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Bezerra FF, Oliveira SN, Sales RA, Piquet AA, Capillé NV, Vilanova E, Tovar AM, Mourão PA. Approaches to Assure Similarity between Pharmaceutical Heparins from Two Different Manufacturers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041115. [PMID: 37111602 PMCID: PMC10142696 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical heparins from different manufacturers may present heterogeneities due to particular extraction and purification procedures or even variations in the raw material manipulation. Heparins obtained from different tissues also differ in their structure and activity. Nevertheless, there is an increased demand for more accurate assessments to ensure the similarities of pharmaceutical heparins. We propose an approach to accurately assess the similarity of these pharmaceutical preparations based on well-defined criteria, which are verified with a variety of refined analytical methods. We evaluate six commercial batches from two different manufacturers which were formulated with Brazilian or Chinese active pharmaceutical ingredients. Biochemical and spectroscopic methods and analysis based on digestion with heparinases were employed to evaluate the purity and structure of the heparins. Specific assays were employed to evaluate the biological activity. We observed minor but significant differences between the constitutive units of the heparins from these two manufacturers, such as the content of N-acetylated α-glucosamine. They also have minor differences in their molecular masses. These physicochemical differences have no impact on the anticoagulant activity but can indicate particularities on their manufacturing processes. The protocol we propose here for analyzing the similarity of unfractionated heparins is analogous to those successfully employed to compare low-molecular-weight heparins.
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2
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Smith MM, Melrose J. Pentosan Polysulfate Affords Pleotropic Protection to Multiple Cells and Tissues. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:437. [PMID: 36986536 PMCID: PMC10132487 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentosan polysulfate (PPS), a small semi-synthetic highly sulfated heparan sulfate (HS)-like molecule, shares many of the interactive properties of HS. The aim of this review was to outline the potential of PPS as an interventional therapeutic protective agent in physiological processes affecting pathological tissues. PPS is a multifunctional molecule with diverse therapeutic actions against many disease processes. PPS has been used for decades in the treatment of interstitial cystitis and painful bowel disease, it has tissue-protective properties as a protease inhibitor in cartilage, tendon and IVD, and it has been used as a cell-directive component in bioscaffolds in tissue engineering applications. PPS regulates complement activation, coagulation, fibrinolysis and thrombocytopenia, and it promotes the synthesis of hyaluronan. Nerve growth factor production in osteocytes is inhibited by PPS, reducing bone pain in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (OA/RA). PPS also removes fatty compounds from lipid-engorged subchondral blood vessels in OA/RA cartilage, reducing joint pain. PPS regulates cytokine and inflammatory mediator production and is also an anti-tumor agent that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and the development of progenitor cell lineages that have proven to be useful in strategies designed to effect repair of the degenerate intervertebral disc (IVD) and OA cartilage. PPS stimulates proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes in the presence or absence of interleukin (IL)-1, and stimulates hyaluronan production by synoviocytes. PPS is thus a multifunctional tissue-protective molecule of potential therapeutic application for a diverse range of disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Smith
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Graduate Schools of Biomedical Engineering, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern Campus, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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3
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OUYANG Y, YI L, QIU L, ZHANG Z. [Advances in heparin structural analysis by chromatography technologies]. Se Pu 2023; 41:107-121. [PMID: 36725707 PMCID: PMC9892979 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin (Hp) is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the clinics, with an annual global output of over 10 billion dollars. Hp, a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), is prepared from porcine intestinal mucosa via extraction, separation, and purification. Hp is a linear polysaccharide with repeating disaccharide units. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are depolymerized from Hp via chemical or enzymatic degradation. Compared with Hp, LMWHs exhibit less bleeding side effect, milder immunogenicity, and higher bioavailability when injected subcutaneously. In general, Hps, including LMWHs, are high complex drugs with large molecular weights (MWs), inhomogeneous MW distributions, and structural heterogeneity, including different degrees and locations of sulfonation, and unique residues generated from different production processes. Thus, developing efficient analytical methods to elucidate the structures of Hps and characterize or quantitate their properties is extremely challenging. Unfortunately, this problem limits their quality control, production optimization, clinical safety monitoring, and new applications. Research has constantly sought to elucidate the complicated structures of Hp drugs. Among the structural analysis and quality control methods of Hp currently available, chromatographic methods are the most widely studied and used. However, no literature thoroughly summarizes the specific applications of chromatographic methods in the structural analysis, manufacturing process, and quality control of Hp drugs. This paper systematically organizes and describes recent research progresses of the chromatographic methods used to analyze Hp drugs, including the identification and composition of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The applications, innovations, and limitations of these chromatographic methods are also summarized in this review. The insights obtained in this study will help production and quality control personnel, as well as drug researchers, obtain a deeper understanding of the complex structures of Hp drugs. This paper also provides a comprehensive reference for the structural analysis and quality control of Hps, proposes ideas for the development of new quality control methods, and lays a strong foundation for the in-depth structural elucidation of Hp drugs.
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4
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Meher MK, Poluri KM. Bifunctional Dalteparin/Enoxaparin coated nanosilver formulation to prevent bloodstream infections during hemodialysis. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BWK. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as an elegant tool for a complete quality control of crude heparin material. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114915. [PMID: 35777175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometric methods for the quantitative analysis of pure heparin in crude heparin is proposed. For quantification, a two-step routine was developed using a USP heparin reference sample for calibration and benzoic acid as an internal standard. The method was successfully validated for its accuracy, reproducibility, and precision. The methodology was used to analyze 20 authentic porcine heparinoid samples having heparin content between 4.25 w/w % and 64.4 w/w %. The characterization of crude heparin products was further extended to a simultaneous analysis of these common ions: sodium, calcium, acetate and chloride. A significant, linear dependence was found between anticoagulant activity and assayed heparin content for thirteen heparinoids samples, for which reference data were available. A Diffused-ordered NMR experiment (DOSY) can be used for qualitative analysis of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in heparinoid matrices and, potentially, for quantitative prediction of molecular weight of GAGs. NMR spectrometry therefore represents a unique analytical method suitable for the simultaneous quantitative control of organic and inorganic composition of crude heparin samples (especially heparin content) as well as an estimation of other physical and quality parameters (molecular weight, animal origin and activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany; FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Mußmann-Straße 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany
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6
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Jiang H, Li X, Ma M, Shi X, Wu X. Quality control and product differentiation of LMWHs marketed in China using 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometric tools. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114472. [PMID: 34864594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are heterogeneous mixtures of glycosaminoglycan chains composed of mixture of different lengths and substitution patterns. Structural characterization and quality control of LMWHs have always been challenging. The Chinese drug regulatory authorities have been committed to improve the supervision standards of LMWHs to better regulate the quality and safety of LMWHs in current Chinese market. In the present paper, 80 batches of three types LMWHs (dalteparin, enoxaparin and naldroparin) marketed in China from different manufacturers were studied by 1H NMR experiments and chemometric analysis. The method can be used not only to monitor impurities and contaminants, but also to check the batch-to-batch consistency of each manufacture. Moreover, for the biosimilar LMWHs from different manufactures, they can be differentiated and clustered according to their slightly different structural compositions originated from production process. By using this method, the quality and safety of LMWHs marketed in China were initially assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Jiang
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, PR China.
| | - Xinbai Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Minglan Ma
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Xianfu Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China.
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7
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Hook AL, Hogwood J, Gray E, Mulloy B, Merry CLR. High sensitivity analysis of nanogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans using ToF-SIMS. Commun Chem 2021; 4:67. [PMID: 36697531 PMCID: PMC9814553 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important biopolymers that differ in the sequence of saccharide units and in post polymerisation alterations at various positions, making these complex molecules challenging to analyse. Here we describe an approach that enables small quantities (<200 ng) of over 400 different GAGs to be analysed within a short time frame (3-4 h). Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) together with multivariate analysis is used to analyse the entire set of GAG samples. Resultant spectra are derived from the whole molecules and do not require pre-digestion. All 6 possible GAG types are successfully discriminated, both alone and in the presence of fibronectin. We also distinguish between pharmaceutical grade heparin, derived from different animal species and from different suppliers, to a sensitivity as low as 0.001 wt%. This approach is likely to be highly beneficial in the quality control of GAGs produced for therapeutic applications and for characterising GAGs within biomaterials or from in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Hook
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Hogwood
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Elaine Gray
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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8
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Andrews O, Bett C, Shu Q, Kaelber N, Asher DM, Keire D, Gregori L. Processing bovine intestinal mucosa to active heparin removes spiked BSE agent. Biologicals 2020; 67:56-61. [PMID: 32773163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is an anticoagulant sourced from animal tissues. In the 1990s, bovine-sourced heparin was withdrawn from the U.S. market due to a theoretical concern that the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent might contaminate crude heparin and spread to humans as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Only porcine intestinal heparin is now marketed in the U.S. FDA has encouraged the reintroduction of bovine heparin. We applied a scaled-down laboratory model process to produce heparin as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) starting from bovine intestinal mucosa. The process consisted of two phases. To model the first phase, we applied enzymatic proteolysis, anionic resin separation and methanol precipitation of crude heparin. Bovine intestinal mucosa was spiked with BSE or scrapie agents. We assayed BSE- or scrapie-associated prion protein (PrPTSE) using the Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) assay at each step. The process reduced PrPTSE by 4 log10 and 6 log10 from BSE-spiked and scrapie-spiked mucosa, respectively. To model the entire process, we spiked mucosa with scrapie agent and produced heparin API, reducing PrPTSE by 6.7 log10. The purification processes removed large amounts of PrPTSE from the final products. Heparin purification together with careful sourcing of raw materials should allow safely reintroducing bovine heparin in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omozusi Andrews
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Cyrus Bett
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Qin Shu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Saint Louis, MO, 63101, USA
| | - Nadine Kaelber
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David M Asher
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David Keire
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Saint Louis, MO, 63101, USA
| | - Luisa Gregori
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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9
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Nesměrák K, Pospíchal R. Spectrometric methods in pharmaceutical analysis of glycosaminoglycans: the state-of-the-art. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Devlin A, Mycroft-West C, Procter P, Cooper L, Guimond S, Lima M, Yates E, Skidmore M. Tools for the Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Heparin. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E636. [PMID: 31557911 PMCID: PMC6843833 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a vital pharmaceutical anticoagulant drug and remains one of the few naturally sourced pharmaceutical agents used clinically. Heparin possesses a structural order with up to four levels of complexity. These levels are subject to change based on the animal or even tissue sources that they are extracted from, while higher levels are believed to be entirely dynamic and a product of their surrounding environments, including bound proteins and associated cations. In 2008, heparin sources were subject to a major contamination with a deadly compound-an over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate polysaccharide-that resulted in excess of 100 deaths within North America alone. In consideration of this, an arsenal of methods to screen for heparin contamination have been applied, based primarily on the detection of over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate. The targeted nature of these screening methods, for this specific contaminant, may leave contamination by other entities poorly protected against, but novel approaches, including library-based chemometric analysis in concert with a variety of spectroscopic methods, could be of great importance in combating future, potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Devlin
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Courtney Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Lynsay Cooper
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Scott Guimond
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Marcelo Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Edwin Yates
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Mark Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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Development of Octreotide-Loaded Chitosan and Heparin Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Surface Modification Effect on Physicochemical Properties and Macrophage Uptake. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3036-3045. [PMID: 31082402 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Octreotide (OCT) is a therapeutic peptide which is administered for the treatment of acromegaly. The purpose of this study was to design a new polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated nanoparticle (PEG-NP) to overcome the short half-life and poor stability of OCT. The developed PEG-NPs were compared with non-PEGylated NPs with respect to their size, morphological characteristics, loading efficiency, release profile, and macrophage uptake. The OCT-loaded NPs and PEG-NPs were prepared by ionic complexion of chitosan (Cs) with either heparin (Hp) or PEGylated heparin (PEG-Hp). The chemical structure of PEG-Hp was confirmed by IR and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Morphological analyses by scanning electron microscopy showed that NPs and PEG-NPs have a uniform shape. Dynamic laser scattering measurements indicated that hydrodynamic diameter of NPs and PEG-NPs were 222.5 ± 10.0 nm and 334.9 ± 6.7 nm, respectively. NPs and PEG-NPs had a positive zeta potential of about 32.5 ± 1.1 mv and 20.6 ± 2.4 mv, respectively. Entrapment efficiency was 61.4 ± 1.0% and 55.7 ± 2.4% for NPs and PEG-NPs, respectively. Compared with the NPs, the PEG-NPs exhibited a slower release profile. Subsequently, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled chitosanCs was synthesized and used to evaluate the stealth characteristic of PEG-NPs. In vitro macrophage uptake of fluorescently labeled NPs was measured by flow cytometry.
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Vilanova E, Vairo BC, Oliveira SNMCG, Glauser BF, Capillé NV, Santos GRC, Tovar AMF, Pereira MS, Mourão PAS. Heparins Sourced From Bovine and Porcine Mucosa Gain Exclusive Monographs in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:16. [PMID: 30805341 PMCID: PMC6371698 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the unfractionated heparin (UFH) consumed worldwide is manufactured using porcine mucosa as raw material (HPI); however, some countries also employ products sourced from bovine mucosa (HBI) as interchangeable versions of the gold standard HPI. Although accounted as a single UFH, HBI, and HPI have differing anticoagulant activities (~100 and 200 IU mg−1, respectively) because of their compositional dissimilarities. The concomitant use of HBI and HPI in Brazil had already provoked serious bleeding incidents, which led to the withdrawal of HBI products in 2009. In 2010, the Brazilian Pharmacopeia (BP) formed a special committee to develop two complementary monographs approaching HBI and HPI separately, as distinct active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The committee has rapidly agreed on requirements concerning the composition and presence of contaminants based on nuclear magnetic resonance and anion-exchange chromatography. On the other hand, consensus on the anticoagulant activity of HBI was the subject of long and intense discussions. Nevertheless, the committee has ultimately agreed to recommend minimum anti-FIIa activities of 100 IU mg−1 for HBI and 180 IU mg−1 for HPI. Upon the approval by the Brazilian Health Authority (ANVISA), the BP published the new monographs for HPI and HBI APIs in 2016 and 2017, respectively. These pioneer monographs represent a pivotal step toward the safest use of HBI and HPI as interchangeable anticoagulants and serve as a valuable template for the reformulation of pharmacopeias of other countries willing to introduce HBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vilanova
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Vairo
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephan-Nicollas M C G Oliveira
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Glauser
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nina V Capillé
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R C Santos
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana M F Tovar
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Pereira
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Chen J, Yu Y, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt D, Jeske W, Kouta A, Jin C, Jin Y, Yao Y, Xia K, Zhang F, Chen S, Ye X, Linhardt RJ. Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins Prepared From Ovine Heparins With Enoxaparin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2019; 25:1076029619840701. [PMID: 30987427 PMCID: PMC6714994 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619840701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin and its low-molecular-weight heparin derivatives are widely used clinical anticoagulants. These drugs are critical for the practice of medicine in applications, including kidney dialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and in the management of venous thromboembolism. Currently, these drugs are derived from livestock, primarily porcine intestine and less frequently bovine intestine and bovine lung. The worldwide dependence on the pig as a single dominant animal species has made the supply chain for this critical drug quite fragile, leading to the search for other sources of these drugs, including the expanded use of bovine tissues. A number of laboratories are now also examining the similarities between heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins prepared from porcine and ovine tissues. This study was designed to compare low-molecular-weight heparin prepared from ovine heparin through chemical β-elimination, a process currently used to prepare the low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin. Using top-down, bottom-up, and compositional analyses as well as bioassays, low-molecular-weight heparin derived from ovine intestine was shown to closely resemble enoxaparin. Moreover, the compositions of daughter low-molecular-weight heparins prepared from three unfractionated ovine parent heparins were compared. Ovine enoxaparins had similar molecular weight and in vitro anticoagulant activities as Lovenox. Some disaccharide compositional, oligosaccharide composition at the reducing and nonreducing ends and intact chain compositional differences could be observed between porcine enoxaparin and ovine low-molecular-weight heparin. The similarity of these ovine and porcine heparin products suggests that their preclinical evaluation and ultimately clinical assessment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL,
USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL,
USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL,
USA
| | - Ahmed Kouta
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL,
USA
| | - Caijuan Jin
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Jin
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and
Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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14
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Ouyang Y, Zhu M, Wang X, Yi L, Fareed J, Linhardt RJ, Zhang Z. Systematic analysis of enoxaparins from different sources with online one- and two-dimensional chromatography. Analyst 2019; 144:3746-3755. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Enoxaparin, one of the most important low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), is widely used as a clinical anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Ouyang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies
| | - Meng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Respiratory Department
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Lin Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis
- Department of Pathology
- Loyola University Medical Center
- Maywood
- USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
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15
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Corredor M, Carbajo D, Domingo C, Pérez Y, Bujons J, Messeguer A, Alfonso I. Dynamic Covalent Identification of an Efficient Heparin Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Corredor
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Carbajo
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Cecilia Domingo
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez
- NMR Facility, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
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16
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Corredor M, Carbajo D, Domingo C, Pérez Y, Bujons J, Messeguer A, Alfonso I. Dynamic Covalent Identification of an Efficient Heparin Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11973-11977. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Corredor
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Carbajo
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Cecilia Domingo
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez
- NMR Facility, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia; IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
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17
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool for the quantitative analysis of water and ions in pharmaceuticals: Example of heparin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:332-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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19
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Ofosu F. A review of the two major regulatory pathways for non-proprietary low-molecular-weight heparins. Thromb Haemost 2017; 107:201-14. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-06-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWith the expiry or pending expiry of originator low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) patents, pharmaceutical companies have invested in developing non-proprietary versions of LMWHs. LMWHs are manufactured by depolymerising highly purified unfractionated heparin. In contrast to traditional synthetic drugs with well-defined chemical structures, LMWHs contain complex oligosaccharide mixtures and the different manufacturing processes for LMWHs add to the heterogeneity in their physicochemical properties such that the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) consider existing originator LMWHs to be distinct medicinal entities that are not clinically interchangeable. The FDA views LMWHs as drugs and has approved two non-proprietary (generic) LMWHs, using the Abbreviated New Drug Application pathway. In contrast, the World Health Organization and the EMA view LMWHs as biological medicines. Therefore, the EMA and also the Scientific and Standardization Subcommittee on Anticoagulation of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis and the South Asian Society of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis have all published specific guidelines for assessing non-proprietary (biosimilar) LMWHs. This manuscript reviews why there are two distinct pathways for approving non-proprietary LMWHs. Available literature on non-proprietary LMWHs approved in some jurisdictions is also reviewed in order to assess whether they satisfy the requirements for LMWHs in the three guidance documents. The review also highlights some of the significant difficulties the two pathways pose for manufacturers and an urgent need to develop a consensus governing the manufacture and regulation of non-proprietary LMWHs to make them more widely available.
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20
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Zhang X, Pagadala V, Jester HM, Lim AM, Pham TQ, Goulas AMP, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin oligosaccharides and NMR analysis: paving the way to a diverse library for glycobiologists. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7932-7940. [PMID: 29568440 PMCID: PMC5849142 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03541a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of diverse heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides was chemoenzymatically synthesized and systematically studied using NMR.
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) family that plays essential roles in biological processes from animal sources. Heparin, a highly sulfated form of HS, is widely used as anticoagulant drug worldwide. The high diversity and complexity of HS and heparin represent a roadblock for structural characterization and biological activity studies. Access to structurally defined oligosaccharides is critical for the successful development of HS and heparin structure–activity relationships. In this study, a library of 66 HS and heparin oligosaccharides covering different sulfation patterns and sizes was prepared through an efficient method of chemoenzymatic synthesis. A systematic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study was firstly undertaken for every oligosaccharide in the library. In addition to the availability of different oligosaccharides, this work also provides spectroscopic data helpful for characterizing more complicated polysaccharide structures providing a safeguard to ensure the quality of the drug heparin. This HS/heparin library will be useful for activity screening and facilitate future structure–activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , USA .
| | | | - Hannah M Jester
- Glycan Therapeutics , LLC , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , USA
| | - Andrew M Lim
- Glycan Therapeutics , LLC , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , USA
| | - Truong Quang Pham
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , USA .
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , USA .
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , USA .
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21
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Low systemic toxicity nanocarriers fabricated from heparin-mPEG and PAMAM dendrimers for controlled drug release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 82:291-298. [PMID: 29025661 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this report, poly(amide amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer and Heparin-grafted-monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (HEP-mPEG) were synthesized and characterized. In aqueous solution, the generation 4 PAMAM dendrimers (G4.0-PAMAM) existed as nanoparticles with particle size of 5.63nm. However, after electrostatic complexation with HEP-mPEG to form a core@shell structure G4.0-PAMAM@HEP-mPEG, the size of nanoparticles was significantly increased (73.82nm). The G4.0-PAMAM@HEP-mPEG nanoparticles showed their ability to effectively encapsulate doxorubicin (DOX) for prolonged and controlled release. The cytocompatibility of G4.0-PAMAM@HEP-mPEG nanocarriers was significantly increased compared with its parentally G4.0-PAMAM dendrimer in both mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 and the human tumor HeLa cell lines. DOX was effectively encapsulated into G4.0-PAMAM@HEP-mPEG nanoparticles to form DOX-loaded nanocarriers (DOX/G4.0-PAMAM@HEP-mPEG) with high loading efficiency (73.2%). The release of DOX from DOX/G4.0-PAMAM@HEP-mPEG nanocarriers was controlled and prolonged up to 96h compared with less than 24h from their parentally G4.0-PAMAM nanocarriers. Importantly, the released DOX retained its bioactivity by inhibiting the proliferation of monolayer-cultured cancer HeLa cells with the same degree of fresh DOX. This prepared G4.0-PAMAM@HEP-mPEG nanocarrier can be a potential candidate for drug delivery systems with high loading capacity and low systemic toxicity in cancer therapy.
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22
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Szajek AY, Chess E, Johansen K, Gratzl G, Gray E, Keire D, Linhardt RJ, Liu J, Morris T, Mulloy B, Nasr M, Shriver Z, Torralba P, Viskov C, Williams R, Woodcock J, Workman W, Al-Hakim A. The US regulatory and pharmacopeia response to the global heparin contamination crisis. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 34:625-30. [PMID: 27281424 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of the widely used lifesaving anticoagulant drug heparin in 2007 has drawn renewed attention to the challenges that are associated with the characterization, quality control and standardization of complex biological medicines from natural sources. Heparin is a linear, highly sulfated polysaccharide consisting of alternating glucosamine and uronic acid monosaccharide residues. Heparin has been used successfully as an injectable antithrombotic medicine since the 1930s, and its isolation from animal sources (primarily porcine intestine) as well as its manufacturing processes have not changed substantially since its introduction. The 2007 heparin contamination crisis resulted in several deaths in the United States and hundreds of adverse reactions worldwide, revealing the vulnerability of a complex global supply chain to sophisticated adulteration. This Perspective discusses how the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) and international stakeholders collaborated to redefine quality expectations for heparin, thus making an important natural product better controlled and less susceptible to economically motivated adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Y Szajek
- Biologics and Biotechnology Department, US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Chess
- Structure Elucidation/Technology Resources, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Gyöngyi Gratzl
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ben Venue Laboratories, Inc., Bedford, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine Gray
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - David Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration/Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tina Morris
- Biologics and Biotechnology Department, US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, London, UK
| | - Moheb Nasr
- R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zachary Shriver
- Department of Biological Engineering, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences &Technology, Koch institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pearle Torralba
- Product Development - Analytical Innovation and Development, Fresenius Kabi USA, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Janet Woodcock
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wesley Workman
- Pfizer Quality Operations Biotech, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hakim
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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23
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Nguyen HX, O’Rear EA. Modified dextran, heparin-based triggered release microspheres for cardiovascular delivery of therapeutic drugs using protamine as a stimulus. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:299-307. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1323036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoai X. Nguyen
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Edgar A. O’Rear
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, Norman, OK, USA
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24
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Highly sensitive ratiometric detection of heparin and its oversulfated chondroitin sulfate contaminant by fluorescent peptidyl probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:545-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Liu X, St.Ange K, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt D, Jeske W, Kouta A, Chi L, Jin C, Jin Y, Yao Y, Linhardt RJ. Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins Prepared From Bovine Heparins With Enoxaparin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2017; 23:542-553. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029616686422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin and its low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) derivatives are widely used clinical anticoagulants. These drugs are critical for the practice of medicine in applications including kidney dialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and in the management of venous thromboembolism. Currently, these drugs are derived from livestock, primarily porcine intestine. The worldwide dependence on a single animal species has made the supply chain for this critical drug quite fragile, leading to the search for other sources of these drugs, including bovine tissues such as bovine intestine or lung. A number of laboratories are currently examining the similarities and differences between heparins prepared from porcine and bovine tissues. The current study is designed to compare LMWH prepared from bovine heparins through chemical β-elimination, a process currently used to prepare the LMWH, enoxaparin, from porcine heparin. Using top-down, bottom-up, compositional analysis and bioassays, LMWHs, derived from bovine lung and intestine, are shown to closely resemble enoxaparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Kalib St.Ange
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Walter Jeske
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed Kouta
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lianli Chi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Caijuan Jin
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Jin
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ronnsi Pharma Co, Ltd, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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26
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Tian R, Jiang H, Wang G. MnO2 nanosheet-based heparin and OSCS fluorescent biosensor with lowered background and amplified hybridization chain reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15625h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A “turn-on” ultrasensitive detection of heparin or OSCS was reported through MnO2 nanosheet quenched-ultralow background and HCR amplification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nano Science and Technology
- Anhui Normal University
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nano Science and Technology
- Anhui Normal University
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Center for Nano Science and Technology
- Anhui Normal University
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27
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Lester J, Chandler T, Gemene KL. Reversible Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of High-Charge Density Polyanion Contaminants in Heparin. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11537-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lester
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
| | - Timothy Chandler
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
| | - Kebede L. Gemene
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
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28
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Lee CY, Tseng WL. Molecular Beacon-Based Fluorescent Assay for Specific Detection of Oversulfated Chondroitin Sulfate Contaminants in Heparin without Enzyme Treatment. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5031-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy,
College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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29
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Fragment profiling of low molecular weight heparins using reversed phase ion pair liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2015; 407:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Liu L, Linhardt RJ, Zhang Z. Quantitative analysis of anions in glycosaminoglycans and application in heparin stability studies. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:343-50. [PMID: 24721088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The sulfo groups of glycosaminoglycans contribute to their high charge densities, and are critical for the role they play in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Unfortunately, the sulfo groups can be hydrolyzed to inorganic sulfate. Thus, it is important to monitor the presence of these sulfo groups. In addition, free anions, including chloride, sulfate and acetate, are often present in glycosaminoglycans as a result of multiple purification steps, and their presence also needs to be monitored. In this report, ion chromatography with conductivity detection is used to analyze the anions present in glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. This method allows quantitation over a wide range of concentrations, affording a limit of quantitation of 0.1 ppm and a limit of detection of 0.05 ppm for most anions of interest. The stability of heparin was also studied, providing data on the formation of both sulfate and acetate anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
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31
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Zhang Z, Till S, Jiang C, Knappe S, Reutterer S, Scheiflinger F, Szabo CM, Dockal M. Structure-activity relationship of the pro- and anticoagulant effects of Fucus vesiculosus fucoidan. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:429-37. [PMID: 24285223 DOI: 10.1160/th13-08-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fucoidan is a highly complex sulfated polysaccharide commonly extracted from brown seaweed. In addition to their many biological activities, fucoidans have recently been demonstrated to inhibit or increase coagulation at different concentration ranges. Their structural features, i.e. molecular weight (Mw), Mw distribution, degree of sulfation, monosaccharide composition, and different linkages, are known to affect these activities. Therefore, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of fucoidan is crucial for its potential use as a procoagulant. In this study, Fucus vesiculosus (F.v.) fucoidan was fractionated by charge and size as well as over- and desulfated to different degrees to yield preparations with various structural properties. The fractions' pro- and anticoagulant activities were assessed by calibrated automated thrombography (CAT) and activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT) assays. Binding to and inhibition of the anticoagulant protein tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and the ability to activate coagulation via the contact pathway were also investigated. This paper discusses the impact of charge density, size, and sugar composition on fucoidan's pro- and anticoagulant activities. Fucoidan requires a minimal charge density of 0.5 sulfates per sugar unit and a size of 70 sugar units to demonstrate desired procoagulant activities for improvement of haemostasis in factor VIII/factor IX-deficient plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - F Scheiflinger
- Friedrich Scheiflinger, PhD, Baxter Innovations GmbH, Donau-City-Strasse 7, 1220 Vienna, Austria, Tel.: +43 1 20100 247 3410, Fax: +43 1 20100 247 5733, E-mail:
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Kalita M, Balivada S, Swarup VP, Mencio C, Raman K, Desai UR, Troyer D, Kuberan B. A Nanosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Oversulfated Chondroitin Sulfate Contaminant in Heparin. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:554-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja409170z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mausam Kalita
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Sivasai Balivada
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Vimal Paritosh Swarup
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Caitlin Mencio
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Karthik Raman
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug
Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Deryl Troyer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Balagurunathan Kuberan
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H. Pomin
- Program of
Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry,
and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913,
Brazil
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Nemes P, Hoover WJ, Keire DA. High-throughput differentiation of heparin from other glycosaminoglycans by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7405-12. [PMID: 23841449 DOI: 10.1021/ac401318q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensors with high chemical specificity and enhanced sample throughput are vital to screening food products and medical devices for chemical or biochemical contaminants that may pose a threat to public health. For example, the rapid detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparin could prevent reoccurrence of heparin adulteration that caused hundreds of severe adverse events including deaths worldwide in 2007-2008. Here, rapid pyrolysis is integrated with direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry to rapidly screen major glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, and OSCS. The results demonstrate that, compared to traditional liquid chromatography-based analyses, pyrolysis mass spectrometry achieved at least 250-fold higher sample throughput and was compatible with samples volume-limited to about 300 nL. Pyrolysis yielded an abundance of fragment ions (e.g., 150 different m/z species), many of which were specific to the parent compound. Using multivariate and statistical data analysis models, these data enabled facile differentiation of the glycosaminoglycans with high throughput. After method development was completed, authentically contaminated samples obtained during the heparin crisis by the FDA were analyzed in a blinded manner for OSCS contamination. The lower limit of differentiation and detection were 0.1% (w/w) OSCS in heparin and 100 ng/μL (20 ng) OSCS in water, respectively. For quantitative purposes the linear dynamic range spanned approximately 3 orders of magnitude. Moreover, this chemical readout was successfully employed to find clues in the manufacturing history of the heparin samples that can be used for surveillance purposes. The presented technology and data analysis protocols are anticipated to be readily adaptable to other chemical and biochemical agents and volume-limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nemes
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), United States.
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35
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Tovar AMF, Teixeira LAC, Rembold SM, Leite M, Lugon JR, Mourão PAS. Bovine and porcine heparins: different drugs with similar effects on human haemodialysis. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:230. [PMID: 23763719 PMCID: PMC3688204 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heparins from porcine and bovine intestinal mucosa differ in their structure and also in their effects on coagulation, thrombosis and bleeding. However, they are used as undistinguishable drugs. Methods We compared bovine and porcine intestinal heparin administered to patients undergoing a particular protocol of haemodialysis. We compared plasma concentrations of these two drugs and also evaluated how they affect patients and the dialyzer used. Results Compared with porcine heparin, bovine heparin achieved only 76% of the maximum plasma concentration as IU mL-1. This observation is consistent with the activities observed in the respective pharmaceutical preparations. When the plasma concentrations were expressed on weight basis, bovine heparin achieved a maximum concentration 1.5 fold higher than porcine heparin. The reduced anticoagulant activity and higher concentration, on weight basis, achieved in the plasma of patients under dialysis using bovine instead of porcine heparin did not affect significantly the patients or the dialyzer used. The heparin dose is still in a range, which confers security and safety to the patients. Discussion Despite no apparent difference between bovine and porcine intestinal heparins in the haemodialysis practice, these two types of heparins should be used as distinct drugs due to their differences in structure and biological effects. Conclusions The reduced anticoagulant activity achieved in the plasma of patients under dialysis using bovine instead of porcine heparin did not affect significantly the patients or the dialyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M F Tovar
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Nyren-Erickson EK, Haldar MK, Totzauer JR, Ceglowski R, Patel DS, Friesner DL, Srivastava DK, Mallik S. Glycosaminoglycan-mediated selective changes in the aggregation states, zeta potentials, and intrinsic stability of liposomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16115-16125. [PMID: 23102026 PMCID: PMC3502640 DOI: 10.1021/la302566p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Though the aggregation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the presence of liposomes and divalent cations has been previously reported, the effects of different GAG species and minor changes in GAG composition on the aggregates that are formed are yet unknown. If minor changes in GAG composition produce observable changes in the liposome aggregate diameter or zeta potential, such a phenomenon may be used to detect potentially dangerous oversulfated contaminants in heparin. We studied the mechanism of the interactions between heparin and its oversulfated glycosaminoglycan contaminants with liposomes. Herein, we demonstrate that Mg(2+) acts to shield the incoming glycosaminoglycans from the negatively charged phosphate groups of the phospholipids and that changes in the aggregate diameter and zeta potential are a function of the glycosaminoglycan species and concentration as well as the liposome bilayer composition. These observations are supported by TEM studies. We have shown that the organizational states of the liposome bilayers are influenced by the presence of GAG and excess Mg(2+), resulting in a stabilizing effect that increases the T(m) value of DSPC liposomes; the magnitude of this effect is also dependent on the GAG species and concentration present. There is an inverse relationship between the percent change in aggregate diameter and the percent change in aggregate zeta potential as a function of GAG concentration in solution. Finally, we demonstrate that the diameter and zeta potential changes in POPC liposome aggregates in the presence of different oversulfated heparin contaminants at low concentrations allow for an accurate detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate at concentrations of as low as 1 mol %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Nyren-Erickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | - Manas K. Haldar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | - Jessica R. Totzauer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | | | - Dilipkumar S. Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | - Daniel L. Friesner
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | - D. K. Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050
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Volpi N, Maccari F, Suwan J, Linhardt RJ. Electrophoresis for the analysis of heparin purity and quality. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1531-7. [PMID: 22736353 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The adulteration of raw heparin with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in 2007-2008 produced a global crisis resulting in extensive revisions to the pharmacopeia monographs and prompting the FDA to recommend the development of additional methods for the analysis of heparin purity. As a consequence, a wide variety of innovative analytical approaches have been developed for the quality assurance and purity of unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparins. This review discusses recent developments in electrophoresis techniques available for the sensitive separation, detection, and partial structural characterization of heparin contaminants. In particular, this review summarizes recent publications on heparin quality and related impurity analysis using electrophoretic separations such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) of intact polysaccharides and hexosamines derived from their acidic hydrolysis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for the separation of heparin samples without and in the presence of its relatively specific depolymerization process with nitrous acid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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38
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Agarose-gel electrophoresis for the quality assurance and purity of heparin formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:144-7. [PMID: 22534509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Berkowitz SA, Engen JR, Mazzeo JR, Jones GB. Analytical tools for characterizing biopharmaceuticals and the implications for biosimilars. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:527-40. [PMID: 22743980 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologics such as monoclonal antibodies are much more complex than small-molecule drugs, which raises challenging questions for the development and regulatory evaluation of follow-on versions of such biopharmaceutical products (also known as biosimilars) and their clinical use once patent protection for the pioneering biologic has expired. With the recent introduction of regulatory pathways for follow-on versions of complex biologics, the role of analytical technologies in comparing biosimilars with the corresponding reference product is attracting substantial interest in establishing the development requirements for biosimilars. Here, we discuss the current state of the art in analytical technologies to assess three characteristics of protein biopharmaceuticals that regulatory authorities have identified as being important in development strategies for biosimilars: post-translational modifications, three-dimensional structures and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Berkowitz
- Analytical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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40
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Pomin VH, Piquet AA, Pereira MS, Mourão PAS. Residual keratan sulfate in chondroitin sulfate formulations for oral administration. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:839-46. [PMID: 22840010 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is a biomedical glycosaminoglycan (GAG) mostly used as a dietary supplement. We undertook analysis on some formulations of chondroitin sulfates available for oral administration. The analysis was based on agarose-gel electrophoresis, strong anion-exchange chromatography, digestibility with specific GAG lyases, uronic acid content, NMR spectroscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography. Keratan sulfate was detected in batches from shark cartilage, averaging ∼16% of the total GAG. Keratan sulfate is an inert material, and hazardous effects due to its presence in these formulations are unlikely to occur. However, its unexpected high percentage compromises the desired amounts of the real ingredient specified on the label claims, and forewarns the pharmacopeias to update their monographs. The techniques they recommended, especially cellulose acetate electrophoresis, are inefficient in detecting keratan sulfate in chondroitin sulfate formulations. In addition, this finding also alerts the manufacturers for improved isolation procedures as well as the supervisory agencies for better audits. Analysis based on strong anion-exchange chromatography is shown to be more reliable than the methods presently suggested by standard pharmacopeias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Programa de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
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41
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Fu X, Chen L, Li J. Ultrasensitive colorimetric detection of heparin based on self-assembly of gold nanoparticles on graphene oxide. Analyst 2012; 137:3653-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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King JT, Desai UR. Linear polyalkylamines as fingerprinting agents in capillary electrophoresis of low-molecular-weight heparins and glycosaminoglycans. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3070-7. [PMID: 22002802 PMCID: PMC3516877 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis represents a challenging frontier despite the advent of many high-resolution technologies because of their unparalleled structural complexity. We previously developed a resolving agent-aided capillary electrophoretic approach for fingerprinting low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) to profile their microscopic differences and assess batch-to-batch variability. In this report, we study the application of this approach for fingerprinting other GAGs and analyze the basis for the fingerprints observed in CE. Although the resolving agents, linear polyalkylamines, could resolve the broad featureless electropherogram of LMWH into a large number of distinct, highly reproducible peaks, longer GAGs such as chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparin responded in a highly individualistic manner. Full-length heparin interacted with linear polyalkylamines very strongly followed by dermatan sulfate, whereas chondroitin sulfate remained essentially unaffected. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate could be easily identified from full-length heparin. Scatchard analysis of the binding profile of enoxaparin with three linear polyalkylamines displayed a biphasic binding profile suggesting two distinctly different types of interactions. Some LMWH chains were found to interact with linear polyalkylamines with affinities as high as 10 nM, whereas others displayed nearly 5000-fold weaker affinities. These observations provide fundamental insight into the basis for fingerprinting of LMWHs by linear polyalkylamine-based resolving agents, which could be utilized in the design of advanced resolving agents for compositional profiling, direct sequencing, and chemoinformatics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Timothy King
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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43
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Sommers CD, Ye H, Kolinski RE, Nasr M, Buhse LF, Al-Hakim A, Keire DA. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: analysis of molecular weight and heparinase-I digest patterns. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2445-54. [PMID: 21901459 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) approaches to determine weight-average molecular weight (M(w)) and polydispersity (PD) of heparins. A set of unfractionated heparin sodium (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) samples obtained from nine manufacturers which supply the US market were assessed. For SEC-MALLS, we measured values for water content, refractive index increment (dn/dc), and the second virial coefficient (A(2)) for each sample prior to molecular weight assessment. For UFH, a mean ± standard deviation value for M(w) of 16,773 ± 797 was observed with a range of 15,620 to 18,363 (n = 20, run in triplicate). For LMWHs by SEC-MALLS, we measured mean M(w) values for dalteparin, tinzaparin, and enoxaparin of 6,717 ± 71 (n = 4), 6,670 ± 417 (n = 3), and 3,959 ± 145 (n = 3), respectively. PAGE analysis of the same UFH, dalteparin, tinzaparin, and enoxaparin samples showed values of 16,135 ± 643 (n = 20), 5,845 ± 45 (n = 4), 6,049 ± 95 (n = 3), and 4,772 ± 69 (n = 3), respectively. These orthogonal measurements are the first M(w) results obtained with a large heparin sample set on product being marketed after the heparin crisis of 2008 changed the level of scrutiny of this drug class. In this study, we compare our new data set to samples analyzed over 10 years earlier. In addition, we found that the PAGE analysis of heparinase digested UFH and neat LMWH samples yield characteristic patterns that provide a facile approach for identification and assessment of drug quality and uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Sommers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, CDER, Food and Drug Administration, 1114 Market St. Rm 1002, St. Louis, MO 63101, USA
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44
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Sommers CD, Keire DA. Detection of possible economically motivated adulterants in heparin sodium and low molecular weight heparins with a colorimetric microplate based assay. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7102-8. [PMID: 21819047 DOI: 10.1021/ac201412z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we described a 96-well plate format assay for visual detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate A (OSCS) contamination in heparin samples based on a water-soluble cationic polythiophene polymer (3-(2-(N-(N'-methylimidazole))ethoxy)-4-methylthiophene (LPTP)) and heparinase digestion of heparin. Here, we establish the specificity of the LPTP/heparinase test with a unique set of reagents that define the structural requirements for significant LPTP chemosensor color change. For example, we observed a biphasic behavior of larger shifts to the red in the UV absorbance spectra with decreasing average molecular weight of heparin chains with a break below 12-mer chain lengths. In addition, the oversulfation of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) to a partially (PSCS) or fully (OSCS) sulfated form caused progressively less red shift of LPTP solutions. Furthermore, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) containing glucuronic acid caused distinct spectral patterns compared to iduronic acid containing GAGs. We applied the LPTP/heparinase test to detection of OSCS (≥0.03% (w/w) visually or 0.01% using a plate reader) in 10 μg amounts of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs; i.e. dalteparin, tinzaparin, or enoxaparin). Furthermore, because other oversulfated GAGs are possible economically motivated adulterants (EMAs) in heparin sodium, we tested the capacity of the LPTP/heparinase assay to detect oversulfated dermatan sulfate (OSDS), heparin (OSH), and heparan sulfate (OSHS). These potential EMAs were visually detectable at a level of ∼0.1% when spiked into heparin sodium. We conclude that the LPTP/heparinase test visually detects oversulfated GAGs in heparin sodium and LMWHs in a format potentially amenable to high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Sommers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
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Higashi K, Ly M, Wang Z, Masuko S, Bhaskar U, Sterner E, Zhang F, Toida T, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Controlled Photochemical Depolymerization of K5 Heparosan, a Bioengineered Heparin Precursor. Carbohydr Polym 2011; 86:1365-1370. [PMID: 21841848 PMCID: PMC3153860 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparosan is a polysaccharide, which serves as the critical precursor in heparin biosynthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis of bioengineered heparin. Because the molecular weight of microbial heparosan is considerably larger than heparin, the controlled depolymerization of microbial heparosan is necessary prior to its conversion to bioengineered heparin. We have previously reported that other acidic polysaccharides could be partially depolymerized with maintenance of their internal structure using a titanium dioxide-catalyzed photochemical reaction. This photolytic process is characterized by the generation of reactive oxygen species that oxidize individual saccharide residues within the polysaccharide chain. Using a similar approach, a microbial heparosan from Escherichia coli K5 of molecular weight >15,000 was depolymerized to a heparosan of molecular weight 8,000. The (1)H-NMR spectra obtained showed that the photolyzed heparosan maintained the same structure as the starting heparosan. The polysaccharide chains of the photochemically depolymerized heparosan were also characterized by electrospray ionization-Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. While the chain of K5 heparosan starting material contained primarily an even number of saccharide residues, as a result of coliphage K5 lyase processing, both odd and even chain numbers were detected in the photochemically-depolymerized heparosan. These results suggest that the photochemical depolymerization of heparosan was a random process that can take place at either the glucuronic acid or the N-acetylglucosamine residue within the heparosan polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Sayaka Masuko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Ujjwal Bhaskar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Eric Sterner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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Zang Q, Keire DA, Buhse LF, Wood RD, Mital DP, Haque S, Srinivasan S, Moore CMV, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Trehy ML, Welsh WJ. Identification of heparin samples that contain impurities or contaminants by chemometric pattern recognition analysis of proton NMR spectral data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:939-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Yang B, Weyers A, Baik JY, Sterner E, Sharfstein S, Mousa SA, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Ultra-performance ion-pairing liquid chromatography with on-line electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry for heparin disaccharide analysis. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:59-66. [PMID: 21530482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-resolution method for the separation and analysis of disaccharides prepared from heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) using heparin lyases is described. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography in a reverse-phase ion-pairing mode efficiently separates eight heparin/HS disaccharides. The disaccharides can then be detected and quantified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. This method is particularly useful in the analysis of small amounts of biological samples, including cells, tissues, and biological fluids, because it provides high sensitivity without being subject to interference from proteins, peptides, and other sample impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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48
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Sommers CD, Mans DJ, Mecker LC, Keire DA. Sensitive Detection of Oversulfated Chondroitin Sulfate in Heparin Sodium or Crude Heparin with a Colorimetric Microplate Based Assay. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3422-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200011s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D. Sommers
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - Daniel J. Mans
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - Laura C. Mecker
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - David A. Keire
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
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Lima MA, Rudd TR, de Farias EHC, Ebner LF, Gesteira TF, de Souza LM, Mendes A, Córdula CR, Martins JRM, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Sassaki GL, Yates EA, Tersariol ILS, Nader HB. A new approach for heparin standardization: combination of scanning UV spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and principal component analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15970. [PMID: 21267460 PMCID: PMC3022730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2007 was marked by widespread adverse clinical responses to heparin use, leading to a global recall of potentially affected heparin batches in 2008. Several analytical methods have since been developed to detect impurities in heparin preparations; however, many are costly and dependent on instrumentation with only limited accessibility. A method based on a simple UV-scanning assay, combined with principal component analysis (PCA), was developed to detect impurities, such as glycosaminoglycans, other complex polysaccharides and aromatic compounds, in heparin preparations. Results were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. This approach provides an additional, sensitive tool to determine heparin purity and safety, even when NMR spectroscopy failed, requiring only standard laboratory equipment and computing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo H. C. de Farias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lyvia F. Ebner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarsis F. Gesteira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lauro M. de Souza
- Laboratório de Química de Carboidratos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina R. Córdula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R. M. Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guilherme L. Sassaki
- Laboratório de Química de Carboidratos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ivarne L. S. Tersariol
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena B. Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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50
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Rudd TR, Gaudesi D, Skidmore MA, Ferro M, Guerrini M, Mulloy B, Torri G, Yates EA. Construction and use of a library of bona fide heparins employing 1H NMR and multivariate analysis. Analyst 2011; 136:1380-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00834f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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