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Han S, Mei L, Quach T, Porter C, Trevaskis N. Lipophilic Conjugates of Drugs: A Tool to Improve Drug Pharmacokinetic and Therapeutic Profiles. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1497-1518. [PMID: 34463935 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic conjugates (LCs) of small molecule drugs have been used widely in clinical and pre-clinical studies to achieve a number of pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits. For example, lipophilic derivatives of drugs are employed in several long acting injectable products to provide sustained drug exposure for hormone replacement therapy and to treat conditions such as neuropsychiatric diseases. LCs can also be used to modulate drug metabolism, and to enhance drug permeation across membranes, either by increasing lipophilicity to enhance passive diffusion or by increasing protein-mediated active transport. Furthermore, such conjugation strategies have been employed to promote drug association with endogenous macromolecular carriers (e.g. albumin and lipoproteins), and this in turn results in altered drug distribution and pharmacokinetic profiles, where the changes can be 'general' (e.g. prolonged plasma half-life) or 'specific' (e.g. enhanced delivery to specific tissues in parallel with the macromolecular carriers). Another utility of LCs is to enhance the encapsulation of drugs within engineered nanoscale drug delivery systems, in order to best take advantage of the targeting and pharmacokinetic benefits of nanomedicines. The current review provides a summary of the mechanisms by which lipophilic conjugates, including in combination with delivery vehicles, can be used to control drug delivery, distribution and therapeutic profiles. The article is structured into sections which highlight a specific benefit of LCs and then demonstrate this benefit with case studies. The review attempts to provide a toolbox to assist researchers to design and optimise drug candidates, including consideration of drug-formulation compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Lianghe Mei
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tim Quach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Chris Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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2
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Lei K, Yuan M, Zhou T, Ye Q, Zeng B, Zhou Q, Wei A, Guo L. Research progress in the application of bile acid-drug conjugates: A "trojan horse" strategy. Steroids 2021; 173:108879. [PMID: 34181976 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid transporters are highly expressed in intestinal cells and hepatocytes, and they determine the uptake of drugs in cells by modulating cellular entry and exit. In order to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs and investigate the potential application prospects of drugs used to target cancer, numerous studies have adopted these transporters to identify prodrug strategies. Through the connection of covalent bonds between drugs and bile acids, the resulting bile acid-drug conjugates continue to be recognized as similar to natural unmodified bile acid and is translocated by the transporter. The present mini-review provides a brief summary of recent progress of the application of bile acid-drug conjugates based primarily on ASBT, NTCP, and OATP, with the hope of contributing to subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ailing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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3
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Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, drug target for bile acid related diseases and delivery target for prodrugs: Current and future challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107539. [PMID: 32201314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Bile acid transporter-mediated oral drug delivery. J Control Release 2020; 327:100-116. [PMID: 32711025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the duodenum at meals. Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), an ileal Na+-dependent transporter, plays the leading role of bile acid absorption into enterocytes, where bile acids are delivered to basolateral side by ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP) and then released by organic solute transporter OSTα/β. The absorbed bile acids are delivered to the liver via portal vein. In this process called "enterohepatic recycling", only 5% of the bile acid pool (~3 g in human) is excreted in feces, indicating the large recycling capacity and high transport efficacy of ASBT-mediated absorption. Therefore, bile acid transporter-mediated oral drug delivery has been regarded as a feasible and potential strategy to improve the oral bioavailability. This review introduces the key factors in enterohepatic recycling, especially the mechanism of bile acid uptake by ASBT, and the development of bile acid-based oral drug delivery for ASBT-targeting, including bile acid-based prodrugs, bile acid/drug electrostatic complexation and bile acid-containing nanocarriers. Furthermore, the specific transport pathways of bile acid in enterocytes are described and the recent finding of lymphatic delivery of bile acid-containing nanocarriers is discussed.
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Overcoming the intestinal barrier: A look into targeting approaches for improved oral drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2020; 322:486-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Li T, Li J, Yang Y, Han Y, Wu D, Xiao T, Wang Y, Liu T, Zhao Y, Li Y, Dai Z, Fu X. Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and mechanistic study of adefovir mixed phosphonate derivatives bearing cholic acid and l-amino acid moieties for the treatment of HBV. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3707-3721. [PMID: 31301948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The deficiency of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) as anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs in clinical use is attributable to their insufficient enrichment in liver and non-target organ toxicity. We aimed to develop potent anti-HBV adefovir derivatives with hepatotrophic properties and reduced nephrotoxicity. A series of adefovir mono l-amino acids, mono cholic acid-drug conjugates were designed and synthesized, and their antiviral activity and uptake in rat primary hepatocytes and Na+-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP)-HEK293 cells were evaluated. We isolated compound 6c as the optimal molecular candidate, with the highest antiviral activity (EC50 0.42 μmol/L, SI 1063.07) and highest cellular uptake in primary hepatocytes and NTCP-HEK293 cells. In-depth mechanistic studies demonstrated that 6c exhibited a lower toxicity in HK-2 cells when compared to adefovir dipivoxil (ADV). This is because 6c cannot be transported by the human renal organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1). Furthermore, pharmacokinetic characterization and tissue distribution of 6c indicates it has favorable druggability and pharmacokinetic properties. Further docking studies suggested compounds with ursodeoxycholic acid and l-amino acid groups are better at binding to NTCP due to their hydrophilic properties, indicating that 6c is a potential candidate as an anti-HBV therapy and therefore merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yilin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Dirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Tao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Yonglong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Zeqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Xiaozhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China.
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7
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Pavlović N, Goločorbin-Kon S, Ðanić M, Stanimirov B, Al-Salami H, Stankov K, Mikov M. Bile Acids and Their Derivatives as Potential Modifiers of Drug Release and Pharmacokinetic Profiles. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1283. [PMID: 30467479 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01283/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have received considerable interest in the drug delivery research due to their peculiar physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. The main advantage of bile acids as drug absorption enhancers is their ability to act as both drug solubilizing and permeation-modifying agents. Therefore, bile acids may improve bioavailability of drugs whose absorption-limiting factors include either poor aqueous solubility or low membrane permeability. Besides, bile acids may withstand the gastrointestinal impediments and aid in the transporter-mediated absorption of physically complexed or chemically conjugated drug molecules. These biomolecules may increase the drug bioavailability also at submicellar levels by increasing the solubility and dissolution rate of non-polar drugs or through the partition into the membrane and increase of membrane fluidity and permeability. Most bile acid-induced effects are mediated by the nuclear receptors that activate transcriptional networks, which then affect the expression of a number of target genes, including those for membrane transport proteins, affecting the bioavailability of a number of drugs. Besides micellar solubilization, there are many other types of interactions between bile acids and drug molecules, which can influence the drug transport across the biological membranes. Most common drug-bile salt interaction is ion-pairing and the formed complexes may have either higher or lower polarity compared to the drug molecule itself. Furthermore, the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of bile acids can be utilized for the covalent conjugation of drugs, which changes their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Bile acids can be utilized in the formulation of conventional dosage forms, but also of novel micellar, vesicular and polymer-based therapeutic systems. The availability of bile acids, along with their simple derivatization procedures, turn them into attractive building blocks for the design of novel pharmaceutical formulations and systems for the delivery of drugs, biomolecules and vaccines. Although toxic properties of hydrophobic bile acids have been described, their side effects are mostly produced when present in supraphysiological concentrations. Besides, minor structural modifications of natural bile acids may lead to the creation of bile acid derivatives with the reduced toxicity and preserved absorption-enhancing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Maja Ðanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stanimirov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karmen Stankov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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8
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Pavlović N, Goločorbin-Kon S, Ðanić M, Stanimirov B, Al-Salami H, Stankov K, Mikov M. Bile Acids and Their Derivatives as Potential Modifiers of Drug Release and Pharmacokinetic Profiles. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1283. [PMID: 30467479 PMCID: PMC6237018 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have received considerable interest in the drug delivery research due to their peculiar physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. The main advantage of bile acids as drug absorption enhancers is their ability to act as both drug solubilizing and permeation-modifying agents. Therefore, bile acids may improve bioavailability of drugs whose absorption-limiting factors include either poor aqueous solubility or low membrane permeability. Besides, bile acids may withstand the gastrointestinal impediments and aid in the transporter-mediated absorption of physically complexed or chemically conjugated drug molecules. These biomolecules may increase the drug bioavailability also at submicellar levels by increasing the solubility and dissolution rate of non-polar drugs or through the partition into the membrane and increase of membrane fluidity and permeability. Most bile acid-induced effects are mediated by the nuclear receptors that activate transcriptional networks, which then affect the expression of a number of target genes, including those for membrane transport proteins, affecting the bioavailability of a number of drugs. Besides micellar solubilization, there are many other types of interactions between bile acids and drug molecules, which can influence the drug transport across the biological membranes. Most common drug-bile salt interaction is ion-pairing and the formed complexes may have either higher or lower polarity compared to the drug molecule itself. Furthermore, the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of bile acids can be utilized for the covalent conjugation of drugs, which changes their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Bile acids can be utilized in the formulation of conventional dosage forms, but also of novel micellar, vesicular and polymer-based therapeutic systems. The availability of bile acids, along with their simple derivatization procedures, turn them into attractive building blocks for the design of novel pharmaceutical formulations and systems for the delivery of drugs, biomolecules and vaccines. Although toxic properties of hydrophobic bile acids have been described, their side effects are mostly produced when present in supraphysiological concentrations. Besides, minor structural modifications of natural bile acids may lead to the creation of bile acid derivatives with the reduced toxicity and preserved absorption-enhancing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Maja Ðanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stanimirov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karmen Stankov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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9
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Tailoring acyclovir prodrugs with enhanced antiviral activity: rational design, synthesis, human plasma stability and in vitro evaluation. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1131-1143. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Chen Y, Zheng Zhang W, Li J, Xiao T, Xia Liu J, Luo M, Su H, Fu XZ, Liu T, Dong YX, Zhao YL, He B, Li YJ. Novel adefovir mono L-amino acid ester, mono bile acid ester derivatives: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Murakami T. A Minireview: Usefulness of Transporter-Targeted Prodrugs in Enhancing Membrane Permeability. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2515-2526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Zhu C. Enhanced hepatic-targeted delivery via oral administration using nanoliposomes functionalized with a novel DSPE–PEG–cholic acid conjugate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28018d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DSPE–PEG–cholic acid modified nanoliposomes interacted with cholic acid receptor on intestine epithelial cells and hepatocytes specifically for oral hepatic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100193
- China
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13
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Lin L, Yee SW, Kim RB, Giacomini KM. SLC transporters as therapeutic targets: emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:543-60. [PMID: 26111766 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters - a family of more than 300 membrane-bound proteins that facilitate the transport of a wide array of substrates across biological membranes - have important roles in physiological processes ranging from the cellular uptake of nutrients to the absorption of drugs and other xenobiotics. Several classes of marketed drugs target well-known SLC transporters, such as neurotransmitter transporters, and human genetic studies have provided powerful insight into the roles of more-recently characterized SLC transporters in both rare and common diseases, indicating a wealth of new therapeutic opportunities. This Review summarizes knowledge on the roles of SLC transporters in human disease, describes strategies to target such transporters, and highlights current and investigational drugs that modulate SLC transporters, as well as promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London Health Science Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- 1] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. [2] Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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14
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Mazibuko Z, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Du Toit LC, Modi G, Naidoo D, Pillay V. A Review of the Potential Role of Nano-Enabled Drug Delivery Technologies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lessons Learned from Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1213-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Dahan A, Zimmermann EM, Ben-Shabat S. Modern prodrug design for targeted oral drug delivery. Molecules 2014; 19:16489-505. [PMID: 25317578 PMCID: PMC6271014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular information that became available over the past two decades significantly influenced the field of drug design and delivery at large, and the prodrug approach in particular. While the traditional prodrug approach was aimed at altering various physiochemical parameters, e.g., lipophilicity and charge state, the modern approach to prodrug design considers molecular/cellular factors, e.g., membrane influx/efflux transporters and cellular protein expression and distribution. This novel targeted-prodrug approach is aimed to exploit carrier-mediated transport for enhanced intestinal permeability, as well as specific enzymes to promote activation of the prodrug and liberation of the free parent drug. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise overview of this modern prodrug approach, with useful successful examples for its utilization. In the past the prodrug approach used to be viewed as a last option strategy, after all other possible solutions were exhausted; nowadays this is no longer the case, and in fact, the prodrug approach should be considered already in the very earliest development stages. Indeed, the prodrug approach becomes more and more popular and successful. A mechanistic prodrug design that aims to allow intestinal permeability by specific transporters, as well as activation by specific enzymes, may greatly improve the prodrug efficiency, and allow for novel oral treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Ellen M Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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16
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Vivian D, Polli JE. Mechanistic interpretation of conventional Michaelis-Menten parameters in a transporter system. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 64:44-52. [PMID: 25169756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to elucidate how steps in drug translocation by a solute carrier transporter impact Michaelis-Menten parameters Km, Ki, and Vmax. The first objective was to derive a model for carrier-mediated substrate translocation and perform sensitivity analysis with regard to the impact of individual microrate constants on Km, Ki, and Vmax. The second objective was to compare underpinning microrate constants between compounds translocated by the same transporter. Equations for Km, Ki, and Vmax were derived from a six-state model involving unidirectional transporter flipping and reconfiguration. This unidirectional model is applicable to co-transporter type solute carriers, like the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and the proton-coupled peptide cotransporter (PEPT1). Sensitivity analysis identified the microrate constants that impacted Km, Ki, and Vmax. Compound comparison using the six-state model employed regression to identify microrate constant values that can explain observed Km and Vmax values. Results yielded some expected findings, as well as some unanticipated effects of microrate constants on Km, Ki, and Vmax. Km and Ki were found to be equal for inhibitors that are also substrates. Additionally, microrate constant values for certain steps in transporter functioning influenced Km and Vmax to be low or high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vivian
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James E Polli
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Stojančević M, Pavlović N, Goločorbin-Kon S, Mikov M. Application of bile acids in drug formulation and delivery. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2013.879925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Gabapentin hybrid peptides and bioconjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1479-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sabit H, Mallajosyula SS, MacKerell AD, Swaan PW. Transmembrane domain II of the human bile acid transporter SLC10A2 coordinates sodium translocation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32394-32404. [PMID: 24045943 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.518555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT, SLC10A2) is responsible for intestinal reabsorption of bile acids and plays a key role in cholesterol homeostasis. We used a targeted and systematic approach to delineate the role of highly conserved transmembrane helix 2 on the expression and function of hASBT. Cysteine mutation significantly depressed transport activity for >60% of mutants without affecting cell surface localization of the transporter. All mutants were inaccessible toward chemical modification by membrane-impermeant MTSET reagent, strongly suggesting that transmembrane 2 (TM2) plays an indirect role in bile acid substrate translocation. Both bile acid uptake and sodium dependence of TM2 mutants revealed a distinct α-helical periodicity. Kinetic studies with conservative and non-conservative mutants of sodium sensitive residues further underscored the importance of Gln(75), Phe(76), Met(79), Gly(83), Leu(86), Phe(90), and Asp(91) in hASBT function. Computational analysis indicated that Asp(91) may coordinate with sodium during the transport cycle. Combined, our data propose that a consortium of sodium-sensitive residues along with previously reported residues (Thr(134), Leu(138), and Thr(149)) from TM3 may form the sodium binding and translocation pathway. Notably, residues Gln(75), Met(79), Thr(82), and Leu(86) from TM2 are highly conserved in TM3 of a putative remote bacterial homologue (ASBTNM), suggesting a universal mechanism for the SLC10A transporter family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairat Sabit
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Sairam S Mallajosyula
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Peter W Swaan
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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20
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The solute carrier family 10 (SLC10): beyond bile acid transport. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:252-69. [PMID: 23506869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) family 10 (SLC10) comprises influx transporters of bile acids, steroidal hormones, various drugs, and several other substrates. Because the seminal transporters of this family, namely, sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP; SLC10A1) and the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; SLC10A2), were primarily bile acid transporters, the term "sodium bile salt cotransporting family" was used for the SLC10 family. However, this notion became obsolete with the finding of other SLC10 members that do not transport bile acids. For example, the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT; SLC10A6) transports primarily sulfated steroids. Moreover, NTCP was shown to also transport steroids and xenobiotics, including HMG-CoA inhibitors (statins). The SLC10 family contains four additional members, namely, P3 (SLC10A3; SLC10A3), P4 (SLC10A4; SLC10A4), P5 (SLC10A5; SLC10A5) and SLC10A7 (SLC10A7), several of which were unknown or considered hypothetical until approximately a decade ago. While their substrate specificity remains undetermined, great progress has been made towards their characterization in recent years. Explicitly, SLC10A4 may participate in vesicular storage or exocytosis of neurotransmitters or mastocyte mediators, whereas SLC10A5 and SLC10A7 may be involved in solute transport and SLC10A3 may have a role as a housekeeping protein. Finally, the newly found role of bile acids in glucose and energy homeostasis, via the TGR5 receptor, sheds new light on the clinical relevance of ASBT and NTCP. The present mini-review provides a brief summary of recent progress on members of the SLC10 family.
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21
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A compendium of cyclic sugar amino acids and their carbocyclic and heterocyclic nitrogen analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 45:613-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Al-Hilal TA, Alam F, Byun Y. Oral drug delivery systems using chemical conjugates or physical complexes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:845-64. [PMID: 23220326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of therapeutics is extremely challenging. The digestive system is designed in a way that naturally allows the degradation of proteins or peptides into small molecules prior to absorption. For systemic absorption, the intact drug molecules must traverse the impending harsh gastrointestinal environment. Technologies, such as enteric coating, with oral dosage formulation strategies have successfully provided the protection of non-peptide based therapeutics against the harsh, acidic condition of the stomach. However, these technologies showed limited success on the protection of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Importantly, inherent permeability coefficient of the therapeutics is still a major problem that has remained unresolved for decades. Addressing this issue in the context, we summarize the strategies that are developed in enhancing the intestinal permeability of a drug molecule either by modifying the intestinal epithelium or by modifying the drug itself. These modifications have been pursued by using a group of molecules that can be conjugated to the drug molecule to alter the cell permeability of the drug or mixed with the drug molecule to alter the epithelial barrier function, in order to achieve the effective drug permeation. This article will address the current trends and future perspectives of the oral delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslim A Al-Hilal
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Döring B, Lütteke T, Geyer J, Petzinger E. The SLC10 carrier family: transport functions and molecular structure. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013. [PMID: 23177985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394316-3.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10 family represents seven genes containing 1-12 exons that encode proteins in humans with sequence lengths of 348-477 amino acids. Although termed solute carriers (SLCs), only three out of seven (i.e. SLC10A1, SLC10A2, and SLC10A6) show sodium-dependent uptake of organic substrates across the cell membrane. These include the uptake of bile salts, sulfated steroids, sulfated thyroidal hormones, and certain statin drugs by SLC10A1 (Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)), the uptake of bile salts by SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)), and uptake of sulfated steroids and sulfated taurolithocholate by SLC10A6 (sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT)). The other members of the family are orphan carriers not all localized in the cell membrane. The name "bile acid transporter family" arose because the first two SLC10 members (NTCP and ASBT) are carriers for bile salts that establish their enterohepatic circulation. In recent years, information has been obtained on their 2D and 3D membrane topology, structure-transport relationships, and on the ligand and sodium-binding sites. For SLC10A2, the putative 3D morphology was deduced from the crystal structure of a bacterial SLC10A2 analog, ASBT(NM). This information was used in this chapter to calculate the putative 3D structure of NTCP. This review provides first an introduction to recent knowledge about bile acid synthesis and newly found bile acid hormonal functions, and then describes step-by-step each individual member of the family in terms of expression, localization, substrate pattern, as well as protein topology with emphasis on the three functional SLC10 carrier members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- SLC10 family research group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Giessen, Germany
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Vivian D, Cheng K, Khurana S, Xu S, Whiterock V, Witter D, Lentz KA, Santone KS, Raufman JP, Polli JE. Design and characterization of a novel fluorinated magnetic resonance imaging agent for functional analysis of bile Acid transporter activity. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1240-51. [PMID: 23319170 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To synthesize a trifluorinated bile acid that can be used for (19)F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of bile acid enterohepatic circulation, characterize its in vitro transporter affinity, stability, and (19)F-MRI signal, and assess its ability to concentrate in the gallbladder of C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Target compound CA-lys-TFA was synthesized and tested for affinity toward the apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT) and the Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (hNTCP). In a pilot study, fasted mice were gavaged with vehicle control, 150 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg CA-lys-TFA. CA-lys-TFA in gallbladder, liver and plasma at t = 5 h was quantified. Additionally, a 24-h time course (24 mice across eight time points) was studied using 50 mg/kg CA-lys-TFA. RESULTS CA-lys-TFA was a potent substrate of hASBT (Kt = 39.4 μM, normalized Vmax = 0.853) and hNTCP (Kt = 8.99 μM, normalized Vmax = 0.281). (19)F MRI phantom imaging showed linear signal-concentration dependence. In vivo studies showed that rapid accumulation of CA-lys-TFA in the gallbladder was maximal within 4-7 h. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CA-lys-TFA, a fluorinated non-radioactive bile acid analogue, has potential for use in MRI to measure in vivo bile acid transport and diagnose bile acid malabsorption and other conditions associated with impaired bile acid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vivian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Dahan A, Khamis M, Agbaria R, Karaman R. Targeted prodrugs in oral drug delivery: the modern molecular biopharmaceutical approach. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1001-13. [PMID: 22703376 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.697055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The molecular revolution greatly impacted the field of drug design and delivery in general, and the utilization of the prodrug approach in particular. The increasing understanding of membrane transporters has promoted a novel 'targeted-prodrug' approach utilizing carrier-mediated transport to increase intestinal permeability, as well as specific enzymes to promote activation to the parent drug. AREAS COVERED This article provides the reader with a concise overview of this modern approach to prodrug design. Targeting the oligopeptide transporter PEPT1 for absorption and the serine hydrolase valacyclovirase for activation will be presented as examples for the successful utilization of this approach. Additionally, the use of computational approaches, such as DFT and ab initio molecular orbital methods, in modern prodrugs design will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION Overall, in the coming years, more and more information will undoubtedly become available regarding intestinal transporters and potential enzymes that may be exploited for the targeted modern prodrug approach. Hence, the concept of prodrug design can no longer be viewed as merely a chemical modification to solve problems associated with parent compounds. Rather, it opens promising opportunities for precise and efficient drug delivery, as well as enhancement of treatment options and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Cao F, Jia J, Yin Z, Gao Y, Sha L, Lai Y, Ping Q, Zhang Y. Ethylene Glycol-Linked Amino Acid Diester Prodrugs of Oleanolic Acid for PepT1-Mediated Transport: Synthesis, Intestinal Permeability and Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2127-35. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinghao Jia
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Yin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yahan Gao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sha
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qineng Ping
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Kolhatkar V, Polli JE. Structural requirements of bile acid transporters: C-3 and C-7 modifications of steroidal hydroxyl groups. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:86-99. [PMID: 22387310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) are potential prodrug targets, but the structural requirements for these transporters are incompletely defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of C-3 and C-7 substitution on bile acid interaction with these bile acid transporters. Nineteen bile acid analogs were tested against ASBT and NTCP for binding, as well as translocation. Results indicated that ASBT and NTCP accommodated a wide range of substituents for binding, but all major C-7 modifications resulted in analogs that did not demonstrate active uptake by either ASBT or NTCP. A C-3 modification that was not tolerated at C-7 still afforded translocation via ASBT and NTCP, confirming the relative unacceptability of C-7 modification. Both ASBT and NTCP demonstrated a generally similar binding potency. Results suggest that drug conjugation to the C-3 hydroxyl group, rather than C-7, has potential to lead to a successful prodrug targeting ASBT and NTCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidula Kolhatkar
- Univerisity of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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28
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Putative irreversible inhibitors of the human sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT; SLC10A2) support the role of transmembrane domain 7 in substrate binding/translocation. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1821-31. [PMID: 22354836 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the involvement of transmembrane domain (TM) 7 of the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT) on bile acid (BA) binding/translocation, using two electrophilic BA derivatives as molecular probes. METHODS Two electrophilic derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inactivate hASBT, and the human organic cation/carnitine transporter (hOCTN2) as a control (i.e. a non-BA transporting model). The ability of electrophilic derivatives to interact with hASBT was evaluated by 2-aminoethyl-methanethiosulfonate (MTSEA)-biotin labeling of thiol groups in TM7 cysteine mutants. RESULTS Unlike native BAs, the electrophilic CDCA derivatives specifically inactivated hASBT, but not hOCTN2, and inhibited hASBT in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. Preincubation of hASBT Cys-mutants in the exofacial half of TM7 with reactive electrophilic probes blocked transporter biotinylation by MTSEA-biotin, similar to 2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl-methanethiosulfonate (MTSET) blocking. This blocking pattern differed from that produced by native BAs, which exposed exofacial TM7 residues, thereby increasing staining. CONCLUSION Kinetic and biochemical data indicate these novel electrophilic BAs are potent and specific irreversible inhibitors of hASBT and offer new evidence about the role of TM7 in binding/translocation of bile acids.
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Abstract
The human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 and Madin–Darby canine kidney epithelial cell lines provide in vitro tools to assess a drug’s permeability and transporter interactions during discovery and development. The cells, when cultured on semiporous filters, form confluent monolayers that model the intestinal epithelial barrier for permeability, transporter and drug-interaction assays. The applications of these assays in pharmaceutical research include qualitative prediction and ranking of absorption, determining mechanism(s) of permeability, formulation effects on drug permeability, and the potential for transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions. This review focuses on recent examples of Caco-2 and Madin–Darby canine kidney cells assays for drug permeability including transfected and knock-down cells, miniaturization and automation, and assay combinations to better understand and predict intestinal drug absorption.
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