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Piedimonte G, Walton C, Samsell L. Vertical transmission of respiratory syncytial virus modulates pre- and postnatal innervation and reactivity of rat airways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61309. [PMID: 23637810 PMCID: PMC3630224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants, but it remains unknown whether this infection is transmitted transplacentally from the lungs of infected mothers to the offspring. We sought to test the hypothesis that RSV travels from the respiratory tract during pregnancy, crosses the placenta to the fetus, persists in the lung tissues of the offspring, and modulates pre- and postnatal expression of growth factors, thereby predisposing to airway hyperreactivity. Methodology Pregnant rats were inoculated intratracheally at midterm using recombinant RSV expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP). Viral RNA was amplified by RT-PCR and confirmed by sequencing. RFP expression was analyzed by flow cytometry and viral culture. Developmental and pathophysiologic implications of prenatal infection were determined by analyzing the expression of genes encoding critical growth factors, particularly neurotrophic factors and receptors. We also measured the expression of key neurotransmitters and postnatal bronchial reactivity in vertically infected lungs, and assessed their dependence on neurotrophic signaling using selective biological or chemical inhibition. Principal Findings RSV genome was found in 30% of fetuses, as well as in the lungs of 40% of newborns and 25% of adults. RFP expression was also shown by flow cytometry and replicating virus was cultured from exposed fetuses. Nerve growth factor and its TrkA receptor were upregulated in RSV- infected fetal lungs and co-localized with increased cholinergic innervation. Acetylcholine expression and smooth muscle response to cholinergic stimulation increased in lungs exposed to RSV in utero and reinfected after birth, and blocking TrkA signaling inhibited both effects. Conclusions/Significance Our data show transplacental transmission of RSV from mother to offspring and persistence of vertically transmitted virus in lungs after birth. Exposure to RSV in utero is followed by dysregulation of neurotrophic pathways predisposing to postnatal airway hyperreactivity upon reinfection with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piedimonte
- Pediatric Institute and Children's Hospital, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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2
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Cardenas S, Scuri M, Samsell L, Ducatman B, Bejarano P, Auais A, Doud M, Mathee K, Piedimonte G. Neurotrophic and neuroimmune responses to early-life Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in rat lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L334-44. [PMID: 20543002 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00017.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life respiratory infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common in children with cystic fibrosis or immune deficits. Although many of its clinical manifestations involve neural reflexes, little information is available on the peripheral nervous system of infected airways. This study sought to determine whether early-life infection triggers a neurogenic-mediated immunoinflammatory response, the mechanisms of this response, and its relationship with other immunoinflammatory pathways. Weanling and adult rats were inoculated with suspensions containing P. aeruginosa (PAO1) coated on alginate microspheres suspended in Tris-CaCl(2) buffer. Five days after infection, rats were injected with capsaicin to stimulate nociceptive nerves in the airway mucosa, and microvascular permeability was measured using Evans blue as a tracer. PAO1 increased neurogenic inflammation in the extra- and intrapulmonary compartments of weanlings but not in adults. The mechanism involves selective overexpression of NGF, which is critical for the local increase in microvascular permeability and for the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into infected lung parenchyma. These effects are mediated in part by induction of downstream inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially IL-1beta, IL-18, and leptin. Our data suggest that neurogenic-mediated immunoinflammatory mechanisms play important roles in airway inflammation and hyperreactivity associated with P. aeruginosa when infection occurs early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cardenas
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Research Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9214, USA
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3
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Urrego F, Scuri M, Auais A, Mohtasham L, Piedimonte G. Combined effects of chronic nicotine and acute virus exposure on neurotrophin expression in rat lung. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44:1075-84. [PMID: 19824047 PMCID: PMC3632456 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Strong epidemiologic evidence indicates that tobacco smoke influences frequency and severity of respiratory infections. Previously, we have shown that infection with respiratory syncytial virus upregulates expression of neurotrophic factors and receptors in the lungs, but the effect of tobacco exposure on neurotrophins is unknown. Therefore, we first sought to determine the expression of neurotrophic pathways in lungs of rats chronically exposed to nicotine, and then we studied the interactions between pollution and infection by inoculating virus after nicotine exposure. Expression of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, of their high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors (trkA and trkB, respectively), and of the low-affinity receptor p75(NTR) was measured in the lungs of nicotine-exposed rats both at the mRNA level by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and at the protein level by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Nicotine increased NGF expression both at the mRNA and protein level and also created a receptor imbalance deriving from increased expression of the pro-inflammatory p75(NTR) receptor without any concomitant change in the high-affinity trkA receptor. Viral infection after chronic nicotine exposure exerted an additive effect on NGF expression, and resulted in exaggerated neurogenic airway inflammation that was abolished by selective inhibition. In conclusion, nicotine levels comparable to those found in smokers are per se able to upregulate the expression of critical neurotrophic molecules in the respiratory tract, and combination of an acute infection following chronic nicotine exposure produces more severe neurotrophic dysregulation and neurogenic-mediated inflammation compared to either infection or nicotine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Urrego
- Ochsner Children's Health Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Antonelli A, Chiaretti A, Piastra M, Vigneti E, Aloe L. In vitro human ependymoblastoma cells differentiate after exposure to nerve growth factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 33:503-15. [PMID: 15906158 DOI: 10.1007/s11068-004-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) has a prominent action on immature crest-derived nerve cells and on differentiation and survival of neurons in central and peripheral nervous system. NGF is produced by a variety of neuronal and non-neuronal cells, including neoplastic cells. Its role in tumor cells is largely unknown and controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of NGF on brain neoplastic cells using primary cultures from ependymoblastoma (EP) tissue. Human EP tissues were cultured to obtain in vitro cells and their structural, biochemical, and molecular responses to NGF were investigated. The results showed that under basal conditions, human EP cells are characterized by low presence of high-affinity NGF-receptors. Time-course and dose-response studies revealed that EP cells undergo differentiation after exposure to NGF. Our findings showed that in human EP cells, NGF exerts a marked action on differentiation rather than proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cell Shape/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors
- Humans
- Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/drug therapy
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/metabolism
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/physiopathology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/agonists
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antonelli
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Neurobiology section CNR, Rome, Italy
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6
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Hu C, Wedde-Beer K, Auais A, Rodriguez MM, Piedimonte G. Nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor receptors in respiratory syncytial virus-infected lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L494-502. [PMID: 12114213 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00414.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) controls sensorineural development and responsiveness and modulates immunoinflammatory reactions. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) potentiates the proinflammatory effects of sensory nerves in rat airways by upregulating the substance P receptor, neurokinin 1 (NK(1)). We investigated whether the expression of NGF and its trkA and p75 receptors in the lungs is age dependent, whether it is upregulated during RSV infection, and whether it affects neurogenic inflammation. Pathogen-free rats were killed at 2 (weanling) to 12 (adult) wk of age; in addition, subgroups of rats were inoculated with RSV or virus-free medium. In pathogen-free rats, expression of NGF and its receptors in the lungs declined with age, but RSV doubled expression of NGF, trkA, and p75 in weanling and adult rats. Exogenous NGF upregulated NK(1) receptor expression in the lungs. Anti-NGF antibody inhibited NK(1) receptor upregulation and neurogenic inflammation in RSV-infected lungs. These data indicate that expression of NGF and its receptors in the lungs declines physiologically with age but is upregulated by RSV and is a major determinant of neurogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengping Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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7
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De Vries A, Engels F, Henricks PAJ, Leusink-Muis T, Fischer A, Nijkamp FP. Antibodies directed against nerve growth factor inhibit the acute bronchoconstriction due to allergen challenge in guinea-pigs. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:325-8. [PMID: 11929500 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that the administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) to guinea-pigs results in airway hyper-responsiveness within 1 h. OBJECTIVE In the present study we document the involvement of NGF in the acute allergic airway response. METHODS Guinea-pigs that are sensitized to ovalbumin show an acute bronchoconstriction directly after challenge with ovalbumin. RESULTS Intratracheal application of 10 microg of antibodies directed against NGF (anti-NGF) 1 h before the challenge reduces the acute severe bronchoconstriction to approximately 40% and the sustained bronchoconstriction to approximately 20% of the reaction in controls. This shows a high potency of anti-NGF in diminishing the direct bronchoconstriction. Inhibition of the tyrosine kinases of the tyrosine kinase receptor A, the high-affinity receptor for NGF, has no effect on the bronchoconstriction. Therefore, we postulate that the p75, the low-affinity receptor for neurotrophins, is responsible for the acute bronchoconstriction. Our findings suggest a role for NGF in the induction of the acute asthmatic reaction. CONCLUSION These findings offer a new potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Vries
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Vries AD, Rijnsoever CV, Engels F, Henricks PAJ, Nijkamp FP. The role of sensory nerve endings in nerve growth factor-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:771-6. [PMID: 11606317 PMCID: PMC1573003 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Nerve growth factor induces an airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo in guinea-pigs, as we have shown previously. Since antagonizing the neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptor can prevent this NGF-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and since sensory nerves release tachykinins, we investigated the role of sensory nerves in the NGF-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. 2. We used isolated tracheal rings from guinea-pigs to measure tracheal contractility. In these rings sensory nerve endings are present, but these endings lack any contact with their cell bodies. 3. In this in vitro system, NGF dose-dependently induced a tracheal hyperresponsiveness to histamine. The NK(1) receptor antagonist SR140333 could block the induction of tracheal hyperresponsiveness. 4. To further investigate the involvement of sensory nerve endings we used the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB(1)) agonist R-methanandamide to inhibit excitatory events at the nerve terminal. The CB(1) receptor agonist was capable of blocking the tracheal hyperresponsiveness to NGF in the isolated system, as well as the airway hyperresponsiveness to NGF in vivo. 5. This indicates that NGF can induce an increase in airway responsiveness in the absence of sensory nerve cell bodies. NGF may act by increasing substance P release from sensory nerve endings, without upregulation of substance P in the neurons. Substance P in its turn is responsible for the induction of the NGF-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick de Vries
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien van Rijnsoever
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdi Engels
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Paul A J Henricks
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P Nijkamp
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Adult male mouse submaxillary glands served as the preferred starting material for the isolation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) proteins in most of the isolation studies done. Two types of NGF proteins were isolated from extracts of the gland, a high-molecular-weight 7S NGF complex and a low-molecular-weight protein variously called NGF, betaNGF, or 2.5S NGF. The latter, which mediated all known biological functions of NGF, were closely related forms of a basic NGF dimer in which the N and C termini of two monomers (chains) were modified by proteolytic enzymes to different extents with no effect on biological activity. The betaNGF dimer showed a novel protein structure in which the two chains interacted non-covalently over a wide surface. Correspondingly, the betaNGF dimer was found to be unusually stable and the form through which NGFs actions were mediated at physiological concentrations. The betaNGF dimer was one of three subunits in 7S NGF; the other two were the gamma subunit, an arginine esteropeptidase or kallikrein, and the alpha subunit, an inactive kallikrein. Two zinc ions were also present in the complex and contributed greatly to its stability. There was much debate about whether 7S NGF was a specific protein complex of interacting subunits and, if so, what functions it might play in the biology of NGF. Observations of the inhibition of the enzyme activity of the gamma subunit and of the biological activity of betaNGF in 7S NGF were important in determining that 7S NGF was a naturally occurring complex and the sole source of NGF in the gland extract or in saliva. Specific interactions between the active site of the gamma subunit and the C-terminal arginine residues of the NGF chains, confirmed in the three-dimensional structure of 7S NGF, suggested a role for the gamma subunit in pro-NGF processing during the assembly of 7S NGF. In spite of the detailed knowledge of 7S NGF structure, no information on the role of this complex in the neurobiology of NGF has emerged. With the exception of the submaxillary gland of an African rodent, no other source of NGF has been convincingly shown to synthesize the alpha and gamma subunits, and they may well be irrelevant to NGFs actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Shooter
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5125, USA.
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10
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de Vries A, Dessing MC, Engels F, Henricks PA, Nijkamp FP. Nerve growth factor induces a neurokinin-1 receptor- mediated airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1541-4. [PMID: 10228123 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9808058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because asthmatic patients show increased nerve growth factor (NGF) serum levels, we examined the effect of NGF on airway function. Intravenously administered NGF potentiates the histamine- induced bronchoconstriction with a maximum of over 200% in anesthetized spontaneously breathing guinea pigs. Doses of 8 ng and 80 ng NGF/kg body weight induce a significant hyperresponsiveness to histamine. NGF itself does not affect airway reactivity. Airway hyperresponsiveness is observed 30 min and 3 h after NGF administration, and has disappeared after 24 h. The neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist SR 140333 completely blocks the NGF-induced hyperresponsiveness, pointing to a role for tachykinins. This is the first report showing a direct relation between peripherally administered NGF and airway hyperresponsiveness. Taking into consideration that plasma NGF levels have been shown to be elevated in asthmatic patients, our result points to an important role for NGF in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Vries
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Dominguez-Steglich M, Lichter P, Carrier A, Auffray C, Schmid M. Mapping the beta NGF gene in situ to a microchromosome in chicken. Genomics 1992; 12:829-32. [PMID: 1572658 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90318-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The chicken nerve growth factor (beta NGF) gene has been mapped by fluorescent in situ hybridization to a pair of microchromosomes, confirming previous reports of the existence of a single gene locus. A 39-kb genomic fragment cloned in a cosmid vector and including the 5' end of the beta NGF locus was biotinylated for nonradioactive detection of the gene. This report adds to the increasing evidence proving microchromosomal localization of highly conserved and biologically fundamental genes. The implications of such genes belonging to very small linkage groups for the transmission of alleles from generation to generation together with the relevance of nonisotopic in situ hybridization for avian gene mapping are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dominguez-Steglich
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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12
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MacGrogan D, Desprès G, Romand R, Dicou E. Expression of the beta-nerve growth factor gene in male sex organs of the mouse, rat, and guinea pig. J Neurosci Res 1991; 28:567-73. [PMID: 1714511 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490280414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA levels were estimated in male sex organs of the mouse, rat, and guinea pig by RNA blot hybridization analysis. The abundance of NGF mRNAs was in the order vas deferens greater than epididymis greater than or equal to seminal vesicles much greater than testis. NGF mRNA levels in these organs were compared with those estimated for other rat peripheral tissues and were found to correlate with the density of their sympathetic innervation, with the exception of guinea pig prostate. Castration had no significant effect on NGF mRNA levels in the guinea pig prostate, suggesting that NGF synthesis in this tissue is not under direct androgen control. NGF-like and proNGF-like immunoreactivities were localized by immunohistochemical techniques in the secretory cells of the glandular epithelium of the guinea pig prostate and in germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the mouse testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D MacGrogan
- INSERM U 298, Centre Hospitalier Régional, Angers, France
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13
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Abstract
Most of our knowledge about NGF comes from extensive study of the mouse submaxillary gland protein. NGF from this source is isolated as a high molecular weight complex consisting of beta-NGF and two subunits, alpha and gamma, belonging to the kallikrein family of serine proteases. There are few other tissues where NGF is found in sufficient quantities for protein purification and study, although new molecular biological techniques have accelerated the study of NGFs from a variety of species and tissues. Mouse submaxillary gland NGF is synthesized as a large precursor that is cleaved at both N- and C-terminals to produce mature NGF. This biologically active molecule can be further cleaved by submaxillary gland proteases. The roles of the alpha and gamma subunits in the processing of the beta-NGF precursor, the modulation of the biological activity of beta-NGF, and the protection of mature beta-NGF from degradation have been well studied in the mouse. However, the apparent lack of alpha and gamma subunits in most other tissues and species and the existence of a large family of murine kallikreins, many of which are expressed in the submaxillary gland, challenge the relevance of murine high molecular weight NGF as a proper model for NGF biosynthesis and regulation. It is important therefore to identify and characterize other NGF complexes and to study their subunit interactions, biosynthesis, processing, and regulation. This review points out a number of other species and tissues in which the study of NGF has just begun. At this time, there exist many more questions than answers regarding the presence and the functions of NGF processing and regulatory proteins. By studying NGF in other species and tissues and comparing the processing and regulation of NGF from several sources, we will discover the unifying concepts governing the expression of NGF biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fahnestock
- Molecular Biology Department, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025
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14
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Dicou E. Interaction of antibodies to synthetic peptides of proNGF with in vitro synthesized NGF precursors. FEBS Lett 1989; 255:215-8. [PMID: 2792376 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sera raised against three synthetic peptides that reproduce sequences of the pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF) protein were tested in immunoprecipitation experiments using in vitro translation products of SP6-directed NGF mRNA in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The interaction of these antibodies with bacterially synthesized chimeric preproNGF was also examined. Digestion of the translation products by the gamma-subunit generated the 22 and 18 kDa intermediates. A predominant 13 kDa intermediate was obtained after digestion of translation products in wheat germ extract. This is shown to be the N-terminal peptide by immunoprecipitation with an anti-peptide serum. These antibodies may be used to detect NGF precursor cleavage products in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dicou
- INSERM U 298, CHRU, Angers, France
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15
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Eveleth DD, Hanecak R, Fox GM, Fan H, Bradshaw RA. v-src genes stimulate neurite outgrowth in pheochromocytoma (PC12) variants unresponsive to neurotrophic factors. J Neurosci Res 1989; 24:67-71. [PMID: 2810397 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490240110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The NGF-nonresponsive rat pheochromocytoma PC12 variant nnr5, isolated by Green et al. (J Cell Biol 102:830-843, 1986), responds poorly or not at all to fibroblast growth factor. Transformation of PC-12nnr5 cells with v-src-expressing retroviruses results in vigorous neurite outgrowth, similar to that seen in the parent cell line. Thus though the PC12nnr5 cell line has a greatly impaired ability to respond to neurotrophic factors it still may extend neurites. This data is consistent with a model in which PC12nnr5 cells are unable to propagate intracellular second messengers, and this defect may be related to the expression of c-src gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Eveleth
- Department of Biological Chemistry, California College of Medicine, Irvine
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16
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Schwarz MA, Fisher D, Bradshaw RA, Isackson PJ. Isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone of beta-nerve growth factor from the guinea pig prostate gland. J Neurochem 1989; 52:1203-9. [PMID: 2926397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb01867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The guinea pig prostate gland contains high levels of nerve growth factor similarly to the mouse submandibular gland. Nerve growth factor from the guinea pig prostate gland cross-reacts weakly with antisera directed against mouse nerve growth factor, is associated with different proteins, and may be processed by a different mechanism. We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone for nerve growth factor from a library prepared from RNA of the guinea pig prostate gland. The guinea pig cDNA contains 1,075 nucleotides and is very similar to the shorter of two predominant nerve growth factor transcripts present in the mouse submandibular gland. The cDNA sequence predicts a precursor protein of 241 amino acids that is 86% identical to the mouse amino acid sequence. Only 10 amino acid changes are present in the C-terminal region corresponding to the mature 118 amino acid beta-nerve growth factor of the mouse. Dibasic amino acid processing sites that are present at the N- and C-termini of the mature protein sequence and two other dibasic amino acid sites, representing potential processing sites within the propeptide, are all conserved, suggesting a similar mechanism of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schwarz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92717
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17
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Ayer-LeLievre C, Olson L, Ebendal T, Hallböök F, Persson H. Nerve growth factor mRNA and protein in the testis and epididymis of mouse and rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:2628-32. [PMID: 2833747 PMCID: PMC280051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.8.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ hybridization using beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) DNA probes was used to demonstrate NGF mRNA in spermatocytes and early spermatids of adult mouse. NGF mRNA-containing cells were also identified in the epithelium of convoluted ducts in mouse corpus epididymidis. Blot-hybridization analysis of RNA prepared from mouse testis and epididymis as well as from rat epididymis confirmed the presence of a 1.3-kilobase (kb) NGF mRNA in these tissues. In the rat testis, however, only a 1.5-kb NGF mRNA was found, corresponding in size to a minor NGF mRNA detected in the rat brain, heart, and epididymis. By using affinity-purified anti-NGF antibodies, NGF-like immunoreactivity was observed in germ cells of rat and mouse testis and in the lumen of epididymis. Extracts of both mouse epididymis and testis stimulated fiber outgrowth in cultured sympathetic ganglia, and the effect was blocked by antibodies to mouse NGF. A two-site enzyme immunoassay showed the presence of 10 and 70 ng of NGF per g of tissue in the mouse testis and epididymis, respectively. Furthermore, RNA blot analysis showed the presence of mRNA for the NGF receptor in mouse testis. These results suggest a nonneurotrophic role for NGF in the male reproductive system, possibly in survival maturation and/or motility of spermatozoa.
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Werrbach-Perez K, Perez-Polo JR. De novo synthesis of NGF subunits in S-180 mouse sarcoma cell line. Neurochem Res 1987; 12:875-83. [PMID: 3683737 DOI: 10.1007/bf00966309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is an accepted hypothesis that the nerve growth factor protein (NGF) plays an important role in the development of vertebrate sympathetic and sensory ganglia and has effects on some central neurons. The best known NGF species is that isolated from mouse submaxillary gland, MSG-NGF. MSG-NGF can be isolated as a subunit containing protein, 7S-NGF, made up of three dissimilar subunits called alpha-, beta-, and gamma-NGF. Beta-NGF is the biologically active subunit and its synthesis in vivo and in vitro has been demonstrated. Less is known about the synthesis of the alpha- and gamma-NGF or the assembly of the subunits into the 7S complex. In order to develop a clonal model system for the study of NGF synthesis, processing and secretion, affinity chromatography techniques were applied to cell extracts of S180 mouse sarcoma, a cell line known to synthesize NGF. After incubating S180 cells in 35S-Methionine, cell extracts were exposed to antibody directed against alpha-NGF, gamma-NGF or beta-NGF covalently bound to Sepharose beads in order to elute and characterize the desired NGF subunits. Parallel experiments using immunoabsorbed [35S]Methionine-beta-NGF were carried out in the presence or absence of excess NGF, in order to demonstrate the specificity of this procedure. Affinity chromatography with a substrate analogue to arginine ester bound to Sepharose beads was also used to isolate de novo synthesized gamma-NGF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werrbach-Perez
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Watson AY, Anderson JK, Siminoski K, Mole JE, Murphy RA. Cellular and subcellular colocalization of nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor in mouse submandibular glands. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1985; 213:365-76. [PMID: 3907420 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092130302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical methods have been used to compare the cellular and subcellular distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in mouse submandibular glands. Rabbit antisera raised against purified proteins were characterized by immunoblot methods and were used to stain sections of salivary glands embedded in plastic. For light microscopy, antibodies were visualized by indirect immunofluorescence. For electron microscopy, thin sections were treated simultaneously with IgG against NGF and EGF coupled to colloidal gold particles of different size. Data indicate that NGF and EGF are present in all granular convoluted tubule cells and in no other cell type within the salivary gland. Ultrastructural analyses indicate that NGF and EGF are evenly distributed together within mature secretory granules, although a population of small granules was identified that is not immunoreactive for either protein. Taken together, the data suggest that granular convoluted tubule cells are homogeneous in the production and storage of NGF and EGF.
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Isackson PJ, Dunbar JC, Bradshaw RA, Ullrich A. The structure of murine 7S nerve growth factor: implications for biosynthesis. Int J Neurosci 1985; 26:95-108. [PMID: 3997390 DOI: 10.3109/00207458508985609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dunbar JC, Bradshaw RA. Nerve growth factor biosynthesis: isolation and characterization of a guinea pig prostate kallikrein. J Cell Biochem 1985; 29:309-19. [PMID: 3853563 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240290405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Guinea pig prostate contains one major soluble esteropeptidase activity. The protein has been purified and characterized and found to be a glycoprotein comprised of a single polypeptide chain. The molecular has a similar Km for lysine and arginine synthetic substrates, although the Vmax for arginine is much greater than that for lysine. Amino-terminal sequence analysis has also revealed a marked degree of homology to mouse gamma-nerve growth factor (NGF) and the kallikrein family of serine proteases. In contrast to gamma-NGF, however, the guinea pig enzyme does not appear to form stable complexes with beta-NGF.
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Howles PN, Dickinson DP, DiCaprio LL, Woodworth-Gutai M, Gross KW. Use of a cDNA recombinant for the gamma-subunit of mouse nerve growth factor to localize members of this multigene family near the TAM-1 locus on chromosome 7. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:2791-805. [PMID: 6200835 PMCID: PMC318706 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.6.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gamma-subunit of mouse 7S nerve growth factor (gamma-NGF) is a member of a family of closely related serine proteases that includes kallikreins and tamases. We have isolated from a DBA/2J male submaxillary gland cDNA library a clone, pSM676, which codes for gamma-NGF. Sequence analysis of the clone shows that it codes for the C-terminal 138 amino acids of the protein plus 23 bases of the 3'-nontranslated portion of the message. The predicted amino acid sequence agrees with that determined by Thomas et al. (1) for the gamma-subunit of nerve growth factor from Swiss Webster mice except for the single, conservative substitution of glutamate for aspartate at amino acid 175. When used as a probe for Southern blot analysis, pSM676 hybridizes to at least twelve fragments of restricted mouse genomic DNA which correspond to several different serine protease genes. Using mouse-hamster hybrid cell lines and recombinant inbred strains of mice, we have demonstrated that all of the genes which show homology to pSM676 are located on mouse chromosome 7, clustered at or near the Tam-1 locus.
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Johnson EM, Osborne PA, Rydel RE, Schmidt RE, Pearson J. Characterization of the effects of autoimmune nerve growth factor deprivation in the developing guinea-pig. Neuroscience 1983; 8:631-42. [PMID: 6856089 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Harper GP, Glanville RW, Thoenen H. The purification of nerve growth factor from bovine seminal plasma. Biochemical characterization and partial amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Beck CE, Perez-Polo JR. Human beta-nerve growth factor does not crossreact with antibodies to mouse beta-nerve growth factor in a two-site radioimmunoassay. J Neurosci Res 1982; 8:137-52. [PMID: 6185690 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490080205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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