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Horvat S, Kos J, Pišlar A. Multifunctional roles of γ-enolase in the central nervous system: more than a neuronal marker. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:61. [PMID: 38735971 PMCID: PMC11089681 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Enolase, a multifunctional protein with diverse isoforms, has generally been recognized for its primary roles in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The shift in isoform expression from α-enolase to neuron-specific γ-enolase extends beyond its enzymatic role. Enolase is essential for neuronal survival, differentiation, and the maturation of neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. Neuron-specific γ-enolase is a critical biomarker for neurodegenerative pathologies and neurological conditions, not only indicating disease but also participating in nerve cell formation and neuroprotection and exhibiting neurotrophic-like properties. These properties are precisely regulated by cysteine peptidase cathepsin X and scaffold protein γ1-syntrophin. Our findings suggest that γ-enolase, specifically its C-terminal part, may offer neuroprotective benefits against neurotoxicity seen in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, although the therapeutic potential of γ-enolase seems promising, the effectiveness of enolase inhibitors is under debate. This paper reviews the research on the roles of γ-enolase in the central nervous system, especially in pathophysiological events and the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Horvat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Babkina AS, Lyubomudrov MA, Golubev MA, Pisarev MV, Golubev AM. Neuron-Specific Enolase-What Are We Measuring? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5040. [PMID: 38732258 PMCID: PMC11084499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the neuron-specific protein by Moore and McGregor in 1965, tens of thousands of studies have investigated the basic and applied significance of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). This promising biomarker, according to many researchers, has not found widespread use in clinical practice, particularly in acute cerebrovascular accidents. Moreover, the several studies refuting the usefulness of serum NSE measurement in critically ill patients leads us to consider the reasons for such contradictory conclusions. In this article, we have analyzed the main directions in the study of NSE and expressed our perspective on the reasons for the contradictory results and the difficulties in implementing the results of these studies in clinical practice. In our opinion, the method of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used in the majority of the studies is inappropriate for the evaluation of NSE as a marker of central nervous system damage, because it does not allow for the differentiation of heterodimers of enolases and the assessment of the enzymatic activity of this group of enzymatic proteins. Therefore, the methodological approach for the evaluation of NSE (γγ-enolase) as a biomarker needs to be elaborated and improved. Furthermore, the specificity of the applied research methods and the appropriateness of the continued use of the term "neuron-specific enolase" must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S. Babkina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia; (M.A.L.); (M.V.P.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Maxim A. Lyubomudrov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia; (M.A.L.); (M.V.P.); (A.M.G.)
| | | | - Mikhail V. Pisarev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia; (M.A.L.); (M.V.P.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Arkady M. Golubev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 107031, Russia; (M.A.L.); (M.V.P.); (A.M.G.)
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Pecorelli A, Cervellati C, Cortelazzo A, Cervellati F, Sticozzi C, Mirasole C, Guerranti R, Trentini A, Zolla L, Savelli V, Hayek J, Valacchi G. Proteomic analysis of 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine modified proteins in RTT fibroblasts. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:236-245. [PMID: 27495376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a pervasive developmental disorder, primarily affecting girls with a prevalence of 1 in every 10,000 births. A clear etiological factor present in more than 90% of classical RTT cases is the mutation of the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2). Recent work from our group was able to shown a systemic oxidative stress (OxS) in these patients that correlates with the gravity of the clinical features. Using freshly isolated skin fibroblasts from RTT patients and healthy subjects, we have performed a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in order to evidence the oxidative modifications of proteins with special focus on the formation of protein adducts with 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE PAs)-a major secondary product of lipid peroxidation- and Nitrotyrosine, a marker derived from the biochemical interaction of nitric oxide (NO) or nitric oxide-derived secondary products with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Then, oxidatively modified spots were identified by mass spectrometry, LC-ESI-CID-MS/MS. Our results showed that 15 protein spots presented 4-HNE PAs and/or nitrotyrosine adducts in fibroblasts proteome from RTT patients compared to healthy control cells. Post-translationally modified proteins were related to several functional categories, in particular to cytoskeleton structure and protein folding. In addition, clear upregulated expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) with high nitrite levels were observed in RTT fibroblasts, justifying the increased nitrotyrosine protein modifications. The present work describes not only the proteomic profile in RTT fibroblasts, but also identifies the modified proteins by 4-HNE and nitrotyrosine. Of note, for the first time, it appears that a dysregulation of NO pathway can be associated to RTT pathophysiology. In conclusion, the evidence of a wide range of proteins able to forms adducts with 4-HNE, Nitrotyrosine or with both confirms the possible alteration of several aspects of cellular functions that well correlates to the complex clinical features of RTT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessio Cortelazzo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudia Sticozzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mirasole
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberto Guerranti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Vinno Savelli
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS), Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Gulyás G, Czeglédi L, Béri B, Harangi S, Csősz E, Szabó Z, Janáky T, Jávor A. Proteomic analysis of skeletal muscle at different live weights in Charolais bulls. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.44.2015.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Proteomic Changes in Female Rat Hippocampus Following Exposure to a Terrified Sound Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:158-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Alterations in energy metabolism, neuroprotection and visual signal transduction in the retina of Parkinsonian, MPTP-treated monkeys. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74439. [PMID: 24040246 PMCID: PMC3764107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is mainly characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, including the retina. Different interrelated molecular mechanisms underlying Parkinson disease-associated neuronal death have been put forward in the brain, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Systemic injection of the proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to monkeys elicits the appearance of a parkinsonian syndrome, including morphological and functional impairments in the retina. However, the intracellular events leading to derangement of dopaminergic and other retinal neurons in MPTP-treated animal models have not been so far investigated. Here we have used a comparative proteomics approach to identify proteins differentially expressed in the retina of MPTP-treated monkeys. Proteins were solubilized from the neural retinas of control and MPTP-treated animals, labelled separately with two different cyanine fluorophores and run pairwise on 2D DIGE gels. Out of >700 protein spots resolved and quantified, 36 were found to exhibit statistically significant differences in their expression levels, of at least ±1.4-fold, in the parkinsonian monkey retina compared with controls. Most of these spots were excised from preparative 2D gels, trypsinized and subjected to MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS analyses. Data obtained were used for protein sequence database interrogation, and 15 different proteins were successfully identified, of which 13 were underexpressed and 2 overexpressed. These proteins were involved in key cellular functional pathways such as glycolysis and mitochondrial electron transport, neuronal protection against stress and survival, and phototransduction processes. These functional categories underscore that alterations in energy metabolism, neuroprotective mechanisms and signal transduction are involved in MPTP-induced neuronal degeneration in the retina, in similarity to mechanisms thought to underlie neuronal death in the Parkinson’s diseased brain and neurodegenerative diseases of the retina proper.
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Isobe Y, Hida H, Nishino H. Circadian rhythm of enolase in suprachiasmatic nucleus depends on mitochondrial function. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:936-44. [PMID: 21416483 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a center of biological rhythm, is higher during the daytime than at night. The rhythmic oscillation in the SCN is feedback controlled by the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer binding to the E-box in target genes (e.g., Arg- vasopressin). Similar transcriptional regulation by NPAS2/BMAL1 heterodimer formation operates in the brain, which depends on the redox state (i.e., NAD/NADH). To clarify the metabolic function of SCN in relation to the redox state, two-dimensional electrophoresis was carried out on the mitochondrial fraction of SCN, obtained from rats kept under a light:dark cycle and constant under dim light. The electrophoretic pattern with TOF-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that enolase catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate. The enolase activity, coupled with lactate dehydrogenase, was higher during the light period than that in the dark. However, enolase mRNA, analyzed by RT-PCR, showed higher levels during the dark period than in the light. The clock gene products Per2, Bmal1, Rev-erbα, and AVP mRNA in the mitochondrial fraction of SCN developed a circadian rhythm showing almost the same peak time as that in whole SCN. These mRNA rhythms ran free except for that of Rev-erbα mRNA. The results indicate that, in the glycolysis-related energy pathway, enolase might be involved in higher metabolic activity during the day than at night, at least in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Isobe
- Department of Neuro-Physiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan. yisobe@ med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
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El Ghazi I, Martin BL, Armitage IM. New proteins found interacting with brain metallothionein-3 are linked to secretion. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:208634. [PMID: 21234102 PMCID: PMC3014675 DOI: 10.4061/2011/208634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein 3 (MT-3), also known as growth inhibitory factor (GIF), exhibits a neuroinhibitory activity. Our lab and others have previously shown that this biological activity involves interacting protein partners in the brain. However, nothing specific is yet known about which of these interactions is responsible for the GIF activity. In this paper, we are reporting upon new proteins found interacting with MT-3 as determined through immunoaffinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. These new partner proteins-Exo84p, 14-3-3 Zeta, α and β Enolase, Aldolase C, Malate dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, and Pyruvate kinase-along with those previously identified have now been classified into three functional groups: transport and signaling, chaperoning and scaffolding, and glycolytic metabolism. When viewed together, these interactions support a proposed model for the regulation of the GIF activity of MT-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam El Ghazi
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bruce L. Martin
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ian M. Armitage
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Shih NY, Lai HL, Chang GC, Lin HC, Wu YC, Liu JM, Liu KJ, Tseng SW. Anti-alpha-enolase autoantibodies are down-regulated in advanced cancer patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 40:663-9. [PMID: 20395242 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevation of serum autoantibodies to alpha-enolase (ENO1) is often seen in inflammation diseases. However, it is unclear whether the levels of serum ENO1 autoantibodies could be affected during tumor progression. Hence, we attempted to determine the relative serum ENO1 autoantibody levels in healthy individuals and various stages of patients with lung and breast cancers. METHODS Sera were obtained from 99 normal individuals, 21 patients with non-cancer-associated diseases and 178 cancer patients, including Stage I, II and IV non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and breast cancer. The ENO1 autoantibody levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared with the healthy individuals, the levels of ENO1 autoantibodies were significantly decreased in Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and breast cancer patients. Consistently, this phenomenon was also observed in tumor-grafted mice. Using logistic regression analyses, data show that the titer status of ENO1 autoantibody level is highly associated with the late stage of lung and breast cancers when compared with those of healthy controls. In contrast, there were no statistic differences between healthy controls and early stages of non-small cell lung cancer patients, and total amounts of serum immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M levels in Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients were not significantly distinct from those of the healthy controls. Thus, the decreased ENO1 autoantibody event in malignant stage of cancer patients is not contributed by reduction in total immunoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS Marked decrease in the basal level of serum ENO1 autoantibodies is a common malignant event of lung and breast cancers, suggesting that ENO1 autoantibody may serve as a prognostic marker to monitor the disease progression of these cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Yao Shih
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
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Gómez A, Ferrer I. Increased oxidation of certain glycolysis and energy metabolism enzymes in the frontal cortex in Lewy body diseases. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1002-13. [PMID: 18855937 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxidative damage of aldolase A, enolase 1, and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was found in the frontal cortex in a percentage of aged controls by bidimensional gel electrophoresis, Western blot test, in-gel digestion, and mass spectrometry. Aldolase A and enolase 1 were altered in 12 of 19 cases, whereas oxidation of GAPDH was found in 6 of 19 controls. The three enzymes were oxidized in the frontal cortex in the majority of cases of incidental Parkinson's disease (iPD), PD, and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Differences were statistically significant (chi(2) test) for GAPDH in PD and DLB. Densitometric studies have shown that the ratio of oxidized protein per spot is higher in iPD, PD, and DLB compared with controls. These findings show oxidation of three enzymes linked with glycolysis and energy metabolism in the adult human brain as well as increased oxidation of aldolase A, enolase 1, and GAPDH in the frontal cortex in Lewy body diseases. Modifications of these enzymes may result in decreased activity and may partly account for impaired metabolism and function of the frontal lobe in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gómez
- Institut Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, Idibell-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Gu F, Shi J, Wen Y, Fan H, Hu J, Hu Y, Zhao Z. Translational responses of NR2B overexpression in the cerebral cortex of transgenic mice: A liquid chromatography-based proteomic approach. Brain Res 2009; 1250:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Freeman WM, VanGuilder HD, Bennett C, Sonntag WE. Cognitive performance and age-related changes in the hippocampal proteome. Neuroscience 2008; 159:183-95. [PMID: 19135133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Declining cognitive performance is associated with increasing age, even in the absence of overt pathological processes. We and others have reported that declining cognitive performance is associated with age-related changes in brain glucose utilization, long-term potentiation and paired-pulse facilitation, protein expression, neurotransmitter levels, and trophic factors. However, it is unclear whether these changes are causes or symptoms of the underlying alterations in dendritic and synaptic morphology that occur with age. In this study, we examined the hippocampal proteome for age- and cognition-associated changes in behaviorally stratified young and old rats, using two-dimensional in-gel electrophoresis and MS/MS. Comparison of old cognitively intact with old cognitively impaired animals revealed additional changes that would not have been detected otherwise. Interestingly, not all age-related changes in protein expression were associated with cognitive decline, and distinct differences in protein expression were found when comparing old cognitively intact with old cognitively impaired rats. A large number of protein changes with age were related to the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway. In total, the proteomic changes suggest that age-related alterations act synergistically with other perturbations to result in cognitive decline. This study also demonstrates the importance of examining behaviorally-defined animals in proteomic studies, as comparison of young to old animals regardless of behavioral performance would have failed to detect many cognitive impairment-specific protein expression changes evident when behavioral stratification data were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, R130, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Wang J, Gu Y, Wang L, Hang X, Gao Y, Wang H, Zhang C. HUPO BPP pilot study: A proteomics analysis of the mouse brain of different developmental stages. Proteomics 2007; 7:4008-15. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Poon HF, Calabrese V, Calvani M, Butterfield DA. Proteomics analyses of specific protein oxidation and protein expression in aged rat brain and its modulation by L-acetylcarnitine: insights into the mechanisms of action of this proposed therapeutic agent for CNS disorders associated with oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:381-94. [PMID: 16677085 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired function of the central nervous system (CNS) in aged animals is associated with increased susceptibility to the development of many neurodegenerative diseases. Age-related functional deterioration in brain is consistent with the free radical theory of aging that predicts, among other things, that free radical reactions with and damage to biomolecules, such as proteins and membrane lipid bilayers, leads to loss of neurons and subsequently diminished cognition. These oxidatively modified biomolecules are believed to contribute to the decreased antioxidant content, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired plasticity in aged brains. Treatment of rodents with L-acetylcarnitine (LAC; gamma-trimethyl-beta-acetylbutyrobetaine) can improve these functional losses. Although it is well established that administration of LAC can decrease protein oxidation in aged brains, it is not clear which proteins are decreased in their level of oxidation in the brains of aged rats treated with LAC. The current study used a parallel redox proteomics approach to identify the proteins that are oxidized in aged rat cortex and hippocampus of aged rats. Moreover, those proteins that are reduced in oxidation status were identified in aged brains from rats treated in vivo with LAC. The findings are discussed in reference to brain aging and age-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fai Poon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA.
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Poon HF, Vaishnav RA, Butterfield DA, Getchell ML, Getchell TV. Proteomic identification of differentially expressed proteins in the aging murine olfactory system and transcriptional analysis of the associated genes. J Neurochem 2005; 94:380-92. [PMID: 15998289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Decline in olfactory ability has been associated with aging as well as neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this study was to gain fundamental insight into molecular events associated with the aging olfactory system. We report a comparative proteomic analysis of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB) of old (80-week old) and young (6-week old) mice with further analysis of age-related differences in differentially expressed proteins at the mRNA level using real-time RT-PCR. Nine proteins in the OE and 20 in the OB were differentially expressed in old and young mice; of these, aldolase 1, peptidyl prolyl isomerase A, mitochondrial aconitase 2, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and albumin 1 were identified in the OE; and ATP synthase isoform 1, enolase 1, ferritin heavy chain, malate dehydrogenase 1, tropomyosin alpha 3 chain and dynamin 1 were identified in the OB. At the transcriptional level, aconitase 2 in the OE and ferritin heavy chain 1 in the OB were differentially expressed with aging, in concordance with the proteomic data. Our results demonstrate an altered proteomic profile of the aged murine olfactory system. The identified proteins fall into three broadly defined functional categories: (i) metabolism, (ii) transport/motility and (iii) stress response. Our transcriptional analysis provides insight into possible mechanisms by which protein expression may be regulated in the OE and OB. The results are discussed in relation to the decrement in olfactory sensitivity with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fai Poon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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De Iuliis A, Grigoletto J, Recchia A, Giusti P, Arslan P. A proteomic approach in the study of an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 357:202-9. [PMID: 15946658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), an age-related disorder characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, remains unclear. Current treatments, such as administration of L-DOPA, are only symptomatic and do not stop or delay the progressive loss of neurons. In fact, it has been suggested that the dopamine precursor L-DOPA, increases generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to further neuronal damage. A similar loss in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is produced on intracerebral administration of the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In an animal model of PD, termed 'the hemiparkinsonian rat', unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the nigrostriatal pathway results in extensive loss of dopaminergic cells in the ipsolateral SN. In an attempt to identify some of the proteins that are involved in dopaminergic neuronal death, we used the proteomic methods to analyze this animal model of PD. METHODS Five hemiparkinsonian rats were obtained by intranigral stereotaxic injection of 6-OHDA. The right 6-OHDA-lesioned substantia nigra and striatum tissues along with the left, unlesioned controlateral tissues, were excised and homogenized, using urea-based buffer, to extract the tissues protein. The separation of the protein mixtures and the visualization of the protein patterns obtained were performed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Protein profiles of control and treated tissues were compare by the PDQuest 2D-gel analysis software (BIO-Rad laboratory). The protein spots showing differential expression were analysed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionizing time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. RESULTS The brain protein extraction and solubilization protocol was validated obtaining a satisfactory protein profile. In comparison to the normal rats, hemiparkinsonian animals exhibited a different expression in alpha-enolase and beta-actin in substantia nigra and striatum, respectively. CONCLUSION The proteomic study of 6-OHDA-induced lesions in the nigrostriatial pathway allowed us to identify two proteins, alpha-enolase and beta-actin, showing increased levels in the 6-OHDA-lesioned brain tissues compared to control. Previous studies described the same proteins as oxidized and proteins in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Our preliminary data could mirror those results pointing out a common mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Iuliis
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy.
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Perluigi M, Poon HF, Maragos W, Pierce WM, Klein JB, Calabrese V, Cini C, De Marco C, Butterfield DA. Proteomic analysis of protein expression and oxidative modification in r6/2 transgenic mice: a model of Huntington disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1849-61. [PMID: 15968004 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500090-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, psychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. The genetic defect responsible for the onset of the disease, expansion of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the gene that codes for huntingtin on chromosome 4, has been unambiguously identified. On the other hand, the mechanisms by which the mutation causes the disease are not completely understood yet. However, defects in energy metabolism of affected cells may cause oxidative damage, which has been proposed as one of the underlying molecular mechanisms that participate in the etiology of the disease. In our effort to investigate the extent of oxidative damage occurring at the protein level, we used a parallel proteomic approach to identify proteins potentially involved in processes upstream or downstream of the disease-causing huntingtin in a well established HD mouse model (R6/2 transgenic mice). We have demonstrated that the expression levels of dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increase consistently over the course of disease (10-week-old mice). In contrast, pyruvate dehydrogenase expression levels were found to be decreased in 10-week-old HD transgenic mice compared with young (4-week-old) mice. Our experimental approach also led to the identification of oxidatively modified proteins. Six proteins were found to be significantly oxidized in old R6/2 transgenic mice compared with either young transgenic mice or non-transgenic mice. These proteins are alpha-enolase, gamma-enolase (neuron-specific enolase), aconitase, the voltage-dependent anion channel 1, heat shock protein 90, and creatine kinase. Because oxidative damage has proved to play an important role in the pathogenesis and the progression of Huntington disease, our results for the first time identify specific oxidatively modified proteins that potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of Huntington disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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18
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Poon HF, Castegna A, Farr SA, Thongboonkerd V, Lynn BC, Banks WA, Morley JE, Klein JB, Butterfield DA. Quantitative proteomics analysis of specific protein expression and oxidative modification in aged senescence-accelerated-prone 8 mice brain. Neuroscience 2004; 126:915-26. [PMID: 15207326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) is a murine model of accelerated senescence that was established using phenotypic selection. The SAMP series includes nine substrains, each of which exhibits characteristic disorders. SAMP8 is known to exhibit age-dependent learning and memory deficits. In our previous study, we reported that brains from 12-month-old SAMP8 have greater protein oxidation, as well as lipid peroxidation, compared with brains from 4-month-old SAMP8 mice. In order to investigate the relation between age-associated oxidative stress on specific protein oxidation and age-related learning and memory deficits in SAMP8, we used proteomics to identify proteins that are expressed differently and/or modified oxidatively in aged SAMP8 brains. We report here that in 12 month SAMP8 mice brains the expressions of neurofilament triplet L protein, lactate dehydrogenase 2 (LDH-2), heat shock protein 86, and alpha-spectrin are significantly decreased, while the expression of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) is increased compared with 4-month-old SAMP8 brains. We also report that the specific protein carbonyl levels of LDH-2, dihydropyrimidinase-like protein 2, alpha-spectrin and creatine kinase, are significantly increased in the brain of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice when compared with the 4-month-old SAMP8 brain. These findings are discussed in reference to the effect of specific protein oxidation and changes of expression on potential mechanisms of abnormal alterations in metabolism and neurochemicals, as well as to the learning and memory deficits in aged SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Poon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
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19
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Ishii T, Uchida K. Induction of Reversible Cysteine-Targeted Protein Oxidation by an Endogenous Electrophile 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2. Chem Res Toxicol 2004; 17:1313-22. [PMID: 15487891 DOI: 10.1021/tx049860+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a prostaglandin D(2) metabolite, 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), is the potent inducer of intracellular oxidative stress on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells [Kondo, M., Oya-Ito, T., Kumagai, T., Osawa, T., and Uchida, K. (2001) Cyclopentenone prostaglandins as potential inducers of intracellular oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12076-12083.]. In the present study, to investigate the correlation between the redox regulation and the 15d-PGJ(2)-induced oxidative stress and to establish the cellular mechanism for protection against the endogenous electrophile, we analyzed S-oxidized proteins using biotinylated cysteine as a molecular probe. In addition, the reversible regulation of protein function by S-oxidation/thiolation was characterized in vitro. When human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 15d-PGJ(2), followed by treatment with biotinylated cysteine, 26 proteins, including glycolytic enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, redox enzymes, and stress proteins, were identified as substrates for reversible cysteine-targeted oxidation. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of protein function by S-oxidation/thiolation, the binding of a low molecular weight thiol (glutathione) to a glycolytic enzyme alpha-enolase was characterized. Treatment of alpha-enolase with the thiol oxidant diamide in the presence of glutathione in vitro resulted in the binding of glutathione to the protein and concomitant loss of the enzymatic activity, whereas the glutathiolation and inactivation of alpha-enolase were fully reversed by dithiothreitol. Mass spectrometric analysis of the tryptic fragments from native and oxidized alpha-enolase identified two cysteine residues, Cys-118 and Cys-388, as the S-oxidation sites, which may play a role in the regulation of the biological activities of the protein and may be regulated by a reversible S-oxidation/thiolation reaction. These results suggest that cysteine-targeted oxidation/thiolation plays a critical role in the regulation of protein function under conditions of electrophile-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ishii
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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20
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Ledesma MD, Da Silva JS, Schevchenko A, Wilm M, Dotti CG. Proteomic characterisation of neuronal sphingolipid-cholesterol microdomains: role in plasminogen activation. Brain Res 2003; 987:107-16. [PMID: 14499952 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sorting of certain membrane proteins requires a mechanism involving rafts, protein-lipid complexes enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. These microdomains remain at the plasma membrane of different cell types and play a role in signal transduction. Although recent reports have begun to describe molecules associated with rafts, their protein composition remains largely unknown, especially in neuronal cells. To address this question, we have purified detergent-insoluble raft fractions (DRMs) from primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Bidimensional gel analysis and pharmacological raft lipid manipulation allowed the identification of neuronal raft proteins and their characterisation by MALDI-TOF analysis. Enolases were found among the proteins identified and functional studies demonstrate their participation in plasminogen binding. We also show the specific enrichment in rafts of several other plasminogen binding molecules and the exclusive activation of plasminogen to the protease plasmin in these microdomains. These observations suggest that neuronal rafts may play, in addition to intracellular signaling, a role in extracellular/membrane protein proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Ledesma
- Cavalieri Ottolenghi Scientific Institute, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Ospedale San Luigi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Turin, Orbassano, Italy.
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21
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Tanaka S, Tatsumi KI, Takano T, Murakami Y, Takao T, Yamakita N, Tahara S, Teramoto A, Hashimoto K, Kato Y, Amino N. Anti-alpha-enolase antibodies in pituitary disease. Endocr J 2003; 50:697-702. [PMID: 14709840 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.50.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study reported a high prevalence of autoantibodies to alpha-enolase in lymphocytic hypophysitis and these antibodies efficiently distinguished lymphocytic hypophysitis from pituitary tumors. To confirm this, we examined autoantibodies to alpha-enolase in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis (n = 17), pituitary non-functioning adenoma (n = 13), other pituitary diseases (n = 17) and other autoimmune diseases (n = 30), and compared to healthy controls (n = 46). Autoantibodies were found in 41.2%, 46.2%, 23.5%, 20.0% and 4.3%, respectively. Our findings indicate that detection of anti-alpha-enolase antibodies is not suitable for specific diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Castegna A, Thongboonkerd V, Klein JB, Lynn B, Markesbery WR, Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. J Neurochem 2003; 85:1394-401. [PMID: 12787059 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitration of tyrosine in biological conditions represents a pathological event that is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased levels of nitrated proteins have been reported in AD brain and CSF, demonstrating the potential involvement of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in neurodegeneration associated with this disease. Reaction of NO with O2- leads to formation of peroxynitrite ONOO-, which following protonation, generates cytotoxic species that oxidize and nitrate proteins. Several findings suggest an important role of protein nitration in modulating the activity of key enzymes in neurodegenerative disorders, although extensive studies on specific targets of protein nitration in disease are still missing. The present investigation represents a further step in understanding the relationship between oxidative modification of protein and neuronal death in AD. We previously applied a proteomics approach to determine specific targets of protein oxidation in AD brain, by successfully coupling immunochemical detection of protein carbonyls with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. In the present study, we extend our investigation of protein oxidative modification in AD brain to targets of protein nitration. The identification of six targets of protein nitration in AD brain provides evidence to the importance of oxidative stress in the progression of this dementing disease and potentially establishes a link between RNS-related protein modification and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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23
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Matsumoto N, Kitayama H, Kitada M, Kimura K, Noda M, Ide C. Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization. Neuroscience 2003; 117:405-15. [PMID: 12614681 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid, providing a specialized environment for the CNS. We previously demonstrated that choroid plexus ependymal cells can enhance nerve regeneration in vivo and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. To understand the molecular mechanisms of choroid plexus functions, we isolated genes predominantly expressed in the mouse choroid plexus using suppression subtractive hybridization. Out of the 49 complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments isolated in two types of screening, 43 matched known sequences in the database and six were novel. In one type of screening where choroid plexus cDNAs were subtracted with cerebral cortex cDNAs, transthyretin and phosphodiesterase I alpha were predominant. This is consistent with previous reports and supports the authenticity of our approach. In the other type of screening, cDNAs derived from the choroid plexus of neonatal (postnatal day 5) mice were subtracted with cDNAs from the choroid plexus of adult mice. RNA blot and/or in situ hybridization confirmed abundant expression, in the mouse choroid plexus, of the mRNA encoding gelsolin, phospholipid transfer protein, ATP-binding cassette transporter A8 (ABCA8), androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase, and Na(+)/sulfate cotransporter SUT-1. Also, one novel gene (FS88) was found to be expressed in the choroid plexus from neonatal mice. Our data suggest that the choroid plexus cells produce molecules involved in processes such as prevention of fibrillization of amyloid beta-protein (transthyretin and gelsolin), lipid metabolism (phospholipid transfer protein and ABCA8), and detoxification (androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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24
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Castegna A, Aksenov M, Thongboonkerd V, Klein JB, Pierce WM, Booze R, Markesbery WR, Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. Part II: dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2, alpha-enolase and heat shock cognate 71. J Neurochem 2002; 82:1524-32. [PMID: 12354300 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which oxidative stress has been implicated as an important event in the progression of the pathology. In particular, it has been shown that protein modification by reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs to a greater extent in AD than in control brain, suggesting a possible role for oxidation-related decrease in protein function in the process of neurodegeneration. Oxidative damage to proteins, assessed by measuring the protein carbonyl content, is involved in several events such as loss in specific protein function, abnormal protein clearance, depletion of the cellular redox-balance and interference with the cell cycle, and, ultimately, neuronal death. The present investigation represents a further step in understanding the relationship between oxidative modification of protein and neuronal death in AD. Previously, we used our proteomics approach, which successfully substitutes for labor-intensive immunochemical analysis, to detect proteins and identified creatine kinase, glutamine synthase and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1 as specifically oxidized proteins in AD brain. In this report we again applied our proteomics approach to identify new targets of protein oxidation in AD inferior parietal lobe (IPL). The dihydropyrimidinase related protein 2 (DRP-2), which is involved in the axonal growth and guidance, showed significantly increased level in protein carbonyls in AD brain, suggesting a role for impaired mechanism of neural network formation in AD. Additionally, the cytosolic enzyme alpha-enolase was identified as a target of protein oxidation and is involved the glycolytic pathway in the pathological events of AD. Finally, the heat shock cognate 71 (HSC-71) revealed increased, but not significant, oxidation in AD brain. These results are discussed with reference to potential involvement of these oxidatively modified proteins in neurodegeneration in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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25
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Ogino T, Yamadera T, Nonaka T, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Mizumoto K. Enolase, a cellular glycolytic enzyme, is required for efficient transcription of Sendai virus genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:447-55. [PMID: 11444863 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proteins (host factors) may play key roles in transcription of Sendai virus (SeV) genome. We have previously shown that the host factor activity, which stimulates in vitro mRNA synthesis of SeV, from bovine brain comprises at least three complementary factors, and two of them were identified as tubulin and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). Here the third host factor activity was further resolved into two complementary factors, and one of them was purified to an almost single polypeptide chain with an apparent M(r) of 52,000 (p52) and was identified as a glycolytic enzyme, enolase. Recombinant human alpha-enolase, as did p52, acted synergistically with other three host factors to stimulate SeV mRNA synthesis. West-Western blot analysis demonstrated that tubulin specifically binds enolase as well as PGK, suggesting that these two glycolytic enzymes regulate SeV transcription through their interactions with tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogino
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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26
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Gitlits VM, Toh BH, Sentry JW. Disease association, origin, and clinical relevance of autoantibodies to the glycolytic enzyme enolase. J Investig Med 2001; 49:138-45. [PMID: 11288754 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2001.34040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serum autoantibodies to the glycolytic enzyme enolase have been reported in a diverse range of inflammatory, degenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Diseases in which these antibodies have been reported in high incidence include autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (80%, 35 of 44), primary (69%, 60 of 87), and secondary (58%, 14 of 24) membranous nephropathy, cancer-associated retinopathy (68.8%, 11 of 16), autoimmune hepatitis type 1 (60%, 12 of 20), mixed cryoglobulinemia with renal involvement (63.6%, seven of 11), cystoid macular edema (60%, six of 10), and endometriosis (50%, 21 of 41). In autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 patients, all had chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with demonstrated antibody reactivity to candida enolase, which is suggestive of cross reactivity or epitope mimicry. Formation of autoantibodies to enolase may be a normal process, with reported incidence in apparently healthy subjects ranging from 0% (zero of 91) to 11.7% (seven of 60). Nonetheless, we suggest that excessive production of these autoantibodies, which are generated as a consequence of uptake of enolase by antigen-presenting cells and subsequent B cell activation, can potentially initiate tissue injury as a result of immune complex deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Gitlits
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Gitlits VM, Toh BH, Loveland KL, Sentry JW. The glycolytic enzyme enolase is present in sperm tail and displays nucleotide-dependent association with microtubules. Eur J Cell Biol 2000; 79:104-11. [PMID: 10727018 DOI: 10.1078/s0171-9335(04)70012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the expression and localisation of enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase) in differentiating rat spermatogenic cells. We found that enolase is most abundant in mature spermatozoa and in residual cytoplasmic bodies detached from elongating spermatids with little to no enolase detected in meiotic primary spermatocytes and round spermatids. We localised enolase mostly to the tail of mature spermatozoa by immunoblotting and by immunofluorescence. RT-PCR analysis of differentiating spermatogenic cells detected only the alpha isoform of enolase. As several glycolytic enzymes are known to associate with microtubules prepared from brain, we investigated the association of enolase with brain and testis microtubules. We found that only a small fraction of testis and brain-derived cytosolic enolase (4.9% and 11.2%, respectively) co-sediments with microtubules stabilised in the presence of taxol. In the presence of certain nucleotides in excess (3 mM ATP, CTP, GTP and ITP) the association of enolase with microtubules was disrupted, however, this was not the case for UTP. This observation is consistent with the finding that in the presence of 0.5 mM AMP-PNP, a nonhydrolysable analogue of ATP, there is an increased association of enolase with microtubules. We propose that the nucleotide-dependent association of enolase with microtubules regulates enzyme activity by linking energy production to utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Gitlits
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash Medical School, Alfred Hospital, Prahan, Victoria/Australia
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28
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Merkulova T, Thornell LE, Butler-Browne G, Oberlin C, Lucas M, Lamandé N, Lazar M, Keller A. The beta enolase subunit displays three different patterns of microheterogeneity in human striated muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1999; 20:55-63. [PMID: 10360234 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005428328913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In higher vertebrates, the glycolytic enzyme enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase; EC 4.2.1.11) is active as a dimeric protein formed from three subunits--alpha: ubiquitous, beta: muscle specific, and gamma: neuron specific--encoded by different genes. In the present study, we have shown that an antiserum previously produced against the mouse beta beta enolase is also a specific reagent for the muscle specific human enolase. Using this antiserum to study human muscles, we demonstrated novel patterns of the beta subunit microheterogeneity which are distinctive from those observed previously in rodents and which appear to be independent of age, gender and muscular activity. Two variants of the beta subunit differing by their size have been detected: one heavy form of 46 kDa (beta H) and one light form of 45 kDa (beta L). Muscle biopsies expressed either beta H or beta L or beta H + beta L, and all muscles of an individual expressed the same variants. The products of in vitro translation of RNA prepared from human muscle displayed beta subunit variants identical to those of the protein present in the biopsy. Therefore the differences observed between individuals reveal a difference already present at the level of the RNA transcripts. These observations suggest the existence of an yet undescribed polymorphism of the human beta enolase gene which could affect the coding sequence. Comparative immunocytochemical and histochemical analyses of biopsies demonstrated that the beta subunit was expressed in all fast fibres (type II), but not in slow fibres (type I). No difference was observed in the intensity of beta enolase immunolabelling between the various types (IIA, IIAB, IIB) of fast fibres. No significant difference in fibre type composition and histological appearance was visible between muscles presenting either one of the three patterns of microheterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Merkulova
- Biochimie Cellulaire, CNRS UPR 9065, Collège de France, Paris, France
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29
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Merkulova T, Lucas M, Jabet C, Lamandé N, Rouzeau JD, Gros F, Lazar M, Keller A. Biochemical characterization of the mouse muscle-specific enolase: developmental changes in electrophoretic variants and selective binding to other proteins. Biochem J 1997; 323 ( Pt 3):791-800. [PMID: 9169614 PMCID: PMC1218384 DOI: 10.1042/bj3230791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The glycolytic enzyme enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) is active as dimers formed from three subunits encoded by different genes. The embryonic alphaalpha isoform remains distributed in many adult cell types, whereas a transition towards betabeta and gammagamma isoforms occurs in striated muscle cells and neurons respectively. It is not understood why enolase exhibits tissue-specific isoforms with very close functional properties. We approached this problem by the purification of native betabeta-enolase from mouse hindlimb muscles and by raising specific antibodies of high titre against this protein. These reagents have been useful in revealing a heterogeneity of the beta-enolase subunit that changes with in vivo and in vitro maturation. A basic carboxypeptidase appears to be involved in generating an acidic beta-enolase variant, and may regulate plasminogen binding by this subunit. We show for the first time that pure betabeta-enolase binds with high affinity the adjacent enzymes in the glycolytic pathway (pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate mutase), favouring the hypothesis that these three enzymes form a functional glycolytic segment. betabeta-Enolase binds with high affinity sarcomeric troponin but not actin and tropomyosin. Some of these binding properties are shared by the alphaalpha-isoenolase, which is also expressed in striated muscle, but not by the neuron-specific gammagamma-enolase. These results support the idea that specific interactions with macromolecules will address muscle enolase isoforms at the subcellular site where ATP, produced through glycolysis, is most needed for contraction. Such a specific targeting could be modulated by post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Merkulova
- Biochimie Cellulaire, CNRS UPR 9065, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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30
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Deloulme JC, Helies A, Ledig M, Lucas M, Sensenbrenner M. A comparative study of the distribution of alpha- and gamma-enolase subunits in cultured rat neural cells and fibroblasts. Int J Dev Neurosci 1997; 15:183-94. [PMID: 9178037 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(96)00090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the presence and distribution of alpha (ubiquitous) and gamma (neuron-specific) subunits of the dimeric glycolytic enzyme enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase) in cultured neural cells. The gamma gamma enolase is found in vivo at high levels only in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Neuronal cells in culture also contain relatively high levels of alpha gamma and gamma gamma enolase. Here we show, by enzymatic and immunological techniques, that the gamma subunit also is expressed in cultured rat astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts and, as we previously reported, in oligodendrocytes. Both neuron-specific isoforms alpha gamma and gamma gamma are expressed in all these cells, but the alpha alpha isoform accounts for the major part of total enolase activity. The sum of alpha gamma and gamma gamma enolase activities increases with time in culture. i.e. maturation processes, reaching the highest level in oligodendrocytes (40% of total enolase activity) and 15 and 10% of total enzymatic activity in astrocytes and fibroblasts, respectively. The gamma enolase transcripts were found not only in cultured neuronal cells but also in cultured oligodendrocytes astrocytes, and meningeal fibroblasts. Our data indicate that neuron-specific enolase should be used with caution as a specific marker for neuronal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Deloulme
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Ontogénique, Centre de Neurochimie du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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31
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el-Sayed NM, Donelson JE. A survey of the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense genome using shotgun sequencing. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 84:167-78. [PMID: 9084037 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(96)02792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of the efficiency of sequencing random genomic DNA fragments versus random cDNAs for the discovery of new genes in African trypanosomes was undertaken. Trypanosome DNA was sheared to a 1.5-2.5 kb size distribution, cloned into a plasmid and the sequences at both ends of 183 cloned fragments determined. Sequences of both kinetoplast and nuclear DNA were identified. New coding regions were discovered for a variety of proteins, including cell division proteins, an RNA-binding protein and a homologue of the Leishmania surface protease GP63. In some cases, each end of a fragment was found to contain a different gene, demonstrating the proximity of those genes and suggesting that the density of genes in the African trypanosome genome is quite high. Repetitive sequence elements found included telomeric hexamer repeats, 76 bp repeats associated with VSG gene expression sites, 177 bp satellite repeats in minichromosomes and the Ingi transposon-like elements. In contrast to cDNA sequencing, no ribosomal protein genes were detected. For the sake of comparison, the sequences of 190 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were also determined, and a similar number of new trypanosomal homologues were found including homologues of another putative surface protein and a human leucine-rich repeat-containing protein. We conclude from this analysis and our previous work that sequencing random DNA fragments in African trypanosomes is as efficient for gene discovery as is sequencing random cDNA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M el-Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Graven
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
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Aaronson RM, Graven KK, Tucci M, McDonald RJ, Farber HW. Non-neuronal enolase is an endothelial hypoxic stress protein. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:27752-7. [PMID: 7499243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.46.27752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia-associated proteins (HAPs) are five cell-associated stress proteins (M(r) 34, 36, 39, 47, and 57) up-regulated in cultured vascular endothelial cells (EC) exposed to hypoxia. While hypoxic exposure of other cell types induces heat shock and glucose-regulated proteins, EC preferentially up-regulate HAPs. In order to identify the 47-kDa HAP, protein from hypoxic bovine EC lysates was isolated, digested with trypsin, and sequenced. Significant identity was found with enolase, a glycolytic enzyme. Western analyses confirmed that non-neuronal enolase (NNE) is up-regulated in hypoxic EC. Western analysis of subcellular fractions localized NNE primarily to the cytoplasm and confirmed that it was up-regulated 2.3-fold by hypoxia. Interestingly, NNE also appeared in the nuclear fraction of EC but was unchanged by hypoxia. Northern analyses revealed that NNE mRNA hypoxic up-regulation began at 1-2 h, peaked at 18 h, persisted for 48 h, and returned to base line after return to 21% O2 for 24 h. Hypoxia maximally up-regulated NNE mRNA levels 3.4-fold. While hypoxic up-regulation of NNE may have a protective effect by augmenting anaerobic metabolism, we speculate that enolase may contribute to EC hypoxia tolerance through one or more of its nonglycolytic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Aaronson
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Lamandé N, Brosset S, Lucas M, Keller A, Rouzeau JD, Johnson TR, Gros F, Ilan J, Lazar M. Transcriptional up-regulation of the mouse gene for the muscle-specific subunit of enolase during terminal differentiation of myogenic cells. Mol Reprod Dev 1995; 41:306-13. [PMID: 8588929 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080410305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The glycolytic enzyme enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) exists as dimers formed from three structurally related subunits alpha, beta, and gamma, encoded by separate genes. The gene encoding the beta-subunit is expressed only in striated muscles. We have previously shown that the beta-enolase gene belongs to a small subset of muscle-specific genes showing transcriptional activity in cultured myoblasts, prior to withdrawal from the cell cycle. An increase in the level of beta-enolase mRNA occurs during terminal differentiation of myoblasts. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this increase, we have simultaneously estimated, under steady state conditions, the rate of synthesis and the stability of beta-enolase mRNA in proliferating C2.7 myoblasts as well as in differentiating myotubes. The method used is based on the isolation of newly synthesized RNA from the total RNA pool, following pulse-labeling of intact cells in the presence of 4-thiouridine. The results described here demonstrate a coordinate increase in newly synthesized and total beta-enolase mRNA, while the mRNA half-life, about 4 hr, remains unchanged in the course of terminal differentiation. The expression of the gene for insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), a major positive regulator of myogenesis, was analyzed using the same approach. It is concluded that the up-regulation of beta-enolase as well as IGF-II gene expression in differentiating muscle cells reflects an increased rate of entry of newly synthesized mRNAs into the general pool of transcripts without changes in their respective half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lamandé
- CNRS URA 1115, Collège de France, Paris, France
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