1
|
Hedayati Ch M, Mehmandoost Du E, Golshekan M, Mojtahedi A, Mobayen M. Synthesis of MCM‐41@SO
3
H‐Polymixin B Nanocomposite for Extraction and Determination of Lipopolysaccharide from Aqueous Solutions using Taguchi Fractional Factorial Design. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Hedayati Ch
- Virology and Microbial Toxins Department School of Medicine Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4199613769
| | - Edris Mehmandoost Du
- Virology and Microbial Toxins Department School of Medicine Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4199613769
| | - Mostafa Golshekan
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4193713194
| | - Ali Mojtahedi
- Virology and Microbial Toxins Department School of Medicine Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4199613769
| | - Mohammadreza Mobayen
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4193713194
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schneier M, Razdan S, Miller AM, Briceno ME, Barua S. Current technologies to endotoxin detection and removal for biopharmaceutical purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2588-2609. [PMID: 32333387 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins are the major contributors to the pyrogenic response caused by contaminated pharmaceutical products, formulation ingredients, and medical devices. Recombinant biopharmaceutical products are manufactured using living organisms, including Gram-negative bacteria. Upon the death of a Gram-negative bacterium, endotoxins (also known as lipopolysaccharides) in the outer cell membrane are released into the lysate where they can interact with and form bonds with biomolecules, including target therapeutic compounds. Endotoxin contamination of biologic products may also occur through water, raw materials such as excipients, media, additives, sera, equipment, containers closure systems, and expression systems used in manufacturing. The manufacturing process is, therefore, in critical need of methods to reduce and remove endotoxins by monitoring raw materials and in-process intermediates at critical steps, in addition to final drug product release testing. This review paper highlights a discussion on three major topics about endotoxin detection techniques, upstream processes for the production of therapeutic molecules, and downstream processes to eliminate endotoxins during product purification. Finally, we have evaluated the effectiveness of endotoxin removal processes from a perspective of high purity and low cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Schneier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sidharth Razdan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Allison M Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Maria E Briceno
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sutapa Barua
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Giannakou C, Aimonen K, Bloois LV, Catalán J, Geertsma RE, Gremmer ER, de Jong WH, Keizers PHJ, Schwillens PLWJ, Vandebriel RJ, Park MVDZ. Sensitive method for endotoxin determination in nanomedicinal product samples. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1231-1246. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nanomaterials and nanomedicinal products tend to interfere with various commonly used assays, including regulatory required endotoxin detection methods for medicines. We developed a method to quantify endotoxin levels that is compatible with nanomaterials and nanomedicinal products. Materials & methods: The method is based on measuring endotoxin indirectly via 3-hydroxylated fatty acids of lipid-A, using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The outcome was related to results of the commonly used Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method. Results: The ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method has clear advantages compared with other endotoxin determination assays; particularly the absence of nanospecific interference. Conclusion: The method is sensitive, straightforward and accurate in determining and quantifying endotoxin in nanomedicinal product samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Giannakou
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kukka Aimonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Robert E Geertsma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H de Jong
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter HJ Keizers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul LWJ Schwillens
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet VDZ Park
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jackie J, Lau WK, Feng HT, Li SFY. Detection of Endotoxins: From Inferring the Responses of Biological Hosts to the Direct Chemical Analysis of Lipopolysaccharides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:126-137. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1479958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Jackie
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Shimadzu (Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Khin Lau
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hua-Tao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Linhart C, Ulrich C, Greinert D, Dambeck S, Wienke A, Girndt M, Pliquett RU. Systemic inflammation in acute cardiorenal syndrome: an observational pilot study. ESC Heart Fail 2018; 5:920-930. [PMID: 30015388 PMCID: PMC6165938 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Acute cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) with and without consideration of the volume state was assessed with regard to inflammatory parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS Blood samples from patients with acute CRS (Ronco type 1 or 3, Group 1, n = 15), end-stage renal disease (Group 2, n = 12), hypertension (Group 3, n = 15), and, in a second cohort, with acute CRS and hypervolemia (Group 4, n = 9) and hypertension (Group 5, n = 10) were analysed with regard to lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), interleukins (ILs), and monocyte function (flow cytometry) both on admission (all groups) and on discharge (Groups 1 and 4). By discharge, one Group 1 patient died. LBP (ANOVA for Groups 1-3: P = 0.001) and IL-6 (Kruskal-Wallis for Groups 1-3: P < 0.0001) were higher in Group 1 (LBP: 11.7 ± 2.0 μg/mL; IL-6: 15.0 ± 6.1 pg/mL) and in Group 2 (LBP: 10.4 ± 1.4 μg/mL; IL-6: 14.6 ± 3.8 pg/mL) than in Group 3 (LBP: 5.8 ± 0.4 μg/mL; IL-6: 1.8 ± 0.4 pg/mL). In a direct comparison, the proportion of activated monocytes (CD14 and CD16 positive) was higher in Group 1 (6.9% ± 0.7%) vs. Group 3 (5.1% ± 0.6%; P = 0.018). Group 4 patients had higher IL-6 plasma levels (34.2 ± 10.1 pg/mL) than Group 1 patients (15.0 ± 6.1 pg/mL; P = 0.03). All other findings obtained in CRS groups (Groups 1 and 4) were comparable. CONCLUSIONS In acute CRS, a state of systemic inflammation was found, which is comparable with the end-stage renal disease situation. In comparison with hypertensive controls, a monocytic activation was found in acute CRS regardless of volume state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Linhart
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Christof Ulrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Daniel Greinert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dambeck
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Wienke
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Girndt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rainer U Pliquett
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun H, Miao P, Tang Y, Wang B, Qian J, Wang D. An elastography analytical method for the rapid detection of endotoxin. Analyst 2016; 140:4374-8. [PMID: 25985752 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00734h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a flexible analytical method for the study of coagulation systems by monitoring elastography (EG). The rapid detection of endotoxin is achieved by the EG analysis of endotoxin-induced limulus amebocyte lysate coagulation. This method is superior to other methods using the same reagents in not only sensitivity but also detecting time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixuan Sun
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dobrovolskaia MA, Neun BW, Clogston JD, Grossman JH, McNeil SE. Choice of method for endotoxin detection depends on nanoformulation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1847-56. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Many nanoparticles interfere with traditional tests to quantify endotoxin. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) formats on clinical-grade nanoformulations, to determine whether there were disparate results among formats and to test the applicability of an alternative bioassay (the macrophage activation test [MAT]) for resolving discrepancies, if observed. Materials & methods: Clinical-grade nanoformulations were tested using turbidimetric, gel-clot and chromogenic LAL. Formulations that cause a discrepancy among LAL tests were also tested by the MAT. Results & conclusion: The gel-clot LAL method cannot be relied upon to resolve discrepancies among LAL tests for certain nanoformulations. No one LAL format was shown to be optimal for all the tested clinical-grade nanoformulations. The tested alternative bioassay (the MAT) was useful for verifying LAL findings, but only for those nanoformulations not carrying/including cytotoxic drugs. Original submitted 1 March 2013; Revised submitted 13 August 2013
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barry W Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer H Grossman
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Scott E McNeil
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Misquith A, Fung HWM, Dowling QM, Guderian JA, Vedvick TS, Fox CB. In vitro evaluation of TLR4 agonist activity: formulation effects. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 113:312-9. [PMID: 24121074 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective in vitro evaluation of vaccine adjuvants would allow higher throughput screening compared to in vivo studies. However, vaccine adjuvants comprise a wide range of structures and formulations ranging from soluble TLR agonists to complex lipid-based formulations. The effects of formulation parameters on in vitro bioactivity assays and the correlations with in vivo adjuvant activity is not well understood. In the present work, we employ the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and a human macrophage cellular cytokine production assay to demonstrate the differences in in vitro bioactivity of four distinct formulations of the synthetic TLR4 agonist GLA: an aqueous nanosuspension (GLA-AF), an oil-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE), a liposome (GLA-LS), and an alum-adsorbed formulation (GLA-Alum). Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of the localization of GLA on in vitro potency. By comparing to previous published reports on the in vivo bioactivity of these GLA-containing formulations, we conclude that the most potent activators of the in vitro systems may not be the most potent in vivo adjuvant formulations. Furthermore, we discuss the formulation considerations which should be taken into account when interpreting data from in vitro adjuvant activity assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Misquith
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - H W Millie Fung
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Quinton M Dowling
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Guderian
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Thomas S Vedvick
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), 1124 Columbia Street, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen L, Mozier N. Comparison of Limulus amebocyte lysate test methods for endotoxin measurement in protein solutions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 80:180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
10
|
Kaga M, Li H, Ohta H, Taguchi K, Ogaki S, Izumi H, Inagaki M, Tsuchiya S, Okamura K, Otagiri M, Sakai H, Yaegashi N. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (hemoglobin-vesicle) is not transferred from mother to fetus at the late stage of pregnancy in the rat model. Life Sci 2012; 91:420-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Sakai H, Suzuki Y, Sou K, Kano M. Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic responses to the small injection of hemoglobin vesicles (artificial oxygen carriers) in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2668-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
12
|
Tiwari VN, Kiyono Y, Kobayashi M, Mori T, Kudo T, Okazawa H, Fujibayashi Y. Automatic labeling method for injectable 15O-oxygen using hemoglobin-containing liposome vesicles and its application for measurement of brain oxygen consumption by PET. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 37:77-83. [PMID: 20122672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to develop an injectable (15)O-O(2) system using hemoglobin-containing vesicles (HbV), a type of artificial red blood cell, and to investigate the feasibility of (15)O(2)-labeled HbV ((15)O(2)-HbV) to measure cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) in rats. METHODS The direct bubbling method was combined with vortexing to enhance labeling efficiency of HbV with (15)O-O(2) gas. L-Cysteine was added as a reductant to protect hemoglobin molecules in HbV from oxidation at different concentrations, and labeling efficiencies were also compared. Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CMRO(2) in five normal rats was performed using a small animal PET scanner after the injection of H(2)(15)O and (15)O(2)-HbV to evaluate the precision of hemodynamic parameters quantitatively. RESULTS The labeling efficiency of HbV was significantly increased when vortexing and bubbling were combined compared with the simple bubbling method (P<.05). The most efficient method for labeling was bubbling of (15)O-O(2) combined with vortexing and the addition of 2.8 mM L-cysteine in HbV solution. The mean radioactivity of 214.4+/-7.8 MBq/mL HbV was obtained using this method. PET scans using (15)O(2)-HbV and H(2)(15)O yielded a mean CMRO(2) value of 6.8+/-1.4 (mL/min per 100 g) in rats with normal CBF of 51.4+/-7.9 (mL/min per 100 g). CONCLUSION Addition of l-cysteine to HbV and simple direct bubbling of (15)O-O(2) gas combined with vortexing was the most efficient method for preparation of (15)O(2)-HbV. The present injectable system using (15)O(2)-HbV was successfully utilized to measure CMRO(2) in rats, indicating that this new method could be useful for animal models to measure oxygen metabolism in the brain.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sakai H, Okamoto M, Ikeda E, Horinouchi H, Kobayashi K, Tsuchida E. Histopathological changes of rat brain after direct injection of Hb-vesicles (artificial oxygen carriers) and neurological impact in an intracerebral hemorrhage model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:1107-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
14
|
Sakai H, Sou K, Tsuchida E. Chapter 19 Hemoglobin-Vesicles as an Artificial Oxygen Carrier. Methods Enzymol 2009; 465:363-84. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)65019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
15
|
Yamaguchi M, Fujihara M, Wakamoto S, Sakai H, Takeoka S, Tsuchida E, Azuma H, Ikeda H. Influence of hemoglobin vesicles, cellular-type artificial oxygen carriers, on human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cellsin vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:34-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Sou K, Tsuchida E. Electrostatic interactions and complement activation on the surface of phospholipid vesicle containing acidic lipids: Effect of the structure of acidic groups. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:1035-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Sou K, Goins B, Takeoka S, Tsuchida E, Phillips WT. Selective uptake of surface-modified phospholipid vesicles by bone marrow macrophages in vivo. Biomaterials 2007; 28:2655-66. [PMID: 17316790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An advantage of using vesicles (liposomes) as drug delivery carriers is that their pharmacokinetics can be controlled by surface characteristics, which can permit specific delivery of the encapsulated agents to organs or cells in vivo. Here we report a vesicle formulation which targets the bone marrow after intravenous injection in rabbits. Surface modification of the vesicle with an anionic amphiphile; L-glutamic acid, N-(3-carboxy-1-oxopropyl)-, 1,5-dihexadecyl ester (SA) results in significant targeting of vesicles to bone marrow. Further incorporation of as little as 0.6 mol% of poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid (PEG-DSPE) passively enhanced the distribution of SA-vesicles into bone marrow and inhibited hepatic uptake. In this model, more than 60% of the intravenously injected vesicles were distributed to bone marrow within 6 h after administration of a small dose of lipid (15 mg/kg b.w.). Histological evidence indicates that the targeting was achieved due to uptake by bone marrow macrophages (BMMphi). The efficient delivery of encapsulated scintigraphic and fluorescent imaging agents to BMMphi suggests that vesicles are promising carriers for the specific targeting of BMMphi and may be useful for delivering a wide range of therapeutic agents to bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Sou
- Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu Z, Serghides L, Patel SN, Degousee N, Rubin BB, Krishnegowda G, Gowda DC, Karin M, Kain KC. Disruption of JNK2 decreases the cytokine response to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol in vitro and confers protection in a cerebral malaria model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6344-52. [PMID: 17056565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Host inflammatory responses to Plasmodium falciparum GPI (pfGPI) anchors are believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of severe malaria. However, relatively little is known about the signal transduction pathways involved in pfGPI-stimulated inflammatory response and its potential contribution to severe malaria syndromes. In this study, we investigated the role of MAPK activation in pfGPI-induced cytokine secretion and examined the role of selected MAPKs in a model of cerebral malaria in vivo. We demonstrate that ERK1/2, JNK, p38, c-Jun, and activating transcription factor-2 became phosphorylated in pfGPI-stimulated macrophages. A JNK inhibitor (1,9-pyrazoloanthrone) inhibited pfGPI-induced phosphorylation of JNK, c-Jun, and activating transcription factor-2 and significantly decreased pfGPI-induced TNF-alpha secretion. pfGPI-stimulated JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation was absent in Jnk2(-/-) macrophages but unchanged in Jnk1(-/-) and Jnk3(-/-) macrophages compared with wild-type macrophages. Jnk2(-/-) macrophages secreted significantly less TNF-alpha in response to pfGPI than macrophages from Jnk1(-/-), Jnk3(-/-), and wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, we demonstrate a role for JNK2 in mediating inflammatory responses and severe malaria in vivo. In contrast to wild-type or Jnk1(-/-) mice, Jnk2(-/-) mice had lower levels of TNF-alpha in vivo and exhibited significantly higher survival rates when challenged with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. These results provide direct evidence that pfGPI induces TNF-alpha secretion through activation of MAPK pathways, including JNK2. These results suggest that JNK2 is a potential target for therapeutic interventions in severe malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Lu
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sakai H, Horinouchi H, Yamamoto M, Ikeda E, Takeoka S, Takaori M, Tsuchida E, Kobayashi K. Acute 40 percent exchange-transfusion with hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV) suspended in recombinant human serum albumin solution: degradation of HbV and erythropoiesis in a rat spleen for 2 weeks. Transfusion 2006; 46:339-47. [PMID: 16533274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobin-vesicles (HbVs; diameter, 251 +/- 81 nm) are artificial O(2) carriers. Their efficacy for acute exchange transfusion has been characterized in animal models. However subsequent profiles of recovery involving the degradation of HbV in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and hematopoiesis remain unknown. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Isovolemic 40 percent exchange transfusion was performed in 60 male Wistar rats with HbV suspended in 5 g per dL recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA; HbV/rHSA, [Hb] = 8.6 g/dL), stored rat RBCs suspended in rHSA (sRBC/rHSA), or rHSA alone. Hematological and plasma biochemical analyses and histopathological examination focusing on the spleen were conducted for the subsequent 14 days. RESULTS The reduced hematocrit (Hct) level (26%) for the HbV/rHSA and rHSA groups returned to its original level (43%) in 7 days. Plasma erythropoietin was elevated in all groups: the rHSA group showed the highest value on Day 1 (321 +/- 123 mIU/mL) relating to the anemic conditions (HbV/rHSA, 153 +/- 22; sRBC/rHSA, 63 +/- 7; baseline, 21 +/- 3). Simultaneously, splenomegaly occurred in all the groups as HbV/rHSA > rHSA > sRBC/rHSA. Histopathologically, the accumulated HbV in the spleen was undetectable by Day 14, but hemosiderin was deposited in slight quantities for both the HbV/rHSA and sRBC/rHSA groups. Considerable amounts of erythroblasts were apparent in the spleens of both the rHSA and the HbV/rHSA groups. CONCLUSION HbVs were phagocytized and degraded in RES, a physiological compartment for the degradation of RBCs, and the elevated erythropoietic activity resulted in the complete recovery of Hct within 7 days in the rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Krishnegowda G, Hajjar AM, Zhu J, Douglass EJ, Uematsu S, Akira S, Woods AS, Gowda DC. Induction of proinflammatory responses in macrophages by the glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium falciparum: cell signaling receptors, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) structural requirement, and regulation of GPI activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:8606-16. [PMID: 15623512 PMCID: PMC4984258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413541200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors of Plasmodium falciparum have been proposed to be the major factors that contribute to malaria pathogenesis through their ability to induce proinflammatory responses. In this study we identified the receptors for P. falciparum GPI-induced cell signaling that leads to proinflammatory responses and studied the GPI structure-activity relationship. The data show that GPI signaling is mediated mainly through recognition by TLR2 and to a lesser extent by TLR4. The activity of sn-2-lyso-GPIs is comparable with that of the intact GPIs, whereas the activity of Man(3)-GPIs is about 80% that of the intact GPIs. The GPIs with three (intact GPIs and Man(3)-GPIs) and two fatty acids (sn-2-lyso-GPIs) appear to differ considerably in the requirement of the auxiliary receptor, TLR1 or TLR6, for recognition by TLR2. The former are preferentially recognized by TLR2/TLR1, whereas the latter are favored by TLR2/TLR6. However, the signaling pathways initiated by all three GPI types are similar, involving the MyD88-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 and NF-kappaB-signaling pathways. The signaling molecules of these pathways differentially contribute to the production of various cytokines and nitric oxide (Zhu, J., Krishnegowda, G., and Gowda, D. C. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 8617-8627). Our data also show that GPIs are degraded by the macrophage surface phospholipases predominantly into inactive species, indicating that the host can regulate GPI activity at least in part by this mechanism. These results imply that macrophage surface phospholipases play important roles in the GPI-induced innate immune responses and malaria pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institutes for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institutes for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | | | - D. Channe Gowda
- Address for correspondence to: Adeline Hajjar, Department of Immunology, Box 357650, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, Phone: 206-221-2817; or D. Channe Gowda, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, Phone: (717) 531-0992; Fax: (717) 531-7072;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sakai H, Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Tsuchida E, Intaglietta M. Oxygen release from low and normal P50 Hb vesicles in transiently occluded arterioles of the hamster window model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H2897-903. [PMID: 15681705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01184.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A phospholipid vesicle encapsulating Hb [Hb vesicle (HbV)] has been developed as a transfusion alternative. One characteristic of HbV is that the O(2) affinity [Po(2) at which Hb is 50% saturated (P(50))] of Hb can be easily regulated by the amount of the coencapsulated allosteric effector pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. In this study, we prepared two HbVs with different P(50)s (8 and 29 mmHg, termed HbV(8) and HbV(29), respectively) and observed their O(2)-releasing behavior from an occluded arteriole in a hamster skinfold window model. Conscious hamsters received HbV(8) or HbV(29) at a dose rate of 7 ml/kg. In the microscopic view, an arteriole (diameter: 53.0 +/- 6.6 mum) was occluded transcutaneously by a glass pipette on a manipulator, and the reduction of the intra-arteriolar Po(2) 100 mum down from the occlusion was measured by the phosphorescence quenching of preinfused Pd-porphyrin. The baseline arteriolar Po(2) (50-52 mmHg) decreased to about 5 mmHg for all the groups. Occlusion after HbV(8) infusion showed a slightly slower rate of Po(2) reduction compared with that after HbV(29) infusion. The arteriolar O(2) content was calculated at each reducing Po(2) in combination with the O(2) equilibrium curves of HbVs, and it was clarified that HbV(8) showed a significantly slower rate of O(2) release compared with HbV(29) and was a primary source of O(2) (maximum fraction, 0.55) overwhelming red blood cells when the Po(2) was reduced (e.g., <10 mmHg) despite a small dosage of HbV. This result supports the possible utilization of Hb-based O(2) carriers with lower P(50) for oxygenation of ischemic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda Univ., Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ababou A, Ladbury JE. Survey of the year 2004: literature on applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2005; 19:79-89. [PMID: 16220545 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The market for commercially available isothermal titration calorimeters continues to grow as new applications and methodologies are developed. Concomitantly the number of users (and abusers) increases dramatically, resulting in a steady increase in the number of publications in which isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) plays a role. In the present review, we will focus on areas where ITC is making a significant contribution and will highlight some interesting applications of the technique. This overview of papers published in 2004 also discusses current issues of interest in the development of ITC as a tool of choice in the determination of the thermodynamics of molecular recognition and interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdessamad Ababou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sou K, Klipper R, Goins B, Tsuchida E, Phillips WT. Circulation Kinetics and Organ Distribution of Hb-Vesicles Developed as a Red Blood Cell Substitute. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:702-9. [PMID: 15459236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.074534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid vesicles encapsulating concentrated human hemoglobin (Hb-vesicles, HbV), also known as liposomes, have a membrane structure similar to that of red blood cells (RBCs). These vesicles circulate in the bloodstream as an oxygen carrier, and their circulatory half-life times (t(1/2)) and biodistribution are fundamental characteristics required for representation of their efficacy and safety as a RBC substitute. Herein, we report the pharmacokinetics of HbV and empty vesicles (EV) that do not contain Hb, in rats and rabbits to evaluate the potential of HbV as a RBC substitute. The samples were labeled with technetium-99m and then intravenously infused into animals at 14 ml/kg to measure the kinetics of HbV elimination from blood and distribution to the organs. The t(1/2) values were 34.8 and 62.6 h for HbV and 29.3 and 57.3 h for EV in rats and rabbits, respectively. At 48 h after infusion, the liver, bone marrow, and spleen of both rats and rabbits had significant concentrations of HbV and EV, and the percentages of the infused dose in these three organs were closely correlated to the circulatory half-life times in elimination phase (t(1/2beta)). Furthermore, the milligrams of HbV per gram of tissue correlated well between rats and rabbits, suggesting that the balance between organ weight and body weight is a fundamental factor determining the pharmacokinetics of HbV. This factor could be used to estimate the biodistribution and the circulation time of HbV in humans, which is estimated to be equal to that in rabbit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Sou
- Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sakai H, Masada Y, Horinouchi H, Ikeda E, Sou K, Takeoka S, Suematsu M, Takaori M, Kobayashi K, Tsuchida E. Physiological Capacity of the Reticuloendothelial System for the Degradation of Hemoglobin Vesicles (Artificial Oxygen Carriers) after Massive Intravenous Doses by Daily Repeated Infusions for 14 Days. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:874-84. [PMID: 15297471 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.073049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A hemoglobin vesicle (HbV; diameter 252 +/- 53 nm) or liposome-encapsulated Hb is an artificial oxygen carrier developed for use as a transfusion alternative, and its oxygen-transporting capacity has been well characterized, although critical physiological compartments for the Hb degradation after a massive infusion of HbV and the safety outcome remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to examine the compartments for its degradation by daily repeated infusions (DRI) of HbV, focusing on its influence on the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Male Wistar rats intravenously received the HbV suspension at 10 ml/kg/day for 14 consecutive days. The cumulative infusion volume (140 ml/kg) was equal to 2.5 times the whole blood volume (56 ml/kg). The animals tolerated the DRI well and survived, and body weights continuously increased. One day after DRI, hepatosplenomegaly occurred significantly through the accumulation of large amounts of HbV. Plasma clinical chemistry was overall normal, except for a transient elevation of lipid components derived from HbV. These symptoms subsided 14 days after DRI. Hemosiderin deposition and up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 coincided in the liver and spleen but were not evident in the parenchyma of these organs. Furthermore, the plasma iron and bilirubin levels remained unchanged, suggesting that the heme-degrading capacity of the RES did not surpass the ability to eliminate bilirubin. In conclusion, phospholipid vesicles for the encapsulation of Hb would be beneficial for heme detoxification through their preferential delivery to the RES, a physiological compartment for degradation of senescent RBCs, even at doses greater than putative clinical doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sakai H, Horinouchi H, Masada Y, Takeoka S, Ikeda E, Takaori M, Kobayashi K, Tsuchida E. Metabolism of hemoglobin-vesicles (artificial oxygen carriers) and their influence on organ functions in a rat model. Biomaterials 2004; 25:4317-25. [PMID: 15046922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 11/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid vesicles encapsulating Hb (Hb-vesicles: HbV) have been developed for use as artificial O(2) carriers (250 nm phi). As one of the safety evaluations, we analyzed the influence of HbV on the organ functions by laboratory tests of plasma on a total of 29 analytes. The HbV suspension ([Hb]=10 g/dl) was intravenously infused into male Wistar rats (20 ml/kg; whole blood = 56 ml/kg). The blood was withdrawn at 8h, and 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after infusion, and the plasma was ultracentrifuged to remove HbV in order to avoid its interference effect on the analytes. Enzyme concentrations, AST, ALT, ALP, and LAP showed significant, but minor changes, and did not show a sign of a deteriorative damage to the liver that was one of the main organs for the HbV entrapment and the succeeding metabolism. The amylase and lipase activities showed reversible changes, however, there was no morphological changes in pancreas. Plasma bilirubin and iron did not increase in spite of the fact that a large amount of Hb was metabolized in the macrophages. Cholesterols, phospholipids, and beta-lipoprotein transiently increased showing the maximum at 1 or 2 days, and returned to the control level at 7 days. They should be derived from the membrane components of HbV that are liberated from macrophages entrapping HbV. Together with the previous report of the prompt metabolism of HbV in the reticuloendothelial system by histopathological examination, it can be concluded that HbV infusion transiently modified the values of the analytes without any irreversible damage to the corresponding organs at the bolus infusion rate of 20 ml/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|