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Annita, Revilla G, Ali H, Almurdi. The Effect of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Nestin and Sox-2 Gene Expression and Spatial Learning (Percent Alternation Y-Maze Test) against AlCl 3-Induced Alzheimer's-like Pathology in a Rat Model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 49:441-449. [PMID: 39114632 PMCID: PMC11300943 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2023.98912.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by gradual cognitive impairment, including loss of synapses and nerve cells involved in learning, memory, and habit formation processes. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent cells. Because of their self-renewable, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capabilities, they are commonly used to treat many disorders. Hence, the current study intends to examine the effect of BM-MSCs transplantation on Aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced cognitive problems, an experimental model resembling AD's hallmarks in rats. Methods The study was conducted in 2022 at The Biomedical Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Indonesia. Adult male Wistar rats (three groups: negative control; no intervention+treatment with PBS; positive control: AlCl3+treatment with aqua dest; AlCl3+BM-MSCs: AlCl3+treatment with BM-MSCs, n=5 each) were treated daily with AlCl3 orally for five days. Stem cells were intraperitoneally injected into rats at a dose of 1x106 cells/rat. The same quantity of phosphate-buffered saline was given to the control group. One month after stem cell injection, the rat brain tissue was removed and placed in the film bottles that had been created. The expression of neural progenitor cell markers, including nestin and sex-determining Y-box 2 (SOX-2), was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rats' cognitive and functional memory were examined using Y-maze. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26.0) with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results The gene expression of nestin (29.74±0.42), SOX-2 (31.44±0.67), and percent alternation of Y-maze (67.04±2.28) increased in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to that in the positive control group. RT-PCR analysis indicated that nestin (P<0.001) and SOX-2 (P<0.001) were significantly enhanced in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to the positive control group. This group also indicated an increased percent alternation of Y-maze (P<0.001) in the AlCl3+BM-MSCs group compared to the positive control group. Conclusion Due to its potential effects on cell therapy, BM-MSCs were found effective in a rat model of AD on the impairment of the rats' behavior and increased expression of neural progenitor cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annita
- Doctoral Program Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, STIKES Syedza Saintika, Indonesia
| | - Gusti Revilla
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Hirowati Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Almurdi
- Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
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Shen Z, Yang X, Lan Y, Chen G. The Neuro-Inflammatory Microenvironment: An Important Regulator of Stem Cell Survival in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:741-754. [PMID: 38489182 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment due to excessive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Although decades of research efforts have been put into developing disease-modifying therapies for AD, no "curative" drug has been identified. As a central player in neuro-inflammation, microglia play a key role inbrain homeostasis by phagocytosing debris and regulating the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective events. Typically, the neurotoxic phenotype of activated microglia is predominant in the impaired microenvironment of AD. Accordingly, transitioning the activity state of microglia from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory can restore the disrupted homeostatic microenvironment. Recently, stem cell therapy holds great promise as a treatment for AD; however, the diminished survival of transplanted stem cells has resulted in a disappointing long-term outcome for this treatment. This article reviews the functional changes of microglia through the course of AD-associated homeostatic deterioration. We summarize the possible microglia-associated therapeutic targets including TREM2, IL-3Rα, CD22, C5aR1, CX3CR1, P2X7R, CD33, Nrf2, PPAR-γ, CSF1R, and NLRP3, each of which has been discussed in detail. The goal of this review is to put forth the notion that microglia could be targeted by either small molecules or biologics to make the brain microenvironment more amenable to stem cell implantation and propose a novel treatment strategy for future stem cell interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Clinical Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yulong Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Shen Y, Wang M, Li S, Yang J. Current emerging novel therapies for Alzheimer's disease and the future prospects of magneto-mechanical force therapy. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9404-9418. [PMID: 37721092 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly, and the morbidity increases with the aging population aggravation. The clinical symptoms of AD mainly include cognitive impairment and memory loss, which undoubtedly bring a huge burden to families and society. Currently, the drugs in clinical use only improve the symptoms of AD but do not cure or prevent the progression of the disease. Therefore, it is urgent for us to develop novel therapeutic strategies for effective AD treatment. To provide a better theoretical basis for exploring novel therapeutic strategies in future AD treatment, this review introduces the recent AD treatment technologies from three aspects, including nanoparticle (NP) based drug therapy, biological therapy and physical therapy. The nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic approaches at the nanomaterial-neural interface and biological system are described in detail, and in particular the magneto-regulated strategies by magnetic field actuating magnetic nanoparticles are highlighted. Promising application of magneto-mechanical force regulated strategy in future AD treatment is also addressed, which offer possibilities for the remote manipulation in a precise manner. In the future, it may be possible for physicians to realize a remote, precise and effective therapy for AD using magneto-mechanical force regulated technology based on the combination of magnetic nanoparticles and an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Shen
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Shutang Li
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Jinfei Yang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
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4
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Zhou S, Li Y, Zhang Z, Yuan Y. An insight into the TAM system in Alzheimer's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109791. [PMID: 36738678 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The TAM receptors may help delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging. The TAM receptors, derived from the first letter of its three constituents -Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk, are associated with immune responses, cellular differentiation and migration, and clearance of apoptotic cells and debris, with the two canonical ligands, Growth Arrest Specific 6 (Gas6) and ProS1. Several kinds of research have indicated the participation of the TAM system in AD pathology. Also, the TAMs regulate multiple features of microglia, the significant sensors of disorder in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we describe the biology of the TAM receptors and ligands in the CNS. Then, we discuss the relationship between the TAM system and AD, specially focusing on its functional expression in the microglia. Finally, we also summarize some agents that could interfere with the TAM signaling pathways and discuss potential difficulties and strategies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yuhe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Chen X, Jiang S, Wang R, Bao X, Li Y. Neural Stem Cells in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S173-S186. [PMID: 36336934 PMCID: PMC10473082 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive dementia, is one of the world's most dangerous and debilitating diseases. Clinical trial results of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau regulators based on the pretext of straightforward amyloid and tau immunotherapy were disappointing. There are currently no effective strategies for slowing the progression of AD. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying AD and the development of novel therapeutic options are critical. Neurogenesis is impaired in AD, which contributes to memory deficits. Transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) can regenerate degraded cholinergic neurons, and new neurons derived from NSCs can form synaptic connections with neighboring neurons. In theory, employing NSCs to replace and restore damaged cholinergic neurons and brain connections may offer new treatment options for AD. However there remain barriers to surmount before NSC-based therapy can be used clinically. The objective of this article is to describe recent advances in the treatment of AD models and clinical trials involving NSCs. In addition, we discuss the challenges and prospects associated with cell transplant therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shenzhong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Bi W, Lei T, Cai S, Zhang X, Yang Y, Xiao Z, Wang L, Du H. Potential of astrocytes in targeting therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lu Y, Han Y, Zhou L, Shi G, Bai L, Wang K, Qin C. A comparative study of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells isolated using three easy-to-perform approaches. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:2154-2165. [PMID: 36153697 PMCID: PMC9714364 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBM-MSCs) are important for preclinical tissue regeneration and repair studies. In the present study, we isolated mBM-MSCs using three easy-to-perform methods (whole bone marrow-adherent culture, density-gradient centrifugation, and bone digestion), and then compared the morphology, proliferation, differentiation, and paracrine factor profiles of the isolated mBM-MSCs. Of these three isolation methods, the bone digestion method resulted in the highest quantity of mBM-MSCs with high growth potential and moderate differentiation. Conversely, the mBM-MSCs isolated through the whole bone marrow-adherent method exhibited the lowest potency for proliferation and differentiation. The differentially expressed factors between mBM-MSCs were primarily those involved in immune responses. The highly expressed secreted factors included cytokines/members of the chemokine family, growth factors, and protein binding/proteinase activity. These findings provide a fundamental reference for development of MSC isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yunlin Han
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li Zhou
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guiying Shi
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lin Bai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kewei Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chuan Qin
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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8
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Yousefizadeh A, Piccioni G, Saidi A, Triaca V, Mango D, Nisticò R. Pharmacological targeting of microglia dynamics in Alzheimer's disease: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106404. [PMID: 35988869 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous clinical trials of anti-amyloid agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) were so far unsuccessful thereby challenging the validity of the amyloid hypothesis. This lack of progress has encouraged researchers to investigate alternative mechanisms in non-neuronal cells, among which microglia represent nowadays an attractive target. Microglia play a key role in the developing brain and contribute to synaptic remodeling in the mature brain. On the other hand, the intimate relationship between microglia and synapses led to the so-called synaptic stripping hypothesis, a process in which microglia selectively remove synapses from injured neurons. Synaptic stripping, along with the induction of a microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promote the progressive synaptic degeneration in AD. Therefore, targeting microglia may pave the way for a new disease modifying approach. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiological roles of the microglia cells in AD and describes putative targets for pharmacological intervention. It also provides evidence for microglia-targeted strategies in preclinical AD studies and in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrin Yousefizadeh
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Piccioni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V.Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Amira Saidi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V.Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Triaca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Dalila Mango
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research (EBRI) Institute, Rome, Italy.
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The functional mechanism of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of animal models with Alzheimer's disease: crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:90. [PMID: 35241159 PMCID: PMC8895531 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) alleviates neuropathology and improves cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer's disease. However, the underlying mechanism remains undefined. Based on meta-analysis and comprehensive review, high-profile studies support the theory that transplanted BMMSCs activate autophagy, as evidenced by the expression levels of signal molecules such as Beclin-1, Atg5, LC3-II, and mTOR. Functional autophagy mitigates neuronal apoptosis, which is reflected by the alterations of IAPs, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and so forth. Moreover, the transplantation of BMMSCs can decrease aberrant amyloid-beta peptides as well as tau aggregates, inhibit neuroinflammation, and stimulate synaptogenesis. There is a signal crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, which may be regulated to produce synergistic effect on the preconditioning of stem cells. Forasmuch, the therapeutic effect of transplanted BMMSCs can be enhanced by autophagy and/or apoptosis modulators.
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Qin C, Wang K, Zhang L, Bai L. Stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease: An overview of experimental models and reality. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:15-26. [PMID: 35229995 PMCID: PMC8879630 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. The pathology of AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, neuronal death, synapse loss, and brain atrophy. Many therapies have been tested to improve or at least effectively modify the course of AD. Meaningful data indicate that the transplantation of stem cells can alleviate neuropathology and significantly ameliorate cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer's disease. Transplanted stem cells have shown their inherent advantages in improving cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction, although certain weaknesses or limitations need to be overcome. This review recapitulates rodent models for AD, the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells, influencing factors, and the underlying mechanisms behind these changes. Stem cell therapy provides perspective and challenges for its clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Comparative Medicine CenterPeking Union Medical College (PUMC)NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineKey Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal ModelBeijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Kewei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Comparative Medicine CenterPeking Union Medical College (PUMC)NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineKey Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal ModelBeijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Comparative Medicine CenterPeking Union Medical College (PUMC)NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineKey Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal ModelBeijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Lin Bai
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)Comparative Medicine CenterPeking Union Medical College (PUMC)NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineKey Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal ModelBeijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases BeijingBeijingChina
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11
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Wan T, Fu M, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Li P, Zhou S. Research Progress on Mechanism of Neuroprotective Roles of Apelin-13 in Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:205-217. [PMID: 34518975 PMCID: PMC8436866 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. Currently, more than 50 million people live with dementia worldwide, and this number is expected to increase. Some of the typical pathological changes of AD include amyloid plaque, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, secretion of inflammatory mediators, and neuronal apoptosis. Apelin is a neuroprotective peptide that is widely expressed in the body. Among members of apelin family, apelin-13 is the most abundant with a high neuroprotective function. Apelin-13/angiotensin domain type 1 receptor-associated proteins (APJ) system regulates several physiological and pathophysiological cell activities, such as apoptosis, autophagy, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation. It has also been shown to prevent AD development. This article reviews the research progress on the relationship between apelin-13 and AD to provide new ideas for prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyuan Fu
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423043, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Peiling Li
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Shouhong Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China.
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China.
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12
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Qin C, Li Y, Wang K. Functional Mechanism of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Animal Models with Alzheimer's Disease: Inhibition of Neuroinflammation. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4761-4775. [PMID: 34566422 PMCID: PMC8456430 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s327538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) alleviates neuropathology and improves cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer’s disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Available data demonstrate transplanted BMMSCs can inhibit neuroinflammation, which may be related to microglial M1/M2 polarization and is regulated by the secretion of autocrine and paracrine cytokines. BMMSCs also mitigate Aβ plaques and Tau tangles in the brain, which may be associated with the recruitment of peripheral blood monocytes and the subsequent comprehensive effects. The therapeutic effects of stem cells involve potential mechanisms such as immunomodulation, apoptosis, and proliferation. BMMSC-mediated functional reconstruction through dynamic remodeling develops a novel balance. Herein, present review recapitulates the molecular basis of BMMSC-assisted biological processes and summarizes the possible mechanisms related to the interaction between BMMSCs and microglia. The transplanted BMMSCs can suppress neuroinflammation that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Li
- Department of International Medical Service & Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
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Hadipour M, Bahari Z, Afarinesh MR, Jangravi Z, Shirvani H, Meftahi GH. Administering crocin ameliorates anxiety-like behaviours and reduces the inflammatory response in amyloid-beta induced neurotoxicity in rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:877-889. [PMID: 33686675 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety, hippocampus synaptic plasticity deficit, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study is designed to evaluate the possible therapeutic effect of crocin on anxiety-like behaviours, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and neuronal shape, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus using in vivo amyloid-beta (Aβ) models of AD. The Aβ peptide (1-42) was bilaterally injected into the frontal-cortex. Five hours after the surgery, the rats were given intraperitoneal (IP) crocin (30 mg/kg) daily up to 12 days. Elevated plus maze results showed that crocin treatment after bilateral Aβ injection significantly increased the percentage of spent time into open arms, frequency of entries, and percentage of entries into open arms as compared with the Aβ group. In the open field test, the Aβ+crocin group showed a higher percentage of spent time in the centre and frequency of entries into central zone as compare with the Aβ treated animals. Administering crocin increased the number of soma, dendrites and axonal arbores in the CA1 neurons among the rats with Aβ neurotoxicity. Cresyl violet (CV) staining showed that crocin increased the number of CV-positive cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus compared with the Aβ group. Silver-nitrate staining indicated that crocin reduced neurofibrillary tangle formation induced by Aβ. Crocin treatment attenuated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA in the hippocampus compared with the Aβ group. Our results suggest that crocin attenuated Aβ-induced anxiety-like behaviours and neuronal damage, and synaptic plasticity loss in hippocampal CA1 neurons may via its anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Bahari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afarinesh
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jangravi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Bagheri-Mohammadi S. Stem cell-based therapy as a promising approach in Alzheimer's disease: current perspectives on novel treatment. Cell Tissue Bank 2021; 22:339-353. [PMID: 33398492 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neuronal disorder with insidious onset and slow progression, leading to growing global concern with huge implications for individuals and society. The occurrence of AD has been increased and has become an important health issue throughout the world. In recent years, the care of more than 35 million patients with AD costs over $ 600 billion per year, it is approximately 1 percent of the global Gross Domestic Product. Currently, the therapeutic approach is not effective for neurological deficits especially after the development of these major neurological disorders. The discovery of the technique called cell-based therapy has shown promising results and made important conclusions beyond AD using the stem cells approach. Here we review recent progress on stem cell-based therapy in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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15
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Han J, Sarlus H, Wszolek ZK, Karrenbauer VD, Harris RA. Microglial replacement therapy: a potential therapeutic strategy for incurable CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:217. [PMID: 33287883 PMCID: PMC7720517 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy is an adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia caused by colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene mutations. The disease has a global distribution and currently has no cure. Individuals with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy variably present clinical symptoms including cognitive impairment, progressive neuropsychiatric and motor symptoms. CSF1R is predominantly expressed on microglia within the central nervous system (CNS), and thus CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy is now classified as a CNS primary microgliopathy. This urgent unmet medical need could potentially be addressed by using microglia-based immunotherapies. With the rapid recent progress in the experimental microglial research field, the replacement of an empty microglial niche following microglial depletion through either conditional genetic approaches or pharmacological therapies (CSF1R inhibitors) is being studied. Furthermore, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation offers an emerging means of exchanging dysfunctional microglia with the aim of reducing brain lesions, relieving clinical symptoms and prolonging the life of patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. This review article introduces recent advances in microglial biology and CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. Potential therapeutic strategies by replacing microglia in order to improve the quality of life of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy patients will be presented.
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16
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Bagheri-Mohammadi S. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Stem Cell-Microglia Interaction in Brain Homeostasis. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:141-148. [PMID: 33174075 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia as resident cells of the brain can regulate neural development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Any types of pathologic events or changes in brain homeostasis are involved in the activation of microglia. This activation depends on the context, type of the stressor, or pathology. Due to the release of a plethora of substances such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, microglia able to influence the pathologic outcome. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) condition, the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) result in provokes the phenotypic activation of microglia and their elaboration of pro-inflammatory molecules. New investigations reveal that cellular therapy with stem cells might have therapeutic effects in preventing the pathogenesis of AD. Although many strategies have focused on the use of stem cells to regenerate damaged neurons, new researches have demonstrated the immune-regulatory feature of stem cells which can modulate the activity state of microglia as well as mediates neuroinflammation. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the brain homeostasis by the protective features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could lead to remedial treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. .,Departments of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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17
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Qin C, Lu Y, Wang K, Bai L, Shi G, Huang Y, Li Y. Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improves cognitive deficits and alleviates neuropathology in animal models of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analytic review on potential mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:20. [PMID: 32460886 PMCID: PMC7251864 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder. Therapeutically, a transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) can play a beneficial role in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. However, the relevant mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. MAIN BODY Subsequent to the transplantation of BMMSCs, memory loss and cognitive impairment were significantly improved in animal models with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Potential mechanisms involved neurogenesis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, immunomodulation, etc. The above mechanisms might play different roles at certain stages. It was revealed that the transplantation of BMMSCs could alter some gene levels. Moreover, the differential expression of representative genes was responsible for neuropathological phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease, which could be used to construct gene-specific patterns. CONCLUSIONS Multiple signal pathways involve therapeutic mechanisms by which the transplantation of BMMSCs improves cognitive and behavioral deficits in AD models. Gene expression profile can be utilized to establish statistical regression model for the evaluation of therapeutic effect. The transplantation of autologous BMMSCs maybe a prospective therapy for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, 5 Panjiayuan Nanli St, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yalan Lu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, 5 Panjiayuan Nanli St, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, 5 Panjiayuan Nanli St, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, 5 Panjiayuan Nanli St, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Guiying Shi
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, 5 Panjiayuan Nanli St, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yiying Huang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, 5 Panjiayuan Nanli St, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yongning Li
- Department of International Medical Service & Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shuaifuyuan 1, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
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18
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Inhibitory activity on cholinesterases produced by aryl-phthalimide derivatives: green synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluation. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Song L, Yuan X, Jones Z, Vied C, Miao Y, Marzano M, Hua T, Sang QXA, Guan J, Ma T, Zhou Y, Li Y. Functionalization of Brain Region-specific Spheroids with Isogenic Microglia-like Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11055. [PMID: 31363137 PMCID: PMC6667451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current brain spheroids or organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) still lack a microglia component, the resident immune cells in the brain. The objective of this study is to engineer brain region-specific organoids from hiPSCs incorporated with isogenic microglia-like cells in order to enhance immune function. In this study, microglia-like cells were derived from hiPSCs using a simplified protocol with stage-wise growth factor induction, which expressed several phenotypic markers, including CD11b, IBA-1, CX3CR1, and P2RY12, and phagocytosed micron-size super-paramagnetic iron oxides. The derived cells were able to upregulate pro-inflammatory gene (TNF-α) and secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., VEGF, TGF-β1, and PGE2) when stimulated with amyloid β42 oligomers, lipopolysaccharides, or dexamethasone. The derived isogenic dorsal cortical (higher expression of TBR1 and PAX6) and ventral (higher expression of NKX2.1 and PROX1) spheroids/organoids displayed action potentials and synaptic activities. Co-culturing the microglia-like cells (MG) with the dorsal (D) or ventral (V) organoids showed differential migration ability, intracellular Ca2+ signaling, and the response to pro-inflammatory stimuli (V-MG group had higher TNF-α and TREM2 expression). Transcriptome analysis exhibited 37 microglia-related genes that were differentially expressed in MG and D-MG groups. In addition, the hybrid D-MG spheroids exhibited higher levels of immunoreceptor genes in activating members, but the MG group contained higher levels for most of genes in inhibitory members (except SIGLEC5 and CD200). This study should advance our understanding of the microglia function in brain-like tissue and establish a transformative approach to modulate cellular microenvironment toward the goal of treating various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zachary Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Cynthia Vied
- The Translational Science Laboratory, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Thien Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Jingjiao Guan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
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20
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Studying Heterotypic Cell⁻Cell Interactions in the Human Brain Using Pluripotent Stem Cell Models for Neurodegeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040299. [PMID: 30939814 PMCID: PMC6523455 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide novel tools for recapitulating the cytoarchitecture of the human brain and for studying biological mechanisms of neurological disorders. However, the heterotypic interactions of neurovascular units, composed of neurons, pericytes (i.e., the tissue resident mesenchymal stromal cells), astrocytes, and brain microvascular endothelial cells, in brain-like tissues are less investigated. In addition, most cortical organoids lack a microglia component, the resident immune cells in the brain. Impairment of the blood-brain barrier caused by improper crosstalk between neural cells and vascular cells is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with a phenotype overlapping with pericytes, have promotion effects on neurogenesis and angiogenesis, which are mainly attributed to secreted growth factors and extracellular matrices. As the innate macrophages of the central nervous system, microglia regulate neuronal activities and promote neuronal differentiation by secreting neurotrophic factors and pro-/anti-inflammatory molecules. Neuronal-microglia interactions mediated by chemokines signaling can be modulated in vitro for recapitulating microglial activities during neurodegenerative disease progression. In this review, we discussed the cellular interactions and the physiological roles of neural cells with other cell types including endothelial cells and microglia based on iPSC models. The therapeutic roles of MSCs in treating neural degeneration and pathological roles of microglia in neurodegenerative disease progression were also discussed.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stem cell therapy has the potential to modify the disease of Alzheimer's disease. This article aims to describe the mechanisms of action, preclinical animal studies, human clinical trials, and challenges for the future direction of stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease. RECENT FINDINGS Stem cells of diverse origins (embryonic, placental or umbilical cord blood, and induced pluripotent stem cells) and cell types (neural and mesenchymal stem cells) are widely studied in both animals and humans. SUMMARY In terms of mechanism of actions, recent research focused on the interplay between amyloid-beta Aβ (and tau), neurons, and glia. Stem cells can induce direct regeneration of neurons and synapses. They can also prevent activation of pro-inflammatory microglia, promote activation of anti-inflammatory microglia, inhibit astrogliosis, and promote nonreactive astrocytes. These effects in return may increase amyloid-beta (Aβ) degradation, decrease the risk of the Aβ cascade, repair injured neurons, and enhance synaptogenesis. Two completed and nine ongoing clinical trials using diverse stem cells and administration methods (intravenous, subcutaneous, and intra-cranial) were found for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Although stem cell therapy shows great potential to become a prospective treatment for Alzheimer's disease in the future, these studies are still in their early stages and more studies showing safety and efficacy are needed.
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Han J, Zhu K, Zhang X, Harris RA. Enforced microglial depletion and repopulation as a promising strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Glia 2018; 67:217-231. [PMID: 30378163 PMCID: PMC6635749 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are prominent immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and are critical players in both neurological development and homeostasis, and in neurological diseases when dysfunctional. Our previous understanding of the phenotypes and functions of microglia has been greatly extended by a dearth of recent investigations. Distinct genetically defined subsets of microglia are now recognized to perform their own independent functions in specific conditions. The molecular profiling of single microglial cells indicates extensively heterogeneous reactions in different neurological disorders, resulting in multiple potentials for crosstalk with other kinds of CNS cells such as astrocytes and neurons. In settings of neurological diseases it could thus be prudent to establish effective cell‐based therapies by targeting entire microglial networks. Notably, activated microglial depletion through genetic targeting or pharmacological therapies within a suitable time window can stimulate replenishment of the CNS niche with new microglia. Additionally, enforced repopulation through provision of replacement cells also represents a potential means of exchanging dysfunctional with functional microglia. In each setting the newly repopulated microglia might have the potential to resolve ongoing neuroinflammation. In this review, we aim to summarize the most recent knowledge of microglia and to highlight microglial depletion and subsequent repopulation as a promising cell replacement therapy. Although glial cell replacement therapy is still in its infancy and future translational studies are still required, the approach is scientifically sound and provides new optimism for managing the neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation induced by activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Keying Zhu
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Xing‐Mei Zhang
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at SolnaStockholmSweden
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23
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Krbot K, Hermann P, Skorić MK, Zerr I, Sepulveda-Falla D, Goebel S, Matschke J, Krasemann S, Glatzel M. Distinct microglia profile in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease is independent of disease kinetics. Neuropathology 2018; 38:591-600. [PMID: 30318820 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia represent a common pathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) patients show more pronounced microglial activation than Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Whether these differences are due to differences in disease kinetics or represent disease-specific changes is unknown. We investigated microglial phenotypes in brains of rapidly progressive AD (rpAD) and sCJD patients matched for clinical presentation, including disease duration. We immunostained the frontal cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum in 16 patients with rpAD and sCJD using antibodies against markers of microglia and recruited monocytes (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, human leukocyte antigen DPQR, Cluster of Differentiation 68), an antibody unique to brain-resident microglia (transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119)), in addition to antibodies against a marker of astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), amyloid-β (Aβ) and pathological prion protein. rpAD patients showed a distinct microglial phenotype with a high abundance of TMEM119-positive microglia in all investigated regions. Presence of Aβ deposits seen in a sCJD patient with concomitant deposition of Aβ led to increase of TMEM119-positive microglia. Our data suggest that in rpAD, activation of brain-resident microglia significantly contributes to microgliosis, whereas in sCJD the TMEM119 signature of resident microglial cells is barely detectable. This is irrespective of disease duration and may indicate disease-specific microglial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Krbot
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hermann
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Inga Zerr
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Goebel
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Shen Z, Bao X, Wang R. Clinical PET Imaging of Microglial Activation: Implications for Microglial Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:314. [PMID: 30349474 PMCID: PMC6186779 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to extracellular β-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation has been identified as a key pathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Once activated, neuroinflammatory cells called microglia acquire different activation phenotypes. At the early stage of AD, activated microglia are mainly dominated by the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Conversely, in the later stage of AD, the excessive activation of microglia is considered detrimental and pro-inflammatory, turning into the M1 phenotype. Therapeutic strategies targeting the modulation of microglia may regulate their specific phenotype. Fortunately, with the rapid development of in vivo imaging methodologies, visualization of microglial activation has been well-explored. In this review, we summarize the critical role of activated microglia during the pathogenesis of AD and current studies concerning imaging of microglial activation in AD patients. We explore the possibilities for identifying activated microglial phenotypes with imaging techniques and highlight promising therapies that regulate the microglial phenotype in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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White MD, Zhao ZW, Plachta N. In Vivo Imaging of Single Mammalian Cells in Development and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:278-293. [PMID: 29439932 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Live imaging has transformed biomedical sciences by enabling visualization and analysis of dynamic cellular processes as they occur in their native contexts. Here, we review key recent efforts applying in vivo optical imaging with single-cell resolution to mammalian systems ranging from embryos to adult tissues and organs. We highlight insights into active processes regulating cell fate and morphogenesis during embryonic development, how neuronal circuitry and non-neuronal cell types contribute to neurological functions, and how novel imaging-based approaches enable the dissection of neurological disorders and cancer with high spatio-temporal resolution. The convergence of technical advancements in accessing, visualizing, and manipulating individual cells provides an unprecedented lens to probe mammalian cellular dynamics in vivo in both physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D White
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ziqing W Zhao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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