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Ahmed MM, Anwer MK, Soliman GA, Aldawsari MF, Mohammed AA, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Alali AS, Alshetaili A, Alalaiwe A, Bukhari SI, Zafar A. Application of hydrophilic polymers for the preparation of tadalafil solid dispersions: micromeritics properties, release and erectile dysfunction studies in male rats. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13482. [PMID: 35642201 PMCID: PMC9148559 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to improve the dissolution rate and aphrodisiac activity of tadalafil by using hydrophilic polymers. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation-Rota evaporator using Koliphore 188, Kollidon® VA64, and Kollidon® 30 polymers in a 1:1 ratio. Prepared tadalafil-solid dispersions (SDs) evaluated for yield, drug content, micromeritics properties, physicochemical characterizations, and aphrodisiac activity assessment. The optimized SDs TK188 showed size (2.175 ± 0.24 µm), percentage of content (98.89 ± 1.23%), yield (87.27 ± 3.13%), bulk density (0.496 ± 0.005 g/cm3), true density (0.646 ± 0.003 g/cm3), Carr's index (23.25 ± 0.81), Hausner ratio (1.303 ± 0.003) and angle of repose (<25°). FTIR spectrums revealed tadalafil doesn't chemically interact with used polymers. XRD and DSC analysis represents TK188 SDs were in the amorphous state. Drug release was 97.17 ± 2.43% for TK188, whereas it was 32.76 ± 2.65% for pure drug at the end of 2 h with 2.96-fold increase in dissolution and followed release kinetics of Korsmeyer Peppa's model. MDT and DE were noted to be 17.48 minutes and 84.53%, respectively. Furthermore, TK188 SDs showed relative improvement in the sexual behavior of the male rats. Thus the developed SDs TK188 could be potential tadalafil carriers for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A. Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia,Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Abdul Aleem Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer S. Alali
- Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alshetaili
- Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I. Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameeduzzafar Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf Saudi Arabia
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Mehanna MM, Mneimneh AT, Domiati S, Allam AN. Tadalafil-Loaded Limonene-Based Orodispersible Tablets: Formulation, in vitro Characterization and in vivo Appraisal of Gastroprotective Activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:10099-10112. [PMID: 33363369 PMCID: PMC7754088 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s288552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric ulcer is a prevalent disease with various etiologies, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and alcohol consumption. This study aimed to explore the dual gastric protection effect of tadalafil and limonene as a self-nanoemulsifying system (SNES)-based orodispersible tablets. Methods Tadalafil-loaded limonene-based SNES was prepared, and the optimum formula was characterized in terms of particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) then loaded on various porous carriers to formulate lyophilized orodispersible tablets (ODTs). The ODTs were evaluated via determining hardness, friability, content uniformity, wetting, and disintegration time. The selected ODT was examined for its gastric ulcer protective effect against alcohol-induced ulcers in rat model. Ulcer score and ulcer index were computed for rats stomachs that were inspected macroscopically and histopathologically. Results The prepared SNES had droplet size of 104 nm, polydispersity index of 0.2, and zeta potential of −15.4 mV. From the different ODTs formulated, the formula with superior wetting time: 23.67 s, outstanding disintegration time: 28 s, accepted hardness value: 3.11 kg/cm2 and friability: 0.6% was designated. A significant gastroprotective effect of the unloaded and tadalafil-loaded ODTs was recognized compared to the omeprazole pre-treated group. Moreover, the histopathological analysis displayed very mild inflammation in the limonene-based ODTs group and intact structure in the tadalafil-loaded pre-treated animals. Conclusion Limonene gastroprotective effect functioned along with tadalafil in the form of SNES-incorporated ODTs could serve as a promising revenue for better efficacy in gastric ulcer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Mehanna
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amina Tarek Mneimneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souraya Domiati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed N Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Alwattar JK, Chouaib R, Khalil A, Mehanna MM. A novel multifaceted approach for wound healing: Optimization and in vivo evaluation of spray dried tadalafil loaded pro-nanoliposomal powder. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119647. [PMID: 32673771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The topical delivery of nanotherapeutics at the injury site for skin regeneration has received increasing attention as a strategy for wound treatment. This study aimed to investigate the preparation of spray dried tadalafil loaded pro-nanoliposomes powder as a novel system to accelerate wound healing process. The optimization was carried out employing 32 factorial design based on phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations. The physicochemical characterizations, in vitro cellular assessment and in vivo performance were evaluated. The results obtained pointed out that phospholipid concentration presented a positive effect on the entrapment efficacy and particle size, while cholesterol hindered the entrapment efficacy yet presented a prominent influence on particle size. Moreover, the optimized formulation showed a sustained release, high zeta potential and uniform spherical particles indicating entrapment of tadalafil in its amorphous state as demonstrated by FTIR and XPRD results. Cell viability and in vitro scratch assay demonstrated no cytotoxicity on human fibroblast cell lines and the ability of the drug and optimized formulation to promote cell migration. In vivo wound healing studies revealed significantly higher wound closure rates for areas treated with optimized loaded-formulation (65.95±6.47%) compared to unloaded formulation (29.78±9.65%), free drug (38.87±11.44%) and sham group (10.22±5.11%). In the in vivo study, histopathological specimens supported the previous results with presentation of cascade of healing elements via the angiogenetic activity of tadalafil. These outcomes provide an insight of a novel and emerging therapeutic drug system for wound treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana K Alwattar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Racha Chouaib
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Alia Khalil
- Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon; Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammed M Mehanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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4
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Preparation of solid dispersions with respect to the dissolution rate of active substance. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Školáková T, Slámová M, Školáková A, Kadeřábková A, Patera J, Zámostný P. Investigation of Dissolution Mechanism and Release Kinetics of Poorly Water-Soluble Tadalafil from Amorphous Solid Dispersions Prepared by Various Methods. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E383. [PMID: 31382377 PMCID: PMC6722951 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate how the release of tadalafil is influenced by two grades of polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon® 12 PF and Kollidon® VA 64) and various methods of preparing solid dispersions (solvent evaporation, spray drying and hot-melt extrusion). Tadalafil is poorly water-soluble and its high melting point makes it very sensitive to the solid dispersion preparation method. Therefore, the objectives were to make a comparative evaluation among different solid dispersions and to assess the effect of the physicochemical nature of solid dispersions on the drug release profile with respect to the erosion-diffusion mechanism. The solid dispersions were evaluated for dissolution profiles, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, DSC, and solubility or stability studies. It was found that tadalafil release was influenced by polymer molecular weight. Therefore, solid dispersions containing Kollidon® 12 PF showed a faster dissolution rate compared to Kollidon® VA 64. Tadalafil was released from solid dispersions containing Kollidon® 12 PF because of the combination of erosion and diffusion mechanisms. The diffusion mechanisms were predominant in the initial phase of the experiment and the slow erosion was dissolution-controlling at the second stage of the dissolution. On the contrary, the tadalafil release rate from solid dispersions containing Kollidon® VA 64 was controlled solely by the erosion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Školáková
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Slámová
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Školáková
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kadeřábková
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Patera
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zámostný
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Mehanna MM, Shabarek MI, Elmaradny HA, Elmartadny HA. Spray-dried pH-sensitive microparticles: effectual methodology to ameliorate the bioavailability of acid labile pravastatin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:485-497. [PMID: 30575415 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1562465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pravastatin is a promising drug utilized in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, yet, its main clinical limitation is due to gastric liability which fractions its oral bioavailability to less than 18%. The purpose of the current study is to encapsulate pravastatin into Eudragit®-based spray-dried microparticles aspiring to overcome its acid liability. With the aim to optimize the microparticles, formulation and process parameters were studied through acid resistance challenging test. Physicochemical characterization of the optimized spray-dried pH-sensitive microparticles namely; in-vitro dissolution, surface morphology, compatibility, and solid-state studies were performed. Moreover, in-vivo evaluation of the microparticles and accelerated stability studies were carried out. The results outlined that polymer to drug ratio at 5:1 and pravastatin concentration at 1%w/w in spray-drying feed solution showed 38.55% and 53.97% encapsulation efficiency, respectively. The significance of process parameters specifically; the flow rate and the inlet temperature on microparticles surface integrity were observed, and optimized until encapsulating efficiency reached 72.37%. The scanning electron microscopical examination of the optimized microparticles illustrate uniform smooth surface spheres entrapping the drug in an amorphous state as proved through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transfer Infrared (FTIR) studies. The in-vivo evaluation demonstrated a 5-fold enhancement in pravastatin bioavailability compared to the marketed product. The results provided evidence for the significance of spray-dried pH-sensitive microparticles as a promising carrier for pravastatin, decreasing its acid liability, and improving its bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Mehanna
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology Department , Beirut Arab University , Beirut , Lebanon.,b Faculty of Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy Department , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | | | | | - Hoda A Elmartadny
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology Department , Beirut Arab University , Beirut , Lebanon
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Mahmoud AA, Salama AH, Shamma RN, Farouk F. Bioavailability Enhancement of Aripiprazole Via Silicosan Particles: Preparation, Characterization and In vivo Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3751-3762. [PMID: 30259403 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a novel carrier for enhancing the bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug, aripiprazole (ARP). Silicosan, the applied carrier, was obtained by chemical interaction between tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and chitosan HCl. Different ARP-loaded silicosan particles were successfully prepared in absence and presence of one of the following surfactants; Tween 80, Poloxamer 407 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The prepared ARP-loaded silicosan particles were thoroughly investigated for their structures using FTIR, XRD, and DSC analysis as well as their particle size, zeta potential, flowability, drug content, and in vitro drug release efficiencies. The prepared ARP-loaded silicosan particles were characterized by amorphous structure, high drug entrapment efficiency and a remarkable improvement in the release of aripiprazole in simulated gastric fluid. SEM and EDX revealed that the morphology and silica atom content in the prepared ARP-loaded silicosan particles were affected by the used surfactant in their formulations. The selected ARP-loaded silicosan particles were subjected to in vivo study using rabbits. The obtained pharmacokinetic results showed that the relative bioavailability for orally administered ARP-loaded silicosan particles (SC-2-CTAB) was 66% higher relative to the oral suspension (AUC0-10h was 16.38 ± 3.21 and 27.23 ± 2.35 ng.h/mL for drug powder and SC-2-CTAB formulation, respectively). The obtained results suggested the unique-structured silicosan particles to be used as successful vehicle for ARP.
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Zhou M, Wang Y, Wu F, Shen L, Lin X, Feng Y. Development on porous particles of Pueraria lobatae Radix for improving its compactibility and dissolution. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24250-24260. [PMID: 35539169 PMCID: PMC9082050 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a study on the influence of particles having different porosities on tablet performance. The ethanol extract of Pueraria lobatae Radix (EPL) was chosen as the model drug. A series of porous EPL particles were prepared by co-spray drying EPL with different amounts of ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), and their powder properties (particle morphology, particle size, porosity, flowability, bulk density, and tap density) and tablet properties (tensile strength, E sp, yield pressure, dissolution, etc.) were comparatively investigated. The results showed that there were significant differences in the fundamental and functional properties of the spray-dried and parent EPLs. First, the irregular and dense primary EPL particles were transformed into loose, hollow, and spheroidal particles via co-spray drying with NH4HCO3. Second, compared to parent EPL, porous EPLs showed a significant improvement (1.80-7.03 times) in compactibility. Third, the dissolution rates of porous EPLs were similar, and all were more than twice as fast as that of parent EPL. The increased porosity, on the one hand, led to the increase in interparticle and intraparticle bonding forces during tableting and, on the other hand, facilitated water intrusion into tablets for disintegration and dissolution. Porous particle design is therefore promising, especially for drugs with both poor compactibility and dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- MiaoMiao Zhou
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 PR China +86 21 51322197 +86 21 51322197
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 PR China +86 21 51322429 +86 21 51322429
| | - YouJie Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 PR China +86 21 51322429 +86 21 51322429
| | - Fei Wu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 PR China +86 21 51322197 +86 21 51322197
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 PR China +86 21 51322429 +86 21 51322429
| | - Lan Shen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 PR China +86 21 51322197 +86 21 51322197
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 PR China +86 21 51322197 +86 21 51322197
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 PR China +86 21 51322429 +86 21 51322429
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Stable and Fast-Dissolving Amorphous Drug Composites Preparation via Impregnation of Neusilin® UFL2. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:170-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Wei Q, Keck CM, Müller RH. Solidification of hesperidin nanosuspension by spray drying optimized by design of experiment (DoE). Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:1-12. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1285309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and NutriCosmetics, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and NutriCosmetics, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- PharmaSol GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer H. Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and NutriCosmetics, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Improving tadalafil dissolution via surfactant-enriched tablets approach: Statistical optimization, characterization, and pharmacokinetic assessment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Mande PP, Bachhav SS, Devarajan PV. Bioenhanced advanced third generation solid dispersion of tadalafil: Repurposing with improved therapy in pyelonephritis. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 12:569-579. [PMID: 32104370 PMCID: PMC7032132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tadalafil (TDL) a BCS-II drug is recently reported for repurposing nephroprotective effect in Pyelonephritis (PN). However, poor water solubility and dissolution rate limited oral bioavailability pose serious challenges in its therapeutic applications. We present an advanced third generation Solid Dispersion (SD) of TDL comprising a polymer in combination with a Self Micro-emulsifying Composition (SMEC) to achieve high drug loading, improved stability and rapid dissolution of TDL for enhancing bioavailability and efficacy in PN. TDL-SMEC-SD was coated onto rapidly disintegrating inert tablet cores which disintegrated rapidly in water to release SD as a film. TDL-SMEC-SD was evaluated for in-vivo oral bioavailability and in-vivo efficacy in lipopolysaccharide-induced PN in rats. TDL exhibited high solubility (45.6 mg/ml) in the SMEC. TDL-SMEC-SD exhibited remarkably high TDL loading (45%w/w), exceptionally low contact angle (9°), rapid in-vitro release (t50 7.3 min), microemulsion formation (globule size ~100 nm) in aqueous dispersion, and stability as per ICH guidelines. SEM, DSC, and XRD confirmed high physical stability. A relative bioavailability of 350% and 150% compared to TDL and TDL-SD without SMEC respectively, established the superiority of TDL-SMEC-SD. A significant reduction in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and nitric oxide levels in the lipopolysaccharide-induced PN confirmed the benefit of the TDL-SMEC-SD. The advanced third generation SMEC SDs presents the possibility of platform technology for bioenhancement of poorly water soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P Mande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar S Bachhav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padma V Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Optimizing Prednisolone Loading into Distiller's Dried Grain Kafirin Microparticles, and In vitro Release for Oral Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9020017. [PMID: 28534827 PMCID: PMC5489934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kafirin microparticles have potential as colon-targeted delivery systems because of their ability to protect encapsulated material from digestive processes of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The aim was to optimize prednisolone loading into kafirin microparticles, and investigate their potential as an oral delivery system. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to predict the optimal formulation of prednisolone loaded microparticles. Prednisolone release from the microparticles was measured in simulated conditions of the GIT. The RSM models were inadequate for predicting the relationship between starting quantities of kafirin and prednisolone, and prednisolone loading into microparticles. Compared to prednisolone released in the simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions, no additional drug release was observed in simulated colonic conditions. Hence, more insight into factors affecting drug loading into kafirin microparticles is required to improve the robustness of the RSM model. This present method of formulating prednisolone-loaded kafirin microparticles is unlikely to offer clinical benefits over commercially available dosage forms. Nevertheless, the overall amount of prednisolone released from the kafirin microparticles in conditions simulating the human GIT demonstrates their ability to prevent the release of entrapped core material. Further work developing the formulation methods may result in a delivery system that targets the lower GIT.
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Two-Stage Crystallizer Design for High Loading of Poorly Water-Soluble Pharmaceuticals in Porous Silica Matrices. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7050131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Krupa A, Majda D, Mozgawa W, Szlęk J, Jachowicz R. Physicochemical Properties of Bosentan and Selected PDE-5 Inhibitors in the Design of Drugs for Rare Diseases. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1318-1331. [PMID: 27495162 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study provides the physicochemical characteristic of bosentan (BOS) in comparison to tadalafil (TA) and sildenafil citrate (SIL). Despite some reports dealing with thermal characteristic of SIL and TA, physicochemical properties of BOS have not been investigated so far. Recent clinical reports have indicated that the combination of bosentan and PDE-5 inhibitor can improve the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, in order to design personalized medicines for therapy of chronic rare diseases, detailed information on the thermal behaviour and solubility of each drug is indispensable. Thus, XRD, DSC and TGA-QMS analyses were applied to compare the properties of the drugs, their thermal stability as well as to identify the products of thermal degradation. The dehydration of BOS started at 70°C and was followed by the chemical degradation with the onset at 290°C. The highest thermal stability was stated for TA, which decomposed at ca. 320°C, whereas the lowest onset of the thermal decomposition process was stated for SIL, i.e. 190°C. The products of the drug decomposition were identified. FT-FIR was applied to study intra- and intermolecular interactions between the drug molecules. FT-MIR and Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the chemical structure of the drugs. Chemoinformatic tools were used to predict the polar surface area, pKa, or logP of the drugs. Their results were in line with solubility and dissolution studies.
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Oral hesperidin—Amorphization and improved dissolution properties by controlled loading onto porous silica. Int J Pharm 2017; 518:253-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Physicochemical properties of direct compression tablets with spray dried and ball milled solid dispersions of tadalafil in PVP-VA. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 109:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hellrup J, Mahlin D. Confinement of Amorphous Lactose in Pores Formed Upon Co-Spray Drying With Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:322-330. [PMID: 27836110 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at investigating factors influencing humidity-induced recrystallization of amorphous lactose, produced by co-spray drying with particles of cellulose nanocrystals or sodium montmorillonite. In particular, the focus is on how the nanoparticle shape and surface properties influence the nanometer to micrometer length scale nanofiller arrangement in the nanocomposites and how the arrangements influence the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of the amorphous to crystalline transition. The nanocomposites were produced by co-spray drying. Solid-state transformations were analyzed at 60%-94% relative humidity using X-ray powder diffraction, microcalorimetry, and light microscopy. The recrystallization rate constant for the lactose/cellulose nanocrystals and lactose/sodium montmorillonite nanocomposites was lowered at nanofiller contents higher than 60% and was stable for months at 80% nanofiller. The most likely explanation to these results is spontaneous formations of mesoporous particle networks that the lactose is confined upon co-spray drying at high filler content. Compartmentalization and rigidification of the amorphous lactose proved to be less important mechanisms involved in the stabilization of lactose in the nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hellrup
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Denny Mahlin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wei Q, Keck CM, Müller RH. Preparation and tableting of long-term stable amorphous rutin using porous silica. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 113:97-107. [PMID: 27847275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous state of drugs increases the oral bioavailability, but typically faces physical stability problems. Amorphous rutin was generated and physically stabilized by encapsulating inside mesopores of porous AEROPERL® 300 Pharma and named as rutin CapsMorph® in this study. AEROPERL® 300 Pharma was loaded with rutin dissolved in DMSO containing Tween 80, and subsequently the solvent evaporated (wetness impregnation method). The loading process was monitored by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to confirm the amorphous state in AEROPERL® 300 Pharma. A loading of 20% of the rutin-AEROPERL® 300 Pharma mixture was obtained. The amorphous state proved to be stable over 2years of storage at room temperature. Due to the amorphous state and the nanosize of the rutin in the mesopores, the kinetic saturation solubility increased to about 4mg/ml (water, 0.1MHCl, pH 6.8PBS) compared to the maximum observed thermodynamic equilibrium solubility of rutin raw drug powder of only 74.48±1.42μg/ml in pH 6.8PBS (=increase by factor about 54). The dissolution velocity also increased distinctly, e.g. about 96.1% of rutin dissolution from CapsMorph® powder in water within 5min compared to less than 40% of raw drug powder after 3h. Tablets were produced with rutin CapsMorph®, raw drug powder and their dissolution velocity compared to a marketed product. About 83.0-95.6% were released from the rutin CapsMorph® tablet within 5min, compared to 42.7-52.5% from the marketed tablet after 3h (water, 0.1MHCl, pH 6.8PBS). After dissolution the supersaturation level of rutin CapsMorph® remained over about 2h, then solubility slowly reduced, but remained after 48h still multifold above the thermodynamic rutin solubility. This should be sufficient for many poorly soluble drugs to achieve a sufficient bioavailability. For optimal exploitation of the supersaturation, a multiple step release system could be used, e.g. release of CapsMorph® particles every 2-3h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Wei
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rainer H Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
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Lu M, Xing H, Yang T, Yu J, Yang Z, Sun Y, Ding P. Dissolution enhancement of tadalafil by liquisolid technique. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:77-89. [PMID: 27268461 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1189563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to enhance the dissolution of tadalafil, a poorly water-soluble drug by applying liquisolid technique. The effects of two critical formulation variables, namely drug concentration (17.5% and 35%, w/w) and excipients ratio (10, 15 and 20) on dissolution rates were investigated. Pre-compression tests, including particle size distribution, flowability determination, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were carried out to investigate the mechanism of dissolution enhancement. Tadalafil liquisolid tablets were prepared and their quality control tests, dissolution study, contact angle measurement, Raman mapping, and storage stability test were performed. The results suggested that all the liquisolid tablets exhibited significantly higher dissolution rates than the conventional tablets and pure tadalafil. FT-IR spectrum reflected no drug-excipient interactions. DSC and XRD studies indicated reduction in crystallinity of tadalafil, which was further confirmed by SEM and Raman mapping outcomes. The contact angle measurement demonstrated obvious increase in wetting property. Taken together, the reduction of particle size and crystallinity, and the improvement of wettability were the main mechanisms for the enhanced dissolution rate. No significant changes were observed in drug crystallinity and dissolution behavior after storage based on XRD, SEM and dissolution results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Haonan Xing
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- b Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, Husson University , Bangor , ME , USA
| | - Jiankun Yu
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Zhen Yang
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yanping Sun
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
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21
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Mehanna MM, Alwattar JK, Elmaradny HA. Optimization, physicochemical characterization and in vivo assessment of spray dried emulsion: A step toward bioavailability augmentation and gastric toxicity minimization. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:766-79. [PMID: 26561726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The limited solubility of BCS class II drugs diminishes their dissolution and thus reduces their bioavailability. Our aim in this study was to develop and optimize a spray dried emulsion containing indomethacin as a model for Class II drugs, Labrasol®/Transuctol® mixture as the oily phase, and maltodextrin as a solid carrier. The optimization was carried out using a 2(3) full factorial design based on two independent variables, the percentage of carrier and concentration of Poloxamer® 188. The effect of the studied parameters on the spray dried yield, loading efficiency and in vitro release were thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, physicochemical characterization of the optimized formulation was performed. In vivo bioavailability, ulcerogenic capability and histopathological features were assessed. The results obtained pointed out that poloxamer 188 concentration in the formulation was the predominant factor affecting the dissolution release, whereas the drug loading was driven by the carrier concentration added. Moreover, the yield demonstrated a drawback by increasing both independent variables studied. The optimized formulation presented a complete release within two minutes thus suggesting an immediate release pattern as well, the formulation revealed to be uniform spherical particles with an average size of 7.5μm entrapping the drug in its molecular state as demonstrated by the DSC and FTIR studies. The in vivo evaluation, demonstrated a 10-fold enhancement in bioavailability of the optimized formulation, with absence of ulcerogenic side effect compared to the marketed product. The results provided an evidence for the significance of spray dried emulsion as a leading strategy for improving the solubility and enhancing the bioavailability of class II drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Mehanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Jana K Alwattar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hoda A Elmaradny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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22
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Hellrup J, Alderborn G, Mahlin D. Inhibition of Recrystallization of Amorphous Lactose in Nanocomposites Formed by Spray-Drying. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3760-3769. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wlodarski K, Sawicki W, Haber K, Knapik J, Wojnarowska Z, Paluch M, Lepek P, Hawelek L, Tajber L. Physicochemical properties of tadalafil solid dispersions - Impact of polymer on the apparent solubility and dissolution rate of tadalafil. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:106-15. [PMID: 25998701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To improve solubility of tadalafil (Td), a poorly soluble drug substance (3μg/ml) belonging to the II class of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, its six different solid dispersions (1:1, w/w) in the following polymers: HPMC, MC, PVP, PVP-VA, Kollicoat IR and Soluplus were successfully produced by freeze-drying. Scanning electron microscopy showed a morphological structure of solid dispersions typical of lyophilisates. Apparent solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate studies revealed the greatest, a 16-fold, increase in drug solubility (50μg/ml) and a significant, 20-fold, dissolution rate enhancement for the Td/PVP-VA solid dispersion in comparison with crystalline Td. However, the longest duration of the supersaturation state in water (27μg/ml) over 24h was observed for the Td solid dispersion in HPMC. The improved dissolution of Td from Td/PVP-VA was confirmed in the standard dissolution test of capsules filled with solid dispersions. Powder X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis showed the amorphous nature of these binary systems and indicated the existence of dispersion at the molecular level and its supersaturated character, respectively. Nevertheless, as evidenced by film casting, the greatest ability to dissolve Td in polymer was determined for PVP-VA. The crystallization tendency of Td dispersed in Kollicoat IR could be explained by the low Tg (113°C) of the solid dispersion and the highest difference in Hansen solubility parameters (6.8MPa(0.5)) between Td and the polymer, although this relationship was not satisfied for the partially crystalline dispersion in PVP. Similarly, no correlation was found between the strength of hydrogen bonds investigated using infrared spectroscopy and the physical stability of solid dispersions or the level of supersaturation in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wlodarski
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Physical Chemistry, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - W Sawicki
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Physical Chemistry, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - K Haber
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Physical Chemistry, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - J Knapik
- University of Silesia, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Z Wojnarowska
- University of Silesia, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - M Paluch
- University of Silesia, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - P Lepek
- Formulation Department R&D, Pharmaceutical Works Polpharma SA, Pelplinska 19, 83-200 Starogard Gdanski, Poland
| | - L Hawelek
- Institute of Non Ferrous Metals, Sowinskiego 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - L Tajber
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Refaat A, Sokar M, Ismail F, Boraei N. Tadalafil oral disintegrating tablets: an approach to enhance tadalafil dissolution. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-015-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Wlodarski K, Sawicki W, Paluch K, Tajber L, Grembecka M, Hawelek L, Wojnarowska Z, Grzybowska K, Talik E, Paluch M. The influence of amorphization methods on the apparent solubility and dissolution rate of tadalafil. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Thermodynamics and solubility of tadalafil in diethylene glycol monoethyl ether+water co-solvent mixtures at (298.15 to 333.15) K. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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El-Badry M, Haq N, Fetih G, Shakeel F. Measurement and Correlation of Tadalafil Solubility in Five Pure Solvents at (298.15 to 333.15) K. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING DATA 2014; 59:839-843. [DOI: 10.1021/je400982r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud El-Badry
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gihan Fetih
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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29
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El-Badry M, Haq N, Fetih G, Shakeel F. Solubility and Dissolution Enhancement of Tadalafil Using Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:567-76. [PMID: 24770562 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Shakeel F, El-Badry M, Haq N, Alanazi F, Alsarra I. Solution thermodynamics and solubility of tadalafil in PEG 400 + water co-solvent mixtures at 298.15 to 333.15 K. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Subra-Paternault P, Vrel D, Roy C. Coprecipitation on slurry to prepare drug–silica-polymer formulations by compressed antisolvent. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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33
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Allam AN, Naggar VF, El gamal SS. Formulation and physicochemical characterization of chitosan/Acyclovir co-crystals. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 18:856-65. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.595798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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