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Dubey V, Dixit AB, Tripathi M, Sarat Chandra P, Banerjee J. Quantification of Neuronal Dendritic Spine Density and Lengths of Apical and Basal Dendrites in Temporal Lobe Structures Using Golgi-Cox Staining. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:57-66. [PMID: 38427229 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the methods used to investigate the connectivity and structure of the nervous system. These methods allow neuronal cells to be categorized according to their location, shape, and connections to other cells. The Golgi-Cox staining gives a thorough picture of all significant neuronal structures found in the brain that may be distinguished from one another. The most significant characteristic is its three-dimensional integrity since all neuronal structures may be followed continuously from one part to the next. Successions of sections of the brain's neurons are seen with the Golgi stain. The Golgi method is used to serially segment chosen brain parts, and the resulting neurons are produced from those sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dubey
- Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Dubey V, Roy A, Dixit AB, Tripathi M, Pandey S, Jain S, Chandra PS, Banerjee J. Dendritic reorganization in the hippocampus, anterior temporal lobe, and frontal neocortex of lithium-pilocarpine induced Status Epilepticus (SE). J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102329. [PMID: 37659616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Status Epilepticus (SE) is a distributed network disorder, which involves the hippocampus and extra-hippocampal structures. Epileptogenesis in SE is tightly associated with neurogenesis, plastic changes and neural network reorganization facilitating hyper-excitability. On the other hand, dendritic spines are known to be the excitatory synapse in the brain. Therefore, dendritic spine dynamics could play an intricate role in these network alterations. However, the exact reason behind these structural changes in SE are elusive. In the present study, we have investigated the aforementioned hypothesis in the lithium-pilocarpine treated rat model of SE. We have examined cytoarchitectural and morphological changes using hematoxylin-eosin and Golgi-Cox staining in three different brain regions viz. CA1 pyramidal layer of the dorsal hippocampus, layer V pyramidal neurons of anterior temporal lobe (ATL), and frontal neocortex of the same animals. We observed macrostructural and layer-wise alteration of the pyramidal layer mainly in the hippocampus and ATL of SE rats, which is associated with sclerosis in the hippocampus. Sholl analysis exhibited partial dendritic plasticity in apical and basal dendrites of pyramidal cells as compared to the saline-treated weight-/age-matched control group. These findings indicate that region-specific alterations in dendritogenesis may contribute to the development of independent epileptogenic networks in the hippocampus, ATL, and frontal neocortex of SE rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dubey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avishek Roy
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivam Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Kwami Edem Kukuia K, Boakye Burns F, Kofi Adutwum-Ofosu K, Appiah F, Kwabena Amponsah S, Begyinah R, Efua Koomson A, Yaw Takyi F, Amatey Tagoe T, Amoateng P. Increased BDNF and hippocampal dendritic spine density are associated with the rapid antidepressant-like effect of iron-citalopram and iron-imipramine combinations in mice. Neuroscience 2023; 519:90-106. [PMID: 36948482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron supplementation previously demonstrated antidepressant-like effects in post-partum rats. The present study evaluates the possible synergistic antidepressant effect of sub-therapeutic dose of iron co-administered with citalopram or imipramine in female Institute of Cancer Research mice. Depression-like symptoms were induced in the forced swim (FST), tail suspension (TST), and open space swim (OSST) tests while open field test (OFT) was used to assess locomotor activity. Mice (n=8) received iron (0.8- 7.2 mg/kg), citalopram (3-30 mg/kg), imipramine (3-30 mg/kg), desferrioxamine (50 mg/kg) or saline in the single treatment phase of each model and subsequently a sub-therapeutic dose of iron co-administered with citalopram or imipramine. Assessment of serum BDNF and dendritic spine density was done using ELISA and Golgi staining techniques respectively. Iron, citalopram and imipramine, unlike desferrioxamine, reduced immobility score in the TST, FST and OSST without affecting locomotor activity, suggesting antidepressant-like effect. Sub-therapeutic dose of iron in combination with citalopram or imipramine further enhanced the antidepressant-like effect, producing a more rapid effect when compared to the iron, citalopram or imipramine alone. Iron, citalopram and imipramine or their combinations increased serum BDNF concentration, hippocampal neuronal count and dendritic spine densities. Our study provides experimental evidence that iron has antidepressant-like effect and sub-therapeutic dose of iron combined with citalopram or imipramine produces more rapid antidepressant-like effect. We further show that iron alone or its combination with citalopram or imipramine attenuates the neuronal loss associated with depressive conditions, increases dendritic spines density and BDNF levels. These finding suggest iron-induced neuronal plasticity in the mice brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Kwami Edem Kukuia
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Frederick Boakye Burns
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Kevin Kofi Adutwum-Ofosu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Frimpong Appiah
- Department of Community Health and Medicine, School of Food and Health Sciences, Anglican University College of Technology, Nkoranza, Ghana.
| | - Seth Kwabena Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Richard Begyinah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Awo Efua Koomson
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ferka Yaw Takyi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Thomas Amatey Tagoe
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Patrick Amoateng
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Baronti D, Tomov N, Hupp S, Mitchell TJ, Iliev AI. Dendritic spine loss deep in the neocortex and dendrite distortion with diffusion disturbances occur early in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:912445. [PMID: 36704002 PMCID: PMC9871924 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.912445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) meningitis is a serious disease with substantial lethality and long-term disability in survivors. Loss of synaptic staining in the superficial layers of the neocortex in rodent models and in humans, and pneumolysin (a major pneumococcal toxin)-dependent dendritic spine collapse in brain slices have been described. It remains unclear how deep in the neocortex more discrete changes are present, how soon after disease onset these changes occur, and whether other properties of dendrites are also affected. Methods Using a mouse model of pneumococcal meningitis, we studied changes in the neocortex shortly (3-6 h) after the onset of clinical symptoms via modified Golgi-Cox silver staining. Results Dendritic changes were present in areas with otherwise unchanged cell numbers and no signs of necrosis or other apparent neuronal pathology. Mature dendritic spines were reduced in the pyramidal neurons running through layers 1-5. Additionally, spine morphology changes (swelling, spine neck distortion), were also observed in the deeper layers 4 and 5 of the neocortex. Immature spines (filopodia) remained unchanged between groups, as well as the dendritic arborization of the analyzed neurons. In a third of the animals with meningitis, massive mechanical distortion of the primary dendrites of most of the pyramidal neurons through layers 1-5 was observed. This distortion was reproduced in acute brain slices after exposure to pneumolysin-containing bacterial lysates (S. pneumoniae D39 strain), but not to lysates of pneumolysin-deficient bacteria, which we explain by the tissue remodeling effect of the toxin. Experimental mechanical dendrite distortion in primary neural cultures demonstrated diminished FRAP diffusion of neuronally-expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), indicative of disturbed dendritic diffusion. Discussion Our work extends earlier knowledge of synaptic loss in the superficial cortical layers during meningitis to deeper layers. These changes occurred surprisingly early in the course of the disease, substantially limiting the effective therapeutic window. Methodologically, we demonstrate that the dendritic spine collapse readout is a highly reliable and early marker of neural damage in pneumococcal meningitis models, allowing for reduction of the total number of animals used per a group due to much lower variation among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Baronti
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Tomov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Hupp
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Timothy J. Mitchell
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Asparouh I. Iliev
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Asparouh I. Iliev,
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Márquez-Valadez B, Rábano A, Llorens-Martín M. Progression of Alzheimer's disease parallels unusual structural plasticity of human dentate granule cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:125. [PMID: 36038918 PMCID: PMC9426249 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer´s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in industrialized countries, severely targets the hippocampal formation in humans and mouse models of this condition. The adult hippocampus hosts the continuous addition of new dentate granule cells (DGCs) in numerous mammalian species, including humans. Although the morphology and positioning of DGCs within the granule cell layer (GCL) match their developmental origin in rodents, a similar correlation has not been reported in humans to date. Our data reveal that DGCs located in inner portions of the human GCL show shorter and less complex dendrites than those found in outer portions of this layer, which are presumably generated developmentally. Moreover, in AD patients, DGCs show early morphological alterations that are further aggravated as the disease progresses. An aberrantly increased number of DGCs with several primary apical dendrites is the first morphological change detected in patients at Braak-Tau I/II stages. This alteration persists throughout AD progression and leads to generalized dendritic atrophy at late stages of the disease. Our data reveal the distinct vulnerability of several morphological characteristics of DGCs located in the inner and outer portions of the GCL to AD and support the notion that the malfunction of the hippocampus is related to cognitive impairments in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Márquez-Valadez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) (Campus de Cantoblanco), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Rábano
- Neuropathology Department, CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) (Campus de Cantoblanco), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research On Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Bradley SS, Howe E, Bailey CDC, Vickaryous MK. The dendrite arbor of Purkinje cells is altered following to tail regeneration in the leopard gecko. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:370-384. [PMID: 34038505 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells of the cerebellum have a complex arborized arrangement of dendrites and are amongst the most distinctive cell types of the nervous system. Although the neuromorphology of Purkinje cells has been well described for some mammals and teleost fish, for most vertebrates less is known. Here we used a modified Golgi-Cox method to investigate the neuromorphology of Purkinje cells from the lizard Eublepharis macularius, the leopard gecko. Using Sholl and Branch Structure Analyses, we sought to investigate whether the neuromorphology of gecko Purkinje cells was altered is response to tail loss and regeneration. Tail loss is an evolved mechanism commonly used by geckos to escape predation. Loss of the tail represents a significant and sudden change in body length and mass, which is only partially recovered as the tail is regenerated. We predicted that tail loss and regeneration would induce a quantifiable change in Purkinje cell dendrite arborization. Post hoc comparisons of Sholl analyses data showed that geckos with regenerated tails have significant changes in dendrite diameter and the number of dendrite intersections in regions corresponding to the position of parallel fiber synapses. We propose that the neuromorphological alterations observed in gecko Purkinje cells represent a compensatory response to tail regrowth, and perhaps a role in motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Howe
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Canada
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Hadipour M, Bahari Z, Afarinesh MR, Jangravi Z, Shirvani H, Meftahi GH. Administering crocin ameliorates anxiety-like behaviours and reduces the inflammatory response in amyloid-beta induced neurotoxicity in rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:877-889. [PMID: 33686675 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety, hippocampus synaptic plasticity deficit, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study is designed to evaluate the possible therapeutic effect of crocin on anxiety-like behaviours, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and neuronal shape, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus using in vivo amyloid-beta (Aβ) models of AD. The Aβ peptide (1-42) was bilaterally injected into the frontal-cortex. Five hours after the surgery, the rats were given intraperitoneal (IP) crocin (30 mg/kg) daily up to 12 days. Elevated plus maze results showed that crocin treatment after bilateral Aβ injection significantly increased the percentage of spent time into open arms, frequency of entries, and percentage of entries into open arms as compared with the Aβ group. In the open field test, the Aβ+crocin group showed a higher percentage of spent time in the centre and frequency of entries into central zone as compare with the Aβ treated animals. Administering crocin increased the number of soma, dendrites and axonal arbores in the CA1 neurons among the rats with Aβ neurotoxicity. Cresyl violet (CV) staining showed that crocin increased the number of CV-positive cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus compared with the Aβ group. Silver-nitrate staining indicated that crocin reduced neurofibrillary tangle formation induced by Aβ. Crocin treatment attenuated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA in the hippocampus compared with the Aβ group. Our results suggest that crocin attenuated Aβ-induced anxiety-like behaviours and neuronal damage, and synaptic plasticity loss in hippocampal CA1 neurons may via its anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Bahari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afarinesh
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jangravi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ai M, Huang K, Ji Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Xiao L, Xiao P, Zheng Q, Wang H. Unveiling Hg-binding protein within black deposit formed on Golgi-Cox-stained brain neuron. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135537. [PMID: 33248164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Golgi-Cox staining has been conventionally used for investigating neuronal development. After the brain tissue is subject to Golgi-Cox staining, black deposits are formed on the surface of the stained neurons because of mercuric sulfide, which does not show a fluorescence response under two-photon excitation. However, we unexpectedly observed fluorescence emitted by these black deposits during two-photon fluorescence measurements. Further, the in-depth of physical and chemical methods analysis revealed that the black deposits on the stained neurons are composed of Hg-binding proteins. METHODS We studied black deposits present in the Golgi-Cox-stained mouse brain neurons using techniques such as multiple-photon microscopy, scan electron microscopy, micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RESULTS The emitted fluorescence was because of the fluorescence groups of Hg-binding protein present within the Golgi-Cox deposits on the neuronal surface. CONCLUSIONS The presence of Hg-binding proteins within black deposits on the surface of Golgi-Cox-stained neurons was proven for the first time. The novel interaction between the neurons and Hg2+ ions during Golgi-Cox staining help to understand the mechanism of Golgi-Cox staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ai
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Kai Huang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Convergence Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Zijuan Ji
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Longsheng Xiao
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Pengcheng Xiao
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Qiusha Zheng
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Huaixing Wang
- School of Physics and Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
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Narayanan SN, Bairy LK, Srinivasamurthy SK. Determining factors for optimal neuronal and glial Golgi-Cox staining. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:431-448. [PMID: 32533234 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Golgi staining allows for the analysis of neuronal arborisations and connections and is considered a powerful tool in basic and clinical neuroscience. The fundamental rules for improving neuronal staining using the Golgi-Cox method are not fully understood; both intrinsic and extrinsic factors may control the staining process. Therefore, various conditions were tested to improve the Golgi-Cox protocol for vibratome-cut rat brain sections. Optimal staining of cortical neurons was achieved after 72 h of impregnation. Well-stained neurons in both cortical and subcortical structures were observed after 96 h of impregnation. The dendritic arborisation pattern of cortical neurons derived from the 72-h impregnation group was comparable to those of the 96 and 168-h impregnation groups. The entire brain was stained well when the pH of the Golgi-Cox solution was 6.5 and that of the sodium carbonate solution was 11.2. Lack of brain perfusion or perfusion with 0.9% NaCl did not influence optimal neuronal staining. Perfusion with 37% formaldehyde, followed by impregnation, only resulted in glial staining, but perfusion with 4% formaldehyde facilitated both glial and neuronal staining. Whole brains required longer impregnation times for better staining. Although every factor had a role in determining optimal neuronal staining, impregnation time and the pH of staining solutions were key factors among them. This modified Golgi-Cox protocol provides a simple and economical procedure to stain both neurons and glia separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, PO Box 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Laxminarayana Kurady Bairy
- Department of Pharmacology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, PO Box 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, PO Box 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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Kartalou GI, Endres T, Lessmann V, Gottmann K. Golgi-Cox impregnation combined with fluorescence staining of amyloid plaques reveals local spine loss in an Alzheimer mouse model. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108797. [PMID: 32479974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spine loss is a hallmark of Alzheimer´s and other neurodegenerative diseases, and testing candidate therapeutic drugs needs quantitative analysis of dendritic spine densities. Golgi-Cox impregnation of neurons is a classical method to visualize dendritic spines in diseased brains. Importantly, at early disease stages spine loss occurs locally in the vicinity of amyloid plaques, and concomitant fluorescence labeling of amyloid plaques is required to detect local spine damage. NEW METHOD Because Golgi-Cox impregnation is done on unsectioned brains, whereas fluorescence staining is performed on sectioned material, the combination is technically challenging. We have now developed a novel combination of Golgi-Cox impregnation with methoxy-X04 fluorescence labeling of plaques that is performed on unsectioned brains. RESULTS We used this new combination method to quantify dendritic spine densities in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Comparison of neurons from wildtype and APP/PS1 mice revealed local spine loss in the vicinity of amyloid plaques in both male and female APP/PS1 mice. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Golgi-Cox impregnation of neurons combined with methoxy-X04 staining of amyloid plaques is a highly reliable, easy-to-use method for permanent visualization of spines as compared to the technically more sophisticated and less stable fluorescence imaging of spines. CONCLUSION Our novel combination method will be highly useful for testing potential therapeutic drugs in Alzheimer mouse models.
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Christensen J, Yamakawa GR, Salberg S, Wang M, Kolb B, Mychasiuk R. Caffeine consumption during development alters spine density and recovery from repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in young adult rats. Synapse 2019; 74:e22142. [PMID: 31705690 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most commonly used psychostimulant throughout the world, with its consumption being especially prevalent among adolescents and young adults, as over 75% of this group consumes caffeine daily. Similarly, the adolescent and young adult age group exhibit the highest incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Given that both caffeine consumption and mild TBI (mTBI) are more prevalent among the late adolescent/young adult age group and that changes in dendritic spine morphology during this developmental period are poorly understood, this study sought to examine the effects of caffeine consumption during late adolescence/early adulthood on recovery from repetitive mTBI (RmTBI). The study specifically focused on changes to neuronal dendritic morphology as synaptic changes likely underlie long-term behavioral outcomes. The results demonstrate that during young adulthood caffeine consumption differentially affects the RmTBI outcomes of males and females, where the effects of caffeine and RmTBI were often additive in males while being equally detrimental, but rarely additive, in females. In general, caffeine and RmTBI induced the greatest impairments in males on cognitive and motor tasks whereas in females the most significant detriments were on pain-related tasks. Both caffeine and RmTBI increased spine density in the Cg3 (medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC]), AID (orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]), and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which is proposed to reflect an impairment in the normal pruning processes. Overall, despite caffeine's neuroprotective abilities among other age groups, this study offers concerning results regarding the detrimental effects of caffeine and RmTBI, in isolation, and especially in combination, in this susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennaya Christensen
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melinda Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Yamamoto H, Kamegaya E, Hagino Y, Takamatsu Y, Sawada W, Matsuzawa M, Ide S, Yamamoto T, Mishina M, Ikeda K. Loss of GluN2D subunit results in social recognition deficit, social stress, 5-HT 2C receptor dysfunction, and anhedonia in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 112:188-197. [PMID: 27480795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel is involved in various physiological functions, including learning and memory. The GluN2D subunit of the NMDA receptor has low expression in the mature brain, and its role is not fully understood. In the present study, the effects of GluN2D subunit deficiency on emotional and cognitive function were investigated in GluN2D knockout (KO) mice. We found a reduction of motility (i.e., a depressive-like state) in the tail suspension test and a reduction of sucrose preference (i.e., an anhedonic state) in GluN2D KO mice that were group-housed with littermates. Despite apparently normal olfactory function and social interaction, GluN2D KO mice exhibited a decrease in preference for social novelty, suggesting a deficit in social recognition or memory. Golgi-Cox staining revealed a reduction of the complexity of dendritic trees in the accessory olfactory bulb in GluN2D KO mice, suggesting a deficit in pheromone processing pathway activation, which modulates social recognition. The deficit in social recognition may result in social stress in GluN2D KO mice. Isolation housing is a procedure that has been shown to reduce stress in mice. Interestingly, 3-week isolation and treatment with agomelatine or the 5-hydroxytryptamine-2C (5-HT2C) receptor antagonist SB242084 reversed the anhedonic-like state in GluN2D KO mice. In contrast, treatment with the 5-HT2C receptor agonist CP809101 induced depressive- and anhedonic-like states in isolated GluN2D KO mice. These results suggest that social stress that is caused by a deficit in social recognition desensitizes 5-HT2c receptors, followed by an anhedonic- and depressive-like state, in GluN2D KO mice. The GluN2D subunit of the NMDA receptor appears to be important for the recognition of individuals and development of normal emotionality in mice. 5-HT2C receptor antagonism may be a therapeutic target for treating social stress-induced anhedonia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Ionotropic glutamate receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Yamamoto
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Psychopharmacology, Graduate School of Nanosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Etsuko Kamegaya
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoko Hagino
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yukio Takamatsu
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Wakako Sawada
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Maaya Matsuzawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Psychopharmacology, Graduate School of Nanosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ide
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yamamoto
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Psychopharmacology, Graduate School of Nanosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mishina
- Ritsumeikan University Research Organization of Science and Technology, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Acosta-Peña E, Camacho-Abrego I, Melgarejo-Gutiérrez M, Flores G, Drucker-Colín R, García-García F. Sleep deprivation induces differential morphological changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in young and old rats. Synapse 2014; 69:15-25. [PMID: 25179486 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental state necessary for maintenance of physical and neurological homeostasis throughout life. Several studies regarding the functions of sleep have been focused on effects of sleep deprivation on synaptic plasticity at a molecular and electrophysiological level, and only a few studies have studied sleep function from a structural perspective. Moreover, during normal aging, sleep architecture displays some changes that could affect normal development in the elderly. In this study, using a Golgi-Cox staining followed by Sholl analysis, we evaluate the effects of 24 h of total sleep deprivation on neuronal morphology of pyramidal neurons from Layer III of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region from male Wistar rats at two different ages (3 and 22 months). We found no differences in total dendritic length and branching length in both analyzed regions after sleep deprivation. Spine density was reduced in the CA1 of young-adults, and interestingly, sleep deprivation increased spine density in PFC of aged animals. Taken together, our results show that 24 h of total sleep deprivation have different effects on synaptic plasticity and could play a beneficial role in cognition during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Acosta-Peña
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Sciences Institute, Veracruzana University, Luis Castelazo-Ayala s/n, Industrial-Animas, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91190, México
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Williams MT, Skelton MR, Longacre ID, Huggins KN, Maple AM, Vorhees CV, Brown RW. Neuronal reorganization in adult rats neonatally exposed to (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:699-706. [PMID: 25419515 PMCID: PMC4235131 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) during pregnancy is of concern. MDMA treatment of rats during a period of brain growth analogous to late human gestation leads to neurochemical and behavioral changes. MDMA from postnatal day (P)11–20 in rats produces reductions in serotonin and deficits in spatial and route-based navigation. In this experiment we examined the impact of MDMA from P11 to P20 (20 mg/kg twice daily, 8 h apart) on neuronal architecture. Golgi impregnated sections showed significant changes. In the nucleus accumbens, the dendrites were shorter with fewer spines, whereas in the dentate gyrus the dendritic length was decreased but with more spines, and for the entorhinal cortex, reductions in basilar and apical dendritic lengths in MDMA animals compared with saline animals were seen. The data show that neuronal cytoarchitectural changes are long-lasting following developmental MDMA exposure and are in regions consistent with the learning and memory deficits observed in such animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Ian D Longacre
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Psychology, Johnson City, TN
| | - Kimberly N Huggins
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Psychology, Johnson City, TN
| | - Amanda M Maple
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Psychology, Johnson City, TN
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Russell W Brown
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Psychology, Johnson City, TN
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