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AbdulHameed MDM, Liu R, Wallqvist A. Using a Graph Convolutional Neural Network Model to Identify Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21853-21861. [PMID: 37360478 PMCID: PMC10286257 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is a key transporter involved in the efflux of bile salts from hepatocytes to bile canaliculi. Inhibition of BSEP leads to the accumulation of bile salts within the hepatocytes, leading to possible cholestasis and drug-induced liver injury. Screening for and identification of chemicals that inhibit this transporter aid in understanding the safety liabilities of these chemicals. Moreover, computational approaches to identify BSEP inhibitors provide an alternative to the more resource-intensive, gold standard experimental approaches. Here, we used publicly available data to develop predictive machine learning models for the identification of potential BSEP inhibitors. Specifically, we analyzed the utility of a graph convolutional neural network (GCNN)-based approach in combination with multitask learning to identify BSEP inhibitors. Our analyses showed that the developed GCNN model performed better than the variable-nearest neighbor and Bayesian machine learning approaches, with a cross-validation receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.86. In addition, we compared GCNN-based single-task and multitask models and evaluated their utility in addressing data limitation challenges commonly observed in bioactivity modeling. We found that multitask models performed better than single-task models and can be utilized to identify active molecules for targets with limited data availability. Overall, our developed multitask GCNN-based BSEP model provides a useful tool for prioritizing hits during early drug discovery and in risk assessment of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Diwan M. AbdulHameed
- Department
of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications
Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick 21702, Maryland, United States
- The
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine,
Inc., Bethesda 20817, Maryland, United States
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- Department
of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications
Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick 21702, Maryland, United States
- The
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine,
Inc., Bethesda 20817, Maryland, United States
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department
of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications
Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick 21702, Maryland, United States
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2
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Feng D, Zhong G, Zuo Q, Wan Y, Xu W, He C, Lin C, Huang D, Chen F, Huang L. Knockout of ABC transporters by CRISPR/Cas9 contributes to reliable and accurate transporter substrate identification for drug discovery. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1015940. [PMID: 36386127 PMCID: PMC9649518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
It is essential to explore the relationship between drugs and transporters in the process of drug development. Strong background signals in nonhuman MDCK or LLC-PK1 cells and overlapping interference of inhibitors or RNAi in human Caco-2 cells mean that an ideal alternative could be to knock out specific transporter genes in Caco-2 cells. However, the application of gene knockout (KO) to Caco-2 cells is challenging because it is still inefficient to obtain rapidly growing Caco-2 subclones with double-allele KO through long-term monoclonal cultivation. Herein, CRISPR/Cas9, a low cost but more efficient and precise gene editing technology, was utilized to singly or doubly knockout the P-gp, BCRP, and MRP2 genes in Caco-2 cells. By combining this with single cell expansion, rapidly growing transporter-deficient subclones were successfully screened and established. Bidirectional transport assays with probe substrates and three protease inhibitors indicated that more reliable and detailed data could be drawn easily with these KO Caco-2 models. The six robust KO Caco-2 subclones could contribute to efficient in vitro drug transport research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guorui Zhong
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingxia Zuo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Wan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanqing Xu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changsheng He
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cailing Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongchao Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Taguchi M, Oyama R, Kaneso M, Hayashi S. Hybrid QM/MM Free-Energy Evaluation of Drug-Resistant Mutational Effect on the Binding of an Inhibitor Indinavir to HIV-1 Protease. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:1328-1344. [PMID: 35212226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protease is a homodimeric aspartic protease essential for the replication of HIV. The HIV-1 protease is a target protein in drug discovery for antiretroviral therapy, and various inhibitor molecules of transition state analogues have been developed. However, serious drug-resistant mutants have emerged. For understanding the molecular mechanism of the drug resistance, an accurate examination of the impacts of the mutations on ligand binding and enzymatic activity is necessary. Here, we present a molecular simulation study on the ligand binding of indinavir, a potent transition state analogue inhibitor, to the wild-type protein and a V82T/I84V drug-resistant mutant of the HIV-1 protease. We employed a hybrid ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free-energy optimization technique which combines a highly accurate QM description of the ligand molecule and its interaction with statistically ample conformational sampling of the MM protein environment by long-time molecular dynamics simulations. Through the free-energy calculations of protonation states of catalytic groups at the binding pocket and of the ligand-binding affinity changes upon the mutations, we successfully reproduced the experimentally observed significant reduction of the binding affinity upon the drug-resistant mutations and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. The present study opens the way for understanding the molecular mechanism of drug resistance through the direct quantitative comparison of ligand binding and enzymatic reaction with the same accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Ryo Oyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneso
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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4
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Polymorphisms at CYP enzymes, NR1I2 and NR1I3 in association with virologic response to antiretroviral therapy in Brazilian HIV-positive individuals. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2022; 22:33-38. [PMID: 34504302 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virologic failure of antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be explained by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in drug absorption and metabolism genes. Here, we characterized the associations between polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 enzymes' genes CYP2B6 and CYP3A4/A5, nuclear receptor genes NR1I2/3, and initial ART efficacy among 203 HIV-positive individuals from Rio de Janeiro. Association between SNPs and virologic control was evaluated after 6 and 12 months of follow-up using Cox regression models. The SNP rs2307424 (NR1I3) was associated with increased virologic response after 12 months of treatment, while rs1523127 (NR1I2), rs3003596, and rs2502815 (NR1I3) were associated with decreased response. Increased virologic response after 12 months (adjHR = 1.54; p = 0.02) was also observed among carriers of the NR1I3 haplotype rs2502815G-rs3003596A-rs2307424A versus the reference haplotype G-A-G. Our results suggest that NR1I2 and NR1I3 variants are associated with virologic responses to ART among Brazilians.
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Singkham N, Avihingsanon A, Brundage RC, Birnbaum AK, Thammajaruk N, Ruxrungtham K, Bunupuradah T, Kiertiburanakul S, Chetchotisakd P, Punyawudho B. Pharmacogenetics-based population pharmacokinetic analysis for dose optimization of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in Thai adult HIV-infected patients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 15:99-108. [PMID: 34727835 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This population pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenetic study aimed to investigate the optimal dose of RTV-boosted ATV (ATV/RTV) for Thai adult HIV-infected patients. METHODS A total of 1460 concentrations of ATV and RTV from 544 patients receiving an ATV/RTV-based regimen were analyzed. The CYP3A5 6986 A > G, ABCB1 3435 C > T, ABCB1 2677 G > T, SLCO1B1 521 T > C, and NR1I2 63396 C > T were genotyped. A population pharmacokinetic model was performed using a nonlinear mixed-effect model (NONMEM®). Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to compare the percentages of patients achieving the therapeutic range of ATV through concentrations (Ctrough). RESULTS The apparent oral clearance of ATV (CL/FATV) without RTV was 7.69 L/h with interindividual variability (IIV) of 28.7%. Patients with CYP3A5 6986 GG had a 7.1% lower CL/FATV than those with AA or AG genotype. The CL/FATV decreased by 10.8% for females compared with males. Simulation results showed higher percentages (~70%) of patient receiving doses of 200/100 or 200/50 mg achieved the target ATV Ctrough, while more patients (~40%) receiving a standard dose (300/100 mg) had ATV Ctrough above this target. CONCLUSIONS Both CYP3A5 6986 A > G and female decreased CL/FATV in Thai HIV-infected patients. Simulations supported that the reduced dose of ATV/RTV was sufficient to achieve the target concentration for Thai population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppaket Singkham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Richard C Brundage
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Angela K Birnbaum
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Narukjaporn Thammajaruk
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Torsak Bunupuradah
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Baralee Punyawudho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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6
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Courlet P, Livio F, Alves Saldanha S, Scherrer A, Battegay M, Cavassini M, Stoeckle M, Decosterd LA, Marzolini C. Real-life management of drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and statins. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1972-1980. [PMID: 32240298 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIs cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with most statins due to inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and/or the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1, which may alter the pharmacodynamic (PD) effect of statins. OBJECTIVES To assess the management of DDIs between antiretrovirals (ARVs) and statins in people living with HIV (PLWH) considering statin plasma concentrations, compliance with dosing recommendations and achievement of lipid targets. METHODS PLWH of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study were eligible if they received a statin concomitantly with ARVs. HDL, total cholesterol (TC) and statin plasma concentration were measured during follow-up visits. Individual non-HDL and TC target values were set using the Framingham score and the 2018 European AIDS Clinical Society recommendations. RESULTS Data were analysed for rosuvastatin (n = 99), atorvastatin (n = 92), pravastatin (n = 46) and pitavastatin (n = 21). Rosuvastatin and atorvastatin underdosing frequently led to suboptimal PD response. Insufficient lipid control was observed with PIs despite high atorvastatin concentrations, likely explained by inhibition of OATP1B1 resulting in less statin uptake in the liver. Target lipid values were more often achieved with unboosted integrase inhibitors due to both their favourable DDI profiles and neutral effect on lipids. Insufficient lipid control was common with pravastatin and pitavastatin regardless of co-administered ARVs and despite using maximal recommended statin doses. The latter suggests lower efficacy compared with rosuvastatin or atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS Suboptimal management of DDIs with statin underdosing was observed in 29% of prescriptions. Integrase inhibitor-based regimens and/or treatment with rosuvastatin or atorvastatin should be favoured in patients with refractory dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Courlet
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Livio
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susana Alves Saldanha
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Stoeckle
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Arthur Decosterd
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catia Marzolini
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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7
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Single-Agent and Fixed-Dose Combination HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Drugs in Fission Yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070804. [PMID: 34202872 PMCID: PMC8308830 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful combination antiretroviral therapies (cART) eliminate active replicating HIV-1, slow down disease progression, and prolong lives. However, cART effectiveness could be compromised by the emergence of viral multidrug resistance, suggesting the need for new drug discoveries. The objective of this study was to further demonstrate the utility of the fission yeast cell-based systems that we developed previously for the discovery and testing of HIV protease (PR) inhibitors (PIs) against wild-type or multi-PI drug resistant M11PR that we isolated from an infected individual. All thirteen FDA-approved single-agent and fixed-dose combination HIV PI drugs were tested. The effect of these drugs on HIV PR activities was tested in pure compounds or formulation drugs. All FDA-approved PI drugs, except for a prodrug FPV, were able to suppress the wild-type PR-induced cellular and enzymatic activities. Relative drug potencies measured by EC50 in fission yeast were discussed in comparison with those measured in human cells. In contrast, none of the FDA-approved drugs suppressed the multi-PI drug resistant M11PR activities. Results of this study show that fission yeast is a reliable cell-based system for the discovery and testing of HIV PIs and further demonstrate the need for new PI drugs against viral multi-PI resistance.
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8
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Modiwala M, Jadav T, Sahu AK, Tekade RK, Sengupta P. A Critical Review on Advancement in Analytical Strategies for the Quantification of Clinically Relevant Biological Transporters. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1557-1571. [PMID: 33691566 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1891859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Success of a drug discovery program is highly dependent on rapid scientific advancement and periodic inclusion of sensitive and specific analytical techniques. Biological membrane transporters can significantly alter the bioavailability of a molecule in its actual site of action. Expression of transporter proteins responsible for drug transport is extremely low in the biological system. Therefore, proper scientific planning in selection of their quantitative analytical technique is essential. This article discusses critical advancement in the analytical strategies for quantification of clinically relevant biological transporters for the drugs. Article cross-talked key planning and execution strategies concerning analytical quantification of the transporters during drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Modiwala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh K Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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9
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Shao Y, Zhao XX, Guo M, Zheng YL, Wu RH, Pan LY. Delivery Mechanism of the Pharmaceutical Complex of Genistein-Adenine Based on Spectroscopic and Molecular Modelling at Atomic Scale. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000944. [PMID: 33411381 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GS) exhibits various biological activities, but its clinical application is limited because of the low bioavailability. In this study, a GS-adenine pharmaceutical complex was prepared through solvent evaporation to improve the bioavailability of GS, and a molecular model of a two-component supramolecular pharmacological transport mechanism was established. The structure of GS-adenine was characterized, in addition, interaction patterns between GS and adenine were investigated using density functional theory. The results showed that the solubility of GS-adenine was five times higher than that of GS, and the cumulative release rate of GS-adenine was 86 %. The results of fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulations showed that GS-adenine bound to the Sudlow's site I of HSA mainly through hydrophobic interactions. This study provides a useful reference for synthesizing pharmaceutical complexes to improve solubility and for exploring the mechanism of multiple pharmaceutical components in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shao
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhao
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lu Zheng
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Hui Wu
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Ying Pan
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
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10
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Modulatory influences of antiviral bioactive compounds on cell viability, mRNA and protein expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein in HepG2 and HEK293 cells. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104573. [PMID: 33387731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) influence drug plasma, and eventually decreases the drugs' therapeutic effects. The effects of Plant-derived compounds (PCs) on drug-metabolising proteins are largely unknown. This study investigated the cytotoxicity, cell viability profiles and regulatory influences of four PCs (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), kaempferol-7-glucoside (K7G), luteolin (LUT) and ellagic acid (EGA)) on the mRNA and protein expressions of CYP3A4 and ABCB1 in HepG2 and HEK293 cells. After treatment with the PCs (0-400 µM) for 24 h, 80% (IC20) and 50% (IC50) cell viability were determined. The PCs were not toxic to HepG2 (ATP levels increased at IC20, insignificant change in LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) with the exception of LUT, and ABCB1 protein expressions decreased. The PCs decreased CYP3A4 at IC20 (except LUT), EGCG and K7G at IC20 decreased mRNA expression. For HEK293 cells, no significant change in ATP, except for EGCG IC20 and K7G IC50 which decreased and increased, respectively. LDH decreased at IC20, but LUT IC50 significant increase LDH. ABCB1 protein expression increased at both IC20 and IC50, but LUT and EGA at IC50 decreased mRNA expression. The PCs at IC20, and IC50 of LUT, K7G and of EGCG may enhance drug bioavailability.
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11
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Kojovic D, Ghoneim RH, Serghides L, Piquette-Miller M. Role of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy on the Expression of Placental Transporters in Women with HIV. AAPS J 2020; 22:138. [PMID: 33099683 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment guidelines recommend continuation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) throughout pregnancy for all women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many of these drugs are substrates of transporters expressed in the placenta and therefore play a role in fetal exposure. As placental transporters can be impacted by both HIV infection and drug therapy, our objective was to explore the impact of HIV infection and cART on transporter expression. Drug transporter expression was examined in human placental samples collected from women with HIV (n = 25) and from healthy HIV(-) controls (n = 23). The effect of exposure to drugs commonly used in cART during pregnancy was examined in vitro in placental villous explants obtained from healthy women. Gene expression was measured via qRT-PCR. Several ABC (ABCG2, ABCC1,2,4) and SLC (SLC21A9, SLC22A1,3,11) transporters were significantly downregulated in placentas isolated from HIV(+) women as compared with HIV(-) controls (p < 0.05-0.001), while ABCB1 and SLC21A12 were significantly upregulated (p < 0.001). Twenty-four to 48-h exposure of human placental explants to agents used in cART resulted in significant upregulation of ABCB1 and downregulation of SLC22A11. Our findings suggest that transplacental transport may be compromised during HIV infection due to altered expression of clinically important transporters. Furthermore, in vitro results indicate that cART imposes significant alterations in placental transporters but not all changes are consistent with findings in the placenta from HIV(+) women, indicating disease effects. As this may impact in utero-fetal exposure to clinically used medications, further studies are needed to determine the overall impact on maternal-fetal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Kojovic
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Ragia H Ghoneim
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lena Serghides
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Micheline Piquette-Miller
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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12
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Domínguez CJ, Tocchetti GN, Rigalli JP, Mottino AD. Acute regulation of apical ABC transporters in the gut. Potential influence on drug bioavailability. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105251. [PMID: 33065282 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extensive intestinal surface offers an advantage regarding nutrient, ion and water absorptive capacity but also brings along a high exposition to xenobiotics, including drugs of therapeutic use and food contaminants. After absorption of these compounds by the enterocytes, apical ABC transporters play a key role in secreting them back to the intestinal lumen, hence acting as a transcellular barrier. Rapid and reversible modulation of their activity is a subject of increasing interest for pharmacologists. On the one hand, a decrease in transporter activity may result in increased absorption of therapeutic agents given orally. On the other hand, an increase in transporter activity would decrease their absorption and therapeutic efficacy. Although of less relevance, apical ABC transporters also contribute to disposition of drugs systemically administered. This review article summarizes the present knowledge on the mechanisms aimed to rapidly regulate the activity of the main apical ABC transporters of the gut: multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Regulation of these mechanisms by drugs, drug delivery systems, drug excipients and nutritional components are particularly considered. This information could provide the basis for controlled regulation of bioavailability of therapeutic agents and at the same time would help to prevent potential drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Juliana Domínguez
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Nicolás Tocchetti
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Rigalli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aldo Domingo Mottino
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Suipacha 570, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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13
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Serafini M, Cargnin S, Massarotti A, Pirali T, Genazzani AA. Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10170-10187. [PMID: 32352778 PMCID: PMC8007110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since 1977, the World Health Organization publishes a list of essential medicines, i.e., those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population and are selected with regard to disease prevalence and public health relevance, evidence of clinical efficacy, and safety, as well as comparative costs and cost-effectiveness. The Essential Medicines List (EML) is an invaluable tool for all countries to select those medicines that have an excellent risk/benefit ratio and that are reputed to be of pivotal importance to health. In the present perspective, we describe the chemical composition and the main features of the small molecules that are included in the EML, spanning from their origin, to their stereochemistry and measure of drug-likeness. Most and foremost, we wish to disseminate the importance of the EML, which can be both a helpful teaching tool in an ever-expanding world of medicines and an inspiration for those involved in pharmaceutical R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serafini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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14
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Singkham N, Avihingsanon A, Thammajaruk N, Ruxrungtham K, Bunupuradah T, Kiertiburanakul S, Chetchotisakd P, Burger DM, Emery S, Punyawudho B. Influence of CYP3A5 and SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on atazanavir/r concentrations in Thai HIV-infected patients. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 20:517-527. [PMID: 31124411 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms on plasma trough concentrations of atazanavir (ATV) and ritonavir (RTV). Patients & methods: The concentration-to-dose ratios were compared between different genotype groups of CYP3A5, ABCB1, SLCO1B1 and NR1I2 in 490 patients. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between genetic and clinical factors and log-transformed concentration-to-dose ratio of ATV and RTV. Results: Higher concentrations of ATV and RTV were significantly associated with CYP3A5 6986 GG and SLCO1B1 521 TC or CC. Female patients had significantly higher ATV plasma concentration than male patients. Conclusion: Genetic polymorphisms and gender are factors affecting the variability of ATV and RTV concentrations in the Thai population. Thus, genetic testing is worth considering when atazanavir + low dose ritonavir is prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppaket Singkham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,PhD's Degree Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - David M Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radbound University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sean Emery
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Baralee Punyawudho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Pharmacoepidemiology & Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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15
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Kehinde I, Ramharack P, Nlooto M, Gordon M. The pharmacokinetic properties of HIV-1 protease inhibitors: A computational perspective on herbal phytochemicals. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02565. [PMID: 31720444 PMCID: PMC6838811 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is the most severe phase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Recent studies have seen an effort to isolate phytochemicals from plants to repress HIV, but less studies have focused on the effects of these phytochemicals on the activities of enzymes/transporters involved in the metabolism of these drugs, which is one of the aims of this study and, to examine the antiviral activity of these compounds against HIV-1 protease enzyme using computational tools. Centre of Awareness-Food Supplement (COA®-FS) herbal medicine, has been said to have potential anti-HIV features. SWISSTARGETPREDICTION and SWISSADME servers were used for determination of the enzymes/transporters involved in the metabolism of these protease inhibitor drugs, (PIs) (Atazanavir, Lopinavir, Darunavir, Saquinavir) and the effects of the selected phytochemicals on the enzymes/transporters involved in the metabolism of these PIs. Using Computational tools, potential structural inhibitory activities of these phytochemicals were explored. Two sub-families of Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP2C19) and Permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) were predicted to be involved in metabolism of the PIs. Six phytochemicals (Geranin, Apigenin, Fisetin, Luteolin, Phthalic acid and Gallic acid) were predicted to be inhibitors of CYP3A4 and, may slowdown elimination of PIs thereby maintain optimal PIs concentrations. Free binding energy analysis for antiviral activities identified four phytochemicals with favourable binding landscapes with HIV-1 protease enzyme. Epigallocatechin gallate and Kaempferol-7-glucoside exhibited pronounced structural evidence as potential HIV-1 protease enzyme inhibitors. This study acts as a steppingstone toward the use of natural products against diseases that are plagued with adverse drug-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idowu Kehinde
- KwaZulu-Natal Research, Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP)/Genomics Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Medical Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Manimbulu Nlooto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Michelle Gordon
- KwaZulu-Natal Research, Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP)/Genomics Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Medical Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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16
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Gong Y, Haque S, Chowdhury P, Cory TJ, Kodidela S, Yallapu MM, Norwood JM, Kumar S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cytochrome P450 inhibitors for HIV treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:417-427. [PMID: 30951643 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1604685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drugs used in HIV treatment; all protease inhibitors, some non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and pharmacoenhancers ritonavir and cobicistat can inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. CYP inhibition can cause clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDI), leading to increased drug exposure and potential toxicity. Areas covered: A complete understanding of pharmacodynamics and CYP-mediated DDI is crucial to prevent adverse side effects and to achieve optimal efficacy. We summarized the pharmacodynamics of all the CYP inhibitors used for HIV treatment, followed by a discussion of drug interactions between these CYP inhibitors and other drugs, and a discussion on the effect of CYP polymorphisms. We also discussed the potential advancements in improving the pharmacodynamics of these CYP inhibitors by using nanotechnology strategy. Expert opinion: The drug-interactions in HIV patients receiving ARV drugs are complicated, especially when patients are on CYP inhibitors-based ART regimens. Therefore, evaluation of CYP-mediated drug interactions is necessary prior to prescribing ARV drugs to HIV subjects. To improve the treatment efficacy and minimize DDI, novel approaches such as nanotechnology may be the potential alternative approach. However, further studies with large cohort need to be conducted to provide strong evidence for the use of nano-formulated ARVs to effectively treat HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Gong
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Sanjana Haque
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Pallabita Chowdhury
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - John M Norwood
- c Department of Infectious Disease , College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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Pharmacokinetic Interactions between the Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Elbasvir and Grazoprevir and HIV Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir, Atazanavir, Lopinavir, and Darunavir in Healthy Volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02142-18. [PMID: 30745392 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02142-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor elbasvir and the NS3/4A protease inhibitor grazoprevir is a potent, once-daily therapy indicated for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in individuals coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We explored the pharmacokinetic interactions of elbasvir and grazoprevir with ritonavir and ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitors in three phase 1 trials. Drug-drug interaction trials with healthy participants were conducted to evaluate the effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of grazoprevir (n = 10) and the potential two-way pharmacokinetic interactions of elbasvir (n = 30) or grazoprevir (n = 39) when coadministered with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, lopinavir, or darunavir. Coadministration of ritonavir with grazoprevir increased grazoprevir exposure; the geometric mean ratio (GMR) for grazoprevir plus ritonavir versus grazoprevir alone area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) was 1.91 (90% confidence interval [CI]; 1.31 to 2.79). Grazoprevir exposure was markedly increased with coadministration of atazanavir-ritonavir, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir, with GMRs for grazoprevir AUC0-24 of 10.58 (90% CI, 7.78 to 14.39), 12.86 (90% CI, 10.25 to 16.13), and 7.50 (90% CI, 5.92 to 9.51), respectively. Elbasvir exposure was increased with coadministration of atazanavir-ritonavir, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir, with GMRs for elbasvir AUC0-24 of 4.76 (90% CI, 4.07 to 5.56), 3.71 (90% CI, 3.05 to 4.53), and 1.66 (90% CI, 1.35 to 2.05), respectively. Grazoprevir and elbasvir had little effect on atazanavir, lopinavir, and darunavir pharmacokinetics. Coadministration of elbasvir-grazoprevir with atazanavir-ritonavir, lopinavir-ritonavir, or darunavir-ritonavir is contraindicated, owing to an increase in grazoprevir exposure. Therefore, HIV treatment regimens without HIV protease inhibitors should be considered for HCV/HIV-coinfected individuals who are being treated with elbasvir-grazoprevir.
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Srinivas N, Rosen EP, Gilliland WM, Kovarova M, Remling-Mulder L, De La Cruz G, White N, Adamson L, Schauer AP, Sykes C, Luciw P, Garcia JV, Akkina R, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral concentrations and surrogate measures of efficacy in the brain tissue and CSF of preclinical species. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1192-1201. [PMID: 30346892 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1539278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Antiretroviral concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are used as surrogate for brain tissue, although sparse data support this. We quantified antiretrovirals in brain tissue across preclinical models, compared them to CSF, and calculated 90% inhibitory quotients (IQ90) for nonhuman primate (NHP) brain tissue. Spatial distribution of efavirenz was performed by mass-spectrometry imaging (MSI). 2. HIV or RT-SHIV-infected and uninfected animals from two humanized mouse models (hemopoietic-stem cell/RAG2-, n = 36; bone marrow-liver-thymus/BLT, n =13) and an NHP model (rhesus macaque, n =18) were dosed with six antiretrovirals. Brain tissue, CSF (NHPs), and plasma were collected at necropsy. Drug concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Rapid equilibrium dialysis determined protein binding in NHP brain. 3. Brain tissue penetration of most antiretrovirals were >10-fold lower (p < 0.02) in humanized mice than NHPs. NHP CSF concentrations were >13-fold lower (p <0.02) than brain tissue with poor agreement except for efavirenz (r = 0.91, p = 0.001). Despite 97% brain tissue protein binding, efavirenz achieved IQ90>1 in all animals and 2-fold greater white versus gray matter concentration. 4. Brain tissue penetration varied across animal models for all antiretrovirals except raltegravir, and extrapolating brain tissue concentrations between models should be avoided. With the exception of efavirenz, CSF is not a surrogate for brain tissue concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Srinivas
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Elias P Rosen
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - William M Gilliland
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Martina Kovarova
- b School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | | | - Gabriela De La Cruz
- b School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Nicole White
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- d School of Medicine , University of California at Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Paul Luciw
- d School of Medicine , University of California at Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- b School of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- c School of Medicine , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- a Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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19
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Nozza S, Malagoli A, Maia L, Calcagno A, Focà E, De Socio G, Piconi S, Orofino G, Cattelan AM, Celesia BM, Gervasi E, Guaraldi G. Antiretroviral therapy in geriatric HIV patients: the GEPPO cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2879-2886. [PMID: 28605493 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background GEPPO is a prospective observational multi-centric cohort including HIV-infected geriatric patients. We hypothesized that the GEPPO cohort may help characterize antiretroviral (ARV) prescribing criteria used in real life by Italian infectious disease (ID) physicians. Methods This was a cross-sectional study describing the current ARV regimen in a geriatric HIV population (≥65 years). Antiretroviral strategies were categorized as follows: (i) multidrug regimens (MDRs), which comprised triple or mega ART combinations; (ii) less drug regimens (LDRs), which comprised fewer than three ART compounds. Multi-morbidity (MM) was defined as the presence of three or more non-communicable diseases, and polypharmacy (PP) as the use of five or more medications in chronic use. Four alternative combinations (MM+PP+, MM+PP-, MM-PP+, MM-PP-) were used in logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 1222 HIV-positive patients were included (median age 70 years). Females composed 16% of the cohort. Median duration of HIV infection was 17 years; 335 population members had been infected for >20 years. MM was present in 64% and PP in 37% of the patients. Treatment consisted of triple therapy in 66.4%, dual therapy in 25.3%, monotherapy in 6.5% and 'mega-ART' with more than three drugs in 1.64% of the patients. In multivariate logistic regression MM and PP were predictive for mono-dual, NRTI-sparing and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-sparing combinations. Female gender and age were predictors of unboosted ARV regimens. Conclusions High prevalence of non-conventional ARV regimens in elderly HIV patients suggests that clinicians try to tailor ARV regimens according to age, HIV duration, MM and PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Nozza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Malagoli
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Mother, Child and Adult Medicine and Surgical Science, Infectious Disease Clinic, Modena, Italy
| | - Lilian Maia
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Focà
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Socio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Piconi
- 1st Division of Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Orofino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, 'Divisione A', Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASLTO2, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cattelan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Benedetto Maurizio Celesia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Catania, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Gervasi
- 3rd Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Mother, Child and Adult Medicine and Surgical Science, Infectious Disease Clinic, Modena, Italy
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McMillan JM, Cobb DA, Lin Z, Banoub MG, Dagur RS, Branch Woods AA, Wang W, Makarov E, Kocher T, Joshi PS, Quadros RM, Harms DW, Cohen SM, Gendelman HE, Gurumurthy CB, Gorantla S, Poluektova LY. Antiretroviral Drug Metabolism in Humanized PXR-CAR-CYP3A-NOG Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:272-280. [PMID: 29476044 PMCID: PMC5878674 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral drug (ARV) metabolism is linked largely to hepatic cytochrome P450 activity. One ARV drug class known to be metabolized by intestinal and hepatic CYP3A are the protease inhibitors (PIs). Plasma drug concentrations are boosted by CYP3A inhibitors such as cobisistat and ritonavir (RTV). Studies of such drug-drug interactions are limited since the enzyme pathways are human specific. While immune-deficient mice reconstituted with human cells are an excellent model to study ARVs during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, they cannot reflect human drug metabolism. Thus, we created a mouse strain with the human pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and CYP3A4/7 genes on a NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug/JicTac background (hCYP3A-NOG) and used them to evaluate the impact of human CYP3A metabolism on ARV pharmacokinetics. In proof-of-concept studies we used nanoformulated atazanavir (nanoATV) with or without RTV. NOG and hCYP3A-NOG mice were treated weekly with 50 mg/kg nanoATV alone or boosted with nanoformulated ritonavir (nanoATV/r). Plasma was collected weekly and liver was collected at 28 days post-treatment. Plasma and liver atazanavir (ATV) concentrations in nanoATV/r-treated hCYP3A-NOG mice were 2- to 4-fold higher than in replicate NOG mice. RTV enhanced plasma and liver ATV concentrations 3-fold in hCYP3A-NOG mice and 1.7-fold in NOG mice. The results indicate that human CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism is reduced compared with mouse and that RTV differentially affects human gene activity. These differences can affect responses to PIs in humanized mouse models of HIV-1 infection. Importantly, hCYP3A-NOG mice reconstituted with human immune cells can be used for bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Denise A Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mary G Banoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Raghubendra S Dagur
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Amanda A Branch Woods
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Edward Makarov
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ted Kocher
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Poonam S Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Rolen M Quadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Donald W Harms
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience (J.M.M., D.A.C., M.G.B., R.S.D., A.A.B.W., W.W., E.M., T.K., P.S.J., H.E.G., S.G., L.Y.P.), Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation (C.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Z.L.), Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office (R.M.Q., D.W.H., C.B.G.), and Department of Pathology and Microbiology (S.M.C.), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Role of P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors in the Bioavailability Enhancement of Solid Dispersion of Darunavir. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8274927. [PMID: 29226149 PMCID: PMC5684613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to improve bioavailability of an important antiretroviral drug, Darunavir (DRV), which has low water solubility and poor intestinal absorption through solid dispersion (SD) approach incorporating polymer with P-glycoprotein inhibitory potential. Methods A statistical approach where design of experiment (DoE) was used to prepare SD of DRV with incorporation of P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Using DoE, different methods of preparation, like melt, solvent evaporation, and spray drying method, utilizing carriers like Kolliphor TPGS and Soluplus were evaluated. The optimized SD was characterized by DSC, FTIR, XRD, and SEM and further evaluated for enhancement in absorption using everted gut sac model, effect of food on absorption of DRV, and in vivo prospect. Results and Discussion DSC, FTIR, XRD, and SEM confirmed the amorphicity of drug in SD. Oral bioavailability studies revealed better absorption of DRV when given with food. Absorption studies and in vivo study findings demonstrated great potential of Kolliphor TPGS as P-glycoprotein inhibitor for increasing intestinal absorption and thus bioavailability of DRV. Conclusion It is concluded that SD of DRV with the incorporation of Kolliphor TPGS was potential and promising approach in increasing bioavailability of DRV as well as minimizing its extrusion via P-glycoprotein efflux transporters.
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Ghoneim RH, Kojovic D, Piquette-Miller M. Impact of endotoxin on the expression of drug transporters in the placenta of HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-Tg) rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 102:94-102. [PMID: 28274777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory responses in HIV (+) patients may be exacerbated due to reports of subclinical endotoxemia and existing immune dysregulation. As inflammation has been reported to mediate changes in the expression of transporters, this could be potentiated in pregnant HIV (+) women. Similar to humans, the HIV-Tg rat model develops immune dysregulation and chronic AIDS-like conditions. Our objective was to examine the expression of placental drug transporters in HIV-Tg rats in response to low-dose endotoxin. METHODS Pregnant HIV-Tg rats or wild-type littermates (WT) were treated with low dose bacterial endotoxin 0.1mg/kg (n=8) or 0.25mg/kg (n=4-6) on GD18 and placentas were harvested 18h later. Placental and hepatic expression of transporters and cytokines were examined using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS As compared to WT, endotoxin administration increased the hepatic and placental expression of IL-6 and TNF-α to a greater extent in HIV-Tg rats (p<0.05). The placental mRNA and protein expression of Abcb1a and Slco2b1 was significantly decreased in endotoxin-treated HIV-Tg but not WT rats and downregulation of Slco4a1 mRNA was more pronounced in the HIV-Tg group (p<0.05). These changes significantly correlated with the placental expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Abcc3 mRNA expression was increased in the placenta of endotoxin treated WT rats only, while placental expression of Abcc1, Abcc2 and Abcc4 was not significantly affected in both WT and HIV rats. Endotoxin imposed a pronounced downregulation in the hepatic expression of Abcb1a, Abcc2, Abcc4, Abcg2, Slco1a1, Slco1b2 and Slc29a1 in both HIV-Tg and WT rats; however, Abcb1b expression was increased in HIV but not WT rats. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that low-dose endotoxin resulted in an augmented inflammatory response in HIV-Tg rats accompanied with significant changes in the placental expression of several drug transporters. Our data suggests that subclinical endotoxemia and other co-existing infections may alter the placental transfer of drugs in the HIV population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragia H Ghoneim
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dea Kojovic
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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Midde NM, Sinha N, Lukka PB, Meibohm B, Kumar S. Alterations in cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of elvitegravir in response to ethanol exposure in HIV-1 infected monocytic (U1) cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172628. [PMID: 28231276 PMCID: PMC5322882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol consumption is negatively associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and general health in HIV positive individuals. Previously, we demonstrated ethanol-mediated alterations to metabolism of elvitegravir (EVG) in human liver microsomes. In the current study, we investigated ethanol influence on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of EVG in HIV infected monocytic (U1) cells. U1 cells were treated with 5 μM EVG, 2 μM Cobicistat (COBI), a booster drug, and 20 mM ethanol for up to 24 hours. EVG, HIV p24 levels, alterations in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, MRP1, and MDR1 protein expressions were measured. Presence of ethanol demonstrated a significant effect on the total exposures of both EVG and EVG in combination with COBI. Ethanol also increased the HIV replication despite the presence of drugs and this elevated HIV replication was reduced in the presence of MRP1 and MDR1 inhibitors. Consequently, a slight increase in EVG concentration was observed in the presence of MRP1 inhibitor but not with MDR1 inhibitor. Furthermore, CYP3A4, MRP1 and MDR1 protein levels were significantly induced in treatment groups which included ethanol compared to those with no treatment. In summary, these findings suggest that Ethanol reduces intra cellular EVG exposure by modifying drug metabolism and transporter protein expression. This study provides valuable evidence for further investigation of ethanol effects on the intracellular concentration of EVG in ex vivo or in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Midde
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Namita Sinha
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Pradeep B. Lukka
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nanoflow-Nanospray Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics Reveals Disruption of the Urinary Metabolite Profiles of HIV-Positive Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:e45-e53. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Lu YY, Cheng HX, Wang X, Wang XW, Liu JY, Li P, Lou YQ, Li J, Lu C, Zhang GL. Identification of cytochrome P450s involved in the metabolism of 6-benzyl-1-benzyloxymethyl-5-iodouracil (W-1) using human recombinant enzymes and rat liver microsomes in vitro. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:667-672. [PMID: 27910729 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1217365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to identify the hepatic metabolic enzymes, which involved in the biotransformation of 6-benzyl-1-benzyloxymethyl-5-iodouracil (W-1), a novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in rat and human in vitro. 2. The parent drug of W-1 was incubated with rat liver microsomes (RLMs) or recombinant CYPs (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5, respectively) in the presence or absence of nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-regenerating system. The metabolites of W-1 were analyzed with liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS). 3. The parent drug of W-1 was metabolized in a NADPH-dependent manner in RLMs. The kinetic parameters of prototype W-1 including Km, Vmax, and CLint were 2.3 μM, 3.3 nmol/min/mg protein, and 1.4 mL/min/mg protein, respectively. Two metabolites M1 and M2 were observed in shorter retention times (2.988 and 3.188 min) with a higher molecular ion at m/z 463.0160 (both M1 and M2) than that of the W-1 parent drug (6.158 min with m/z 447.0218). The CYP selective inhibition and recombinant enzymes also showed that two hydroxyl metabolites M1 and M2 are mainly mediated by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. 4. The identification of CYPs involved in W-1 biotransformation is important to understand and minimize, if possible, the potential of drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yuan Lu
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Hai-Xu Cheng
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- b Department of Chemical Biology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- b Department of Chemical Biology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Pu Li
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Ya-Qing Lou
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jun Li
- c State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China , and
| | - Chuang Lu
- d Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics , Biogen , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacology , School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing (Peking) University , Beijing , PR China
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Polymorphisms associated with renal adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy in a Southern Brazilian HIV cohort. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 25:541-7. [PMID: 26287941 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the impact of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in five candidate genes (ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCC4, SLC22A6, and SLC22A11) in relation to nephrotoxicity associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected individuals. METHODS The following single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time PCR: ABCB1 rs1045642, ABCC2 rs717620 and rs2273697, ABCC4 rs1751034 and rs3742106, SLC22A6 rs11568626, and SLC22A11 rs11231809 in 507 HIV-infected patients from the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, receiving HAART for, at least, 1 year. RESULTS From the 507 HIV-infected patients recruited, 19.1% presented a reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). A total of 16 (3.2%) patients fulfilled the criteria for chronic kidney disease (defined as eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m). Individuals carrying at least one T allele of ABCC2 -24 C>T (rs717620) presented lower eGFR than C/C homozygotes (104 ± 22 vs. 108 ± 22 ml/min/1.73 m, independent-samples t-test, P=0.040). In multivariate analysis, the predictors associated with decreased eGFR were time of treatment, tenofovir use, atazanavir/ritonavir use, and carrying one T allele of ABCC2 -24 C>T. CONCLUSION Our data support the importance of genetic factors in the etiology of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with HAART. Studies to verify treatment implications of genotyping before HAART initiation may be advisable to guide the selection of an appropriate antiretroviral therapy regimen.
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Antitubercular Agent Delamanid and Metabolites as Substrates and Inhibitors of ABC and Solute Carrier Transporters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3497-508. [PMID: 27021329 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03049-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Delamanid (Deltyba, OPC-67683) is the first approved drug in a novel class of nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazoles developed for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Patients with tuberculosis require treatment with multiple drugs, several of which have known drug-drug interactions. Transporters regulate drug absorption, distribution, and excretion; therefore, the inhibition of transport by one agent may alter the pharmacokinetics of another, leading to unexpected adverse events. Therefore, it is important to understand how delamanid affects transport activity. In the present study, the potencies of delamanid and its main metabolites as the substrates and inhibitors of various transporters were evaluated in vitro Delamanid was not transported by the efflux ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp; MDR1/ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), solute carrier (SLC) transporters, organic anion-transporting polypeptides, or organic cation transporter 1. Similarly, metabolite 1 (M1) was not a substrate for any of these transporters except P-gp. Delamanid showed no inhibitory effect on ABC transporters MDR1, BCRP, and bile salt export pump (BSEP; ABCB11), SLC transporters, or organic anion transporters. M1 and M2 inhibited P-gp- and BCRP-mediated transport but did so only at the 50% inhibitory concentrations (M1, 4.65 and 5.71 μmol/liter, respectively; M2, 7.80 and 6.02 μmol/liter, respectively), well above the corresponding maximum concentration in plasma values observed following the administration of multiple doses in clinical trials. M3 and M4 did not affect the activities of any of the transporters tested. These in vitro data suggest that delamanid is unlikely to have clinically relevant interactions with drugs for which absorption and disposition are mediated by this group of transporters.
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Chen J, Malone S, Prince HMA, Patterson KB, Dumond JB. Model-Based Analysis of Unbound Lopinavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Supports Standard Dosing in the Third Trimester. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 5:147-57. [PMID: 27069778 PMCID: PMC4807435 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physiological changes during pregnancy can affect drug pharmacokinetics. Here we present a population pharmacokinetic model to describe the longitudinal change of unbound lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) PK parameters with gestational age, and to predict unbound LPV concentrations under different dosing regimens. The changes in apparent intrinsic clearances of LPV and RTV during pregnancy are described using an exponential function of gestational age. The unbound fractions of LPV/RTV are not significantly different between pregnancy and postpartum. Simulation reveals that despite increases in LPV intrinsic clearance, effective LPV inhibitory quotient (IQ) values are predicted with the standard dosing (400/100 mg b.i.d.) in >90% of simulations, with ≤4‐fold increase in viral IC50. As viral susceptibility decreases, higher doses increase the likelihood of efficacy. With ≥40‐fold increases in IC50, IQs suggest alternate regimens be considered. This approach refines previous LPV PK reports, and supports that standard dosing is effective with susceptible virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - S Malone
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - H M A Prince
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - K B Patterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - J B Dumond
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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29
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Ghoneim RH, Piquette-Miller M. Endotoxin-Mediated Downregulation of Hepatic Drug Transporters in HIV-1 Transgenic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:709-19. [PMID: 26977098 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered expression of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes is known to occur in infection-induced inflammation. We hypothesize that in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, further alteration could occur as a result of augmented inflammation. The HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat is used to simulate HIV pathologies associated with the presence of HIV viral proteins. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of endotoxin administration on the gene expression of drug transporters in the liver of HIV-Tg rats. Male and female HIV-Tg and wild-type (WT) littermates were injected with 5 mg/kg endotoxin or saline (n= 7-9/group). Eighteen hours later, rats were euthanized and tissues were collected. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to measure hepatic gene and protein expression, respectively, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum cytokine levels. Although an augmented inflammatory response was seen in HIV-Tg rats, similar endotoxin- mediated downregulation of Abcb1a, Abcc2, Abcg2, Abcb11, Slco1a1, Slco1a2, Slco1b2, Slc10a1, Slc22a1, Cyp3a2, and Cyp3a9 gene expression was seen in the HIV-Tg and WT groups. A significantly greater endotoxin- mediated downregulation of Ent1/Slc29a1 was seen in female HIV-Tg rats. Basal expression of inflammatory mediators was not altered in the HIV-Tg rat; likewise, the basal expression of most transporters was not significantly different between HIV-Tg and WT rats. Our findings suggest that hepatobiliary clearances of endogenous and exogenous substrates are altered in the HIV-Tg rat after endotoxin exposure. This is of particular importance because HIV-infected individuals frequently present with bacterial or viral infections, which are a potential source for drug-disease interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragia H Ghoneim
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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De Bruyn T, Stieger B, Augustijns PF, Annaert PP. Clearance Prediction of HIV Protease Inhibitors in Man: Role of Hepatic Uptake. J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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De Bruyn T, Augustijns PF, Annaert PP. Hepatic Clearance Prediction of Nine Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors in Rat. J Pharm Sci 2016. [PMID: 26202434 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the rate-limiting step in the overall hepatic clearance of the marketed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PI) in rats by predicting the experimentally determined hepatic in vivo clearance of these drugs based on in vitro clearance values for uptake and/or metabolism. In vitro uptake and metabolic clearance values were determined in suspended rat hepatocytes and rat liver microsomes, respectively. In vivo hepatic clearance was determined after intravenous bolus administration in rats. Excellent in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC; R(2) = 0.80) was observed when metabolic intrinsic Cl values were used, which were determined in vitro at a single concentration corresponding to the blood concentration observed in rats in vivo at the mean residence time. On the contrary, poor IVIVC was observed when in vitro metabolic Cl values based on full Michaelis-Menten profiles were used. In addition, the use of uptake Cl values or a combination of both uptake and metabolic clearance data led to poor predictions of in vivo clearance. Although our findings indicate a key role for metabolism in the hepatic clearance of several HIV PI in rats, subsequent simulations revealed that inhibition of hepatic uptake can lead to altered hepatic clearance for several of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrick F Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pieter P Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Dalla Pria A, Bendle M, Ramaswami R, Boffito M, Bower M. The pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 77:653-7. [PMID: 26696583 PMCID: PMC4767850 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Clinical outcomes for lymphoma in people living with HIV (PLWH) are similar to those in the general public. However, a number of concerns remain including pharmacological interactions between cytotoxic chemotherapy and antiretroviral therapy (ARVs). Much attention has focussed on pharmacokinetic interactions attributable to effects on hepatic microsomal enzymes, but not on competition for the renal organic anion transport system. High-dose (3 g/m2) intravenous methotrexate (MTX) is part a of (R)-CODOX-M/IVAC chemotherapy regimen for HIV-associated Burkitt/Burkitt-like lymphoma (BL/BLL). We investigated MTX pharmacokinetics and evaluated the effects of renal function (eGFR), age and use of different classes of ARVs. Methods Forty-three PLWH treated with ARVs and (R)-CODOX-M/IVAC are included in the analysis. Plasma MTX concentration was measured (ARK TM MTX assay, VITROS® 5600) daily after administration until levels were <0.04/mmol/L. MTX elimination half-life was correlated with age, renal function and antiretroviral regimen. Results One hundred and fifty timed plasma MTX levels were collected. The median MTX elimination half-life was 21.7 h (range 9.4–204.4). MTX elimination half-life was not influenced by age (p = 0.71), eGFR (p = 0.67) or use of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or integrase inhibitors (p = 0.15). Similarly, different NRTI backbones did not affect MTX elimination kinetics (p = 0.68), despite the potential overlapping competition for active renal tubular transporters between MTX and tenofovir. Conclusion Although there is potential competition for active renal tubular transporters between MTX and tenofovir, no prolongation of MTX half-life was observed. These findings are reassuring to clinicians managing patients with dual diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Dalla Pria
- Department of Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Maggie Bendle
- Department of Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- Department of Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Marta Boffito
- Department of HIV Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Mark Bower
- Department of Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
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Dumond JB, Rigdon J, Mollan K, Tierney C, Kashuba ADM, Aweeka F, Collier AC. Brief Report: Significant Decreases in Both Total and Unbound Lopinavir and Amprenavir Exposures During Coadministration: ACTG Protocol A5143/A5147s Results. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 70:510-4. [PMID: 26230332 PMCID: PMC4648657 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This secondary analysis explored changes in protein-unbound concentrations of lopinavir and amprenavir when coadministered in HIV-infected subjects. Total and unbound pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared between subjects receiving each agent alone and coadministration. When coadministered, unbound and total concentrations decrease. Coadministration significantly increased lopinavir unbound clearance, while significant changes in fraction unbound (fu) were not detected. For amprenavir, significant increases in fu and unbound clearance occurred with coadministration. This demonstrates the complex nature of drug-drug interactions between highly protein-bound, CYP-metabolized drugs, and the need to measure unbound concentrations in disease states such as hepatitis C, where such agents are coadministered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Dumond
- *UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; †Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; ‡School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; §Center for AIDS Research, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; ‖Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA; ¶UCSF School of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, San Francisco, CA; and #University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA
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Hu M, Patel SK, Zhou T, Rohan LC. Drug transporters in tissues and cells relevant to sexual transmission of HIV: Implications for drug delivery. J Control Release 2015; 219:681-696. [PMID: 26278511 PMCID: PMC4656065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Efflux and uptake transporters of drugs are key regulators of the pharmacokinetics of many antiretroviral drugs. A growing body of literature has revealed the expression and functionality of multiple transporters in female genital tract (FGT), colorectal tissue, and immune cells. Drug transporters could play a significant role in the efficacy of preventative strategies for HIV-1 acquisition. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising strategy, which utilizes topically (vaginally or rectally), orally or other systemically administered antiretroviral drugs to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV to receptive partners. The drug concentration in the receptive mucosal tissues and target immune cells for HIV is critical for PrEP effectiveness. Hence, there is an emerging interest in utilizing transporter information to explain tissue disposition patterns of PrEP drugs, to interpret inter-individual variability in PrEP drug pharmacokinetics and effectiveness, and to improve tissue drug exposure through modulation of the cervicovaginal, colorectal, or immune cell transporters. In this review, the existing literature on transporter expression, functionality and regulation in the transmission-related tissues and cells is summarized. In addition, the relevance of transporter function for drug delivery and strategies that could exploit transporters for increased drug concentration at target locales is discussed. The overall goal is to facilitate an understanding of drug transporters for PrEP optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sravan Kumar Patel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Cottrell ML, Srinivas N, Kashuba ADM. Pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals in mucosal tissue. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:893-905. [PMID: 25797064 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1027682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the absence of an HIV vaccine or cure, antiretroviral (ARV)-based prevention strategies are being investigated to reduce HIV incidence. These prevention strategies depend on achieving effective drug concentrations at the site of HIV exposure, which is most commonly the mucosal tissue of the lower gastrointestinal tract and the female genital tract. AREAS COVERED This article collates all known data regarding drug exposure in these vulnerable mucosal tissues and reviews important mechanisms of ARV drug distribution. Research papers and abstracts describing ARV pharmacokinetics (PK) in the female genital tract and lower gastrointestinal mucosal tissues available in MEDLINE® or presented at scientific conferences prior to December 2014 are reviewed in detail. Important influences on ARV mucosal tissue distribution, including protein binding, active drug transport and endogenous hormones are also reviewed. EXPERT OPINION ARVs exhibit highly variable PK in mucosal tissues. In general, ARV exposure is higher in the lower gastrointestinal tract compared with the female genital tract, but concentrations required for protective efficacy are largely unknown. The expected site of HIV exposure represents an important consideration when designing and optimizing ARV-based prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Cottrell
- University of North Carolina, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics , 1094 Genetic Medicine Building, CB# 7361, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA +1 919 966 9998 ; +1 919 962 0644 ;
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Influence of HIV antiretrovirals on methadone N-demethylation and transport. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 95:115-25. [PMID: 25801005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug interactions involving methadone and/or HIV antiretrovirals can be problematic. Mechanisms whereby antiretrovirals induce clinical methadone clearance are poorly understood. Methadone is N-demethylated to 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) by CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in vitro, but by CYP2B6 in vivo. This investigation evaluated human hepatocytes as a model for methadone induction, and tested the hypothesis that methadone and EDDP are substrates for human drug transporters. Human hepatocyte induction by several antiretrovirals of methadone N-demethylation, and CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 transcription, protein expression and catalytic activity, and pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation were evaluated. Methadone and EDDP uptake and efflux by overexpressed transporters were also determined. Methadone N-demethylation was generally not significantly increased by the antiretrovirals. CYP2B6 mRNA and activity (bupropion N-demethylation) were induced by several antiretrovirals, as were CYP3A4 mRNA and protein expression, but only indinavir increased CYP3A activity (alfentanil dealkylation). CYP upregulation appeared related to PXR activation. Methadone was not a substrate for uptake (OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1) or efflux (P-gp, BCRP) transporters. EDDP was a good substrate for P-gp, BCRP, OCT1, OCT3, OATP1A2, and OATP1B1. OATP1A2- and OCT3-mediated EDDP uptake, and BCRP-mediated EDDP efflux transport, was inhibited by several antiretrovirals. Results show that hepatocyte methadone N-demethylation resembles expressed and liver microsomal metabolism more than clinical metabolism. Compared with clinical studies, hepatocytes underreport induction of methadone metabolism by HIV drugs. Hepatocytes are not a good predictive model for clinical antiretroviral induction of methadone metabolism and not a substitute for clinical studies. EDDP is a transporter substrate, and is susceptible to transporter-mediated interactions.
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Bartelink IH, Savic RM, Dorsey G, Ruel T, Gingrich D, Scherpbier HJ, Capparelli E, Jullien V, Young SL, Achan J, Plenty A, Charlebois E, Kamya M, Havlir D, Aweeka F. The effect of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics and virologic outcomes of lopinavir, efavirenz and nevirapine in food insecure HIV-infected children in Tororo, Uganda. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:e63-70. [PMID: 25742090 PMCID: PMC4351793 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition may impact the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of antiretroviral medications and virologic responses in HIV-infected children. The authors therefore evaluated the PK of nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV) and lopinavir (LPV) in associations with nutritional status in a cohort of HIV-infected Ugandan children. METHODS Sparse dried blood spot samples from Ugandan children were used to estimate plasma concentrations. Historical PK data from children from 3 resource-rich countries (RRC) were utilized to develop the PK models. RESULTS Concentrations in 330 dried blood spot from 163 Ugandan children aged 0.7-7 years were analyzed in reference to plasma PK data (1189 samples) from 204 children from RRC aged 0.5-12 years. Among Ugandan children, 48% was malnourished (underweight, thin or stunted). Compared to RRC, Ugandan children exhibited reduced bioavailability of EFV and LPV; 11% (P=0.045) and 18% (P=0.008), respectively. In contrast, NVP bioavailability was 46% higher in Ugandan children (P<0.001) with a trend toward greater bioavailability when malnourished. Children receiving LPV, EFV or NVP had comparable risk of virologic failure. Among children on NVP, low height and weight for age Z scores were associated with reduced risk of virologic failure (P=0.034, P=0.068, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Ugandan children demonstrated lower EFV and LPV and higher NVP exposure compared to children in RRC, perhaps reflecting the consequence of malnutrition on bioavailability. In children receiving NVP, the relation between exposure, malnutrition and outcome turned out to be marginally significant. Further investigations are warranted using more intensive PK measurements and adequate adherence assessments, to further assess causes of virologic failure in Ugandan children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke H. Bartelink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rada M. Savic
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore Ruel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Gingrich
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Henriette J. Scherpbier
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital AMC, The Netherlands
| | - Edmund Capparelli
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent Jullien
- Department of Pharmacology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Descartes, France
| | - Sera L. Young
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane Achan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
| | - Albert Plenty
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin Charlebois
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
| | - Diane Havlir
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Patel N, Nasiri M, Koroglu A, Amin R, McGuey L, McNutt LA, Roman M, Miller C. Prevalence of drug-drug interactions upon addition of simeprevir- or sofosbuvir-containing treatment to medication profiles of patients with HIV and hepatitis C coinfection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:189-97. [PMID: 25432275 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to (1) compare the frequency of contraindicated drug-drug interactions (XDDI) when simeprevir (SIM)- and sofosbuvir (SOF)-containing regimens are theoretically added to a patient's medication profile; (2) identify which hepatitis C (HCV) regimen is associated with the lowest frequency of XDDIs within different types of antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens; and (3) determine the risk factors for XDDIs with each regimen. A cross-sectional study was performed among adult HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Demographics, comorbidities, and medication lists were collected from medical records. Medication lists were entered into Lexi-Interact drug interaction software and XDDI before/after the addition of SIM- and SOF-containing therapy was documented. Classification and regression tree (CART) analyses identified breakpoints in continuous variables. Before the addition of any HCV therapy, XDDIs were present in 20% of the 335 included patients. After the addition of SIM-containing therapy, the frequency of XDDIs significantly increased to 88.4% (p<0.001). After adding SOF-containing therapy, the prevalence of XDDIs increased to 24.5% (p<0.001). The prevalence of XDDIs was significantly lower for SOF-containing HCV therapy within various types of ART regimens. Use of ≥7 non-HIV medications (CART breakpoint) was the only variable to predict XDDIs before the addition of any HCV therapy. Similarly, this was the only variable to predict XDDIs after the addition of SOF-containing therapy (PR: 4.80; 95% CI: 2.57-8.96, p<0.001). Variables independently associated with XDDIs after the addition of SIM-containing therapy were NNRTI regimen (prevalence ratio, PR: 1.62; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.38-1.91, p<0.001), PI regimen (PR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.40-1.93, p<0.001), and ≥7 non-HIV medications (PR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00-1.14, p=0.09). The addition of SOF-containing therapy was associated with a lower prevalence of XDDI than SIM-containing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimish Patel
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Mona Nasiri
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Arden Koroglu
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Ronish Amin
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Liam McGuey
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Louise-Anne McNutt
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York
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Antiretroviral Protease Inhibitors Accelerate Glutathione Export from Viable Cultured Rat Neurons. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:883-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Antoniou T, Loutfy MR, Brunetta J, Smith G, Halpenny R, la Porte C. Pharmacokinetics of raltegravir in the semen of HIV-infected men. Antivir Ther 2014; 19:607-11. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Raltegravir has a low propensity to cause clinical drug interactions through inhibition of major drug transporters: an in vitro evaluation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1294-301. [PMID: 24295974 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02049-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Raltegravir (RAL) is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitor approved to treat HIV infection in adults in combination with other antiretrovirals. The potential of RAL to cause transporter-related drug-drug interactions (DDIs) as an inhibitor has not been well described to date. In this study, a series of in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of RAL on major human drug transporters known to be involved in clinically relevant drug interactions, including hepatic and renal uptake transporters and efflux transporters. For hepatic uptake transporters, RAL showed no inhibition of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), weak inhibition of OATP1B3 (40% inhibition at 100 μM), and no inhibition of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). Studies of renal uptake transporters showed that RAL inhibited organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3) with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) (108 μM and 18.8 μM, respectively) well above the maximum concentration of drug in plasma (Cmax) at the clinical 400-mg dose and did not inhibit organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). As for efflux transporters, RAL did not inhibit breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and showed weak inhibition of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) (52% inhibition at 100 μM) and MATE2-K (29% inhibition at 100 μM). These studies indicate that at clinically relevant exposures, RAL does not inhibit or only weakly inhibits hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OCT1, renal uptake transporters OCT2, OAT1, and OAT3, as well as efflux transporters BCRP, MATE1, and MATE2-K. The propensity for RAL to cause DDIs via inhibition of these transporters is therefore considered low.
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Holtzman C, Armon C, Tedaldi E, Chmiel JS, Buchacz K, Wood K, Brooks JT. Polypharmacy and risk of antiretroviral drug interactions among the aging HIV-infected population. J Gen Intern Med 2013; 28:1302-10. [PMID: 23605401 PMCID: PMC3785656 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-013-2449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among aging HIV-infected adults, polypharmacy and its consequences have not been well-described. OBJECTIVE To characterize the extent of polypharmacy and the risk of antiretroviral (ARV) drug interactions among persons of different ages. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional analysis among patients within the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) cohort who were prescribed ARVs during 2006-2010. MAIN MEASURES We used the University of Liverpool HIV drug interactions database to identify ARV/non-ARV interactions with potential for clinical significance. KEY RESULTS Of 3,810 patients analyzed (median age 46 years, 34 % ≥ 50 years old) at midpoint of observation, 1,494 (39 %) patients were prescribed ≥ 5 non-ARV medications: 706 (54 %) of 1,312 patients ≥ 50 years old compared with 788 (32 %) of 2,498 patients < 50 years. During the five-year period, the number of patients who were prescribed at least one ARV/non-ARV combination that was contraindicated or had moderate or high evidence of interaction was 267 (7 %) and 1,267 (33 %), respectively. Variables independently associated with having been prescribed a contraindicated ARV/non-ARV combination included older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per 10 years of age 1.17, 95 % CI 1.01-1.35), anxiety (aOR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.32-2.40), dyslipidemia (aOR 1.96, 95 % CI 1.28-2.99), higher daily non-ARV medication burden (aOR 1.13, 95 % CI 1.10-1.17), and having been prescribed a protease inhibitor (aOR 2.10, 95 % CI 1.59-2.76). Compared with patients < 50 years, older patients were more likely to have been prescribed an ARV/non-ARV combination that was contraindicated (unadjusted OR 1.44, 95 % CI 1.14-1.82), or had moderate or high evidence of interaction (unadjusted OR 1.29, 95 % CI 1.15-1.44). CONCLUSIONS A substantial percentage of patients were prescribed at least one ARV/non-ARV combination that was contraindicated or had potential for a clinically significant interaction. As HIV-infected patients age and experience multiple comorbidities, systematic reviews of current medications by providers may reduce risk of such exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Holtzman
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA,
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Kharasch ED, Stubbert K. Cytochrome P4503A does not mediate the interaction between methadone and ritonavir-lopinavir. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2166-74. [PMID: 24067429 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of orally administered methadone are reduced by the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor combination ritonavir and lopinavir, but the mechanism is unknown. Methadone metabolism, clearance, and drug interactions have been attributed to CYP3A4, but this remains controversial. This investigation assessed the effects of acute (2 days) and steady-state (2 weeks) ritonavir-lopinavir on intravenous and oral methadone metabolism and clearance, hepatic and intestinal CYP3A4/5 activity (using the probe substrate intravenous and oral alfentanil), and intestinal transporter activity (using oral fexofenadine) in healthy volunteers. Plasma and urine concentrations of methadone and metabolite enantiomers, and other analytes, were determined by mass spectrometry. Acute and chronic ritonavir-lopinavir reduced plasma methadone enantiomer concentrations in half, with an average 2.6- and 1.5-fold induction of systemic and apparent oral methadone clearances. Induction was attributable to stereoselectively increased hepatic methadone N-demethylation, hepatic extraction, and hepatic clearance, and there was a strong correlation between methadone N-demethylation and clearance. Methadone renal clearance was unchanged. Alfentanil's systemic clearance and hepatic extraction, apparent oral clearance, and intestinal extraction were reduced to 25%, 16%, and 35% of control, indicating strong inhibition of hepatic and intestinal CYP3A activities. Ritonavir-lopinavir (acute > chronic) increased fexofenadine exposure, suggesting intestinal P-glycoprotein inhibition. No correlation was found between methadone clearance and CYP3A activity. Acute and steady-state ritonavir-lopinavir stereoselectively induced methadone N-demethylation and clearance, despite significant inhibition of hepatic and intestinal CYP3A activity. Ritonavir-lopinavir inhibited intestinal transporters activity but had no effect on methadone bioavailability. These results do not support a significant role for CYP3A or ritonavir-lopinavir-inhibitable intestinal transporters in single-dose methadone disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Kharasch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Clinical and Translational Research (E.D.K., K.S.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (E.D.K.), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Bartelink IH, Savic RM, Mwesigwa J, Achan J, Clark T, Plenty A, Charlebois E, Kamya M, Young SL, Gandhi M, Havlir D, Cohan D, Aweeka F. Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir and efavirenz in food insecure HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women in Tororo, Uganda. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 54:121-32. [PMID: 24038035 PMCID: PMC3933454 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy and food insecurity may impact antiretroviral (ART) pharmacokinetics (PK), adherence and response. We sought to quantify and characterize the PK of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and efavirenz (EFV) by pregnancy and nutritional status among HIV-infected women in Tororo, Uganda. In 2011, 62/225 ante-partum/post-partum single dried blood spot samples DBS and 43 post-partum hair samples for LPV/r were derived from 116 women, 51/194 ante-/post-partum DBS and 53 post-partum hair samples for EFV from 105 women. Eighty percent of Ugandan participants were severely food insecure, 26% lost weight ante-partum, and median BMI post-partum was only 20.2 kg/m(2) . Rich PK-data of normally nourished (pregnant) women and healthy Ugandans established prior information. Overall, drug exposure was reduced (LPV -33%, EFV -15%, ritonavir -17%) compared to well-nourished controls (P < 0.001), attributable to decreased bioavailability. Pregnancy increased LPV/r clearance 68% (P < 0.001), whereas EFV clearance remained unchanged. Hair concentrations correlated with plasma-exposure (P < 0.001), explaining 29% PK-variability. In conclusion, pregnancy and food insecurity were associated with lower ART exposures in this cohort of predominantly underweight women, compared to well-nourished women. Much variability in plasma-exposure was quantified using hair concentrations. Addressing malnutrition as well as ART-PK in this setting should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke H Bartelink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Drug Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Pfeifer ND, Harris KB, Yan GZ, Brouwer KLR. Determination of intracellular unbound concentrations and subcellular localization of drugs in rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes compared with liver tissue. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1949-56. [PMID: 23990525 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of clinical efficacy, toxicity, and drug-drug interactions may be improved by accounting for the intracellular unbound drug concentration (C(unbound)) in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, subcellular drug distribution may aid in predicting efficacy, toxicity, and risk assessment. The present study was designed to quantify the intracellular C(unbound) and subcellular localization of drugs in rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) compared with rat isolated perfused liver (IPL) tissue. Probe drugs with distinct mechanisms of hepatocellular uptake and accumulation were selected for investigation. Following drug treatment, SCH and IPL tissues were homogenized and fractionated by differential centrifugation to enrich for subcellular compartments. Binding in crude lysate and cytosol was determined by equilibrium dialysis; the C(unbound) and intracellular-to-extracellular C(unbound) ratio (K(pu,u)) were used to describe accumulation of unbound drug. Total accumulation (K(pobserved)) in whole tissue was well predicted by the SCH model (within 2- to 3-fold) for the selected drugs. Ritonavir (K(pu,u) ∼1) was evenly distributed among cellular compartments, but highly bound, which explained the observed accumulation within liver tissue. Rosuvastatin was recovered primarily in the cytosolic fraction, but did not exhibit extensive binding, resulting in a K(pu,u) >1 in liver tissue and SCH, consistent with efficient hepatic uptake. Despite extensive binding and sequestration of furamidine within liver tissue, a significant portion of cellular accumulation was attributed to unbound drug (K(pu,u) >16), as expected for a charged, hepatically derived metabolite. Data demonstrate the utility of SCH to predict quantitatively total tissue accumulation and elucidate mechanisms of hepatocellular drug accumulation such as active uptake versus binding/sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Pfeifer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Wuyts B, Brouwers J, Mols R, Tack J, Annaert P, Augustijns P. Solubility profiling of HIV protease inhibitors in human intestinal fluids. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3800-7. [PMID: 23939880 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study pursued to profile the intestinal solubility of nine HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) in fasted- and fed-state human intestinal fluids (FaHIF, FeHIF) aspirated from four volunteers. In addition, the ability of fasted- and fed-state simulated intestinal fluids (FaSSIF, FeSSIF) to predict the intestinal solubility was evaluated. All PIs were poorly soluble in FaHIF (from 7 μM for ritonavir to 327 μM for darunavir) and FeHIF (from 15 μM for atazanavir to 409μM for darunavir). For four of nine PIs, food intake significantly enhanced the solubilizing capacity of intestinal fluids (up to 18.4-fold increase for ritonavir). The intersubject variability (average coefficient of variance CVfed = 60.6%, CVfasted = 40.4%) was higher as compared with the intrasubject variability (CVfed = 41.3%, CVfasted = 20.5%). PI solubilities correlated reasonably well between FaSSIF and FaHIF (R = 0.817), but not between FeSSIF and FeHIF (R = 0.617). To conclude, postprandial conditions increased the inter- and intrasubject variability of the PIs. The inability of FeSSIF to accurately predict the FeHIF solubility emphasizes the need for a multivariate approach to determine solubility profiles, taking into account solid-state characteristics, pH, mixed bile acid/phospholipid micelles, and digestive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wuyts
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Coric P, Turcaud S, Souquet F, Briant L, Gay B, Royer J, Chazal N, Bouaziz S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new derivative of bevirimat that targets the Gag CA-SP1 cleavage site. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:453-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Olagunju A, Owen A, Cressey TR. Potential effect of pharmacogenetics on maternal, fetal and infant antiretroviral drug exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 13:1501-22. [PMID: 23057550 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child-transmission rates of HIV in the absence of any intervention range between 20 and 45%. However, the provision of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding can reduce HIV transmission to less than 2%. Physiological changes during pregnancy can influence ARV disposition. Associations between SNPs in genes coding for metabolizing enzymes, and/or transporters, and ARVs disposition are well described; however, relatively little is known about the influence of these SNPs on ARV pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and lactation as well as their effect on distribution into the fetal compartment and breast milk excretion. Differences in maternal, fetal and infant ARV exposure due to SNPs may affect the efficacy and safety of ARVs used to prevent mother-to-child-transmission. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effect of pregnancy-induced changes on the pharmacokinetics of ARVs and highlight the potential role of pharmacogenetics.
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Chu X, Cai X, Cui D, Tang C, Ghosal A, Chan G, Green MD, Kuo Y, Liang Y, Maciolek CM, Palamanda J, Evers R, Prueksaritanont T. In vitro assessment of drug-drug interaction potential of boceprevir associated with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:668-81. [PMID: 23293300 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of boceprevir (BOC), an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 protease was evaluated in vitro against a panel of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. BOC, a known substrate for cytochrome P450 (P450) CYP3A and aldo-ketoreductases, was a reversible time-dependent inhibitor (k(inact) = 0.12 minute(-1), K(I) = 6.1 µM) of CYP3A4/5 but not an inhibitor of other major P450s, nor of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A1 and 2B7. BOC showed weak to no inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), P-glycoprotein (Pgp), or multidrug resistance protein 2. It was a moderate inhibitor of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and 1B3, with an IC(50) of 18 and 4.9 µM, respectively. In human hepatocytes, BOC inhibited CYP3A-mediated metabolism of midazolam, OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake of pitavastatin, and both the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin. The inhibitory potency of BOC was lower than known inhibitors of CYP3A (ketoconazole), OATP1B (rifampin), or both (telaprevir). BOC was a substrate for Pgp and BCRP but not for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, organic cation transporter, or sodium/taurocholate cotransporting peptide. Overall, our data suggest that BOC has the potential to cause pharmacokinetic interactions via inhibition of CYP3A and CYP3A/OATP1B interplay, with the interaction magnitude lower than those observed with known potent inhibitors. Conversely, pharmacokinetic interactions of BOC, either as a perpetrator or victim, via other major P450s and transporters tested are less likely to be of clinical significance. The results from clinical drug-drug interaction studies conducted thus far are generally supportive of these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chu
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, USA.
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The promiscuous binding of pharmaceutical drugs and their transporter-mediated uptake into cells: what we (need to) know and how we can do so. Drug Discov Today 2012. [PMID: 23207804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A recent paper in this journal sought to counter evidence for the role of transport proteins in effecting drug uptake into cells, and questions that transporters can recognize drug molecules in addition to their endogenous substrates. However, there is abundant evidence that both drugs and proteins are highly promiscuous. Most proteins bind to many drugs and most drugs bind to multiple proteins (on average more than six), including transporters (mutations in these can determine resistance); most drugs are known to recognise at least one transporter. In this response, we alert readers to the relevant evidence that exists or is required. This needs to be acquired in cells that contain the relevant proteins, and we highlight an experimental system for simultaneous genome-wide assessment of carrier-mediated uptake in a eukaryotic cell (yeast).
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