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Di Francesco V, Chua AJ, Davoudi E, Kim J, Bleier BS, Amiji MM. Minimally invasive nasal infusion (MINI) approach for CNS delivery of protein therapeutics: A case study with ovalbumin. J Control Release 2024; 372:674-681. [PMID: 38909700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
One of the primary obstacles in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders lies in the limited ability of disease-modifying drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our previously described Minimally Invasive Nasal Depot (MIND) technique has proven successful in delivering various drugs to the brain in rat models via a trans-olfactory mucosal approach. In this study, we introduce a novel Minimally Invasive Nasal Infusion (MINI) delivery approach for administering ovalbumin, a model protein, utilizing a programmable infusion pump (iPRECIO SMP-310R) in a mouse model. This research highlights the significant role of olfactory mucosa in nose-to-brain delivery, with an efficacy of nearly 45% compared to intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration. This demonstrates its potential as an alternative procedure for treating CNS diseases, offering a greater safety profile relative to the highly invasive clinical routes traditionally adopted for CNS drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Francesco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115., USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114., USA
| | - Andy J Chua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115., USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114., USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, 110, Sengkang, E Way, Singapore 544886
| | - Elham Davoudi
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114., USA.
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115., USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115., USA.
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2
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Paramshetti S, Angolkar M, Talath S, Osmani RAM, Spandana A, Al Fatease A, Hani U, Ramesh KVRNS, Singh E. Unravelling the in vivo dynamics of liposomes: Insights into biodistribution and cellular membrane interactions. Life Sci 2024; 346:122616. [PMID: 38599316 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes, as a colloidal drug delivery system dating back to the 1960s, remain a focal point of extensive research and stand as a highly efficient drug delivery method. The amalgamation of technological and biological advancements has propelled their evolution, elevating them to their current status. The key attributes of biodegradability and biocompatibility have been instrumental in driving substantial progress in liposome development. Demonstrating a remarkable ability to surmount barriers in drug absorption, enhance stability, and achieve targeted distribution within the body, liposomes have become pivotal in pharmaceutical research. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate details of liposomal drug delivery systems, focusing specifically on their pharmacokinetics and cell membrane interactions via fusion, lipid exchange, endocytosis etc. Emphasizing the nuanced impact of various liposomal characteristics, we explore factors such as lipid composition, particle size, surface modifications, charge, dosage, and administration routes. By dissecting the multifaceted interactions between liposomes and biological barriers, including the reticuloendothelial system (RES), opsonization, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) phenomenon, and Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy (CARPA) effect, we provide a deeper understanding of liposomal behaviour in vivo. Furthermore, this review addresses the intricate challenges associated with translating liposomal technology into practical applications, offering insights into overcoming these hurdles. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical adoption and patent landscape of liposomes across diverse biomedical domains, shedding light on their potential implications for future research and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Paramshetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mohit Angolkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sirajunisa Talath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Asha Spandana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - K V R N S Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ekta Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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Patharapankal EJ, Ajiboye AL, Mattern C, Trivedi V. Nose-to-Brain (N2B) Delivery: An Alternative Route for the Delivery of Biologics in the Management and Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:66. [PMID: 38258077 PMCID: PMC10818989 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been a growing number of small and large molecules that could be used to treat diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Nose-to-brain delivery can be a potential option for the direct transport of molecules from the nasal cavity to different brain areas. This review aims to provide a compilation of current approaches regarding drug delivery to the CNS via the nose, with a focus on biologics. The review also includes a discussion on the key benefits of nasal delivery as a promising alternative route for drug administration and the involved pathways or mechanisms. This article reviews how the application of various auxiliary agents, such as permeation enhancers, mucolytics, in situ gelling/mucoadhesive agents, enzyme inhibitors, and polymeric and lipid-based systems, can promote the delivery of large molecules in the CNS. The article also includes a discussion on the current state of intranasal formulation development and summarizes the biologics currently in clinical trials. It was noted that significant progress has been made in this field, and these are currently being applied to successfully transport large molecules to the CNS via the nose. However, a deep mechanistic understanding of this route, along with the intimate knowledge of various excipients and their interactions with the drug and nasal physiology, is still necessary to bring us one step closer to developing effective formulations for nasal-brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Patharapankal
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Adejumoke Lara Ajiboye
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
| | | | - Vivek Trivedi
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Canterbury ME4 4TB, UK; (E.J.P.); (A.L.A.)
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4
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Dighe S, Jog S, Momin M, Sawarkar S, Omri A. Intranasal Drug Delivery by Nanotechnology: Advances in and Challenges for Alzheimer's Disease Management. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:58. [PMID: 38258068 PMCID: PMC10820353 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative condition, is characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive functions. Current treatment approaches primarily involve the administration of medications through oral, parenteral, and transdermal routes, aiming to improve cognitive function and alleviate symptoms. However, these treatments face limitations, such as low bioavailability and inadequate permeation. Alternative invasive methods, while explored, often entail discomfort and require specialized assistance. Therefore, the development of a non-invasive and efficient delivery system is crucial. Intranasal delivery has emerged as a potential solution, although it is constrained by the unique conditions of the nasal cavity. An innovative approach involves the use of nano-carriers based on nanotechnology for intranasal delivery. This strategy has the potential to overcome current limitations by providing enhanced bioavailability, improved permeation, effective traversal of the blood-brain barrier, extended retention within the body, and precise targeting of the brain. The comprehensive review focuses on the advancements in designing various types of nano-carriers, including polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, Quantum dots, and dendrimers. These nano-carriers are specifically tailored for the intranasal delivery of therapeutic agents aimed at combatting Alzheimer's disease. In summary, the development and utilization of intranasal delivery systems based on nanotechnology show significant potential in surmounting the constraints of current Alzheimer's disease treatment strategies. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge regulatory as well as toxicity concerns associated with this route; meticulous consideration is required when engineering a carrier. This comprehensive review underscores the potential to revolutionize Alzheimer's disease management and highlights the importance of addressing regulatory considerations for safe and effective implementations. Embracing this strategy could lead to substantial advancements in the field of Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Dighe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sunil Jog
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, India
- Indoco Remedies Private Limited, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sujata Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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5
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Aly AEE, Caron NS, Black HF, Schmidt ME, Anderson C, Ko S, Baddeley HJE, Anderson L, Casal LL, Rahavi RSM, Martin DDO, Hayden MR. Delivery of mutant huntingtin-lowering antisense oligonucleotides to the brain by intranasally administered apolipoprotein A-I nanodisks. J Control Release 2023; 360:913-927. [PMID: 37468110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lowering mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in the central nervous system (CNS) using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is a promising approach currently being evaluated in clinical trials for Huntington disease (HD). However, the therapeutic potential of ASOs in HD patients is limited by their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In non-human primates, intrathecal infusion of ASOs results in limited brain distribution, with higher ASO concentrations in superficial regions and lower concentrations in deeper regions, such as the basal ganglia. To address the need for improved delivery of ASOs to the brain, we are evaluating the therapeutic potential of apolipoprotein A-I nanodisks (apoA-I NDs) as novel delivery vehicles for mHTT-lowering ASOs to the CNS after intranasal administration. Here, we have demonstrated the ability of apoA-I nanodisks to bypass the BBB after intranasal delivery in the BACHD model of HD. Following intranasal administration of apoA-I NDs, apoA-I protein levels were elevated along the rostral-caudal brain axis, with highest levels in the most rostral brain regions including the olfactory bulb and frontal cortex. Double-label immunohistochemistry indicates that both the apoA-I and ASO deposit in neurons. Most importantly, a single intranasal dose of apoA-I ASO-NDs significantly reduces mHTT levels in the brain regions most affected in HD, namely the cortex and striatum. This approach represents a novel non-invasive means for improving delivery and brain distribution of oligonucleotide therapies and enhancing likelihood of efficacy. Improved ASO delivery to the brain has widespread application for treatment of many other CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah E-E Aly
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nicholas S Caron
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Hailey Findlay Black
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Mandi E Schmidt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Christine Anderson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Seunghyun Ko
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Helen J E Baddeley
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Lisa Anderson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Lorenzo L Casal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Reza S M Rahavi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, British Columbia Children's a Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Dale D O Martin
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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Vasileva L, Gaynanova G, Valeeva F, Romanova E, Pavlov R, Kuznetsov D, Belyaev G, Zueva I, Lyubina A, Voloshina A, Petrov K, Zakharova L. Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Application of Dicationic Gemini Surfactants with Dodecane Spacer and Carbamate Fragments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12312. [PMID: 37569687 PMCID: PMC10419252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthesis procedure and aggregation properties of a new homologous series of dicationic gemini surfactants with a dodecane spacer and two carbamate fragments (N,N'-dialkyl-N,N'-bis(2-(ethylcarbamoyloxy)ethyl)-N,N'-dimethyldodecan-1,6-diammonium dibromide, n-12-n(Et), where n = 10, 12, 14) were comprehensively described. The critical micelle concentrations of gemini surfactants were obtained using tensiometry, conductometry, spectrophotometry, and fluorimetry. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization, i.e., maximum surface excess (Гmax), the surface area per surfactant molecule (Amin), degree of counterion binding (β), and Gibbs free energy of micellization (∆Gmic), were calculated. Functional activity of the surfactants, including the solubilizing capacity toward Orange OT and indomethacin, incorporation into the lipid bilayer, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations, was determined. Synthesized gemini surfactants were further used for the modification of liposomes dual-loaded with α-tocopherol and donepezil hydrochloride for intranasal treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The obtained liposomes have high stability (more than 5 months), a significant positive charge (approximately + 40 mV), and a high degree of encapsulation efficiency toward rhodamine B, α-tocopherol, and donepezil hydrochloride. Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and first-order kinetic models were used to process the in vitro release curves of donepezil hydrochloride. Intranasal administration of liposomes loaded with α-tocopherol and donepezil hydrochloride for 21 days prevented memory impairment and decreased the number of Aβ plaques by 37.6%, 40.5%, and 72.6% in the entorhinal cortex, DG, and CA1 areas of the hippocampus of the brain of transgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease model (APP/PS1) compared with untreated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Str., 420088 Kazan, Russia
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Sasaki T, Watanabe J, He X, Katagi H, Suri A, Ishi Y, Abe K, Natsumeda M, Frey WH, Zhang P, Hashizume R. Intranasal delivery of nanoliposomal SN-38 for treatment of diffuse midline glioma. J Neurosurg 2023; 138:1570-1579. [PMID: 36599085 DOI: 10.3171/2022.9.jns22715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diffuse midline gliomas, including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are among the most malignant and devastating childhood brain cancers. Despite aggressive treatment, nearly all children with these tumors succumb to their disease within 2 years of diagnosis. Due to the anatomical location of the tumors within the pons, surgery is not a treatment option, and distribution of most systematically administered drugs is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). New drug delivery systems that bypass the BBB are desperately needed to improve outcomes of DIPG patients. Intranasal delivery (IND) is a practical and noninvasive drug delivery system that bypasses the BBB and delivers the drugs to the brain through the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways. In this study, the authors evaluated the efficacy of nanoliposomal (LS) irinotecan (CPT-11) and an active metabolite of CPT-11, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), using IND in DIPG patient-derived xenograft models. METHODS In vitro responses to LS-CPT-11 and LS-SN-38 in DIPG cells were evaluated with cell viability, colony formation, and apoptosis assays. The cellular uptakes of rhodamine-PE (Rhod)-labeled LS-CPT-11 and LS-SN-38 were analyzed with fluorescence microscopy. Mice bearing DIPG patient-derived xenografts were treated with IND of LS-control (empty liposome), LS-CPT-11, or LS-SN-38 by IND for 4 weeks. In vivo responses were measured for tumor growth by serial bioluminescence imaging and animal subject survival. The concentration of SN-38 in the brainstem tumor administered by IND was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Immunohistochemical analyses of the proliferative and apoptotic responses of in vivo tumor cells were performed with Ki-67 and TUNEL staining. RESULTS LS-SN-38 inhibited DIPG cell growth and colony formation and increased apoptosis, outperforming LS-CPT-11. Rhod-labeled LS-SN-38 showed intracellular fluorescence signals beginning at 30 minutes and peaking at 24 hours following treatment. LC-MS analysis revealed an SN-38 concentration in the brainstem tumor of 0.66 ± 0.25 ng/ml (5.43% ± 0.31% of serum concentration). IND of LS-SN-38 delayed tumor growth and significantly prolonged animal survival compared with IND of LS-control (p < 0.0001) and LS-CPT-11 (p = 0.003). IND of LS-SN-38 increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells and decreased the Ki-67-positive cells in the brainstem tumor. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that IND of LS-SN-38 bypasses the BBB and enables efficient and noninvasive drug delivery to the brainstem tumor, providing a promising therapeutic approach for treating DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasaki
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Jun Watanabe
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- 4Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Illinois
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Xingyao He
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hiroaki Katagi
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amreena Suri
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- 4Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yukitomo Ishi
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- 4Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kouki Abe
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- 4Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Illinois
| | - Manabu Natsumeda
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - William H Frey
- 6HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and
| | - Peng Zhang
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- 7Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- 4Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Illinois
- 7Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Duong VA, Nguyen TTL, Maeng HJ. Recent Advances in Intranasal Liposomes for Drug, Gene, and Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:207. [PMID: 36678838 PMCID: PMC9865923 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are safe, biocompatible, and biodegradable spherical nanosized vesicles produced from cholesterol and phospholipids. Recently, liposomes have been widely administered intranasally for systemic and brain delivery. From the nasal cavity, liposome-encapsulated drugs and genes enter the systemic circulation primarily via absorption in the respiratory region, whereas they can be directly transported to the brain via the olfactory pathway. Liposomes can protect drugs and genes from enzymatic degradation, increase drug absorption across the nasal epithelium, and prolong the residence time in the nasal cavity. Intranasal liposomes are also a potential approach for vaccine delivery. Liposomes can be used as a platform to load antigens and as vaccine adjuvants to induce a robust immune response. With the recent interest in intranasal liposome formulations, this review discusses various aspects of liposomes that make them suitable for intranasal administration. We have summarized the latest advancements and applications of liposomes and evaluated their performance in the systemic and brain delivery of drugs and genes administered intranasally. We have also reviewed recent advances in intranasal liposome vaccine development and proposed perspectives on the future of intranasal liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thi-Thao-Linh Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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9
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Tang L, Zhang R, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhao B, Yang L. A simple self-assembly nanomicelle based on brain tumor-targeting peptide-mediated siRNA delivery for glioma immunotherapy via intranasal administration. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:521-537. [PMID: 36384220 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has a key role in preventing drugs from entering the brain. Non-invasive intranasal drug delivery routes that bypass the BBB are increasing in popularity because of their ability to shorten the journey and reduce the loss of genetic drugs such as siRNA in transit. However, the complex synthesis and quality control process of most nose-to-brain delivery carriers and the limited mass production are the main obstacles to their clinical application. Here, we constructed a siRNA delivery system with simple synthesis and quality control methods using cholesterol-modified T7 (T7-C), in which T7 can bind to the transferrin receptor (TfR) expressed on glioma cells to target gliomas. In our results, T7-C had dual functions as a glioma-targeting carrier and immune adjuvant. As a targeted delivery carrier, T7-C intranasally delivered siRNA into the mouse brain through the olfactory bulb pathway and was taken up by glioma cells by the caveolin- and transferrin-dependent pathway. As an immune adjuvant, T7-C could promote DC maturation and combined with slit2 siRNA could promote polarization of M2 subtype macrophages to M1 subtype macrophages and then increase the proportion of effector T cells to remodel the tumor environment. In conclusion, T7-C with glioma targeting as a delivery system of slit2 siRNA showed a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of glioma after intranasal administration and had potential application prospects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In contrast to the existing literature that uses complex materials to deliver drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in an invasive manner for glioma treatment, we developed a simple, self-assembling siRNA delivery system (T7-C) based on brain tumor-targeted T7 peptide to treat glioma by intranasal administration. T7-C/siRNA could reach the tumor site through the olfactory bulb route and adjust the "cold" tumor microenvironment to the "hot" tumor microenvironment and non-invasive intranasal delivery route could shorten the journey and reduce the loss of genetic drugs. Therefore, our design has good application prospects and is expected to serve as a general strategy for intranasal drug delivery in the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yusi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Binyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Drug delivery to the brain via the nasal route of administration: exploration of key targets and major consideration factors. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2023; 53:119-152. [PMID: 35910081 PMCID: PMC9308891 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Cranial nerve-related diseases such as brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy are serious diseases that continue to threaten human. Brain-related diseases are increasing worldwide, including in the United States and Korea, and these increases are closely related to the exposure to harmful substances and excessive stress caused by rapid industrialization and environmental pollution. Drug delivery to the brain is very important for the effective prevention and treatment of brain-related diseases. However, due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier and the extensive first-pass metabolism effect, the general routes of administration such as oral and intravenous routes have limitations in drug delivery to the brain. Therefore, as an alternative, the nasal-brain drug delivery route is attracting attention as a route for effective drug delivery to the brain. Areas covered This review includes physiological factors, advantages, limitations, current application status, especially in clinical applications, and the necessary factors for consideration in formulation development related to nasal-brain drug delivery. Expert opinion The nasal-brain drug delivery route has the advantage of enhancing drug delivery to the brain locally, mainly through the olfactory route rather than the systemic circulation. The nasal-brain lymphatic system has recently attracted attention, and it has been implied that the delivery of anticancer drugs to the brain nervous system is possible effectively. However, there are limitations such as low drug permeability, as well as nasal mucosa and the mucociliary system, as obstacles in nasal-brain drug delivery. Therefore, to overcome the limitations of nasal-brain drug delivery, the use of nanocarriers and mucoadhesive agents is being attempted. However, very few drugs have been officially approved for clinical application via the nasal-brain drug delivery route. This is probably because the understanding of and related studies on nasal-brain drug delivery are limited. In this review, we tried to explore the major considerations and target factors in drug delivery through the nasal-brain route based on physiological knowledge and formulation research information. This will help to provide a mechanistic understanding of drug delivery through the nasal-brain route and bring us one step closer to developing effective formulations and drugs in consideration of the key factors for nasal-brain drug delivery.
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11
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Karim ME, Haque ST, Al-Busaidi H, Bakhtiar A, Tha KK, Holl MMB, Chowdhury EH. Scope and challenges of nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery in cancer treatment. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:865-893. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Németh Z, Csóka I, Semnani Jazani R, Sipos B, Haspel H, Kozma G, Kónya Z, Dobó DG. Quality by Design-Driven Zeta Potential Optimisation Study of Liposomes with Charge Imparting Membrane Additives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1798. [PMID: 36145546 PMCID: PMC9503861 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomal formulations, as versatile nanocarrier systems suitable for targeted delivery, have a highly focused role in the therapy development of unmet clinical needs and diagnostic imaging techniques. Formulating nanomedicine with suitable zeta potential is an essential but challenging task. Formulations with a minimum ±30 mV zeta potential are considered stable. The charge of the phospholipid bilayer can be adjusted with membrane additives. The present Quality by Design-derived study aimed to optimise liposomal formulations prepared via the thin-film hydration technique by applying stearylamine (SA) or dicetyl phosphate (DCP) as charge imparting agents. This 32 fractional factorial design-based study determined phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and SA/DCP molar ratios for liposomes with characteristics meeting the formulation requirements. The polynomials describing the effects on the zeta potential were calculated. The optimal molar ratios of the lipids were given as 12.0:5.0:5.0 for the SA-PBS pH 5.6 (optimised sample containing stearylamine) and 8.5:4.5:6.5 for the DCP-PBS pH 5.6 (optimised sample containing dicetyl phosphate) particles hydrated with phosphate-buffered saline pH 5.6. The SA-PBS pH 5.6 liposomes had a vesicle size of 108 ± 15 nm, 0.20 ± 0.04 polydispersity index, and +30.1 ± 1.2 mV zeta potential, while these values were given as 88 ± 14 nm, 0.21 ± 0.02, and -36.7 ± 3.3 mV for the DCP-PBS pH 5.6 vesicles. The prepared liposomes acquired the requirements of the zeta potential for stable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Németh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6, Eötvös Street, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6, Eötvös Street, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Reza Semnani Jazani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6, Eötvös Street, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Sipos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6, Eötvös Street, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Henrik Haspel
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, 1, Rerrich Béla Sqare, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kozma
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, 1, Rerrich Béla Sqare, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, 1, Rerrich Béla Sqare, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dorina Gabriella Dobó
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6, Eötvös Street, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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13
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Sheikholeslami B, Lam NW, Dua K, Haghi M. Exploring the impact of physicochemical properties of liposomal formulations on their in vivo fate. Life Sci 2022; 300:120574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Ahmad MZ, Sabri AHB, Anjani QK, Domínguez-Robles J, Abdul Latip N, Hamid KA. Design and Development of Levodopa Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles for Intranasal Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:370. [PMID: 35337167 PMCID: PMC8951268 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal delivery is an alternative administration route to deliver levodopa (L-Dopa) to the brain. This drug delivery route offers high drug permeability across the nasal epithelium and rapid absorption into the central nervous system (CNS) while bypassing first-pass metabolism. In this study, we developed a library of polymeric nanocarrier systems for L-Dopa utilising poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan. A total of three PLGA nanoparticles formulations (P1, P2 and P3) were prepared using a modified water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) solvent evaporation technique, while four formulations of chitosan nanoparticles (C1, C2, C3 and C4) were prepared by ionic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent. Upon characterising nanocarriers developed, it was discovered that C2 demonstrated the best results with regard to droplet size (553 ± 52 nm), polydispersity index (0.522), zeta potential (+46.2 ± 2.3 mV), and encapsulation efficiency (82.38% ± 1.63). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) further corroborated the particle size analysis highlighting that C2 displayed uniform particle size with spherical morphology. Additionally, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) revealed that C2 was in an amorphous state while Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that there were no chemical interactions that might change the chemical structure of L-Dopa within the polymeric nanoparticle matrix. Lastly, an in-vivo intranasal study in male Wistar rats showed that the absorption of L-Dopa when formulated as chitosan nanoparticles was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) by approximately two-fold compared to unmodified L-Dopa. Therefore, this work illustrates that formulating L-Dopa into chitosan nanoparticles for intranasal delivery is a potentially viable formulation strategy to improve the bioavailability of the drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zulhelmy Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia;
| | - Akmal Hidyat Bin Sabri
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (A.H.B.S.); (Q.K.A.); (J.D.-R.)
| | - Qonita Kurnia Anjani
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (A.H.B.S.); (Q.K.A.); (J.D.-R.)
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (A.H.B.S.); (Q.K.A.); (J.D.-R.)
| | - Normala Abdul Latip
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRINS), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia;
| | - Khuriah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia;
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15
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Kurano T, Kanazawa T, Ooba A, Masuyama Y, Maruhana N, Yamada M, Iioka S, Ibaraki H, Kosuge Y, Kondo H, Suzuki T. Nose-to-brain/spinal cord delivery kinetics of liposomes with different surface properties. J Control Release 2022; 344:225-234. [PMID: 35296406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The administration of liposomes via nose-to-brain delivery is expected to become a strategy for efficient drug delivery to the central nervous system. Efficient nose-to-brain delivery and the kinetics of drugs administered in this manner depend on the properties of liposomes. However, there is a lack of basic knowledge of which liposomes are suitable for this purpose. Here, a qualitative study of intranasally administered liposomes (positively charged, neutral, and negatively charged, with or without polyethylene glycol [PEG] modification; particle size <100 nm) was performed to elucidate their dynamics in the brain and spinal cord. Additionally, a quantitative investigation was performed to ascertain their distribution in each part of the brain and spinal cord. The effects of liposome surface charge and PEG modification on the kinetics and distribution post intranasal administration were investigated via two experiments. Qualitative evaluation was performed via ex vivo observation after intranasal administration of fluorescently labeled liposomes. Neutral PEG-modified liposomes were distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord 60 min after administration, and the fluorescence intensity increased with time. By contrast, non-PEG-modified neutral liposomes showed particularly strong fluorescence in the olfactory bulb, and the fluorescence was localized in the anterior part of the brain. Positively charged liposomes showed low fluorescence around the lateral part of the brain and lumbar spinal cord 60 min after administration. Low fluorescence was observed in the whole brain and spinal cord, with strong fluorescence being observed in the olfactory bulb after 120 min of administration. Negatively charged liposomes showed no fluorescence at 60 min after administration, but low fluorescence was observed throughout the brain and spinal cord 120 min after administration. We quantified the radioactivity in the brain and spinal cord after intranasal administration of radioisotope-labeled liposomes. Neutral liposomes showed the highest distribution by area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC(60-120)) in the brain and spinal cord compared to other liposomes. Compared with negatively charged liposomes, positively charged liposomes had a higher distribution in the olfactory bulb and forebrain, while negatively charged liposomes had a higher distribution in the hindbrain and bulbospinal tract cord. In addition, the distribution of PEG-modified neutral liposomes in the brain and spinal cord was significantly enhanced compared to that of non-PEG-modified neutral liposomes after 90 min of intranasal administration. These results indicate that surface charge and PEG modification strongly affect the efficiency of nose-to-brain delivery kinetics, and that PEG-modified neutral liposomes are excellent carriers for drug delivery to a wide area of the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kurano
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanazawa
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Aoi Ooba
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yudai Masuyama
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Nao Maruhana
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamada
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Shingo Iioka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hisako Ibaraki
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toyofumi Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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16
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Yokel RA. Direct nose to the brain nanomedicine delivery presents a formidable challenge. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1767. [PMID: 34957707 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This advanced review describes the anatomical and physiological barriers and mechanisms impacting nanomedicine translocation from the nasal cavity directly to the brain. There are significant physiological and anatomical differences in the nasal cavity, olfactory area, and airflow reaching the olfactory epithelium between humans and experimentally studied species that should be considered when extrapolating experimental results to humans. Mucus, transporters, and tight junction proteins present barriers to material translocation across the olfactory epithelium. Uptake of nanoparticles through the olfactory mucosa and translocation to the brain can be intracellular via cranial nerves (intraneuronal) or other cells of the olfactory epithelium, or extracellular along cranial nerve pathways (perineural) and surrounding blood vessels (perivascular, the glymphatic system). Transport rates vary greatly among the nose to brain pathways. Nanomedicine physicochemical properties (size, surface charge, surface coating, and particle stability) can affect uptake efficiency, which is usually less than 5%. Incorporation of therapeutic agents in nanoparticles has been shown to produce pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic benefits. Assessment of adverse effects has included olfactory mucosa toxicity, ciliotoxicity, and olfactory bulb and brain neurotoxicity. The results have generally suggested the investigated nanomedicines do not present significant toxicity. Research needs to advance the understanding of nanomedicine translocation and its drug cargo after intranasal administration is presented. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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17
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Abo El-Enin HA, Ahmed MF, Naguib IA, El-Far SW, Ghoneim MM, Alsalahat I, Abdel-Bar HM. Utilization of Polymeric Micelles as a Lucrative Platform for Efficient Brain Deposition of Olanzapine as an Antischizophrenic Drug via Intranasal Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020249. [PMID: 35215361 PMCID: PMC8877317 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by alterations in cognition, behavior and emotions. Oral olanzapine (OZ) administration is extensively metabolized (~up to 40% of the administrated dose). In addition, OZ is a P-glycoproteins substrate that impairs the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. To direct OZ to the brain and to minimize its systemic side effects, the nasal pathway is recommended. OZ-loaded polymeric micelles nano-carriers were developed using suitable biodegradable excipients. The developed micelles were physicochemically investigated to assess their appropriateness for intranasal delivery and the potential of these carriers for OZ brain targeting. The selected formula will be examined in vivo for improving the anti-schizophrenic effects on a schizophrenia rat model. The binary mixture of P123/P407 has a low CMC (0.001326% w/v), which helps in maintaining the formed micelles’ stability upon dilution. The combination effect of P123, P407 and TPGS led to a decrease in micelle size, ranging between 37.5–47.55 nm and an increase in the EE% (ranging between 68.22–86.84%). The selected OZ–PM shows great stability expressed by a suitable negative charge zeta potential value (−15.11 ± 1.35 mV) and scattered non-aggregated spherical particles with a particle size range of 30–40 nm. OZ–PM maintains sustained drug release at the application site with no nasal cytotoxicity. In vivo administration of the selected OZ–PM formula reveals improved CNS targeting and anti-schizophrenia-related deficits after OZ nasal administration. Therefore, OZ–PM provided safe direct nose-to-brain transport of OZ after nasal administration with an efficient anti-schizophrenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadel A. Abo El-Enin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Marwa F. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (I.A.N.)
| | - Ibrahim A. Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (I.A.N.)
| | - Shaymaa W. El-Far
- Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Izzeddin Alsalahat
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 1TP, UK;
| | - Hend Mohamed Abdel-Bar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
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18
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Goel H, Kalra V, Verma SK, Dubey SK, Tiwary AK. Convolutions in the rendition of nose to brain therapeutics from bench to bedside: Feats & fallacies. J Control Release 2021; 341:782-811. [PMID: 34906605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain, a subtle organ of multifarious nature presents plethora of physiological, metabolic and bio-chemical convolutions that impede the delivery of biomolecules and thereby resulting in truncated therapeutic outcome in pathological conditions of central nervous system (CNS). The absolute bottleneck in the therapeutic management of such devastating CNS ailments is the BBB. Another pitfall is the lack of efficient technological platforms (due to high cost and low approval rates) as well as limited clinical trials (due to failures of neuro‑leads in late-stage pipelines) for CNS disorders which has become a literal brain drain with poorest success rates compared to other therapeutic areas, owing to time consuming processes, tremendous convolutions and conceivable adverse effects. With the advent of intranasal delivery (via direct N2B or indirect nose to blood to brain), several novel drug delivery carriers viz. unmodified or surface modified nanoparticle based carriers, lipid based colloidal nanocarriers and drysolid/liquid/semisolid nanoformulations or delivery platforms have been designed as a means to deliver therapeutic agents (small and large molecules, peptides and proteins, genes) to brain, bypassing BBB for disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, schizophrenia and CNS malignancies primarily glioblastomas. Intranasal application offers drug delivery through both direct and indirect pathways for the peripherally administered psychopharmacological agents to CNS. This route could also be exploited for the repurposing of conventional drugs for new therapeutic uses. The limited clinical translation of intranasal formulations has been primarily due to existence of barriers of mucociliary clearance in the nasal cavity, enzyme degradation and low permeability of the nasal epithelium. The present review literature aims to decipher the new paradigms of nano therapeutic systems employed for specific N2B drug delivery of CNS drugs through in silico complexation studies using rationally chosen mucoadhesive polymers (exhibiting unique physicochemical properties of nanocarrier's i.e. surface modification, prolonging retention time in the nasal cavity, improving penetration ability, and promoting brain specific delivery with biorecognitive ligands) via molecular docking simulations. Further, the review intends to delineate the feats and fallacies associated with N2B delivery approaches by understanding the physiological/anatomical considerations via decoding the intranasal drug delivery pathways or critical factors such as rationale and mechanism of excipients, affecting the permeability of CNS drugs through nasal mucosa as well as better efficacy in terms of brain targeting, brain bioavailability and time to reach the brain. Additionally, extensive emphasis has also been laid on the innovative formulations under preclinical investigation along with their assessment by means of in vitro /ex vivo/in vivo N2B models and current characterization techniques predisposing an efficient intranasal delivery of therapeutics. A critical appraisal of novel technologies, intranasal products or medical devices available commercially has also been presented. Finally, it could be warranted that more reminiscent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships or validated computational models are mandated to obtain effective screening of molecular architecture of drug-polymer-mucin complexes for clinical translation of N2B therapeutic systems from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honey Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India.
| | - Vinni Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sant Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Tiwary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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19
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Lee D, Minko T. Nanotherapeutics for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Approach to Bypass the Blood Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2049. [PMID: 34959331 PMCID: PMC8704573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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20
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D'Souza AA, Kutlehria S, Huang D, Bleier BS, Amiji MM. Nasal delivery of nanotherapeutics for CNS diseases: challenges and opportunities. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2651-2655. [PMID: 34802292 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha A D'Souza
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shallu Kutlehria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Di Huang
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Nose-to-brain delivery: exploring newer domains for glioblastoma multiforme management. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:1044-1056. [PMID: 32221847 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of the primary brain tumors in humans. The intricate pathophysiology, the development of resistance by tumor cells, and the inability of the drugs to effectively cross the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers result in poor prognosis for GBM patients, with a median survival time of only 1 to 2 years. Nose-to-brain delivery offers an attractive, noninvasive strategy to enhance drug penetration or transport novel drug/gene carriers into the brain. Although the exact mechanism of intranasal delivery remains elusive, the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways have been found to play a vital role in circumventing the traditional barriers of brain targeting. This review discusses the intranasal pathway as a novel domain for delivering drugs and nanocarriers encapsulating drugs/genes, as well as stem cell carriers specifically to the glioma cells. Considering the fact that most of these studies are still in preclinical stage, translating such intranasal delivery strategies from bench to bedside would be a critical step for better management and prognosis of GBM. Graphical abstract.
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22
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Deruyver L, Rigaut C, Lambert P, Haut B, Goole J. The importance of pre-formulation studies and of 3D-printed nasal casts in the success of a pharmaceutical product intended for nose-to-brain delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113826. [PMID: 34119575 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to cement three hot topics in drug delivery: (a) the pre-formulation of new products intended for nose-to-brain delivery; (b) the development of nasal casts for studying the efficacy of potential new nose-to-brain delivery systems at the early of their development (pre-formulation); (c) the use of 3D printing based on a wide variety of materials (transparent, biocompatible, flexible) providing an unprecedented fabrication tool towards personalized medicine by printing nasal cast on-demand based on CT scans of patients. This review intends to show the links between these three subjects. Indeed, the pathway selected to administrate the drug to the brain not only influence the formulation strategies to implement but also the design of the cast, to get the most convincing measures from it. Moreover, the design of the cast himself influences the choice of the 3D-printing technology, which, in its turn, bring more constraints to the nasal replica design. Consequently, the formulation of the drug, the cast preparation and its realisation should be thought of as a whole and not separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deruyver
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clément Rigaut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Haut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Milane L, Dolare S, Jahan T, Amiji M. Mitochondrial nanomedicine: Subcellular organelle-specific delivery of molecular medicines. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102422. [PMID: 34175455 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As mitochondria network together to act as the master sensors and effectors of apoptosis, ATP production, reactive oxygen species management, mitophagy/autophagy, and homeostasis; this organelle is an ideal target for pharmaceutical manipulation. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to many diseases, for example, β-amyloid has been shown to interfere with mitochondrial protein import and induce apoptosis in Alzheimer's Disease while some forms of Parkinson's Disease are associated with dysfunctional mitochondrial PINK1 and Parkin proteins. Mitochondrial medicine has applications in the treatment of an array of pathologies from cancer to cardiovascular disease. A challenge of mitochondrial medicine is directing therapies to a subcellular target. Nanotechnology based approaches combined with mitochondrial targeting strategies can greatly improve the clinical translation and effectiveness of mitochondrial medicine. This review discusses mitochondrial drug delivery approaches and applications of mitochondrial nanomedicines. Nanomedicine approaches have the potential to drive the success of mitochondrial therapies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Milane
- Northeastern University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA.
| | - Saket Dolare
- Northeastern University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA
| | - Tanjheela Jahan
- Northeastern University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Northeastern University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA
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Ferreira NN, de Oliveira Junior E, Granja S, Boni FI, Ferreira LMB, Cury BSF, Santos LCR, Reis RM, Lima EM, Baltazar F, Gremião MPD. Nose-to-brain co-delivery of drugs for glioblastoma treatment using nanostructured system. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120714. [PMID: 34015380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), induction of angiogenesis, and reprogramming cellular energetics are all biological features acquired by tumor cells during tumor development, and also known as the hallmarks of cancer. Targeted therapies that combine drugs that are capable of acting against such concepts are of great interest, since they can potentially improve the therapeutic efficacy of treatments of complex pathologies, such as glioblastoma (GBM). However, the anatomical location and biological behavior of this neoplasm imposes great challenges for targeted therapies. A novel strategy that combines alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHC) with the monoclonal antibody cetuximab (CTX), both carried onto a nanotechnology-based delivery system, is herein proposed for GBM treatment via nose-to-brain delivery. The biological performance of Poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/chitosan nanoparticles (NP), loaded with CHC, and conjugated with CTX by covalent bonds (conjugated NP) were extensively investigated. The NP platforms were able to control CHC release, indicating that drug release was driven by the Weibull model. An ex vivo study with nasal porcine mucosa demonstrated the capability of these systems to promote CHC and CTX permeation. Blot analysis confirmed that CTX, covalently associated to NP, impairs EGRF activation. The chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay demonstrated a trend of tumor reduction when conjugated NP were employed. Finally, images acquired by fluorescence tomography evidenced that the developed nanoplatform was effective in enabling nose-to-brain transport upon nasal administration. In conclusion, the developed delivery system exhibited suitability as an effective novel co-delivery approaches for GBM treatment upon intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália N Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Edilson de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Sara Granja
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda I Boni
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo M B Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S F Cury
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lilian C R Santos
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana M Lima
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 5ª Avenida c/Rua 240 s/n, Praça Universitária, Goiânia, GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Maria Palmira D Gremião
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara/Jaú Km 01, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Froelich A, Osmałek T, Jadach B, Puri V, Michniak-Kohn B. Microemulsion-Based Media in Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:201. [PMID: 33540856 PMCID: PMC7912993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nose-to-brain drug delivery has recently attracted enormous attention as an alternative to other delivery routes, including the most popular oral one. Due to the unique anatomical features of the nasal cavity, drugs administered intranasally can be delivered directly to the central nervous system. The most important advantage of this approach is the ability to avoid the blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain and blocking the entry of exogenous substances to the central nervous system. Moreover, selective brain targeting could possibly avoid peripheral side effects of pharmacotherapy. The challenges associated with nose-to-brain drug delivery are mostly due to the small volume of the nasal cavity and insufficient drug absorption from nasal mucosa. These issues could be minimized by using a properly designed drug carrier. Microemulsions as potential drug delivery systems offer good solubilizing properties and the ability to enhance drug permeation through biological membranes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current status of the research focused on microemulsion-based systems for nose-to-brain delivery with special attention to the most extensively investigated neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Froelich
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (T.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Tomasz Osmałek
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (T.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Barbara Jadach
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (T.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Vinam Puri
- Center for Dermal Research and Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (V.P.); (B.M.-K.)
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Center for Dermal Research and Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (V.P.); (B.M.-K.)
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Padmakumar S, Jones G, Pawar G, Khorkova O, Hsiao J, Kim J, Amiji MM, Bleier BS. Minimally Invasive Nasal Depot (MIND) technique for direct BDNF AntagoNAT delivery to the brain. J Control Release 2021; 331:176-186. [PMID: 33484777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery conferred by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been a significant obstacle in the development of large molecule therapeutics for CNS disease. Though significantly safer than direct CNS administration via intrathecal (IT) or intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, the topical intranasal delivery of CNS therapeutics has failed to become clinically useful due to a variety of practical and physiologic drawbacks leading to high dose variability and poor bioavailability. This study describes the minimally invasive nasal depot (MIND) technique, a novel method of direct trans-nasal CNS drug delivery which overcomes the dosing variability and efficiency challenges of traditional topical trans-nasal, trans-olfactory strategies by delivering the entire therapeutic dose directly to the olfactory submucosal space. We found that the implantation of a depot containing an AntagoNAT (AT) capable of de-repressing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression enabled CNS distribution of ATs with significant and sustained upregulation of BDNF with efficiencies approaching 40% of ICV delivery. As the MIND technique is derived from common outpatient rhinological procedures routinely performed in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) clinics, our findings support the significant translational potential of this novel minimally invasive strategy as a reliable therapeutic delivery approach for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Padmakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Grishma Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Jane Hsiao
- Opko Health, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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Cascione M, De Matteis V, Leporatti S, Rinaldi R. The New Frontiers in Neurodegenerative Diseases Treatment: Liposomal-Based Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:566767. [PMID: 33195128 PMCID: PMC7649361 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.566767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the onset of neurodegenerative (ND) diseases is strongly widespread due to the age increase of the world population. Despite the intensive investigations boosted by the scientific community, an efficacious therapy has not been outlined yet. The drugs commonly used are only able to relieve symptom severity; following their oral or intravenous administration routes, their effectiveness is strictly limited due to their low ability to reach the Central Nervous System (CNS) overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). Starting from these assumptions, the engineered-nanocarriers, such as lipid-nanocarriers, are suitable agents to enhance the delivery of drugs into the CNS due to their high solubility, bioavailability, and stability. Liposomal delivery systems are considered to be the ideal carriers, not only for conventional drugs but also for neuroprotective small molecules and green-extracted compounds. In the current work, the LP-based drug delivery improvements in in vivo applications against ND disorders were carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi," University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Valeria De Matteis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi," University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefano Leporatti
- National Research Council Nanotec Institute of Nanotechnology, Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi," University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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28
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Burilova EA, Pashirova TN, Zueva IV, Gibadullina EM, Lushchekina SV, Sapunova AS, Kayumova RM, Rogov AM, Evtjugin VG, Sudakov IA, Vyshtakalyuk AB, Voloshina AD, Bukharov SV, Burilov AR, Petrov KA, Zakharova LY, Sinyashin OG. Bi-functional sterically hindered phenol lipid-based delivery systems as potential multi-target agents against Alzheimer's disease via an intranasal route. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13757-13770. [PMID: 32573587 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
New lipid-based nanomaterials and multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) based on sterically hindered phenol, containing a quaternary ammonium moiety (SHP-s-R, with s = 2,3) of varying hydrophobicity (R = CH2Ph and CnH2n+1, with n = 8, 10, 12, 16), have been prepared as potential drugs against Alzheimer's disease (AD). SHP-s-R are inhibitors of human cholinesterases with antioxidant properties. The inhibitory potency of SHP-s-R and selectivity ratio of cholinesterase inhibition were found to significantly depend on the length of the methylene spacer (s) and alkyl chain length. The compound SHP-2-16 showed the best IC50 for human AChE and the highest selectivity, being 30-fold more potent than for human BChE. Molecular modeling of SHP-2-16 binding to human AChE suggests that this compound is a dual binding site inhibitor that interacts with both the peripheral anionic site and catalytic active site. The relationship between self-assembly parameters (CMC, solubilization capacity, aggregation number), antioxidant activity and a toxicological parameter (hemolytic action on human red blood cells) was investigated. Two sterically hindered phenols (SHP-2-Bn and SHP-2-R) were loaded into L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) nanoparticles by varying the SHP alkyl chain length. For the brain AChE inhibition assay, PC/SHP-2-Bn/SHP-2-16 nanoparticles were administered to rats intranasally at a dose of 8 mg kg-1. The Morris water maze experiment showed that scopolamine-induced AD-like dementia in rats treated with PC/SHP-2-Bn/SHP-2-16 nanoparticles was significantly reduced. This is the first example of cationic SHP-phospholipid nanoparticles for inhibition of brain cholinesterases realized by the use of intranasal administration. This route has promising potential for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia A Burilova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation.
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He H, Lin D, Sun J, He X, Wang T, Fang Y, Liu Y, Fan K, Chen X, He H, Li X, Ji B, Zhao S, Zheng X, Zhang K, Wang H. An in vitro and in vivo study of the brain-targeting effects of an epidermal growth factor-functionalized cholera toxin-like chimeric protein. J Control Release 2020; 322:509-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dhaliwal HK, Fan Y, Kim J, Amiji MM. Intranasal Delivery and Transfection of mRNA Therapeutics in the Brain Using Cationic Liposomes. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1996-2005. [PMID: 32365295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapeutics, including the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as a drug molecule, has tremendous potential in the treatment of chronic diseases, such as age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we have developed a cationic liposomal formulation of mRNA and evaluated the potential of intranasal delivery to the brain in murine model. Preliminary in vitro studies in J774A.1 murine macrophages showed GFP expression up to 24 h and stably expressed GFP protein in the cytosol. Upon intranasal administration of GFP-mRNA/cationic liposomes (3 mg/kg dose) in mice, there was significantly higher GFP-mRNA expression in the brain post 24 h as compared to either naked mRNA or the vehicle-treated group. Luciferase mRNA encapsulated in cationic liposomes was used for quantification of mRNA expression distribution in the brain. The results showed increased luciferase activity in the whole brain in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, the luciferase-mRNA/cationic liposome group (3 mg/kg dose) showed significantly higher luciferase activity in the cortex, striatum, and midbrain regions as compared with the control groups, with minimal systemic exposure. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of brain-specific, nonviral mRNA delivery for the treatment of various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkiranpreet Kaur Dhaliwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yingfang Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Kiparissides C, Vasileiadou A, Karageorgos F, Serpetsi S. A Computational Systems Approach to Rational Design of Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Biopharmaceutics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costas Kiparissides
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, 6th km Harilaou-Thermi Road, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Vasileiadou
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, 6th km Harilaou-Thermi Road, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Filippos Karageorgos
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, 6th km Harilaou-Thermi Road, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefania Serpetsi
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, 6th km Harilaou-Thermi Road, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Yokel RA. Nanoparticle brain delivery: a guide to verification methods. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:409-432. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many reports conclude nanoparticle (NP) brain entry based on bulk brain analysis. Bulk brain includes blood, cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels within the brain contributing to the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Considering the brain as neurons, glia and their extracellular space (brain parenchyma), most studies did not show brain parenchymal NP entry. Blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers anatomy and function are reviewed. Methods demonstrating brain parenchymal NP entry are presented. Results demonstrating bulk brain versus brain parenchymal entry are classified. Studies are reviewed, critiqued and classified to illustrate results demonstrating bulk brain versus parenchymal entry. Brain, blood and peripheral organ NP timecourses are compared and related to brain parenchymal entry evidence suggesting brain NP timecourse informs about brain parenchymal entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
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33
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A novel strategy for glioblastoma treatment combining alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid with cetuximab using nanotechnology-based delivery systems. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:594-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Alshweiat A, Ambrus R, Csoka II. Intranasal Nanoparticulate Systems as Alternative Route of Drug Delivery. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6459-6492. [PMID: 31453778 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190827151741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is always a need for alternative and efficient methods of drug delivery. The nasal cavity can be considered as a non-invasive and efficient route of administration. It has been used for local, systemic, brain targeting, and vaccination delivery. Although many intranasal products are currently available on the market, the majority is used for local delivery with fewer products available for the other targets. As nanotechnology utilization in drug delivery has rapidly spread out, the nasal delivery has become attractive as a promising approach. Nanoparticulate systems facilitate drug transportation across the mucosal barrier, protect the drug from nasal enzyme degradation, enhance the delivery of vaccines to the lymphoid tissue of the nasal cavity with an adjuvant activity, and offer a way for peptide delivery into the brain and the systemic circulation, in addition to their potential for brain tumor treatment. This review article aims at discussing the potential benefit of the intranasal nanoparticulate systems, including nanosuspensions, lipid and surfactant, and polymer-based nanoparticles as regards productive intranasal delivery. The aim of this review is to focus on the topicalities of nanotechnology applications for intranasal delivery of local, systemic, brain, and vaccination purposes during the last decade, referring to the factors affecting delivery, regulatory aspects, and patient expectations. This review further identifies the benefits of applying the Quality by Design approaches (QbD) in product development. According to the reported studies on nanotechnology-based intranasal delivery, potential attention has been focused on brain targeting and vaccine delivery with promising outcomes. Despite the significant research effort in this field, nanoparticle-based products for intranasal delivery are not available. Thus, further efforts are required to promote the introduction of intranasal nanoparticulate products that can meet the requirements of regulatory affairs with high patient acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areen Alshweiat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - IIdikó Csoka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Hong SS, Oh KT, Choi HG, Lim SJ. Liposomal Formulations for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100540. [PMID: 31627301 PMCID: PMC6835450 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Restricted drug entry to the brain that is closely associated with the existence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) has limited the accessibility of most potential active therapeutic compounds to the brain from the systemic circulation. Recently, evidences for the presence of direct nose-to-brain drug transport pathways have been accumulated by several studies and an intranasal drug administration route has gained attention as a promising way for providing direct access to the brain without the needs to cross to the BBB. Studies aiming for developing nanoparticles as an intranasal drug carrier have shown considerable promise in overcoming the challenges of intranasal drug delivery route. This review gives a comprehensive overview of works having investigated liposomes as a potential vehicle to deliver drugs to the brain through nose-to-brain route while considering the excellent biocompatibility and high potential of liposomes for clinical development. Herein, studies are reviewed with special emphasis on the impact of formulation factors, such as liposome composition and surface modification of liposomes with targeting moieties, in addition to intranasal environmental factors that may affect the extent/site of absorption of intranasally administered, liposome-encapsulated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Seok Hong
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Hangang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Soo-Jeong Lim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
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Meka RR, Venkatesha SH, Acharya B, Moudgil KD. Peptide-targeted liposomal delivery of dexamethasone for arthritis therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1455-1469. [PMID: 30938236 PMCID: PMC6613046 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease affecting the joints. Antiarthritic drugs are given systemically, thereby exposing various healthy organs to these drugs, resulting in adverse reactions. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for targeted drug delivery methods for inflamed joints. Materials & methods: We developed a liposomal drug delivery system using a novel peptide ligand (CKPFDRALC) named ART-2, which homes to the inflamed joints when injected intravenously to rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Results: The ART-2-coated liposomes encapsulating an antiarthritic drug, dexamethasone (DEX), were more effective in inhibiting arthritis progression than control-DEX liposomes or free DEX, despite a comparable safety profile. Conclusion: Peptide-targeted therapy has advantages over conventional drug delivery and can be adapted for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeshchandra R Meka
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Bodhraj Acharya
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Aly AEE, Harmon B, Padegimas L, Sesenoglu-Laird O, Cooper MJ, Yurek DM, Waszczak BL. Intranasal delivery of hGDNF plasmid DNA nanoparticles results in long-term and widespread transfection of perivascular cells in rat brain. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 16:20-33. [PMID: 30472323 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intranasal route of administration allows large therapeutics to circumvent the blood-brain barrier and be delivered directly to the CNS. Here we examined the distribution and pattern of cellular transfection, and the time course of transgene expression, in the rat brain after intranasal delivery of plasmid DNA nanoparticles (NPs) encoding hGDNF fused with eGFP. Intranasal administration of these NPs resulted in transfection and transgene expression throughout the rat brain, as indicated by eGFP ELISA and eGFP-positive cell counts. Most of the transfected cells were abluminal and immediately adjacent to capillaries and are likely pericytes, consistent with their distribution by perivascular transport. Intranasal administration of these plasmid DNA NPs resulted in significant, long-term transgene expression in rat brain, with highest levels at 1 week and continued expression for 6 months. These results provide evidence in support of intranasal DNA NPs as a non-invasive, long-term gene therapy approach for various CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah E-E Aly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Harmon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - David M Yurek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky and University of Kentucky Nanobiotechnology Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barbara L Waszczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Meka RR, Venkatesha SH, Moudgil KD. Peptide-directed liposomal delivery improves the therapeutic index of an immunomodulatory cytokine in controlling autoimmune arthritis. J Control Release 2018; 286:279-288. [PMID: 30081142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue of the joints. Inadequately controlled disease may cause severe joint damage and deformity. Currently, the anti-arthritic drugs are given systemically, and therefore, they are widely distributed to other organs that are not the intended therapeutic targets. Accordingly, using a particular dose/regimen of a drug to achieve an effective local concentration of the drug in arthritic joints may lead to expected adverse effects involving other organs. Thus, improved methods of drug delivery are needed for arthritis therapy. One attractive approach is the targeting of a systemically administered drug to the inflamed joints. We describe here a prototypic drug delivery system using a novel peptide ligand denoted as ART-1. We previously reported ART-1 (=ADK) as a peptide that preferentially homes to the inflamed joints of arthritic rats and binds to synovial endothelial cells. We tested the ART-1-coated liposomes encapsulating a fluorescent compound for binding to activated endothelial cells in vitro and homing to arthritic joints in vivo, compared to control liposomes lacking the ART-1 coating. Similar liposomes but encapsulating an immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-27 (ART-1-IL-27 liposomes) were tested for their anti-arthritic activity compared with control liposomes. ART-1-displaying liposomes showed better binding to endothelial cells as well as in vivo homing to arthritic joints compared to control liposomes. Furthermore, ART-1-IL-27 liposomes, when intravenously injected to arthritic rats after the onset of arthritis, were more effective in suppressing disease progression than control-IL-27 liposomes lacking ART-1 or free IL-27 at an equivalent dose of IL-27. In addition, ART-1-directed liposomal IL-27 had a better safety profile than undirected liposomal IL-27 or free IL-27, thereby offering an improved therapeutic index for IL-27 therapy. These results provide a proof-of concept for the use of a novel joint-homing peptide for targeted delivery of drugs including biologics or small molecule compounds to arthritic joints with enhanced efficacy and reduced systemic exposure. This targeted therapy platform may be suitable for use in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeshchandra R Meka
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Vilamarim R, Bernardo J, Videira RA, Valentão P, Veiga F, Andrade PB. An egg yolk’s phospholipid-pennyroyal nootropic nanoformulation modulates monoamino oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity in SH-SY5Y neuronal model. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Intranasal Delivery of pGDNF DNA Nanoparticles Provides Neuroprotection in the Rat 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:688-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Prasad M, Lambe UP, Brar B, Shah I, J M, Ranjan K, Rao R, Kumar S, Mahant S, Khurana SK, Iqbal HMN, Dhama K, Misri J, Prasad G. Nanotherapeutics: An insight into healthcare and multi-dimensional applications in medical sector of the modern world. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1521-1537. [PMID: 29793315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years nanotechnology has revolutionized the healthcare strategies and envisioned to have a tremendous impact to offer better health facilities. In this context, medical nanotechnology involves design, fabrication, regulation, and application of therapeutic drugs and devices having a size in nano-range (1-100 nm). Owing to the revolutionary implications in drug delivery and gene therapy, nanotherapeutics has gained increasing research interest in the current medical sector of the modern world. The areas which anticipate benefits from nano-based drug delivery systems are cancer, diabetes, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, blood disorders and orthopedic problems. The development of nanotherapeutics with multi-functionalities has considerable potential to fill the lacunae existing in the present therapeutic domain. Nanomedicines in the field of cancer management have enhanced permeability and retention of drugs thereby effectively targeting the affected tissues. Polymeric conjugates of asparaginase, polymeric micelles of paclitaxel have been recmended for various types of cancer treatment .The advancement of nano therapeutics and diagnostics can provide the improved effectiveness of the drug with less or no toxicity concerns. Similarly, diagnostic imaging is having potential future applications with newer imaging elements at nano level. The newly emerging field of nanorobotics can provide new directions in the field of healthcare. In this article, an attempt has been made to highlight the novel nanotherapeutic potentialities of polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticle, nanostructured lipid carriers, dendrimers, nanocapsules and nanosponges based approaches. The useful applications of these nano-medicines in the field of cancer, nutrition, and health have been discussed in details. Regulatory and safety concerns along with the commercial status of nanosystems have also been presented. In summary, a successful translation of emerging nanotherapeutics into commercial products may lead to an expansion of biomedical science. Towards the end of the review, future perspectives of this important field have been introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
| | - Upendra P Lambe
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Basanti Brar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Ikbal Shah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Manimegalai J
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Koushlesh Ranjan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250110, India
| | - Rekha Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sheefali Mahant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Sandip Kumar Khurana
- Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaya Prasad
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250110, India
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Fontes MAP, Vaz GC, Cardoso TZD, de Oliveira MF, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Dos Santos RAS, Sharma NM, Patel KP, Frézard F. GABA-containing liposomes: neuroscience applications and translational perspectives for targeting neurological diseases. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 14:781-788. [PMID: 29278747 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple challenges for neuropharmacology in the future. Undoubtedly, one of the greatest challenges is the development of strategies for pharmacological targeting of specific brain regions for treatment of diseases. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and dysfunction of GABAergic mechanisms is associated with different neurological conditions. Liposomes are lipid vesicles that are able to encapsulate chemical compounds and are used for chronic drug delivery. This short review reports our experience with the development of liposomes for encapsulation and chronic delivery of GABA to sites within the brain. Directions for future research regarding the efficacy and practical use of GABA-containing liposomes for extended periods of time as well as understanding and targeting neurological conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Cristiane Vaz
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Neeru M Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Salade L, Wauthoz N, Deleu M, Vermeersch M, De Vriese C, Amighi K, Goole J. Development of coated liposomes loaded with ghrelin for nose-to-brain delivery for the treatment of cachexia. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8531-8543. [PMID: 29238190 PMCID: PMC5713684 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s147650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a ghrelin-containing formulation based on liposomes coated with chitosan intended for nose–brain delivery for the treatment of cachexia. Among the three types of liposomes developed, anionic liposomes provided the best results in terms of encapsulation efficiency (56%) and enzymatic protection against trypsin (20.6% vs 0% for ghrelin alone) and carboxylesterase (81.6% vs 17.2% for ghrelin alone). Ghrelin presented both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the anionic lipid bilayer, as demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Then, anionic liposomes were coated with N-(2-hydroxy) propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride. The coating involved a size increment from 146.9±2.7 to 194±6.1 nm, for uncoated and coated liposomes, respectively. The ζ-potential was similarly increased from -0.3±1.2 mV to 6±0.4 mV before and after coating, respectively. Chitosan provided mucoadhesion, with an increase in mucin adsorption of 22.9%. Enhancement of permeation through the Calu3 epithelial monolayer was also observed with 10.8% of ghrelin recovered in the basal compartment in comparison to 0% for ghrelin alone. Finally, aerosols generated from two nasal devices (VP3 and SP270) intended for aqueous dispersion were characterized with either coated or uncoated liposomes. Contrarily to the SP270 device, VP3 device showed minor changes between coated and uncoated liposome aerosols, as shown by their median volume diameters of 38.4±5.76 and 37.6±5.74 µm, respectively. Overall, the results obtained in this study show that the developed formulation delivered by the VP3 device can be considered as a potential candidate for nose–brain delivery of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Salade
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| | - Nathalie Wauthoz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux
| | | | - Carine De Vriese
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| | - Karim Amighi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels
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Samaridou E, Alonso MJ. Nose-to-brain peptide delivery - The potential of nanotechnology. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:2888-2905. [PMID: 29170026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nose-to-brain (N-to-B) delivery offers to protein and peptide drugs the possibility to reach the brain in a non-invasive way. This article is a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of this emerging peptide delivery route, as well as of the challenges associated to it. Emphasis is given on the potential of nanosized drug delivery carriers to enhance the direct N-to-B transport of protein or peptide drugs. In particular, polymer- and lipid- based nanocarriers are comparatively analyzed in terms of the influence of their physicochemical characteristics and composition on their in vivo fate and efficacy. The use of biorecognitive ligands and permeation enhancers in order to enhance their brain targeting efficiency is also discussed. The article concludes highlighting the early stage of this research field and its still unveiled potential. The final message is that more explicatory PK/PD studies are required in order to achieve the translation from preclinical to the clinical development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Samaridou
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Wong LR, Ho PC. Role of serum albumin as a nanoparticulate carrier for nose-to-brain delivery of R-flurbiprofen: implications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 70:59-69. [PMID: 29034965 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES R-flurbiprofen (R-FP) was found to offer neuroprotective effects by inhibiting mitochondrial calcium overload induced by β-amyloid peptide toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, poor brain penetration after oral administration posed a challenge to its further development for AD treatment. In this study, we investigated the potential of serum albumin as nanoparticulate carriers for nose-to-brain delivery of R-FP to improve its brain accumulation. METHODS Mice were subjected to three treatment groups: (1) intranasal R-FP solution, (2) oral R-FP solution and (3) intranasal R-FP albumin nanoparticles. We also investigated whether the in-vivo R-FP level achieved in the brain afforded by intranasal administration of R-FP nanoparticles had any effect on mitochondrial respiratory activity in an in-vitro AD model. KEY FINDINGS Our in-vivo experiments demonstrate that the intranasal administration of serum albumin-based R-FP nanoparticles achieved higher brain-to-plasma ratio profile as compared to intranasal and oral administration of a simple R-FP solution. We observed significantly improved basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration in cells treated with R-FP albumin nanoparticles at in-vivo brain concentration. CONCLUSIONS Serum albumin-based nanoparticles administered via the nasal route may be a viable approach in delivering therapeutic agents to the brain to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Rong Wong
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul C Ho
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Intranasal administration of carbamazepine-loaded carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 13:72-81. [PMID: 32104380 PMCID: PMC7032105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered as a common and diverse set of chronic neurological disorders and its symptoms can be controlled by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The presence of p-glycoprotein and multi-drug resistance transporters in the blood-brain barrier could prevent the entry of AEDs into the brain, causing drug resistant epilepsy. To overcome this problem, we propose using carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles as a carrier to deliver carbamazepine (CBZ) intra-nasally with the purpose to bypass the blood-brain barrier thus to enhance the brain drug concentration and the treatment efficacy. Results so far indicate that the developed CBZ-NPs have small particle size (218.76 ± 2.41 nm) with high drug loading (around 35%) and high entrapment efficiency (around 80%). The in vitro release profiles of CBZ from the NPs are in accordance with the Korsmeyer-peppas model. The in vivo results show that both encapsulation of CBZ in nanoparticles and the nasal route determined the enhancement of the drug bioavailability and brain targeting characteristics.
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Yue P, Gao L, Wang X, Ding X, Teng J. Intranasal Administration of GDNF Protects Against Neural Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease Through PI3K/Akt/GSK3β Pathway. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1366-1374. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vieira DB, Gamarra LF. Getting into the brain: liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5381-5414. [PMID: 27799765 PMCID: PMC5077137 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s117210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes articles that have been reported in literature on liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier. Due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, liposomes have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery and in vivo bioimaging for the treatment and/or diagnosis of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, stroke, and glioma. Several strategies have been used to deliver drug and/or imaging agents to the brain. Covalent ligation of such macromolecules as peptides, antibodies, and RNA aptamers is an effective method for receptor-targeting liposomes, which allows their blood–brain barrier penetration and/or the delivery of their therapeutic molecule specifically to the disease site. Additionally, methods have been employed for the development of liposomes that can respond to external stimuli. It can be concluded that the development of liposomes for brain delivery is still in its infancy, although these systems have the potential to revolutionize the ways in which medicine is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lionel F Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Intranasal Delivery of a Caspase-1 Inhibitor in the Treatment of Global Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4936-4952. [PMID: 27520275 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-1 is an enzyme implicated in neuroinflammation, a critical component of many diseases that affect neuronal degeneration. However, it is unknown whether a caspase-1 inhibitor can modify apoptotic neuronal damage incurred during transient global cerebral ischemia (GCI) and whether intranasal administration of a caspase-1 inhibitor is an effective treatment following GCI. The present study was conducted to examine the potential efficiency of post-ischemic intranasal administration of the caspase-1 inhibitor Boc-D-CMK in a 4-vessel occlusion model of GCI in the rat. Herein, we show that intranasal Boc-D-CMK readily penetrated the central nervous system, subsequently inhibiting caspase-1 activity, decreasing mitochondrial dysfunction, and attenuating caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway in ischemia-vulnerable hippocampal CA1 region. Further investigation regarding the mechanisms underlying Boc-D-CMK's neuroprotective effects revealed marked inhibition of reactive gliosis, as well as reduction of the neuroinflammatory response via inhibition of the downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Intranasal Boc-D-CMK post-treatment also significantly enhanced the numbers of NeuN-positive cells while simultaneously decreasing the numbers of TUNEL-positive and PARP1-positive cells in hippocampal CA1. Correspondingly, behavioral tests showed that deteriorations in spatial learning and memory performance, and long-term recognition memory following GCI were significantly improved in the Boc-D-CMK post-treated animals. In summary, the current study demonstrates that the caspase-1 inhibitor Boc-D-CMK coordinates anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions to attenuate neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region following GCI. Furthermore, our data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of caspase-1 is a promising neuroprotective strategy to target ischemic neuronal injury and functional deficits following transient GCI.
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