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Kim HW, Shim SW, Zhao AM, Roh D, Han HM, Middleton SJ, Kim W, Chung S, Johnson E, Prentice J, Tacon M, Koel-Simmelink MJ, Wieske L, Teunissen CE, Bae YC, Bennett DL, Rinaldi S, Davies AJ, Oh SB. Long-term tactile hypersensitivity after nerve crush injury in mice is characterized by the persistence of intact sensory axons. Pain 2023; 164:2327-2342. [PMID: 37366595 PMCID: PMC10502897 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries are at high risk of neuropathic pain for which novel effective therapies are urgently needed. Preclinical models of neuropathic pain typically involve irreversible ligation and/or nerve transection (neurotmesis). However, translation of findings to the clinic has so far been unsuccessful, raising questions on injury model validity and clinically relevance. Traumatic nerve injuries seen in the clinic commonly result in axonotmesis (ie, crush), yet the neuropathic phenotype of "painful" nerve crush injuries remains poorly understood. We report the neuropathology and sensory symptoms of a focal nerve crush injury using custom-modified hemostats resulting in either complete ("full") or incomplete ("partial") axonotmesis in adult mice. Assays of thermal and mechanically evoked pain-like behavior were paralleled by transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and anatomical tracing of the peripheral nerve. In both crush models, motor function was equally affected early after injury; by contrast, partial crush of the nerve resulted in the early return of pinprick sensitivity, followed by a transient thermal and chronic tactile hypersensitivity of the affected hind paw, which was not observed after a full crush injury. The partially crushed nerve was characterized by the sparing of small-diameter myelinated axons and intraepidermal nerve fibers, fewer dorsal root ganglia expressing the injury marker activating transcription factor 3, and lower serum levels of neurofilament light chain. By day 30, axons showed signs of reduced myelin thickness. In summary, the escape of small-diameter axons from Wallerian degeneration is likely a determinant of chronic pain pathophysiology distinct from the general response to complete nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Woo Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Shim
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Mae Zhao
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dahee Roh
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven J. Middleton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wheedong Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sena Chung
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Prentice
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Tacon
- Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marleen J.A. Koel-Simmelink
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luuk Wieske
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - David L.H. Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Davies
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rauschenberger L, Krenig EM, Stengl A, Knorr S, Harder TH, Steeg F, Friedrich MU, Grundmann-Hauser K, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Peripheral nerve injury elicits microstructural and neurochemical changes in the striatum and substantia nigra of a DYT-TOR1A mouse model with dystonia-like movements. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106056. [PMID: 36863527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between genotype and phenotype in DYT-TOR1A dystonia as well as the associated motor circuit alterations are still insufficiently understood. DYT-TOR1A dystonia has a remarkably reduced penetrance of 20-30%, which has led to the second-hit hypothesis emphasizing an important role of extragenetic factors in the symptomatogenesis of TOR1A mutation carriers. To analyze whether recovery from a peripheral nerve injury can trigger a dystonic phenotype in asymptomatic hΔGAG3 mice, which overexpress human mutated torsinA, a sciatic nerve crush was applied. An observer-based scoring system as well as an unbiased deep-learning based characterization of the phenotype showed that recovery from a sciatic nerve crush leads to significantly more dystonia-like movements in hΔGAG3 animals compared to wildtype control animals, which persisted over the entire monitored period of 12 weeks. In the basal ganglia, the analysis of medium spiny neurons revealed a significantly reduced number of dendrites, dendrite length and number of spines in the naïve and nerve-crushed hΔGAG3 mice compared to both wildtype control groups indicative of an endophenotypical trait. The volume of striatal calretinin+ interneurons showed alterations in hΔGAG3 mice compared to the wt groups. Nerve-injury related changes were found for striatal ChAT+, parvalbumin+ and nNOS+ interneurons in both genotypes. The dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra remained unchanged in number across all groups, however, the cell volume was significantly increased in nerve-crushed hΔGAG3 mice compared to naïve hΔGAG3 mice and wildtype littermates. Moreover, in vivo microdialysis showed an increase of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum comparing nerve-crushed hΔGAG3 mice to all other groups. The induction of a dystonia-like phenotype in genetically predisposed DYT-TOR1A mice highlights the importance of extragenetic factors in the symptomatogenesis of DYT-TOR1A dystonia. Our experimental approach allowed us to dissect microstructural and neurochemical abnormalities in the basal ganglia, which either reflected a genetic predisposition or endophenotype in DYT-TOR1A mice or a correlate of the induced dystonic phenotype. In particular, neurochemical and morphological changes of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system were correlated with symptomatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rauschenberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Esther-Marie Krenig
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alea Stengl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Steeg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian U Friedrich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Grundmann-Hauser
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Matsui Y, Kadoya K, Nagano Y, Endo T, Hara M, Matsumae G, Suzuki T, Yamamoto Y, Terkawi MA, Iwasaki N. IL4 stimulated macrophages promote axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury by secreting uPA to stimulate uPAR upregulated in injured axons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:289. [PMID: 35536429 PMCID: PMC11072050 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggest that M2 macrophages are involved with repair processes in the nervous system. However, whether M2 macrophages can promote axon regeneration by directly stimulating axons nor its precise molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, the current study demonstrated that typical M2 macrophages, which were generated by IL4 simulation, had the capacity to stimulate axonal growth by their direct effect on axons and that the graft of IL4 stimulated macrophages into the region of Wallerian degeneration enhanced axon regeneration and improved functional recovery after PNI. Importantly, uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator)-uPA receptor (uPAR) was identified as the central axis underlying the axon regeneration effect of IL4 stimulated macrophages. IL4 stimulated macrophages secreted uPA, and its inhibition abolished their axon regeneration effect. Injured but not intact axons expressed uPAR to be sensitive to uPA. These results unveil a cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the macrophage related axon regeneration and provide a basis of a novel therapy for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nagano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masato Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Gen Matsumae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
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Hamad MN, Boroda N, Echenique DB, Dieter RA, Amirouche FML, Gonzalez MH, Kerns JM. Compound Motor Action Potentials During a Modest Nerve Crush. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:798203. [PMID: 35431816 PMCID: PMC9005805 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.798203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve crush injury results in axonotmesis, characterized by disruption of axons and their myelin sheaths with relative sparing of the nerve’s connective tissue. Despite the widespread use of crush injury models, no standardized method for producing these lesions has been established. We characterize a crush model in which a narrow forceps is used to induce a modest and controlled compressive injury. The instantaneous compound motor action potential (CMAP) is monitored in situ and in real-time, allowing the characterization of neuromuscular response during and after injury. The tibial nerves of 11 anesthetized rats were surgically isolated. After the placement of electrodes, CMAPs were elicited and registered using a modular-data-acquisition system. Dumont-#5 micro-forceps were instrumented with a force transducer allowing force measurement via a digital sensor. Baseline CMAPs were recorded prior to crush and continued for the duration of the experiment. Nerve crushing commenced by gradually increasing the force applied to the forceps. At a target decrease in CMAP amplitude of 70%–90%, crushing was halted. CMAPs were continually recorded for 5–20 min after the termination of the crushing event. Nerves were then fixed for histological assessment. The following post-crush mean values from 19 trials were reported: peak CMAP amplitude decreased by 81.6% from baseline, duration of crush was 17 sec, rate of applied force was 0.03 N/sec, and maximal applied force was 0.5 N. A variety of agonal phenomena were evident post-lesion. Following the initial decrease in CMAP, 8 of 19 trials demonstrated a partial and transient recovery, followed by a further decline. Thirteen trials exhibited a CMAP amplitude near zero at the end of the recording. Twelve trials demonstrated a superimposed EMG background response during and after the crush event, with disappearance occurring within 4–8 min. Qualitative histology assessment at the lesion site demonstrated a correspondence between CMAP response and partial sparing of nerve fibers. By using a targeted decline in CMAP amplitude as the endpoint, researchers may be able to produce controlled, brief, and reproducible crush injuries. This model can also be used to test interventions aimed at enhancing subsequent regeneration and behavioral recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nazmy Hamad
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nickolas Boroda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Raymond A. Dieter
- Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital Research Service, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Farid M. L. Amirouche
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark H. Gonzalez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James M. Kerns
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: James M. Kerns
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5
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Lee JI, Wandling GD, Talukder MAH, Govindappa PK, Elfar JC. A Novel Standardized Peripheral Nerve Transection Method and a Novel Digital Pressure Sensor Device Construction for Peripheral Nerve Crush Injury. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4350. [PMID: 35592596 PMCID: PMC8918208 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is common in all walks of life, and the most common PNIs are nerve crush and nerve transection. While optimal functional recovery after crush injury occurs over weeks, functional recovery after nerve transection with microsurgical repair and grafting is poor, and associated with permanent disability. The gold-standard treatment for nerve transection injury is microsurgical tensionless end-to-end suture repair. Since it is unethical to do experimental PNI studies in humans, it is therefore indispensable to have a simple, reliable, and reproducible pre-clinical animal model for successful evaluation of the efficacy of a novel treatment strategy. The objective of this article is two-fold: (A) To present a novel standardized peripheral nerve transection method in mice, using fibrin glue for modeling peripheral nerve transection injury, with reproducible gap distance between the severed nerve ends, and (B) to document the step-wise description of constructing a pressure sensor device for crush injury pressure measurements. We have successfully established a novel nerve transection model in mice using fibrin glue, and demonstrated that this transection method decreases surgical difficulties and variability by avoiding microsurgical manipulations on the nerve, ensuring the reproducibility and reliability of this animal model. Although it is quite impossible to exactly mimic the pathophysiological changes seen in nerve transection with sutures, we hope that the close resemblance of our novel pre-clinical model with gold-standard suturing can be easily reproduced by any lab, and that the data generated by this method significantly contributes to better understanding of nerve pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms of nerve regeneration, and the development of novel strategies for optimal functional recovery. In case of peripheral nerve crush injury, current methods rely on inter-device and operator precision to limit the variation with applied pressure. While the inability to accurately quantify the crush pressure may result in reduced reproducibility between animals and studies, there is no documentation of a pressure monitoring device that can be readily used for real-time pressure measurements. To address this deficit, we constructed a novel portable device comprised of an Arduino UNO microcontroller board and force sensitive resistor (FSR) capable of reporting the real-time pressure applied to a nerve. This novel digital pressure sensor device is cheap, easy to construct and assemble, and we believe that this device will be useful for any lab performing nerve crush injury in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Il Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H089, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Grant D. Wandling
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H089, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H089, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Prem Kumar Govindappa
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H089, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John C. Elfar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H089, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Investigation of Neuropathology after Nerve Release in Chronic Constriction Injury of Rat Sciatic Nerve. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094746. [PMID: 33947104 PMCID: PMC8125611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral compressive neuropathy causes significant neuropathic pain, muscle weakness and prolong neuroinflammation. Surgical decompression remains the gold standard of treatment but the outcome is suboptimal with a high recurrence rate. From mechanical compression to chemical propagation of the local inflammatory signals, little is known about the distinct neuropathologic patterns and the genetic signatures after nerve decompression. In this study, controllable mechanical constriction forces over rat sciatic nerve induces irreversible sensorimotor dysfunction with sustained local neuroinflammation, even 4 weeks after nerve release. Significant gene upregulations are found in the dorsal root ganglia, regarding inflammatory, proapoptotic and neuropathic pain signals. Genetic profiling of neuroinflammation at the local injured nerve reveals persistent upregulation of multiple genes involving oxysterol metabolism, neuronal apoptosis, and proliferation after nerve release. Further validation of the independent roles of each signal pathway will contribute to molecular therapies for compressive neuropathy in the future.
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Heinzel J, Längle G, Oberhauser V, Hausner T, Kolbenschlag J, Prahm C, Grillari J, Hercher D. Use of the CatWalk gait analysis system to assess functional recovery in rodent models of peripheral nerve injury – a systematic review. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 345:108889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Heinzel JC, Hercher D, Redl H. The course of recovery of locomotor function over a 10-week observation period in a rat model of femoral nerve resection and autograft repair. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01580. [PMID: 32097542 PMCID: PMC7177579 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A great extent of knowledge on peripheral nerve regeneration has been gathered using the rat sciatic nerve model. The femoral nerve model of the rat offers an interesting alternative, as it lacks disadvantageous features such as automutilation. For the analysis of locomotor behavior in rats after sciatic nerve injury, the CatWalk™ XT Gait Analysis System is often used. However, lesions of the femoral nerve in the rat have yet remained unstudied with this method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten male Sprague Dawley rats were evaluated with the CatWalk XT to study their gait after a 6-mm resection of the right femoral nerve and reconstruction with an autologous nerve graft. Animals were observed for 10 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Print Area, Print Length, Swing Speed, and Duty Cycle decreased to a minimum of 40% of baseline 2 weeks after surgery. Swing Time was elevated more than twofold at this time point. However, all these parameters recovered back to >90% of baseline values at 10 weeks after surgery. This degree of functional recovery has not been reported after sciatic nerve resection and autograft repair. Base of support varied minimally postoperatively in contrast to a strong decrement after sciatic nerve resection and repair. CONCLUSION We hereby provide a comprehensive in-depth analysis of how to study functional recovery after injury of the femoral nerve in the rat via the CatWalk XT. We place special emphasis on highlighting the differences between the femoral nerve and sciatic nerve injury model in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Christoph Heinzel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Wong YR, Pang X, Lim ZY, Du H, Tay SC, McGrouther DA. Biomechanical evaluation of peripheral nerves after crush injuries. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01557. [PMID: 31183426 PMCID: PMC6495148 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crush injury of nerves is a common condition but the biomechanical integrity of the human peripheral nerve after crushing is unknown. This study aims to investigate the impact of crush injury on human digital nerves based on different compressive forces. Materials and methods Twenty digital nerves were harvested from three fresh-frozen cadaver hands. The original diameters of proximal, middle and distal end of nerve segment were measured. The midst of each digital nerve was compressed by a customized mechanical system, at 1N, 3N and 5N for 30sec. The diameters were measured again within 1 minute after the nerve crush test was performed. The digital nerve was then subjected to biomechanical test to measure its ultimate tensile strength, stiffness, maximum stress and strain. Deformity of digital nerve was computed based on the diameter of middle nerve segment before and after crush test. Results No significant difference was found in between groups for ultimate tensile strength (p=0.598), stiffness (p=0.593), maximum stress (p=0.7) and strain (p=0.666). The deformity of nerves under the compression of 1N, 3N and 5N was computed at 72.1%, 54.2% and 45.9%. The effect of compression on the deformity of nerves was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusions It was found that the compressive forces have no impact on the biomechanical integrity of peripheral nerves but the deformity of nerves could be severely caused by low compressive force. It is suggested that the management of nerve crush injury shall be taken immediately and focus on neurophysiological function and degeneration of nerves for a crush with low compressive force and short duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke-Rung Wong
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xin Pang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zeus Yiwei Lim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hejun Du
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Shian-Chao Tay
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Hand Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Duncan Angus McGrouther
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Hand Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Boecker AH, Bozkurt A, Kim BS, Altinova H, Tank J, Deumens R, Tolba R, Weis J, Brook GA, Pallua N, van Neerven SGA. Cell-enrichment with olfactory ensheathing cells has limited local extra beneficial effects on nerve regeneration supported by the nerve guide Perimaix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2125-2137. [PMID: 30044547 DOI: 10.1002/term.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries is clinically challenging, and today, the autologous nerve transplantation is still considered as the only gold standard remedy for nerve lesions where a direct nerve coaptation is not possible. Nevertheless, the functional merits of many biomaterials have been tested as potential substitutes for the autologous nerve transplant. One of the strategies that have been pursued is the combination of bioengineered nerve guides with cellular enrichment. In this present study, we combined the previously evaluated collagen-based and microstructured nerve guide Perimaix with olfactory ensheathing cell enrichment. Rat sciatic nerve defects of 20 mm were either bridged by a cell-seeded or nonseeded nerve guide or an autologous nerve transplant. Animals were monitored for 12 weeks for structural and functional parameters. Seeded cells survived on Perimaix, and following implantation aligned along the microstructured Perimaix framework. Axonal densities within the cell-seeded nerve guides were higher than in the nonseeded nerve guides and were comparable to the autograft. Additionally, cell-seeding had local beneficial effects on myelination within the nerve guide, as myelin sheath thickness was enhanced when compared with the empty scaffold. Nevertheless, for bridging the nerve gap of 20 mm, both the cell-seeded as well as nonseeded scaffolds were equally efficient regarding the functional outcome, which did not differ between the autograft, seeded or nonseeded groups. Our data demonstrate that olfactory ensheathing cell enrichment has local effects on nerve regeneration in combination with the Perimaix nerve guide. Surprisingly, for traversing the lesion gap, additional cell-seeding is not crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hendrik Boecker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Hand-Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ahmet Bozkurt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Plastic, Hand, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bong Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Haktan Altinova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Tank
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Private Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Neuropharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Germany
| | - Gary Anthony Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Germany
| | - Norbert Pallua
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Alvites R, Rita Caseiro A, Santos Pedrosa S, Vieira Branquinho M, Ronchi G, Geuna S, Varejão AS, Colette Maurício A. Peripheral nerve injury and axonotmesis: State of the art and recent advances. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1466404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Alvites
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Caseiro
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (REQUIMTE/LAQV), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vieira Branquinho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur S.P. Varejão
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Geary MB, Li H, Zingman A, Ketz J, Zuscik M, De Mesy Bentley KL, Noble M, Elfar JC. Erythropoietin accelerates functional recovery after moderate sciatic nerve crush injury. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:143-151. [PMID: 28168703 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erythropoietin (EPO) has been identified as a neuroregenerative agent. We hypothesize that it may accelerate recovery after crush injury and may vary with crush severity. METHODS Mice were randomized to mild, moderate, or severe crush of the sciatic nerve and were treated with EPO or vehicle control after injury. The sciatic function index (SFI) was monitored over the first week. Microstructural changes were analyzed by immunofluorescence for neurofilament (NF) and myelin (P0 ), and electron microscopy was used to assess ultrastructural changes. RESULTS In moderate crush injuries, EPO significantly improved SFI at 7 days post-injury, an effect not observed with other severity levels. Increases in the ratio of P0 to NF were observed after EPO treatment in moderate crush injuries. Electron microscopy demonstrated endothelial cell hypertrophy in the EPO group. CONCLUSIONS EPO accelerates recovery in moderately crushed nerves, which may be through effects on myelination and vascularization. Injury severity may influence the efficacy of EPO. Muscle Nerve 56: 143-151, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Geary
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Haiyan Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Alissa Zingman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - John Ketz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael Zuscik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Karen L De Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - John C Elfar
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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13
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Cheng XL, Wang P, Sun B, Liu SB, Gao YF, He XZ, Yu CY. The longitudinal epineural incision and complete nerve transection method for modeling sciatic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1663-8. [PMID: 26692866 PMCID: PMC4660762 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.167767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury severity, operative technique and nerve regeneration are important factors to consider when constructing a model of peripheral nerve injury. Here, we present a novel peripheral nerve injury model and compare it with the complete sciatic nerve transection method. In the experimental group, under a microscope, a 3-mm longitudinal incision was made in the epineurium of the sciatic nerve to reveal the nerve fibers, which were then transected. The small, longitudinal incision in the epineurium was then sutured closed, requiring no stump anastomosis. In the control group, the sciatic nerve was completely transected, and the epineurium was repaired by anastomosis. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, Wallerian degeneration was observed in both groups. In the experimental group, at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, distinct medullary nerve fibers and axons were observed in the injured sciatic nerve. Regular, dense myelin sheaths were visible, as well as some scarring. By 12 weeks, the myelin sheaths were normal and intact, and a tight lamellar structure was observed. Functionally, limb movement and nerve conduction recovered in the injured region between 4 and 12 weeks. The present results demonstrate that longitudinal epineural incision with nerve transection can stably replicate a model of Sunderland grade IV peripheral nerve injury. Compared with the complete sciatic nerve transection model, our method reduced the difficulties of micromanipulation and surgery time, and resulted in good stump restoration, nerve regeneration, and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Long Cheng
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shi-Bo Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yun-Feng Gao
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin-Ze He
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chang-Yu Yu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
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14
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Geuna S. The sciatic nerve injury model in pre-clinical research. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 243:39-46. [PMID: 25629799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the pre-clinical view, the study of peripheral nerve repair and regeneration still needs to be carried out in animal models due to the structural complexity of this organ which can be only partly simulated in vitro. The far most used experimental model is based on the injury of the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve trunk in mammals. In this paper, the potential application of the sciatic nerve injury model in pre-clinical research is critically reviewed. This paper is aimed at helping researchers in properly employing this in vivo model for the study of nerve repair and regeneration as well as interpreting the results in a clinical translation perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Geuna
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation & Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.
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15
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16
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Alipour M, Mohsen A, Gadiri-Soufi F, Farhad GS, Jafari MR, Mohammad-Reza J. Effect of aminoguanidine on sciatic functional index, oxidative stress, and rate of apoptosis in an experimental rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:1013-9. [PMID: 25391296 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the potential protective effects of aminoguanidine (AG) on sciatic functional index (SFI), oxidative stress status, and apoptosis index using a rat model of experimental sciatic nerve ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R). Treatment groups received 150 mg AG/kg body mass, 24 h after the induction of ischemia. After reperfusion for 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days, we evaluated measured SFI, plasma antioxidant enzymes, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and index of apoptosis. SFI was significantly improved on the 7th and 14th day of reperfusion in the AG-treated groups. AG treatment resulted in the significant reduction of MDA levels on the 7th and 14th day of reperfusion. TAC was only increased after 7 days of reperfusion compared with the untreated group. SOD activity was decreased in both the untreated and AG-treated groups by comparison with the control, but did not show a significant change. GPx activity decreased only after 7 days of reperfusion. The maximal rate of apoptosis occurred on the 7th day of reperfusion. Treatment with AG significantly reduced this enhancement. AG exhibits positive effects against sciatic nerve I/R injury, possibly in part because of the protective effects of AG against apoptosis and I/R-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alipour Mohsen
- a Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kramandan, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 4513956111, Islamic Republic of Iran
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17
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Peripheral nerve injuries: advancing the field through research, collaboration, and education. J Hand Surg Am 2014; 39:2052-8. [PMID: 25124088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.06.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Andrew J. Weiland Medal is presented each year by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand and the American Foundation for Surgery of the Hand for a body of work related to hand surgery research. This essay, awarded the Weiland Medal in 2013, focuses on advancing the field of peripheral nerve injuries through research, collaboration, and education.
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18
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Savastano LE, Laurito SR, Fitt MR, Rasmussen JA, Gonzalez Polo V, Patterson SI. Sciatic nerve injury: A simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:166-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Al-Shenqiti AM, Oldham JA. The use of phototherapy in peripheral nerve regeneration: an updated critical review. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:397-409. [PMID: 24552573 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.892419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the possible factors that may have contributed to the variability of the results between studies that have assessed the effects of phototherapy on peripheral nerve regeneration. Furthermore, it aims to make recommendations to overcome the methodological shortcomings identified. A search of the literature was conducted. In vitro and in vivo experimental studies and clinical trials were included. Twenty five studies were critically reviewed and showed considerable variability in irradiation parameters, techniques, approaches, length of irradiation courses, experimental injury tools and procedures. Many studies that have investigated the use of phototherapy in nerve regeneration produce positive results. However, the majority of these studies suffered from a number of shortcomings: no evidence of blinding and/or randomizing procedures, lack of specification of irradiation parameters, unspecified and/or inadequate tests in their experimental injury procedures, inappropriate irradiation parameters and/or poor experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Al-Shenqiti
- Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Akgul T, Gulsoy M, Gulcur HO. Effects of early and delayed laser application on nerve regeneration. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:351-7. [PMID: 23715785 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the differences between early and delayed use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in functional and morphological recovery of the peripheral nerve. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups after the sciatic nerve was crushed: (1) control group without laser treatment, (2) early group with laser treatment started immediately after surgery and lasted 14 days, and (3) delayed group with laser treatment starting on the postoperative day 7 and lasted until day 21. A 650-nm diode laser (model: DH650-24-3(5), Huanic, China) with an output power of 25 mW exposed transcutaneously at three equidistant points on the surgical mark corresponding to the crushed nerve. The length of the laser application was calculated as 57 s to satisfy approximately 10 J/cm(2). A Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) was used to evaluate functional improvement in groups at pre- and post-surgery (on days 7, 14, and 21). Compound action potential (CAP) was measured after the sacrifice and histological examination was performed for all groups. SFI results showed that there was no significant difference between groups at different days (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the latency of CAP decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the delayed group. Histological examination confirmed that the number of mononuclear cells was lower (p < 0.05) in both early and delayed groups. In conclusion, results supported the hypothesis that LLLT could accelerate the rate of recovery of injured peripheral nerves in this animal model. Though both laser groups had positive outcomes, delayed group showed better recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Akgul
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Kandilli Kampus, Cengelkoy, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Wang X, Wan L, Li X, Meng Y, Zhu N, Yang M, Feng B, Zhang W, Zhu S, Li S. A standardized method to create peripheral nerve injury in dogs using an automatic non-serrated forceps. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:2516-21. [PMID: 25337103 PMCID: PMC4200707 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.32.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a method that not only generates an automatic and standardized crush injury in the skull base, but also provides investigators with the option to choose from a range of varying pressure levels. We designed an automatic, non-serrated forceps that exerts a varying force of 0 to 100 g and lasts for a defined period of 0 to 60 seconds. This device was then used to generate a crush injury to the right oculomotor nerve of dogs with a force of 10 g for 15 seconds, resulting in a deficit in the pupil-light reflex and ptosis. Further testing of our model with Toluidine-blue staining demonstrated that, at 2 weeks post-surgery disordered oculomotor nerve fibers, axonal loss, and a thinner than normal myelin sheath were visible. Electrophysiological examination showed occasional spontaneous potentials. Together, these data verified that the model for oculomotor nerve injury was successful, and that the forceps we designed can be used to establish standard mechanical injury models of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China ; The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liang Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China ; The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Youqiang Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ningxi Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Baohui Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenchuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China ; The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shugan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shiting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China ; The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200092, China
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22
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Song D, Jiang X, Zhu S, Li W, Khadka A, Hu J. Denervation impairs bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis in rabbit tibia lengthening. Acta Orthop 2012; 83:406-10. [PMID: 22880710 PMCID: PMC3427633 DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2012.702389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES The nervous system plays an important role in bone metabolism. However, the effect of denervation on bone formation during distraction osteogenesis (DO) remains unclear. We studied neural influence on bone regeneration during DO in a rabbit model. METHODS 24 New Zealand male white rabbits underwent left tibial osteodistraction. Before distraction, the animals were randomly divided into group R (resected left sciatic nerve) and group I (intact left sciatic nerve). 8 weeks after completion of distraction, the animals were killed and the lengthened tibias were harvested for radiography, micro-CT, histological evaluation, and mechanical testing. RESULTS New regenerated bone was present in the distraction gaps of all animals at the end of the study, as revealed by radiography, micro-CT, and histology. However, less new bone formation and a lower degree of mineralization were observed in group R. The mechanical strength of the distraction gap in group I was 1.3-fold greater than that in group R when measured using the 3-point bending test. INTERPRETATION The results suggest that the nervous system plays an essential role during DO: the denervation appears to have an inhibitory effect on bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Center of Orthognathic Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China.
| | - Songsong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Center of Orthognathic Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Wenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Center of Orthognathic Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Ashish Khadka
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Center of Orthognathic Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Center of Orthognathic Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu
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Nicholson KJ, Quindlen JC, Winkelstein BA. Development of a duration threshold for modulating evoked neuronal responses after nerve root compression injury. STAPP CAR CRASH JOURNAL 2011; 55:1-24. [PMID: 22869302 DOI: 10.4271/2011-22-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cervical nerve roots are susceptible to compression injuries of various durations. The duration of an applied compression has been shown to contribute to both the onset of persistent pain and also the degree of spinal cellular and molecular responses related to nociception. This study investigated the relationship between peripherally-evoked activity in spinal cord neurons during a root compression and the resulting development of axonal damage. Electrically-evoked spikes were measured in the spinal cord as a function of time during and after (post-compression) a 15 minute compression of the C7 nerve root. Compression to the root significantly (p=0.035) reduced the number of spikes that were evoked over time relative to sham. The critical time for compression to maximally reduce evoked spikes was 6.6±3.0 minutes. A second study measured the post- compression evoked neuronal activity following compression applied for a shorter, sub-threshold time (three minutes). Ten minutes after compression was removed, the discharge rate remained significantly (p=0.018) less than baseline by 58±25% relative to sham after the 15 minute compression, but returned to within 3±33% of baseline after the three minute compression. Axonal damage was evident in the nerve root at day seven after nerve root compression only after a 15 minute compression. These studies demonstrate that even a transient mechanical insult to the nerve root is sufficient to induce sustained neuronal dysfunction and axonal pathology associated with pain, and results provide support that such minor neural tissue traumas can actually induce long-lasting functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Nicholson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321, USA
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Wong KH, Naidu M, David P, Abdulla MA, Abdullah N, Kuppusamy UR, Sabaratnam V. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Following Crush Injury to Rat Peroneal Nerve by Aqueous Extract of Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:580752. [PMID: 21941586 PMCID: PMC3176599 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nerve crush injury is a well-established axonotmetic model in experimental regeneration studies to investigate the impact of various pharmacological treatments. Hericium erinaceus is a temperate mushroom but is now being cultivated in tropical Malaysia. In this study, we investigated the activity of aqueous extract of H. erinaceus fresh fruiting bodies in promoting functional recovery following an axonotmetic peroneal nerve injury in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats by daily oral administration. The aim was to investigate the possible use of this mushroom in the treatment of injured nerve. Functional recovery was assessed in behavioral experiment by walking track analysis. Peroneal functional index (PFI) was determined before surgery and after surgery as rats showed signs of recovery. Histological examinations were performed on peroneal nerve by immunofluorescence staining and neuromuscular junction by combined silver-cholinesterase stain. Analysis of PFI indicated that return of hind limb function occurred earlier in rats of aqueous extract or mecobalamin (positive control) group compared to negative control group. Regeneration of axons and reinnervation of motor endplates in extensor digitorum longus muscle in rats of aqueous extract or mecobalamin group developed better than in negative control group. These data suggest that daily oral administration of aqueous extract of H. erinaceus fresh fruiting bodies could promote the regeneration of injured rat peroneal nerve in the early stage of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah-Hui Wong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Anand P, Mathangi DC, Mathew J, Namasivayam A, Suresh BR. Behavioral analysis after sciatic nerve compression in albino rats. Ann Neurosci 2011; 18:37-43. [PMID: 25205919 PMCID: PMC4117028 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.1118203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walking track analysis which has been widely used to examine the recovery of gait functions in rats with sciatic nerve injury. PURPOSE The present study was aimed to objectively analyze and quantify the degree of functional recovery in locomotor behavior of rats after inflicting sciatic nerve crush injury. METHODS Wistar rats trained on various runways, viz., narrow beam, grid and staircase, were subsequently tested following sciatic nerve crush injury. RESULTS Locomotor ability of injured rats on runways gradually recovered to the level that was not significantly different from their corresponding preoperative level by the sixth postoperative week. CONCLUSION Conventional run ways can be objectively used for quantification of the level of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Anand
- Department of Physiology, Rajah Muthiah Medical and Dental College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, INDIA
| | - D. C. Mathangi
- Department of Physiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu – 603 103, INDIA
| | - Jeraud Mathew
- Department of Physiology, Rajah Muthiah Medical and Dental College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, INDIA
| | - A. Namasivayam
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai – 600 113, INDIA
| | - Babu R. Suresh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Medical Center, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Cambios bioquímicos en el tejido cavernoso causados por resección unilateral del nervio cavernoso y efectos del ácido alfalipoico en estos cambios. Actas Urol Esp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Uchiyama S, Yasutomi T, Momose T, Nakagawa H, Kamimura M, Kato H. Carpal tunnel pressure measurement during two-portal endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2010; 25:893-8. [PMID: 20655638 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there remain concerns of median nerve damage during endoscopic carpal tunnel release for carpal tunnel syndrome, carpal tunnel pressure variations during Chow's two-portal technique have not been well investigated. METHODS We performed a modified two-portal endoscopic carpal tunnel release on 30 patients by inserting a catheter pressure transducer into the carpal tunnel for continuous pressure measurement during the procedure. Grip and pinch strengths, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, and nerve conduction studies were examined preoperatively and at postoperative 1, 3, and 6 months. Numbness and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score were also evaluated pre and postoperatively. FINDINGS Subjective symptoms and nerve conduction study findings improved uneventfully. The pressure was always observed to be maximum pressure immediately before the cannula was withdrawn from the exit portal, and carpal tunnel pressure >300 mm Hg was recorded in most of the patients. INTERPRETATION A transient increase in the carpal tunnel pressure occurred in all the patients; however, it did not correlate with their clinical outcome or with increased risk of peri-operative complications. Since time-pressure threshold of the median nerve during endoscopic carpal tunnel release is still unknown, our results did not guarantee its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uchiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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Yin ZS, Zhang H, Bo W, Gao W. Erythropoietin promotes functional recovery and enhances nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury in rats. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 31:509-15. [PMID: 20037135 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE EPO has been shown to have beneficial effects in a variety of CNS injury models. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of EPO on nerve regeneration and functional recovery in a rat model of peripheral nerve surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sciatic nerve of the rat with a 10-mm defect was bridged with a silicone rubber tube. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the control or experimental groups to receive an intraperitoneal injection of NGF (2000 U/kg daily for 2 weeks) or EPO (5000 U/kg daily for 2 weeks), respectively. Macroscopic, functional, electrophysiologic, ultraminiature, and histologic assessments of nerves were performed 4-8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS The results showed that in EPO-treated rats, there was a significant increase in the axon diameter, myelin thickness, and total number of nerve fibers as well as the degree of maturity of regenerated myelinated nerve fibers in comparison with those rats not treated with EPO. In addition, as measured by the SFI and MNCV, the motor function of the re-innervated hind limbs of rats with EPO treatment significantly improved at week 8, whereas there was no significant difference in the motor function between the 2 groups at 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that EPO is able to enhance nerve regeneration and promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury in the rat, suggesting the potential clinical application of EPO for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-S Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Proteasome inhibition promotes functional recovery after peripheral nerve reperfusion injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:743-8. [PMID: 19276748 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181941218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteasome degrades NF-kappaB blocking protein (I-kappaB) and activates NF-kappaB that plays as a key transcriptional factor to regulate inflammatory factors that are involved in the tissue reperfusion injury. This study was designed to assess whether the proteasome inhibitor can attenuate peripheral nerve ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and consequently promote motor functional recovery after ischemic insult. METHODS Rat sciatic nerves were exposed to 2 hour of ischemia followed by various periods of reperfusion. Rats were administered either proteasome inhibitor (bortezomib) or phosphate-buffered saline 30 minutes before reperfusion start. Results were evaluated using a walking track test, and an isolated muscle contraction test, and by muscle weight, and histology. RESULTS Bortezomib treatment induced an earlier improvement in sciatic functional index and a more rapid restoration of contractile force and wet weight of extensor digitorum longus muscle. Bortezomib reduced early axonal degeneration and promoted regeneration. CONCLUSION This study indicates that bortezomib; a proteasome inhibitor, is effective at promoting the functional recovery of reperfused peripheral nerve. The proteasome inhibition may play a role as one of the clinical strategy in the peripheral nervous system I/R injury with further understanding its mechanism of action.
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Ronchi G, Nicolino S, Raimondo S, Tos P, Battiston B, Papalia I, Varejão ASP, Giacobini-Robecchi MG, Perroteau I, Geuna S. Functional and morphological assessment of a standardized crush injury of the rat median nerve. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 179:51-7. [PMID: 19428511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The availability of effective experimental models for investigating nerve regeneration and designing new strategies for promoting this unique repair process is important. The aim of this study was to standardize a rat median nerve crush injury model using a non-serrated clamp exerting a compression force of 17.02 MPa for a duration of 30s. Results showed that functional recovery, evaluated by grasping test, was already detectable at day-12 and progressively increased until day-28 after which animal performance plateaued until the end of testing (day-42), reaching a range of 75-80% of pre-operative values. Morphological analysis on the median nerve segments, distal to the crush lesion, which were withdrawn at the end of the experiment showed that regenerated nerve fibers are significantly more numerous and densely packed; they are also smaller and have a thinner myelin sheath compared to controls. Together, these results provide a baseline characterization of the crush median nerve injury experimental model for its employment in the investigation of nerve regeneration research, especially when a reproducible regeneration process is required, such as for the study of biological mechanisms of peripheral nerve fiber regeneration or development of new therapeutic agents for promoting posttraumatic nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ronchi
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Italy
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Tos P, Ronchi G, Papalia I, Sallen V, Legagneux J, Geuna S, Giacobini‐Robecchi M. Chapter 4 Methods and Protocols in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Experimental Research: Part I—Experimental Models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:47-79. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Monte-Raso VV, Moro CA, Mazzer N, Fonseca MDCR, Fazan VDPS, Barbieri G, Barbieri CH. Uma nova pinça regulável para a produção de lesões por esmagamento do nervo ciático do rato. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-78522009000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Foi nosso objetivo, desenvolver uma pinça regulável que permite produzir uma lesão com carga conhecida, num segmento de 5 mm de comprimento do nervo isquiático de ratos. MÉTODOS: O material escolhido para confecção da pinça foi o aço inoxidável, pela sua maior durabilidade e possibilidade de esterilização com soluções anti-sépticas, quase sempre corrosivas. A carga de esmagamento da pinça é regulável, pelo aumento ou diminuição da tensão da mola que a aciona, por meio de um parafuso de regulagem de calibração, feita com uma célula de carga. RESULTADO: A pinça foi utilizada em investigações experimentais e mostrou-se tão eficiente quanto as máquinas de ensaio e de peso morto anteriormente utilizadas. CONCLUSÃO: A pinça desenvolvida apresenta vantagens de ser portátil, de fácil manuseio, baixo custo e permite padronização da carga aplicada.
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Roglio I, Bianchi R, Gotti S, Scurati S, Giatti S, Pesaresi M, Caruso D, Panzica G, Melcangi R. Neuroprotective effects of dihydroprogesterone and progesterone in an experimental model of nerve crush injury. Neuroscience 2008; 155:673-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Morphologic and morphometric evaluation of experimental acute crush injuries of the sciatic nerve of rats. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 173:249-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tessema B, Pitman MJ, Roark RM, Berzofsky C, Sharma S, Schaefer SD. Evaluation of Functional Recovery of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Using Transoral Laryngeal Bipolar Electromyography: A Rat Model. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2008; 117:604-8. [DOI: 10.1177/000348940811700810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We developed a standardized method of minimally invasive transoral laryngeal (ToL) bipolar electromyography (EMG) for evaluation of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) recovery after a controlled crush injury in a rat model. Methods: Ten 200- to 250-g Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a controlled crush injury to the left RLN performed with 60 seconds of use of a calibrated aneurysm clamp with a closing force of 0.61 N. Serial ToL bipolar EMG was performed on adductor muscles and the posterior criocoarytenoid muscle during spontaneous vocal fold motion under anesthesia. Each animal underwent ToL EMG immediately after surgery and 1, 3, and 6 weeks after surgery. Results: The EMG signals showed normal motor unit potentials and recruitment patterns 3 weeks after crush injury. Endoscopic evaluation of vocal fold mobility yielded consistently normal findings 6 weeks after crush injury. Conclusions: We have developed a standardized method of crush injury to the rat RLN model and a minimally invasive transoral bipolar spontaneous EMG technique to serially evaluate and follow nerve injury and recovery in rats. This model is intended to simulate intraoperative RLN injury, to elucidate the electrophysiological events that occur during nerve recovery, and to form the basis for studying agents to enhance such recovery.
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Luís AL, Amado S, Geuna S, Rodrigues JM, Simões MJ, Santos JD, Fregnan F, Raimondo S, Veloso AP, Ferreira AJA, Armada-da-Silva PAS, Varejão ASP, Maurício AC. Long-term functional and morphological assessment of a standardized rat sciatic nerve crush injury with a non-serrated clamp. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 163:92-104. [PMID: 17397932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described the sequence of functional and morphologic changes occurring after a standardized sciatic nerve crush injury. An 8-week post-injury time was used because this end point is the far most used. Unexpectedly, both functional and morphological data revealed that animals had still not recovered to normal pre-injury levels. Therefore, the present study was designed in order to prolong the observation up to 12 weeks. Functional recovery was evaluated using sciatic functional index (SFI), static sciatic index (SSI), extensor postural thrust (EPT), withdrawal reflex latency (WRL) and ankle kinematics. In addition, quantitative morphology was carried out on regenerated nerve fibers. A full functional recovery was predicted by SFI/SSI, EPT and WRL but not all ankle kinematics parameters. Moreover, only two morphological parameters (myelin thickness/axon diameter ratio and fiber/axon diameter ratio) returned to normal values. Data presented in this paper provide a baseline for selecting the adequate end-point and methods of recovery assessment for a rat sciatic nerve crush study and suggest that the combined use of functional and morphological analysis should be recommended in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Luís
- Animal Science and Study Centre (CECA)/Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (ICETA), Porto University, Portugal
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Gasparini ALP, Barbieri CH, Mazzer N. Correlação entre diferentes métodos de avaliação funcional da marcha de ratos com lesão por esmagamento do nervo isquiático. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-78522007000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Foi realizado um estudo da correlação entre diferentes métodos de avaliação funcional do nervo ciático de ratos após lesão por esmagamento. Foram empregados no estudo 25 ratos da linhagem Wistar, de peso médio em torno de 250 g, submetidos a esmagamento controlado do nervo e avaliados por dois métodos convencionais para obtenção do índice funcional do ciático (IFC), baseados respectivamente na medida manual e computadorizada de parâmetros das impressões das pegadas dos animais, e por um novo método desenvolvido pelos autores, baseado na filmagem das pegadas e medida dos mesmos parâmetros, no 1º, 7º, 14º e 21º dias de pós-operatório, sendo feita a comparação com os valores obtidos no pré-operatório e entre os diferentes métodos nos vários períodos. Os resultados mostraram que o método da medida dos parâmetros pela filmagem das pegadas permite melhor visualização da pata acometida pela lesão do nervo e que este método se correlaciona com positivamente com os convencionais, já a partir da primeira semana de pós-operatório, desde que seja empregada a mesma fórmula para o cálculo do IFC.
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Pachioni CAS, Mazzer N, Barbieri CH, Fazan VPS, Padovani CR, Moro CA, Silva CAAD. Lesão por esmagamento do nervo isquiático de ratos: estudo da vascularização. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-78522006000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as alterações microvasculares intraneurais aguda em nervo isquiático de rato submetido a esmagamento por diferentes cargas. Foram utilizados 60 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, distribuídos em grupos experimentais de acordo com a injeção de vasos e com a carga de esmagamento. Os nervos isquiáticos direitos foram isolados e submetidos ao esmagamento com cargas (0,5 Kg, 1 Kg, 5 Kg, 10 kg e 15 kg) por 10 minutos e os nervos isquiáticos esquerdos foram utilizados como controle. Após esmagamento, os animais foram submetidos à cateterização da aorta abdominal e injeção dos vasos, em seguida 30 nervos direitos e esquerdos foram fixados em formol 10%, desidratados e diafanizados para análise longitudinal dos vasos intraneurais e os restantes retirados em toda a sua extensão, cortados em 3 fragmentos, congelados em isopentano em gelo seco e armazenados em freezer -70°C, seccionados transversalmente para análise e contagem dos vasos intraneurais. As análises macroscópica e microscópica mostraram regiões de hematoma endoneural e epineural nas diferentes cargas de esmagamento. A análise morfométrica sugere que a lesão aos vasos intraneurais foi proporcional à carga de esmagamento, causando hematoma endoneural e epineural, que cria microambiente desfavorável para a regeneração das fibras nervosas.
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Arnaoutoglou CM, Sakellariou A, Vekris M, Mitsionis GI, Korompilias A, Ioakim E, Harhantis A, Beris A. Maximum intraoperative elongation of the rat sciatic nerve with tissue expander: Functional, neurophysiological, and histological assessment. Microsurgery 2006; 26:253-61. [PMID: 16634083 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the maximum rapid intraoperative elongation of the rat sciatic nerve with the use of tissue expander, and its possible functional recovery. One hundred and eight rats were divided into five groups, and their right sciatic nerves were expanded with a 10-cc, 12-cc, 14-cc, 16-cc, and 18-cc expander, respectively, for 1 h. The functional recovery of the nerve was assessed at intervals up to 3 months, using the sciatic function index (SFI), neurophysiological indices, and histology. The maximum intraoperative elongation was observed in group IV (16-cc volume of tissue expander), at about 23.83%. SFI decreased between the first and seventh postoperative days, but gradually recovered, reaching preoperative values in all groups according to the formulas of De Medinaceli et al. (Exp. Neurol. 77:634-643, 1982) and Bain et al. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 83:129-136, 1989). Latency and motor conduction velocity demonstrated deterioration after expansion, which peaked after surgery. Recovery was gradually completed by the end of the experiment. The histological findings indicated minor aberrations immediately after expansion and maximal demyelination with axonal disruption on day 15. The reparative process started by day 30 and continued until day 90, when almost no histological changes were observed. In conclusion, intraoperative nerve expansion successfully elongates the rat sciatic nerve up to 23.83%. But it causes functional and morphological abnormalities, which are of moderate to severe degree, are of short duration, and are reversible. Intraoperative nerve expansion might be a valuable solution in the treatment of short nerve gaps, but its clinical application still needs to be evaluated.
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Mazzer PYCN, Barbieri CH, Mazzer N, Fazan VPS. Avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa das lesões agudas por esmagamento do nervo isquiático do rato. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-78522006000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nervos isquiáticos de ratos esmagados com cargas diferentes foram estudados com o auxílio da microscopia de luz. Pesos de 500 g, 1.000 g, 5.000 g, 10.000 g, e 15.000 g foram utilizados por 10 minutos num dispositivo portátil especialmente desenvolvido para este estudo. As análises morfológicas e morfométricas das fibras mielínicas mostraram que a lesão produzida às fibras neurais e ao tecido neural foi diretamente proporcional à carga aplicada e que uma carga de 500 g é suficiente para produzir um dano severo, com lesão importante das estruturas do endoneuro.
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Shin SJ, Qi WN, Cai Y, Rizzo M, Goldner RD, Nunley JA, Chen LE. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase promotes recovery of motor function in rats after sciatic nerve ischemia and reperfusion. J Hand Surg Am 2005; 30:826-35. [PMID: 16039380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) on the recovery of motor function in the rat sciatic nerve after ischemia and reperfusion injury. METHODS A 10-mm segment of the sciatic nerve from 169 rats had 2 hours of ischemia followed by up to 42 days of reperfusion. The animals were divided into 2 groups that received either iNOS inhibitor 1400W or the same volume of sterile water subcutaneously. A walking track test was used to evaluate the motor functional recovery during reperfusion. Statistical analysis was performed for the measurements of the sciatic functional index (SFI) by using 2-way analysis of variance; 1-way analysis of variance was used for the post hoc analysis of specific values at each time point of the SFI measurement. RESULTS 1400W-treated rats had earlier motor functional recovery than controls, with a significantly improved SFI between days 11 and 28. Histology showed less axonal degeneration and earlier regeneration of nerve fibers in the 1400W group than in the controls. Inducible NOS messenger RNA and protein were up-regulated during the first 3 days of reperfusion but there was a down-regulation of neuronal NOS and up-regulation of endothelial NOS in control animals. 1400W treatment attenuated the increase of iNOS but had no effect on neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that early inhibition of iNOS appears to be critical for reducing or preventing ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ewha Women's University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Park JW, Qi WN, Cai Y, Nunley JA, Urbaniak JR, Chen LE. The effects of exogenous nitric oxide donor on motor functional recovery of reperfused peripheral nerve. J Hand Surg Am 2005; 30:519-27. [PMID: 15925162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of the nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC) on motor functional recovery of reperfused rat sciatic nerve. METHODS Seventy-eight rats were divided into groups treated with SNAC (100 nmol/100 g/min), methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg/h for 15 minutes, 45-minute pause, 5.4 mg/kg/h for 1.5 h), and phosphate-buffered saline 0.2 mL/100 g/h). A 1-cm segment of sciatic nerve had 2 hours of ischemia and the results were evaluated after various reperfusion periods using a walking track test, muscle contractile testing, muscle weight, and histology. RESULTS During reperfusion there was a significant overall improvement in sciatic functional index measurement and isometric titanic contractile force for the SNAC-treated group compared with the methylprednisolone- and phosphate-buffered saline- treated groups. The SNAC group had significantly earlier improvement in the sciatic functional index measurement between days 7 and 28. Restoration of the contractile force and muscle weight of the extensor digitorum longus muscle began earlier in the SNAC group--after day 11--whereas the other 2 groups showed progressive atrophy until day 21, with a significant difference between the SNAC group and the other 2 groups. Histologic examination showed that SNAC-treated rats had less severe degeneration and earlier regeneration of axons than the others. Although methylprednisolone-treated rats showed earlier recovery than phosphate-buffered saline-treated rats in all parameters there were no significant differences between these 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of nitric oxide is effective in promoting motor functional recovery of the reperfused peripheral nerve and has potential to replace or augment steroids as therapeutic agents in treatment of nervous system ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woong Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Varejão ASP, Cabrita AM, Meek MF, Bulas-Cruz J, Melo-Pinto P, Raimondo S, Geuna S, Giacobini-Robecchi MG. Functional and Morphological Assessment of a Standardized Rat Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury with a Non-Serrated Clamp. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21:1652-70. [PMID: 15684656 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve researchers frequently use the rat sciatic nerve crush as a model for axonotmesis. Unfortunately, studies from various research groups report results from different crush techniques and by using a variety of evaluation tools, making comparisons between studies difficult. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the sequence of functional and morphologic changes after an acute sciatic nerve crush injury with a non-serrated clamp, giving a final standardized pressure of p = 9 MPa. Functional recovery was evaluated using the sciatic functional index (SFI), the extensor postural thrust (EPT) and the withdrawal reflex latency (WRL), before injury, and then at weekly intervals until week 8 postoperatively. The rats were also evaluated preoperatively and at weeks 2, 4, and 8 by ankle kinematics, toe out angle (TOA), and gait-stance duration. In addition, the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and the gastrocnemius-soleus weight parameters were measured just before euthanasia. Finally, structural, ultrastructural and histomorphometric analyses were carried out on regenerated nerve fibers. At 8 weeks after the crush injury, a full functional recovery was predicted by SFI, EPT, TOA, and gait-stance duration, while all the other parameters were still recovering their original values. On the other hand, only two of the histomorphometric parameters of regenerated nerve fibers, namely myelin thickness/axon diameter ratio and fiber/axon diameter ratio, returned to normal values while all other parameters were significantly different from normal values. The employment of traditional methods of functional evaluation in conjunction with the modern techniques of computerized analysis of gait and histomorphometric analysis should thus be recommended for an overall assessment of recovery in the rat sciatic nerve crush model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur S P Varejão
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CETAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
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Schiaveto de Souza A, da Silva CA, Del Bel EA. Methodological evaluation to analyze functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21:627-35. [PMID: 15165370 DOI: 10.1089/089771504774129955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Basso, Bresnahan and Beattie (BBB) locomotor scale has not been tested to evaluate functional consequences of peripheral nerve lesions. Alternative methods to evaluate animal functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury are desirable. Male Wistar rats had a right sciatic nerve segment exposed and were divided in three experimental groups: Sham (wound open, 10 min), Sham-device (nerve segment between crushing device, 10 min), and Crush-force (nerve crushing load of 15,000 g/1,000 mm Hg/mm(2), 10 min). Animals were evaluated preoperatively, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after procedure by calculation of Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), BBB score and open arena exploratory activity. The primary findings of the present study were (1) the SFI calculated by either DeMedinaceli, Carlton and Goldberg, and Bain formulae were highly correlated; (2) the BBB score evaluation was highly correlated with the SFI; (3) the BBB motor scale was able to detect functional impairments not recognized by the SFI; and (4) open arena exploratory activity was a poor method to detect sciatic nerve impairment. In conclusion, the BBB prescribed functional deficits on the sham-device and crush-force groups even when the SFI indicated full recovery. This greater sensitivity may prove useful when comparing new therapeutic approaches to nerve regeneration.
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Varejão ASP, Cabrita AM, Meek MF, Bulas-Cruz J, Filipe VM, Gabriel RC, Ferreira AJ, Geuna S, Winter DA. Ankle kinematics to evaluate functional recovery in crushed rat sciatic nerve. Muscle Nerve 2003; 27:706-14. [PMID: 12766982 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve researchers frequently use the rat sciatic nerve crush model in order to test different therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this study was to determine the sequence of changes after an axonotmetic injury by means of a biomechanical model of the foot and ankle, and compare them with walking track analysis, over a fixed period of time. A kinematic analysis program was used to acquire ankle motion data for further analysis. Although repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant cumulative changes induced by the crush lesion for both ankle kinematic parameters and sciatic functional index, post-hoc multiple comparisons by the Student-Neuman-Keuls test revealed significant differences between week 0 and week 8 only for ankle kinematics. These results are of importance in showing the superiority of ankle kinematics in detecting small biomechanical deficits related to hyperexcitability of the plantarflexor muscles, in contrast with walking track analysis, which showed full motor functional recovery 8 weeks after the crush lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur S P Varejão
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, CETAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Gudemez E, Ozer K, Cunningham B, Siemionow K, Browne E, Siemionow M. Dehydroepiandrosterone as an enhancer of functional recovery following crush injury to rat sciatic nerve. Microsurgery 2003; 22:234-41. [PMID: 12375289 DOI: 10.1002/micr.10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the recovery of the rat sciatic nerve following crush injury. A standard hemostat system was used to create the injury, with a length of 1.5 mm in three groups of 18 animals each. In group I, the crush injury was applied without any treatment. In groups II and III, vehicle (ethylene glycol) and DHEA solutions were injected subepineurally 30 min following the crush injury. Sciatic function index (SFI), toe contracture measurement, gastrocinemius muscle weight, total number of myelinated fibers, fiber diameters, myelin thickness, and axon/fiber cross-sectional ratio were measured at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. The SFI values in the DHEA group showed a faster return to normal values confirmed at 3 and 6 weeks (P < 0.05). The number of myelinated fibers and fiber diameters at 6 and 12 weeks were significantly higher in the DHEA group (P < 0.05). In this study, the subepineural injection of DHEA following crush injury was found to enhance functional recovery of the rat sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftal Gudemez
- Department of Plastic Surgery, A60, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN The literature and current research related to spinal pain mechanisms were reviewed, as well as animal models related to its study. OBJECTIVES To provide a pragmatic discussion of spinal pain that both reviews relevant research and coherently synthesizes the existing body of literature related to pain, nociception, animal modeling, and injury biomechanics. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A detailed body of literature suggests that spinal pain mechanisms are quite complicated and involve a host of different processes (e.g., genetics, gender, neurophysiology, and biomechanics) that may contribute to clinical manifestations and symptoms. METHODS Both a review of the literature and a presentation of current and ongoing laboratory research are presented. Specific findings from the authors' laboratory using a rodent model of lumbar radiculopathy are presented to elucidate the role of local nerve root biomechanics in initiating and maintaining behavioral symptoms of nociception and pain. RESULTS For an understanding of chronic pain, a bidirectional-translational approach that incorporates cross-disciplinary methods such as in vivo biomechanical techniques is required. A conceptual model of chronic spine pain is proposed that details the dynamic and integrated roles of injury, biomechanics, and nociceptive physiology. CONCLUSIONS Areas of continued research are highlighted that may help guide the management of painful spine symptoms and syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A DeLeo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Qi WN, Yan ZQ, Whang PG, Zhou Q, Chen LE, Seaber AV, Stamler JS, Urbaniak JR. Gene and protein expressions of nitric oxide synthases in ischemia-reperfused peripheral nerve of the rat. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281:C849-56. [PMID: 11502562 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.3.c849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined mRNA and protein expressions of neuronal (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) in peripheral nerve after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Sixty-six rats were divided into the ischemia only and I/R groups. One sciatic nerve of each animal was used as the experimental side and the opposite untreated nerve as the control. mRNA levels in the nerve were quantitatively measured by competitive PCR, and protein was determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that, after ischemia (2 h), both nNOS and eNOS protein expressions decreased. After I/R (2 h of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion), expression of both nNOS and eNOS mRNA and protein decreased further. In contrast, iNOS mRNA significantly increased after ischemia and was further upregulated (14-fold) after I/R, while iNOS protein was not detected. The results reveal the dynamic expression of individual NOS isoforms during the course of I/R injury. An understanding of this modulation on a cellular and molecular level may lead to understanding the mechanisms of I/R injury and to methods of ameliorating peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Qi
- Orthopaedic Cell Biology Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Beris AE, Naka KK, Skopelitou A, Kosta I, Vragalas V, Konitsiotis S, Bontioti E, Soucacos PN. Functional assessment of the rat sciatic nerve following intraoperative expansion: the effect of recovery duration on behavioural, neurophysiological, and morphological measures. Microsurgery 2000; 17:568-77. [PMID: 9431520 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2752(1996)17:10<568::aid-micr7>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of rapid intraoperative elongation of the rat sciatic nerve with the use of tissue expander and to assess its functional recovery. Out of 51 rats 43 had their right sciatic nerve expanded with a 5-ml intraoperative expander over 1 hr and 8 were sham-operated controls. The functional recovery of the nerve was assessed at intervals up to 4 months using the Sciatic Functional index (SFI), neurophysiological indices, and histology. Intraoperative expansion elongated the rat sciatic nerve by about 13%. SFI decreased on the first postoperative day and started to recover by Day 7, reaching almost preoperative values by Days 14 and 30 according to De Medinaceli and Bain-Mackinnon-Hunter formulas, respectively. Latency and motor conduction velocity demonstrated a deterioration after expansion which peaked on Day 1. Recovery started by Day 7 and reached preoperative levels by 60 days. The histological findings indicated minor aberrations immediately after expansion and maximal demyelination with minimal axonal disruption on Day 1. The reparative process started by Day 7 and continued till Day 120 when almost no histological changes were observed. In conclusion, intraoperative nerve expansion successfully elongates the rat sciatic nerve. It also causes functional and morphological abnormalities which are of low to moderate degree, have a short duration, and are reversible. Intraoperative nerve expansion might be a valuable solution in the treatment of short nerve gaps, but its clinical application still needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Beris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Greece
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Abstract
The effect of lymphotoxin (LT) on the functional recovery of crushed peripheral nerves was studied. Using a specially designed compression device, a 5 mm segment of the right sciatic nerve of rats was subjected to a 100 g crush load with a 2 hr duration. The rats in the experimental and control groups received two doses of LT (20 micrograms/kg each) or the same volume of saline, respectively, administered intraperitoneously 24 hr and 1 hr before the procedure. Walking track tests and histologic examinations were performed at intervals up to 56 days after the crush. Motor functional recovery in the LT pretreated group started at day 7 while the crushed limb in the control group remained totally dysfunctional. The sciatic functional index improved faster in the LT group than in the control group during the second week after the crush and reached a significant difference (P < 0.05) at day 18. Subsequently, both groups had a similar evolution. Histologic results paralleled the functional findings. In conclusion, LT can promote motor functional recovery of crushed rat peripheral nerve in the early stage of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Algora
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 22710, USA
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