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Bandeira LC, Pinto L, Carneiro CM. Pharmacometrics: The Already-Present Future of Precision Pharmacology. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2023; 57:57-69. [PMID: 35984633 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-022-00439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of mathematical modeling to represent, analyze, make predictions or providing information on data obtained in drug research and development has made pharmacometrics an area of great prominence and importance. The main purpose of pharmacometrics is to provide information relevant to the search for efficacy and safety improvements in pharmacotherapy. Regulatory agencies have adopted pharmacometrics analysis to justify their regulatory decisions, making those decisions more efficient. Demand for specialists trained in the field is therefore growing. In this review, we describe the meaning, history, and development of pharmacometrics, analyzing the challenges faced in the training of professionals. Examples of applications in current use, perspectives for the future, and the importance of pharmacometrics for the development and growth of precision pharmacology are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Cera Bandeira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Pinto
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Application in Antibacterial and Antifungal Pharmacotherapy: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11080986. [PMID: 35892376 PMCID: PMC9330032 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11080986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are areas in pharmacology related to different themes in the pharmaceutical sciences, including therapeutic drug monitoring and different stages of drug development. Although the knowledge of these disciplines is essential, they have historically been treated separately. While pharmacokinetics was limited to describing the time course of plasma concentrations after administering a drug-dose, pharmacodynamics describes the intensity of the response to these concentrations. In the last decades, the concept of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling (PK/PD) emerged, which seeks to establish mathematical models to describe the complete time course of the dose-response relationship. The integration of these two fields has had applications in optimizing dose regimens in treating antibacterial and antifungals. The anti-infective PK/PD models predict the relationship between different dosing regimens and their pharmacological activity. The reviewed studies show that PK/PD modeling is an essential and efficient tool for a better understanding of the pharmacological activity of antibacterial and antifungal agents.
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3
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Keutzer L, You H, Farnoud A, Nyberg J, Wicha SG, Maher-Edwards G, Vlasakakis G, Moghaddam GK, Svensson EM, Menden MP, Simonsson USH. Machine Learning and Pharmacometrics for Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Data: Differences, Similarities and Challenges Illustrated with Rifampicin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081530. [PMID: 35893785 PMCID: PMC9330804 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacometrics (PM) and machine learning (ML) are both valuable for drug development to characterize pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) analysis using PM provides mechanistic insight into biological processes but is time- and labor-intensive. In contrast, ML models are much quicker trained, but offer less mechanistic insights. The opportunity of using ML predictions of drug PK as input for a PKPD model could strongly accelerate analysis efforts. Here exemplified by rifampicin, a widely used antibiotic, we explore the ability of different ML algorithms to predict drug PK. Based on simulated data, we trained linear regressions (LASSO), Gradient Boosting Machines, XGBoost and Random Forest to predict the plasma concentration-time series and rifampicin area under the concentration-versus-time curve from 0–24 h (AUC0–24h) after repeated dosing. XGBoost performed best for prediction of the entire PK series (R2: 0.84, root mean square error (RMSE): 6.9 mg/L, mean absolute error (MAE): 4.0 mg/L) for the scenario with the largest data size. For AUC0–24h prediction, LASSO showed the highest performance (R2: 0.97, RMSE: 29.1 h·mg/L, MAE: 18.8 h·mg/L). Increasing the number of plasma concentrations per patient (0, 2 or 6 concentrations per occasion) improved model performance. For example, for AUC0–24h prediction using LASSO, the R2 was 0.41, 0.69 and 0.97 when using predictors only (no plasma concentrations), 2 or 6 plasma concentrations per occasion as input, respectively. Run times for the ML models ranged from 1.0 s to 8 min, while the run time for the PM model was more than 3 h. Furthermore, building a PM model is more time- and labor-intensive compared with ML. ML predictions of drug PK could thus be used as input into a PKPD model, enabling time-efficient analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Keutzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Huifang You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ali Farnoud
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Joakim Nyberg
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.N.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Sebastian G. Wicha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Gareth Maher-Edwards
- Research, Clinical Pharmacology Modelling & Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, London TW8 9GS, UK; (G.M.-E.); (G.V.); (G.K.M.)
| | - Georgios Vlasakakis
- Research, Clinical Pharmacology Modelling & Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, London TW8 9GS, UK; (G.M.-E.); (G.V.); (G.K.M.)
| | - Gita Khalili Moghaddam
- Research, Clinical Pharmacology Modelling & Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, London TW8 9GS, UK; (G.M.-E.); (G.V.); (G.K.M.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elin M. Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.N.); (E.M.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael P. Menden
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.P.M.)
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrika S. H. Simonsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (L.K.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Foletto VS, da Rosa TF, Serafin MB, Bottega A, Hörner R. Repositioning of non-antibiotic drugs as an alternative to microbial resistance: a systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 58:106380. [PMID: 34166776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of microbial resistance coupled with high costs and slow pace in the discovery of a new antibiotic have made drug repositioning an attractive and promising alternative in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. The reuse involves the production of compounds with lower costs and development time, using diversified production technologies. The present systematic review aimed to present a selection of studies published in the last 20 years, which report the antimicrobial activity of non-antibiotic drugs that are candidates for repositioning, which could be used against the current microbial multidrug resistance. A search was performed in the PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar databases using the following search strategies: [(drug repurposing) OR (drug repositioning) OR (repositioning) AND (non-antibiotic) AND (antibacterial activity) AND (antimicrobial activity)]. Overall, 112 articles were included, which explored the antimicrobial activity in antidepressants, antihypertensives, anti-inflammatories, antineoplastics, hypoglycemic agents, among other drugs. It was concluded that they have significant antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo, against standard strain and clinical isolates (Gram-negative and Gram-positive) and fungi. When associated with antibacterials, most of these drugs had their antibacterial activity enhanced. It was also a consensus of the studies included in this review that the presence of aromatic rings in the molecular structure contributes to antimicrobial activity. This review highlights the potential repositioning of several classes of non-antibiotic drugs as promising candidates for repositioning in the treatment of severe bacterial infections of MDR bacteria, extensively resistant (XDR) and pan-resistant (PDR) to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória S Foletto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Taciéli F da Rosa
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marissa B Serafin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Angelita Bottega
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Rosmari Hörner
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
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5
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Kreutzer FP, Meinecke A, Schmidt K, Fiedler J, Thum T. Alternative strategies in cardiac preclinical research and new clinical trial formats. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:746-762. [PMID: 33693475 PMCID: PMC7989574 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient and safe drug development process is crucial for the establishment of new drugs on the market aiming to increase quality of life and life-span of our patients. Despite technological advances in the past decade, successful launches of drug candidates per year remain low. We here give an overview about some of these advances and suggest improvements for implementation to boost preclinical and clinical drug development with a focus on the cardiovascular field. We highlight advantages and disadvantages of animal experimentation and thoroughly review alternatives in the field of three-dimensional cell culture as well as preclinical use of spheroids and organoids. Microfluidic devices and their potential as organ-on-a-chip systems, as well as the use of living animal and human cardiac tissues are additionally introduced. In the second part, we examine recent gold standard randomized clinical trials and present possible modifications to increase lead candidate throughput: adaptive designs, master protocols, and drug repurposing. In silico and N-of-1 trials have the potential to redefine clinical drug candidate evaluation. Finally, we briefly discuss clinical trial designs during pandemic times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Philipp Kreutzer
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Meinecke
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kevin Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
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6
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Foletto VS, da Rosa TF, Serafin MB, Bottega A, Franco LN, de Paula BR, Hörner R. Repositioning of antidepressant drugs and synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin against multidrug-resistant bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:53. [PMID: 33604693 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The repositioning of drugs has been shown to be an advantageous alternative for treating diseases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. The study aimed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the antidepressants fluoxetine and paroxetine alone and in combination with the antibacterial ciprofloxacin against standard strains and clinical isolates to explore the repositioning of these drugs in severe bacterial infections. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), tolerance level, fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and interaction of antidepressants with the ciprofloxacin antibiotic were determined using the Checkerboard method against six American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) standard strains and seventy MDR clinical isolates. Both antidepressants showed better antibacterial activity than ciprofloxacin, in addition to being separately bactericidal against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. When associated with ciprofloxacin, fluoxetine and paroxetine exhibited significant synergism compared to seventy ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates, demonstrating that these antidepressants were able to increase the antibacterial activity of the antibiotic by eight times. The combination of antidepressants with ciprofloxacin showed relatively better activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium and Klebsiella pneumoniae, strains in which the FICI value obtained was 0.008. The MDR isolates tested in this study ratify the antibacterial properties of the non-antibiotic fluoxetine and paroxetine. In addition, synergism when associated with ciprofloxacin is an alternative for treating serious infections in hospitalized patients. However, additional in vivo studies must be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória S Foletto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Taciéli F da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marissa B Serafin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Angelita Bottega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laísa N Franco
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Prédio 2626, Sala 1201, Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, 97015-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno R de Paula
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Prédio 2626, Sala 1201, Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, 97015-900, Brazil
| | - Rosmari Hörner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Prédio 2626, Sala 1201, Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, 97015-900, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Departamento de Análises Clinicas e Toxicológicas (DACT), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Prédio 26, Sala 1201, Santa Maria, Rio Grande Do Sul, 97015-900, Brazil.
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7
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Chou CK, Liu YL, Chen YI, Huang PJ, Tsou PH, Chen CT, Lee HH, Wang YN, Hsu JL, Lee JF, Yankeelov TE, Kameoka J, Yeh HC, Hung MC. Digital Receptor Occupancy Assay in Quantifying On- and Off-Target Binding Affinities of Therapeutic Antibodies. ACS Sens 2020; 5:296-302. [PMID: 32073836 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While monoclonal antibodies are the fastest-growing class of therapeutic agents, we lack a method that can directly quantify the on- and off-target binding affinities of newly developed therapeutic antibodies in crude cell lysates. As a result, some therapeutic antibody candidates could have a moderate on-target binding affinity but a high off-target binding affinity, which not only gives a reduced efficacy but triggers unwanted side effects. Here, we report a single-molecule counting method that precisely quantifies antibody-bound receptors, free receptors, and unbound antibodies in crude cell lysates, termed digital receptor occupancy assay (DRO). Compared to the traditional flow cytometry-based binding assay, DRO assay enables direct and digital quantification of the three molecular species in solution without the additional antibodies for competitive binding. When characterizing the therapeutic antibody, cetuximab, using DRO assay, we found the on-target binding ratio to be 65% and the binding constant (Kd) to be 2.4 nM, while the off-target binding causes the binding constant to decrease by 0.3 nM. Other than cultured cells, the DRO assay can be performed on tumor mouse xenograft models. Thus, DRO is a simple and highly quantitative method for cell-based antibody binding analysis which can be broadly applied to screen and validate new therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Kai Chou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yen-Liang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 40402
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuan-I Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Po-Jung Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Pei-Hsiang Tsou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Chun-Te Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ying-Nai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jin-Fong Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Thomas E. Yankeelov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jun Kameoka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 40402
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 40402
- Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan 41354
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8
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Abstract
Bioavailability is an ancient but effective terminology by which the entire therapeutic efficacy of a drug directly or indirectly relays. Despite considering general plasma bioavailability, specific organ/tissue bioavailability will pave the path to broad spectrum dose calculation. Clear knowledge and calculative vision on bioavailability can improve the research and organ-targeting phenomenon. This article comprises a detailed introduction on bioavailability along with regulatory aspects, kinetic data and novel bioformulative approaches to achieve improved organ specific bioavailability, which may not be readily related to blood plasma bioavailability.
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Läer S. [Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling in paediatric drug development with a focus on physiology-based pharmacokinetic simulations]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR EVIDENZ, FORTBILDUNG UND QUALITAT IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2019; 141-142:66-73. [PMID: 30935788 DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models are mandatory for dosing and the safe use of drugs in the paediatric population. Different modelling methods allow for the development of dosing regimens for children requiring only a small number of blood samples or none at all. The medicines regulatory authorities recommend using these methods for paediatric drug development programs. Taking sildenafil as an example, the least invasive method of physiology-based pharmacokinetic simulation for the development of dosing regimens in the paediatric population is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Läer
- Institut für Klinische Pharmazie und Pharmakotherapie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
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A Randomized Study of the Single-Dose Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Food Effect of Chinfloxacin and Its Effect on Thorough QT/QTc Interval in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01087-18. [PMID: 30224529 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01087-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinfloxacin hydrochloride is a novel tricyclic fluorinated quinolone in development for treatment of conventional and biothreat infections. This first-in-human randomized study in Chinese healthy subjects was divided into 5 parts. Part A was a single-ascending-dose study to assess safety and tolerability of chinfloxacin. The single-dose pharmacokinetic study, a food effect study, and a multiple-dose pharmacokinetics study were conducted in parts B, C, and D, respectively. Part E was a randomized, placebo-controlled and positive-control single-dose, crossover study to evaluate the effect of chinfloxacin on thorough electrocardiographic QT/corrected QT (QTc) interval. The results suggest that single and multiple oral administrations of chinfloxacin were well tolerated. The observed adverse events (AEs) were dizziness, nausea, weakness, photosensitive dermatitis, and increased frequency of defecation. All AEs were mild and were resolved spontaneously without any treatment. The time to peak plasma concentration (T max and C max, respectively) was about 2 h, and the half-life was 14 to 16 h. Food slightly affected the drug's rate and extent of absorption, increasing the T max from 1.60 to 2.59 h and reducing the C max by 13.6% and area under the concentration-time curve by 8.95%. Chinfloxacin at 400 mg had no effect on prolongation of QT/QTc intervals. Although 600 mg chinfloxacin had a mild effect on the prolongation of the QT/QTc interval, the effect was less pronounced than that of the positive control, 400 mg moxifloxacin. The pharmacokinetics and safety profiles of chinfloxacin in healthy Chinese volunteers support its once-daily dosing in future clinical investigations. (This study has been registered at www.ChiCTR.org.cn under identifiers ChiCTR-TRC-10001619 for parts A to D and ChiCTR1800015906 for part E.).
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Wu JY, Yu G, Li GF. Model-Informed Approaches for Alternative Aripiprazole Dosing Regimens and Missed Dose Management: Towards Better Adherence to Antipsychotic Pharmacotherapy. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:471-473. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Model-based drug development: application of modeling and simulation in drug development. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Woodruff K, Maerkl SJ. Microfluidic Module for Real-Time Generation of Complex Multimolecule Temporal Concentration Profiles. Anal Chem 2017; 90:696-701. [PMID: 29183126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We designed a microfluidic module that generates complex and dynamic concentration profiles of multiple molecules over a large concentration range using pulse-width modulation (PWM). Our PWM module can combine up to six different inputs and select among three downstream mixing channels, as required by the application. The module can produce concentrations with a dynamic range of three decades. We created complex, temporal concentration profiles of two molecules, with each concentration independently controllable, and show that the PWM module can execute rapid concentration changes as well as long-time scale pharmacokinetic profiles. Concentration profiles were generated for molecules with molecular weights ranging from 560 Da to 150 kDa. Our PWM module produces robust and precise concentration profiles under a variety of operating conditions, making it ideal for integration with existing microfluidic devices for advanced cell and pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Woodruff
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian J Maerkl
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Lavezzi SM, Borella E, Carrara L, De Nicolao G, Magni P, Poggesi I. Mathematical modeling of efficacy and safety for anticancer drugs clinical development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:5-21. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1388369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maria Lavezzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Borella
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Letizia Carrara
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Nicolao
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Italo Poggesi
- Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Cologno Monzese, Italy
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15
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Lee SH, Sung JH. Microtechnology-Based Multi-Organ Models. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020046. [PMID: 28952525 PMCID: PMC5590483 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs affect the human body through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes. Due to their importance, the ADME processes need to be studied to determine the efficacy and side effects of drugs. Various in vitro model systems have been developed and used to realize the ADME processes. However, conventional model systems have failed to simulate the ADME processes because they are different from in vivo, which has resulted in a high attrition rate of drugs and a decrease in the productivity of new drug development. Recently, a microtechnology-based in vitro system called "organ-on-a-chip" has been gaining attention, with more realistic cell behavior and physiological reactions, capable of better simulating the in vivo environment. Furthermore, multi-organ-on-a-chip models that can provide information on the interaction between the organs have been developed. The ultimate goal is the development of a "body-on-a-chip", which can act as a whole body model. In this review, we introduce and summarize the current progress in the development of multi-organ models as a foundation for the development of body-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 121-791, Korea.
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16
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have become a substantial part of many pharmaceutical company portfolios. However, the development process of MAbs for clinical use is quite different than for small-molecule drugs. MAb development programs require careful interdisciplinary evaluations to ensure the pharmacology of both the MAb and the target antigen are well-understood. Selection of appropriate preclinical species must be carefully considered and the potential development of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) during these early studies can limit the value and complicate the performance and possible duration of preclinical studies. In human studies, many of the typical pharmacology studies such as renal or hepatic impairment evaluations may not be needed but the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these agents is complex, often necessitating more comprehensive evaluation of clinical data and more complex bioanalytical assays than might be used for small molecules. This paper outlines concerns and strategies for development of MAbs from the early in vitro assessments needed through preclinical and clinical development. This review focuses on how to develop, submit, and comply with regulatory requirements for MAb therapeutics.
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Tang J, Li D, Drake L, Yuan W, Deschaine S, Morin EE, Ackermann R, Olsen K, Smith DE, Schwendeman A. Influence of route of administration and lipidation of apolipoprotein A-I peptide on pharmacokinetics and cholesterol mobilization. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:124-136. [PMID: 27881716 PMCID: PMC5234715 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
apoA-I, apoA-I mimetic peptides, and their lipid complexes or reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have been studied as treatments for various pathologies. However, consensus is lacking about the best method for administration, by intravenous (IV) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes, and formulation, as an HDL particle or in a lipid-free form. The objective of this study was to systematically examine peptide plasma levels, cholesterol mobilization, and lipoprotein remodeling in vivo following administration of lipid-free apoA-I peptide (22A) or phospholipid reconstituted 22A-sHDL by IV and IP routes. The mean circulation half-life was longer for 22A-sHDL (T1/2 = 6.27 h) than for free 22A (T1/2 = 3.81 h). The percentage of 22A absorbed by the vascular compartment after the IP dosing was ∼50% for both 22A and 22A-sHDL. The strongest pharmacologic response came from IV injection of 22A-sHDL, specifically a 5.3-fold transient increase in plasma-free cholesterol (FC) level compared with 1.3- and 1.8-fold FC increases for 22A-IV and 22A-sHDL-IP groups. Addition of either 22A or 22A-sHDL to rat plasma caused lipoprotein remodeling and appearance of a lipid-poor apoA-I. Hence, both the route of administration and the formulation of apoA-I peptide significantly affect its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lindsey Drake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sara Deschaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Emily E Morin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Karl Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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18
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Ding X, Day JS, Sperry DC. Physiologically Based Absorption Modeling to Design Extended-Release Clinical Products for an Ester Prodrug. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1424-1438. [PMID: 27411803 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Absorption modeling has demonstrated its great value in modern drug product development due to its utility in understanding and predicting in vivo performance. In this case, we integrated physiologically based modeling in the development processes to effectively design extended-release (ER) clinical products for an ester prodrug LY545694. By simulating the trial results of immediate-release products, we delineated complex pharmacokinetics due to prodrug conversion and established an absorption model to describe the clinical observations. This model suggested the prodrug has optimal biopharmaceutical properties to warrant developing an ER product. Subsequently, we incorporated release profiles of prototype ER tablets into the absorption model to simulate the in vivo performance of these products observed in an exploratory trial. The models suggested that the absorption of these ER tablets was lower than the IR products because the extended release from the formulations prevented the drug from taking advantage of the optimal absorption window. Using these models, we formed a strategy to optimize the ER product to minimize the impact of the absorption window limitation. Accurate prediction of the performance of these optimized products by modeling was confirmed in a third clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ding
- Small Molecule Design & Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Day
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - David C Sperry
- Small Molecule Design & Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA.
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19
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Madhura DB, Trivedi A, Liu J, Boyd VA, Jeffries C, Loveless V, Lee RE, Meibohm B. Tissue Penetration of a Novel Spectinamide Antibiotic for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:788-91. [PMID: 26984832 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of 1329, a novel spectinamide antibiotic with anti-tubercular activity, were studied during intravenous administration of an tritium-labeled compound for nine consecutive, 12-hourly doses to rats. Serial blood samples were collected after the first and the eighth dose, and major organs and tissues were collected 1 h after the ninth dose. Urinary and fecal excretion was monitored throughout the dosing period. Radioactivity in the collected samples was assessed by scintillation counting. During the course of treatment, 86.6% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in urine, feces, organs, and muscle tissue. Urinary excretion was the major route of elimination, with 70% of radioactivity recovered from urine and 12.6% from feces. The time profiles of radioactivity in serum after the first and the eighth dose were identical for the first 2 h post-dose, with similar Cmax (3.39 vs. 3.55 mCi/L) and AUC0-τ (5.08 vs. 5.17 mCi • h/L), indicating no substantial accumulation of 1329 during multiple dosing. Radioactivity in major target organs for pulmonary tuberculosis infection, the lungs and spleen, was 2.79- and 3.06-fold higher than in the blood. Similarly, the intracellular uptake of 1329 into macrophages was sixfold higher than for streptomycin. Overall, these observations suggest biodistribution properties favorable for targeting pulmonary tuberculosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Babu Madhura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Suite 444, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - Ashit Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Suite 444, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Vincent A Boyd
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Cynthia Jeffries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Vivian Loveless
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Suite 444, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Suite 444, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.
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20
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Green CL, Stewart JJ, Högerkorp CM, Lackey A, Jones N, Liang M, Xu Y, Ferbas J, Moulard M, Czechowska K, Mc Closkey TW, van der Strate BW, Wilkins DE, Lanham D, Wyant T, Litwin V. Recommendations for the development and validation of flow cytometry-based receptor occupancy assays. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 90:141-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie L. Green
- Amgen, Inc; 1 Amgen Center Drive, Mailstop 30E-3-C Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Jennifer J. Stewart
- Flow Contract Site Laboratory, LLC; 13029 NE 126th PL, Unit A229 Kirkland Washington 98034
| | | | - Alan Lackey
- Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings; LabCorp Clinical Trials; 201 Summit View Dr, Suite 200 Brentwood Tennessee 37027
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings; LabCorp Clinical Trials; 201 Summit View Dr, Suite 200 Brentwood Tennessee 37027
| | - Meina Liang
- Medimmune, LLC; 319 North Bernardo Avenue Mountain View California 94043
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals; Bioanalytical Sciences; 300 Third Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02142
| | - John Ferbas
- Amgen, Inc; 1 Amgen Center Drive, Mailstop 30E-3-C Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Maxime Moulard
- BioCytex; 140 Chemin De L'armée D'afrique Marseille 13010 France
| | | | | | | | - Danice E.C. Wilkins
- Charles River Laboratories International, Inc; 6995 Longley Lane Reno Nevada 89511
| | - David Lanham
- Eurofins Pharma Bioanalysis Services UK Limited; 91 Park Drive Milton Park Abingdon OX14 4RY United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Wyant
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals; 35 Landsdown St Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Virginia Litwin
- Covance Central Laboratory Services; 8211 SciCor Dr Indianapolis Indiana 46214
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21
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Lee JH, Chong WS, Park JK, Park TS, Chae SW, Kim MG. Rooibos™: Automated schedule broadcast software for clinical pharmacology studies. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2016. [DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2016.24.3.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyoung Lee
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Chong
- CAMTIC Advanced Mechatronics Technology Institute for Commercialization, Jeonju 54852, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwan Park
- Department of Urology, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Wan Chae
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gul Kim
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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22
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Han S, Jeon S, Hong T, Lee J, Bae SH, Park WS, Park GJ, Youn S, Jang DY, Kim KS, Yim DS. Exposure-response model for sibutramine and placebo: suggestion for application to long-term weight-control drug development. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5185-94. [PMID: 26392753 PMCID: PMC4573071 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
No wholly successful weight-control drugs have been developed to date, despite the tremendous demand. We present an exposure–response model of sibutramine mesylate that can be applied during clinical development of other weight-control drugs. Additionally, we provide a model-based evaluation of sibutramine efficacy. Data from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study were used (N=120). Subjects in the treatment arm were initially given 8.37 mg sibutramine base daily, and those who lost <2 kg after 4 weeks’ treatment were escalated to 12.55 mg. The duration of treatment was 24 weeks. Drug concentration and body weight were measured predose and at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 24 weeks after treatment initiation. Exposure and response to sibutramine, including the placebo effect, were modeled using NONMEM 7.2. An asymptotic model approaching the final body weight was chosen to describe the time course of weight loss. Extent of weight loss was described successfully using a sigmoidal exposure–response relationship of the drug with a constant placebo effect in each individual. The placebo effect was influenced by subjects’ sex and baseline body mass index. Maximal weight loss was predicted to occur around 1 year after treatment initiation. The difference in mean weight loss between the sibutramine (daily 12.55 mg) and placebo groups was predicted to be 4.5% in a simulation of 1 year of treatment, with considerable overlap of prediction intervals. Our exposure–response model, which included the placebo effect, is the first example of a quantitative model that can be used to predict the efficacy of weight-control drugs. Similar approaches can help decision-making during clinical development of novel weight-loss drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegon Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-su Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gab-jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Yeon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessments of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) characteristics are an integral part in the development of novel therapeutic agents. Compared with traditional small molecule drugs, therapeutic proteins possess many distinct PK/PD features that necessitate the application of modified or separate approaches for assessing their PK/PD relationships. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss tools that are utilized to describe and predict the PK/PD features of therapeutic proteins and that are valuable additions in the armamentarium of drug development approaches to facilitate and accelerate their successful preclinical and clinical development. EXPERT OPINION A variety of state-of-the-art PK/PD tools is currently being applied and has been adjusted to support the development of proteins as therapeutics, including allometric scaling approaches, target-mediated disposition models, first-in-man dose calculations, physiologically based PK models and empirical and semi-mechanistic PK/PD modeling. With the advent of the next generation of biologics including bioengineered antibody constructs being developed, these tools will need to be further refined and adapted to ensure their applicability and successful facilitation of the drug development process for these novel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Diao
- Biogen Idec, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics , Cambridge, MA , USA
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24
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Mukker JK, Singh RSP, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic implications in inhalable antimicrobial therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 85:57-64. [PMID: 25770775 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled antimicrobials provide a promising alternative to the systemically delivered drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic lung infections. The delivery of antimicrobials via inhalation route decreases the systemic exposure while increasing the local concentration in the lungs, enabling the use of antimicrobials with severe systemic side effects. The inhalation route of administration has several challenges in pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) assessments. This review discusses various issues that need to be considered during study, data analysis, and interpretation of PK and PD of inhaled antimicrobials. Advancements overcoming the challenges are also discussed.
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25
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Hedayat A, Zhou Y, Yang M. Optimal designs for some selected nonlinear models. J Stat Plan Inference 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jspi.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Abstract
The theme of this month's issue of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics is pharmacometrics. When looking back at the early days of pharmacometrics, current contributions to the drug development process look impressive. The questions are whether the original promise is being kept and how the impact can become even greater.
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Integrating internal and external bioanalytical support to deliver a diversified pharmaceutical portfolio. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1311-9. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The portfolios of pharmaceutical companies have diversified substantially over recent years in recognition that monotherapies and/or small molecules are less suitable for modulating many complex disease etiologies. Furthermore, there has been increased pressure on drug-development budgets over this same period. This has placed new challenges in the path of bioanalytical scientists, both within the industry and with contract research organizations (CROs). Large pharmaceutical, biotechnology and small-medium healthcare enterprises have had to make important decisions on what internal capabilities they wish to retain and where CROs offers a significant strategic benefit to their business model. Our journey has involved asking where we believe an internal bioanalytical facility offers the greatest benefit to progressing drug candidates through the drug-development cycle and where externalization can help free up internal resources, adding flexibility to our organization in order to deal with the inevitable peaks and troughs in workload.
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28
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations of therapeutic peptides. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 52:855-68. [PMID: 23719681 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptides, defined as polymers of less than 50 amino acids with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa, represent a fast-growing class of new therapeutics which has unique pharmacokinetic characteristics compared to large proteins or small molecule drugs. Unmodified peptides usually undergo extensive proteolytic cleavage, resulting in short plasma half-lives. As a result of their low permeability and susceptibility to catabolic degradation, therapeutic peptides usually have very limited oral bioavailability and are administered either by the intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular route, although other routes such as nasal delivery are utilized as well. Distribution processes are mainly driven by a combination of diffusion and to a lesser degree convective extravasation dependent on the size of the peptide, with volumes of distribution frequently not larger than the volume of the extracellular body fluid. Owing to the ubiquitous availability of proteases and peptidases throughout the body, proteolytic degradation is not limited to classic elimination organs. Since peptides are generally freely filtered by the kidneys, glomerular filtration and subsequent renal metabolism by proteolysis contribute to the elimination of many therapeutic peptides. Although small peptides have usually limited immunogenicity, formation of anti-drug antibodies with subsequent hypersensitivity reactions has been described for some peptide therapeutics. Numerous strategies have been applied to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic peptides, especially to overcome their metabolic instability, low permeability, and limited tissue residence time. Applied techniques include amino acid substitutions, modification of the peptide terminus, inclusion of disulfide bonds, and conjugation with polymers or macromolecules such as antibody fragments or albumin. Application of model-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations has been widely used for therapeutic peptides in support of drug development and dosage regimen design, especially because their targets are often well-described endogenous regulatory pathways and processes.
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29
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Aguilar-Carrasco JC, Rodríguez-Silverio J, Jiménez-Andrade JM, Carrasco-Portugal MDC, Flores-Murrieta FJ. Relationship between blood levels and the anti-hyperalgesic effect of ketoprofen in the rat. Drug Dev Res 2014; 75:189-94. [PMID: 24648267 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between blood levels of ketoprofen and its anti-hyperalgesic effects was examined in rat using the carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia model. Female adult Wistar rats were injected with carrageenan into the plantar surface of the right hind paw. Immediately after, rats were administered with ketoprofen po and hindpaw withdrawal latency measured and micro-whole blood samples were obtained over six hours via a cannula inserted in the caudal artery. Ketoprofen levels were measured by HPLC. Ketoprofen concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner and was reflected in dose-dependent anti-hyperalgesic effect. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters expressed as mean ± s.e.m. following administration of 1, 3.2, and 10 mg/kg ketoprofen were: Cmax 1.27 ± 0.08, 3.44 ± 0.20 and 11.76 ± 0.81 μg/mL; AUClast 4.16 ± 0.17, 11.63 ± 0.65 and 28.15 ± 1.32 μg h/mL; and Emax observed (AUCE ): 65.41 ± 7.79, 92.06 ± 6.46 and 98.42 ± 7.53%. A direct relationship between blood concentrations and the anti-hyperalgesic effect of ketoprofen followed a maximum effect model equation. The results indicate that the anti-hyperalgesic effect of ketoprofen in the carrageenan pain model can be predicted by the pharmacokinetic properties of ketoprofen.
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30
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Sarmah JK, Bhattacharjee SK, Roy S, Mahanta R, Mahanta R. Biodegradable Guar Gum Nanoparticles as Carrier for Tamoxifen Citrate in Treatment of Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2014.54026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Trivedi A, Lee RE, Meibohm B. Applications of pharmacometrics in the clinical development and pharmacotherapy of anti-infectives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 6:159-70. [PMID: 23473593 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.13.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the increased emergence of anti-infective resistance in recent years, much focus has recently been drawn to the development of new anti-infectives and the optimization of treatment regimens and combination therapies for established antimicrobials. In this context, the field of pharmacometrics using quantitative numerical modeling and simulation techniques has in recent years emerged as an invaluable tool in the pharmaceutical industry, academia and regulatory agencies to facilitate the integration of preclinical and clinical development data and to provide a scientifically based framework for rational dosage regimen design and treatment optimization. This review highlights the usefulness of pharmacometric analyses in anti-infective drug development and applied pharmacotherapy with select examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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32
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Lee JB, Sung JH. Organ-on-a-chip technology and microfluidic whole-body models for pharmacokinetic drug toxicity screening. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1258-66. [PMID: 24038956 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microscale cell culture platforms better mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment than conventional, macroscale systems. Microscale cultures therefore elicit a more authentic response from cultured cells, enabling physiologically realistic in vitro tissue models to be constructed. The fabrication of interconnecting microchambers and microchannels allows drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination to be simulated, and enables precise manipulation of fluid flow to replicate blood circulation. Complex, multi-organ interactions can be investigated using "organ-on-a-chip" toxicology screens. By reproducing the dynamics of multi-organ interaction, the dynamics of various diseases and drug activities can be studied in mechanistic detail. In this review, we summarize the current status of technologies related to pharmacokinetic-based drug toxicity testing, and the use of microtechnology for reproducing the interaction between multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bum Lee
- University of Seoul, Chemical Engineering, Seoul, Korea
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Läer S, Barrett JS, Meibohm B. The In Silico Child: Using Simulation to Guide Pediatric Drug Development and Manage Pediatric Pharmacotherapy. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 49:889-904. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270009337513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sarker D, Pacey S, Workman P. Use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic biomarkers to support rational cancer drug development. Biomark Med 2012; 1:399-417. [PMID: 20477383 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of drug development in oncology has struggled to alter at a pace in keeping with the rapid discovery and testing of agents that act on a wide variety of molecular targets. The rational development of such agents requires an understanding of drug effect(s) on their purported target. It is likely that testing these drugs in a framework designed to examine cytotoxic agents will fail to establish their full potential. We discuss how data gained from biomarker investigation might impact on drug development and provide examples that highlight the development, validation and use of pharmacokinetic, and especially pharmacodynamic biomarkers as drug development moves from the laboratory into clinical testing. The challenges of performing assays to satisfy regulatory requirements have been the subject of much debate. We recommend the implementation of appropriate, fit-for-purpose biomarkers in clinical trials of all new cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sarker
- Signal Transduction & Molecular Pharmacology Team, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Jönsson S, Henningsson A, Edholm M, Salmonson T. Role of modelling and simulation: a European regulatory perspective. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012; 51:69-76. [PMID: 22257148 DOI: 10.2165/11596650-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Modelling and simulation (M&S) of clinical data, e.g. pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical endpoints, is a useful approach for more efficient interpretation of collected data and for extrapolation of knowledge to the entire target population. This type of documentation is included in the majority of marketing authorization applications for new medicinal products. This article summarizes the current status of regulatory review with respect to the role of M&S in Europe from the perspective of the Swedish Medical Products Agency. At present, regulatory bodies in Europe encourage the application of the M&S approach during drug development. However, there is a lack of consensus and transparent guidance documents. The main regulatory usage is in the evaluation of dose choices in sub-populations and as support for the dosing regimen in general. The regulatory review of conestat alfa illustrates how the dose recommendation was revised during the approval procedure based on M&S information. A survey of marketing authorization applications for new medicinal products approved in 2010 revealed that the use of the information gained from M&S documentation varies with respect to both regulatory review and the applicants' presentation of the data in the submitted dossier. Increased utilization and broadened application of M&S is anticipated in pharmaceutical development, where one area of focus is medicines for paediatric patients. Accordingly, the regulatory agencies will need to increase their capability to assess and utilize this type of information, and an interactive process among regulatory agencies is warranted to provide more unified regulatory assessment and guidance. Moreover, applicants are encouraged to expand on the usage of exposure-response models to map the systemic exposure range that yields safe and efficacious treatment and to improve the presentation of the gained knowledge in summary documents of the marketing authorization applications.
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Li X, Qian L, Bittner ML, Dougherty ER. A Systems Biology Approach in Therapeutic Response Study for Different Dosing Regimens-a Modeling Study of Drug Effects on Tumor Growth using Hybrid Systems. Cancer Inform 2012; 11:41-60. [PMID: 22442626 PMCID: PMC3298374 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the frustration of translation of research advances in the molecular and cellular biology of cancer into treatment, this study calls for cross-disciplinary efforts and proposes a methodology of incorporating drug pharmacology information into drug therapeutic response modeling using a computational systems biology approach. The objectives are two fold. The first one is to involve effective mathematical modeling in the drug development stage to incorporate preclinical and clinical data in order to decrease costs of drug development and increase pipeline productivity, since it is extremely expensive and difficult to get the optimal compromise of dosage and schedule through empirical testing. The second objective is to provide valuable suggestions to adjust individual drug dosing regimens to improve therapeutic effects considering most anticancer agents have wide inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability and a narrow therapeutic index. A dynamic hybrid systems model is proposed to study drug antitumor effect from the perspective of tumor growth dynamics, specifically the dosing and schedule of the periodic drug intake, and a drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics information are linked together in the proposed model using a state-space approach. It is proved analytically that there exists an optimal drug dosage and interval administration point, and demonstrated through simulation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Shah AK, Agnihotri SA. Recent advances and novel strategies in pre-clinical formulation development: An overview. J Control Release 2011; 156:281-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen YC, Cao WW, Cao Y, Zhang L, Chang BB, Yang WL, Liu XQ. Using neural networks to determine the contribution of danshensu to its multiple cardiovascular activities in acute myocardial infarction rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:126-134. [PMID: 21924339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danshensu is an active water-soluble component from Salvia Miltiorrhiza, which has been demonstrated holding multiple mechanisms for the regulation of cardiovascular system. However, the relative contribution of danshensu to its multiple cardiovascular activities remains largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To develop an artificial neural network (NN) model simultaneously characterizing danshensu pharmacokinetics and multiple cardiovascular activities in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rats. The relationship between danshensu pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) were evaluated using contribution values. MATERIALS AND METHODS Danshensu was intraperitoneally injected at a single dose of 20mg/kg to AMI rats induced by coronary artery ligation. Plasma levels of danshensu, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), total homocysteine (Hcy) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were quantified. A back-propagation NN model was developed to characterize the PK and PD profiles of danshensu, in which the input variables contained time, area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of danshensu and rat weights (covariate). Relative contribution of input variable to the output neurons was evaluated using neuron connection weights according to Garson's algorithm. The kinetics of contribution values was also compared and was validated using bootstrap resampling method. RESULTS Danshensu exerted significant cTnT-lowering, Hcy- and GSH-elevating effect, and these marker profiles were well captured by the trained NN model. The calculation of relative contributions revealed that the effect of danshensu on the PD marker could be ranked as cTnT>GSH>Hcy, while the effect of AMI disease on the PD marker could be ranked in the following order: cTnT>Hcy>GSH. The activity of transsulfuration pathway was quite obvious under the AMI state. CONCLUSION NN is a powerful tool linking PK and PD profiles of danshensu with multiple cardioprotective mechanisms, it provides a simple method for identifying and ranking relative contribution to the multiple therapeutic effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Cheng Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Lane, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Chang C, Byon W, Lu Y, Jacobsen LK, Badura LL, Sawant-Basak A, Miller E, Liu J, Grimwood S, Wang EQ, Maurer TS. Quantitative PK-PD model-based translational pharmacology of a novel kappa opioid receptor antagonist between rats and humans. AAPS JOURNAL 2011; 13:565-75. [PMID: 21847689 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling greatly enables quantitative implementation of the "learn and confirm" paradigm across different stages of drug discovery and development. This work describes the successful prospective application of this concept in the discovery and early development of a novel κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist, PF-04455242, where PK-PD understanding from preclinical biomarker responses enabled successful prediction of the clinical response in a proof of mechanism study. Preclinical data obtained in rats included time course measures of the KOR antagonist (PF-04455242), a KOR agonist (spiradoline), and a KOR-mediated biomarker response (prolactin secretion) in plasma. Clinical data included time course measures of PF-04455242 and prolactin in 24 healthy volunteers following a spiradoline challenge and single oral doses of PF-04455242 (18 and 30 mg). In both species, PF-04455242 successfully reversed spiradoline-induced prolactin response. A competitive antagonism model was developed and implemented within NONMEM to describe the effect of PF-04455242 on spiradoline-induced prolactin elevation in rats and humans. The PK-PD model-based estimate of K(i) for PF-04455242 in rats was 414 ng/mL. Accounting for species differences in unbound fraction, in vitro K(i) and brain penetration provided a predicted human K(i) of 44.4 ng/mL. This prediction was in good agreement with that estimated via the application of the proposed PK-PD model to the clinical data (i.e., 39.2 ng/mL). These results illustrate the utility of the proposed PK-PD model in supporting the quantitative translation of preclinical studies into an accurate clinical expectation. As such, the proposed PK-PD model is useful for supporting the design, selection, and early development of novel KOR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA.
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In vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models in anti-infective drug development: focus on TB. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1355-69. [PMID: 21359155 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
For rapid anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug development in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models are useful in evaluating the direct interaction between the drug and the bacteria, thereby guiding the selection of candidate compounds and the optimization of their dosing regimens. Utilizing in vivo drug-clearance profiles from animal and/or human studies and simulating them in an in vitro PK/PD model allows the in-depth characterization of antibiotic activity of new and existing antibacterials by generating time–kill data. These data capture the dynamic interplay between mycobacterial growth and changing drug concentration as encountered during prolonged drug therapy. This review focuses on important PK/PD parameters relevant to anti-TB drug development, provides an overview of in vitro PK/PD models used to evaluate the efficacy of agents against mycobacteria and discusses the related mathematical modeling approaches of time–kill data. Overall, it provides an introduction to in vitro PK/PD models and their application as critical tools in evaluating anti-TB drugs.
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Wang J, Xiao Y, Lu Y, Kang Z, Zhang M, Liu Y, Liang J, Zhang M, Li T. Pharmacokinetics of antofloxacin hydrochloride in healthy male subjects after multiple intravenous dose administration. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:561-6. [PMID: 21446836 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.565820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic characteristics of antofloxacin hydrochloride, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, during a multiple, intravenous dosing regimen. Twelve healthy, Chinese male volunteer subjects were each given 300 mg of antofloxacin by intravenous infusion once daily for 7 days. Blood and urine samples were taken at designated time points for analysis of antofloxacin concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Safety and tolerability were assessed by evaluation of subject complaints, vital signs, electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, clinical chemistry parameters, haematology and urinalysis and prothrombin time. The serum steady concentration of antofloxacin was obtained in 96 h after the administration of a daily intravenous dose of 300 mg of the drug. In the present study, the following pharmacokinetic parameters after 7 days of treatment with antofloxacin were determined to be: C(max) 3.81 ± 0.66 mg/L, C(min) 0.85 ± 0.19 mg/L, AUC(0-24) 60.51 ± 8.30 mg/L·h, C(av) 2.52 ± 0.35 mg/L, PTF 87.45 ± 3.37%, t(1/2)β 20.34 ± 1.88 h. The C(max) and AUC(0-24) after 7-day treatment were both higher than after the first dose (by 43% and 110%, respectively). The cumulative urinary elimination of antofloxacin within 96 h after the last dose was about 56%. During the study, there were neither subject complaints nor significant adverse clinical findings. Antofloxacin, administered intravenously as a single, daily 300 mg dose for 7 days, demonstrated favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics and tolerability. The results of this study indicate that antofloxacin hydrochloride is suitable for further clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, First Hospital, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Jia J, Dong C, Zhang W, Cui Y, Liu J. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship for oral sustained-release atenolol pellets in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:342-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wei J, Jones J, Kang J, Card A, Krimm M, Hancock P, Pei Y, Ason B, Payson E, Dubinina N, Cancilla M, Stroh M, Burchard J, Sachs AB, Hochman JH, Flanagan WM, Kuklin NA. RNA-induced silencing complex-bound small interfering RNA is a determinant of RNA interference-mediated gene silencing in mice. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 79:953-63. [PMID: 21427169 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.070409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deeper knowledge of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) concepts for RNA therapeutics is important to streamline the drug development process and for rigorous selection of best performing drug candidates. Here we characterized the PK/PD relationship for small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting luciferase by examining siRNA concentration in plasma and liver, the temporal RNA-induced silencing complex binding profiles, mRNA reduction, and protein inhibition measured by noninvasive bioluminescent imaging. A dose-dependent and time-related decrease in bioluminescence was detected over 25 days after a single treatment of a lipid nanoparticle-formulated siRNA targeting luciferase messenger RNA. A direct relationship was observed between the degree of in vivo mRNA and protein reduction and the Argonaute2 (Ago2)-bound siRNA fraction but not with the total amount of siRNA found in the liver, suggesting that the Ago2-siRNA complex is the key determinant of target inhibition. These observations were confirmed for an additional siRNA that targets endogenously expressed Sjögren syndrome antigen B (Ssb) mRNA, indicating that our observations are not limited to a transgenic mouse system. Our data provide detailed information of the temporal regulation of siRNA liver delivery, Ago2 loading, mRNA reduction, and protein inhibition that are essential for the rapid and cost-effective clinical development of siRNAs therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Sirna Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Sung JH, Esch MB, Shuler ML. Integration of in silico and in vitro platforms for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 6:1063-81. [PMID: 20540627 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.496251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling enables quantitative prediction of the dose-response relationship. Recent advances in microscale technology enabled researchers to create in vitro systems that mimic biological systems more closely. Combination of mathematical modeling and microscale technology offers the possibility of faster, cheaper and more accurate prediction of the drug's effect with a reduced need for animal or human subjects. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This article discusses combining in vitro microscale systems and PK-PD models for improved prediction of drug's efficacy and toxicity. First, we describe the concept of PK-PD modeling and its applications. Different classes of PK-PD models are described. Microscale technology offers an opportunity for building physical systems that mimic PK-PD models. Recent progress in this approach during the last decade is summarized. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This article is intended to review how microscale technology combined with cell cultures, also known as 'cells-on-a-chip', can confer a novel aspect to current PK-PD modeling. Readers will gain a comprehensive knowledge of PK-PD modeling and 'cells-on-a-chip' technology, with the prospect of how they may be combined for synergistic effect. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The combination of microscale technology and PK-PD modeling should contribute to the development of a novel in vitro/in silico platform for more physiologically-realistic drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Cornell University, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Dirks NL, Meibohm B. Population pharmacokinetics of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2011; 49:633-59. [PMID: 20818831 DOI: 10.2165/11535960-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of population pharmacokinetic analyses of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been published in the scientific literature. The aims of this article are to summarize the findings from these studies and to relate the findings to the general pharmacokinetic and structural characteristics of therapeutic mAbs. A two-compartment model was used in the majority of the population analyses to describe the disposition of the mAb. Population estimates of the volumes of distribution in the central (V(1)) and peripheral (V(2)) compartments were typically small, with median (range) values of 3.1 (2.4-5.5) L and 2.8 (1.3-6.8) L, respectively. The estimated between-subject variability in the V(1) was usually moderate, with a median (range) coefficient of variation (CV) of 26% (12-84%). Between-subject variability in other distribution-related parameters such as the V(2) and intercompartmental clearance were often not estimated. Although the pharmacokinetic models used most frequently in the population analyses were models with linear clearance, other models with nonlinear, or parallel linear and nonlinear clearance pathways were also applied, as many therapeutic mAbs are eliminated via saturable target-mediated mechanisms. Population estimates of the maximum elimination rate (V(max)) and the mAb concentration at which elimination was at half maximum for Michaelis-Menten-type elimination pathways varied considerably among the different therapeutic mAbs. However, estimates of the total clearance (CL) of mAbs with linear clearance characteristics and of the clearance of mAbs via the linear clearance pathway (CL(L)) with parallel linear and nonlinear clearance were quite similar for the different mAbs and typically ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 L/day, which is relatively close to the estimated clearance of endogenous IgG of 0.21 L/day. The between-subject variability in the V(max), CL and CL(L) was moderate to high, with estimated CVs ranging from 15% to 65%. Measures of body size were the covariates most commonly identified as influencing the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic mAbs. In summary, many features of the population pharmacokinetics of currently used therapeutic mAbs are similar, despite differences in their pharmacological targets and studied patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael L Dirks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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García-García I, González-Delgado CA, Valenzuela-Silva CM, Díaz-Machado A, Cruz-Díaz M, Nodarse-Cuní H, Pérez-Pérez O, Bermúdez-Badell CH, Ferrero-Bibilonia J, Páez-Meireles R, Bello-Rivero I, Castro-Odio FR, López-Saura PA. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two "pegylated" interferon alpha-2 formulations in healthy male volunteers: a randomized, crossover, double-blind study. BMC Pharmacol 2010; 10:15. [PMID: 21092287 PMCID: PMC3001701 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon (IFN) alpha conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG) results in a better pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety properties of a new, locally developed, 40-kDa PEG-IFN alpha-2b preparation with a reference, commercially available PEG-IFN alpha-2a in healthy male volunteers. METHODS A randomized, crossover, double-blind study with a 3-weeks washout period, was done. A single 180 micrograms PEG-IFN alpha-2 dose was administered subcutaneously in both groups. Sixteen apparently healthy male subjects were included. Serum PEG-IFN concentration was measured during 336 hours by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Other clinical and laboratory variables were used as pharmacodynamic and safety criteria. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic comparison by EIA yielded a high similitude between the formulations. In spite of a high subject variability, the parameters' mean were very close (in all cases p > 0.05): AUC: 53623 vs. 44311 pg.h/mL; Cmax: 333 vs. 271 pg/mL; Tmax: 54 vs. 55 h; half-life (t1/2): 72.4 vs. 64.8 h; terminal elimination rate (lambda): 0.011 vs. 0.014 h(-1); mean residence time (MRT): 135 vs. 123 h for reference and study preparations, respectively. There were no significant differences with respect to the pharmacodynamic variables either: serum neopterin and beta-2 microglobulin levels, stimulation of 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase expression, and serum IFN antiviral activity. A strong Spearman's rank order correlation (p < 0.01) between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concentration-time curves was observed. Both products caused similar leukocyte counts diminution and had similar safety profiles. The most frequent adverse reactions were leukopenia, fever, thrombocytopenia, transaminases increase and asthenia, mostly mild. CONCLUSIONS Both formulations are fully comparable from the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profiles. Efficacy trials can be carried out to confirm clinical similarity.
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Contribution of Modeling and Simulation Studies in the Regulatory Review: A European Regulatory Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7415-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Suryawanshi S, Zhang L, Pfister M, Meibohm B. The current role of model-based drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:311-21. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441003713470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang J, Xiao Y, Lu Y, Kang Z, Zhang M, Liu Y, Liang J, Zhang M, Li T. Pharmacokinetics of antofloxacin hydrochloride, a novel fluoroquinolone, after single-dose intravenous administration in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:344-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00498251003649798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Investigation on pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of a novel anticancer platinum compound by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after intravenous administration to rats. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1621-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-2116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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