the physiological function of these proteins. In this review, we summarize the kinases and signaling pathways that may participate in regulating the phosphorylation of APP and secretases and how this further affects the function and processing of APP and Aβ pathology. We also discuss the potential of approaches that modulate these phosphorylation-signaling pathways or kinases as interventions for AD pathology.
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41
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Durand D, Turati J, Rudi MJ, Ramírez D, Saba J, Caruso C, Carniglia L, von Bernhardi R, Lasaga M. Unraveling the β-amyloid clearance by astrocytes: Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3, sAPPα, and class-A scavenger receptor. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is infamous for its proposed pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Much research on APP focusses on potential contributions to neurodegeneration, mostly based on mouse models with altered expression or mutated forms of APP. However, cumulative evidence from recent years indicates the indispensability of APP and its metabolites for normal brain physiology. APP contributes to the regulation of synaptic transmission, plasticity, and calcium homeostasis. It plays an important role during development and it exerts neuroprotective effects. Of particular importance is the soluble secreted fragment APPsα which mediates many of its physiological actions, often counteracting the effects of the small APP-derived peptide Aβ. Understanding the contribution of APP for normal functions of the nervous system is of high importance, both from a basic science perspective and also as a basis for generating new pathophysiological concepts and therapeutic approaches in AD. In this article, we review the physiological functions of APP and its metabolites, focusing on synaptic transmission, plasticity, calcium signaling, and neuronal network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Hefter
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susann Ludewig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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43
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Wu X, Chen S, Lu C. Amyloid precursor protein promotes the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:162-174. [PMID: 31746365 PMCID: PMC6889931 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To verify whether amyloid precursor protein (APP) affects the migration and invasion of breast cancer cell lines, and to understand its underlying mechanisms, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family were investigated in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and BT474 human breast cancer cells. Breast cancer cell lines were transfected with plasmids containing APP coding sequences (pEGFP-n1-APP) and APP short hairpin RNA (pENTR APP shRNA). APP overexpres-sion efficiency, knockout efficiency and the expression levels of related genes were tested using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analyses. The effects of APP and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor on cell migration and invasion were examined using Transwell assays. The results demonstrated that APP was significantly upregulated in the pEGFP-n1-APP group (P<0.05), and significantly downregulated in the pENTR APP shRNA group (P<0.05), compared with the control group. APP overexpression increased the migratory and invasive ability of human breast cancer cells (P<0.05), whereas APP silencing significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion (P<0.05). RT-qPCR and western blot analysis results suggested that APP overexpression significantly increased the expression of MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-3, N-cadherin and vimentin (P<0.05). In addition, the enhanced expression of APP markedly affected the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 (MLK3), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MEK4) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 (JNK3; P<0.05). Additionally, APP overexpression had no effect on the total expression levels of MLK3, MEK4, and JNK3; however, APP overexpression significantly decreased the expression levels of E-cadherin and cytokeratin (P<0.05). Conversely, APP silencing had the opposite effects. When cells were treated with the MEK inhibitor PD0325901, the expression of APP was not altered, nor was the expression levels of MEK and its upstream signaling molecules. Taken together, the present findings suggested that APP could affect the migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells by mediating the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby promoting the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wu
- Three Departments of General Surgery, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
| | - Shuanglong Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361001, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhui Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian 361001, P.R. China
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Dal Prà I, Armato U, Chiarini A. Family C G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutic Implications. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1282. [PMID: 31719824 PMCID: PMC6826475 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), particularly its sporadic or late-onset form (SAD/LOAD), is the most prevalent (96–98% of cases) neurodegenerative dementia in aged people. AD’s neuropathology hallmarks are intrabrain accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) and of hyperphosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) proteins, diffuse neuroinflammation, and progressive death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Mounting evidences suggest that family C G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which include γ-aminobutyric acid B receptors (GABABRs), metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1-8), and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), are involved in many neurotransmitter systems that dysfunction in AD. This review updates the available knowledge about the roles of GPCRs, particularly but not exclusively those expressed by brain astrocytes, in SAD/LOAD onset and progression, taking stock of their respective mechanisms of action and of their potential as anti-AD therapeutic targets. In particular, GABABRs prevent Aβs synthesis and neuronal hyperexcitability and group I mGluRs play important pathogenetic roles in transgenic AD-model animals. Moreover, the specific binding of Aβs to the CaSRs of human cortical astrocytes and neurons cultured in vitro engenders a pathological signaling that crucially promotes the surplus synthesis and release of Aβs and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins, and also of nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and proinflammatory agents. Concurrently, Aβs•CaSR signaling hinders the release of soluble (s)APP-α peptide, a neurotrophic agent and GABABR1a agonist. Altogether these effects progressively kill human cortical neurons in vitro and likely also in vivo. Several CaSR’s negative allosteric modulators suppress all the noxious effects elicited by Aβs•CaSR signaling in human cortical astrocytes and neurons thus safeguarding neurons’ viability in vitro and raising hopes about their potential therapeutic benefits in AD patients. Further basic and clinical investigations on these hot topics are needed taking always heed that activation of the several brain family C GPCRs may elicit divergent upshots according to the models studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
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45
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Morrissey JA, Bigus E, Necarsulmer JC, Srinivasan V, Peppercorn K, O'Leary DJ, Mockett BG, Tate WP, Hughes SM, Parfitt KD, Abraham WC. The Tripeptide RER Mimics Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein-Alpha in Upregulating LTP. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:459. [PMID: 31680870 PMCID: PMC6813913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα), generated by enzymatic processing of the APP, possesses a range of neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties and plays a critical role in the molecular mechanisms of memory and learning. One of the key active regions of sAPPα is the central APP domain (E2) that contains within it the tripeptide sequence, RER. This sequence is exposed on the surface of a coiled coil substructure of E2. RER has by itself displayed memory-enhancing properties, and can protect newly formed engrams from interference in a manner similar to that displayed by sAPPα itself. In order to determine whether RER mimics other properties of sAPPα, we investigated the electrophysiological effects of the N-terminal protected acetylated RER (Ac-RER) and an isoform containing a chiral switch in the first amino acid from an l- to a d-orientation (Ac-rER), on synaptic plasticity. We found that, like sAPPα, exogenous perfusion with nanomolar concentrations of Ac-RER or Ac-rER enhanced the induction and stability of long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1 of rat and mouse hippocampal slices, in a protein synthesis- and trafficking-dependent manner. This effect did not occur with a control Ac-AAA or Ac-IFR tripeptide, nor with a full-length sAPPα protein where RER was substituted with AAA. Ac-rER also protected LTP against amyloid-beta (Aβ25–35)-induced LTP impairment. Our findings provide further evidence that the RER-containing region of sAPPα is functionally significant and by itself can produce effects similar to those displayed by full length sAPPα, suggesting that this tripeptide, like sAPPα, may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Morrissey
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Erin Bigus
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | | | - Vinay Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J O'Leary
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karen D Parfitt
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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46
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Rosini M, Simoni E, Caporaso R, Basagni F, Catanzaro M, Abu IF, Fagiani F, Fusco F, Masuzzo S, Albani D, Lanni C, Mellor IR, Minarini A. Merging memantine and ferulic acid to probe connections between NMDA receptors, oxidative stress and amyloid-β peptide in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Tang W, Wang Y, Cheng J, Yao J, Yao YY, Zhou Q, Guan SH. CSF sAPPα and sAPPβ levels in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Network Meta-Analysis. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:45-55. [PMID: 31414383 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The soluble amyloid protein procurer α (sAPPα) and β (sAPPβ) have been postulated as promising new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple other neurodegenerative diseases, but have failed to meet expectations with their often discordant and even contradictory findings to date. The aim of the study was to systematically explore this issue. Cochrane Library, PubMed, and CNKI were systematically searched without language or date restrictions. This network meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and also adhered to the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Twenty studies, comprising ten groups, were eligible and included. Overall, 19 eligible studies with 1634 patients contributed to the analysis of CSF sAPPα levels and 16 eligible studies with 1684 patients contributed to the analysis of CSF sAPPβ levels. CSF sAPPβ levels are significantly higher in AD than in corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP); higher in Control than in Depression, CBS and PSP; higher in Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) than in CBS and PSP; higher in mild cognitive impairment progressed to AD dementia during the follow-up period (pMCI) than in Depression and PSP; higher in stable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI) than in Depression. With regard to CSF sAPPα levels, there were no significant difference among groups. However, surprisingly, the resultant rankings graphically showed that pMCI populations have the highest levels of CSF sAPPα and sAPPβ. Furthermore, it seemed there was a positive correlation between CSF sAPPα and sAPPβ levels. The measurement of CSF sAPPα and sAPPβ levels may provide an alternative method for the diagnosis of early-stage AD, pMCI, which is conducive to preventive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-You Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Shi-He Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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A Novel Apolipoprotein E Antagonist Functionally Blocks Apolipoprotein E Interaction With N-terminal Amyloid Precursor Protein, Reduces β-Amyloid-Associated Pathology, and Improves Cognition. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:208-220. [PMID: 31208706 PMCID: PMC6642011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ɛ4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is a major genetic risk factor for the development of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its modification has been an intense focus for treatment of AD during recent years. METHODS We investigated the binding of apoE, a peptide corresponding to its low-density lipoprotein receptor binding domain (amino acids 133-152; ApoEp), and modified ApoEp to amyloid precursor protein (APP) and their effects on amyloid-β (Aβ) production in cultured cells. Having discovered a peptide (6KApoEp) that blocks the interaction of apoE with N-terminal APP, we investigated the effects of this peptide and ApoEp on AD-like pathology and behavioral impairment in 3XTg-AD and 5XFAD transgenic mice. RESULTS ApoE and ApoEp, but not truncated apoE lacking the low-density lipoprotein receptor binding domain, physically interacted with N-terminal APP and thereby mediated Aβ production. Interestingly, the addition of 6 lysine residues to the N-terminus of ApoEp (6KApoEp) directly inhibited apoE binding to N-terminal APP and markedly limited apoE- and ApoEp-mediated Aβ generation, presumably through decreasing APP cellular membrane trafficking and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Moreover, while promoting apoE interaction with APP by ApoEp exacerbated Aβ and tau brain pathologies in 3XTg-AD mice, disrupting this interaction by 6KApoEp ameliorated cerebral Aβ and tau pathologies, neuronal apoptosis, synaptic loss, and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory impairment in 5XFAD mice without altering cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and apoE expression levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that disrupting apoE interaction with N-terminal APP may be a novel disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for AD.
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An JP, Ha TKQ, Kim HW, Ryu B, Kim J, Park J, Lee CH, Oh WK. Eudesmane Glycosides from Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Common Ragweed) as Potential Neuroprotective Agents. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1128-1138. [PMID: 31009220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain results in neuronal cell death and is one of the major causes of dementia. Because the current therapeutic agents are not yet sufficiently effective or safe, there have been attempts to find new neuroprotective chemicals against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. A 70% EtOH extract of whole plants of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) was selected after the screening of a natural extract library. Seven new eudesmane-type glycosides (1-7) and seven known compounds (8-14) were obtained through bioactivity-guided fractionation from the aerial parts of this plant. Their structures were determined on the basis of their nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Among them, compounds 1, 2, 4-6, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 14 showed protective effects against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in Aβ42-transfected HT22 cells. The most active compounds, 5 and 6, exhibited moderate protective activity dose-dependently (10, 20, and 40 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Pyo An
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byeol Ryu
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Junsoo Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology , Yonsei University , Wonju 220-100 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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Relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3'UTR of amyloid precursor protein and risk of Alzheimer's disease and its mechanism. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182485. [PMID: 30914454 PMCID: PMC6499457 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Deregulation of the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) can lead to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have shown that many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of APP are associated with the development of AD. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of APP expression, we believe that the APP 3'UTR polymorphism may affect the regulation of APP expression in miRNAs. Results: The levels of miR-101-3p, miR-153-3p, miR-144-3p, miR-381-3p, and miR-383-5p in plasma of patients with AD were significantly lower than those in the control group. The APP-534G/A site A allele was a protective factor for AD risk (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.700, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.573-0.840, P<0.001). The APP-369C/G site variation was not associated with AD risk. The APP-118C/A site A allele was a protective factor for AD (adjusted OR = 0.762, 95% CI: 0.639-0.897, P=0.001). The APP-534G/A site mutation affects the regulation of APP protein expression by miR-101-3p, miR-144-3p, miR-153-3p, and miR-381-3p, and the mutation of the APP-118C/A site affects miR-101-3p, miR-144-3p, miR-153-3p, and miR-383-5p regulation of APP expression. Conclusion: APP 3'UTR polymorphisms can affect the regulation of APP expression by miRNAs and thus affect the occurrence of AD.
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