1
|
Tavares DHS, Vargas JAC, Bozorg VLDA, Neiva JNM, de Andrade Moura JH, Freitas IB, da Silva Pinto TM, Sousa LF, Miotto FRC. Impact of replacing protein pellets with soybean grain on nutrient utilization and the rumen and blood parameters of feedlot cattle under tropical conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:201. [PMID: 38990398 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effect of replacing protein pellets with soybean grain in high-concentrate diets with or without the addition of silage, on the intake, digestibility, and rumen and blood parameters of feedlot cattle in tropical regions. Four cannulated, crossbred steers were used, 4.5 ± 0.5 years old, with an average weight of 685.55 ± 111.78 kg. The steers were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (two sources of protein: protein pellets or whole soybean grain, with or without added dietary bulk). There was no effect (P ≥ 0.109) from the interaction between the source of protein and the addition of silage to the diet on dry matter (DM) and nutrient intake, or the digestibility (P ≥ 0.625) of DM or crude protein (CP). However, both factors affected (P ≤ 0.052) the intake of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), as well as the independent digestibility (P ≤ 0.099) of fat, NFC, total carbohydrates (TC), and total cholesterol concentration. There was an effect (P ≤ 0.053) from the interaction between the source of protein and the addition of silage to the diet on the digestibility of NDF and total digestible nutrients (TDN), as well as on the glycose concentration (P = 0.003). Blood parameters (i.e. protein, albumin, creatinine, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) were not affected (P ≥ 0.139) by the source of protein, the addition of silage, or their interaction. Lastly, including 150 g/kg silage DM in a high-grain diet, and using soybean grain as a source of protein in substitution of protein pellet could be a suitable nutritional strategy to ensure adequate DM and nutrient intake and digestibility, with no detrimental effects on rumen and blood parameters of feedlot cattle in the tropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julián Andrés Castillo Vargas
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, 77804-970, Brazil.
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Maranhão, Buriticupu Campus, Buriticupu, Maranhão, 65393-000, Brazil.
| | - Vera Lúcia de Araújo Bozorg
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, 77804-970, Brazil
| | - Jose Neuman Miranda Neiva
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, 77804-970, Brazil
| | - José Helder de Andrade Moura
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, 77804-970, Brazil
| | - Ithalo Barros Freitas
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, 77804-970, Brazil
| | - Thays Matias da Silva Pinto
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, 77804-970, Brazil
| | - Luciano Fernandes Sousa
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, 77804-970, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Rocha Chaves Miotto
- Center for Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, 77804-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dietary biochar as a feed additive for increasing livestock performance: A meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo experiment. CZECH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.17221/124/2022-cjas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
|
3
|
Zhou J, Xue B, Hu A, Yue S, Wu M, Hong Q, Wu Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Peng Q, Xue B. Effect of dietary peNDF levels on digestibility and rumen fermentation, and microbial community in growing goats. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:950587. [PMID: 36090059 PMCID: PMC9453810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.950587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) is a concept that accounts for the particle length of NDF in diets, sustaining the normal chewing behavior and rumen fermentation of ruminants. Specifically, peNDF>1.18 is the commonest one that is calculated from NDF and the percentage of feed dry matter left on the 1.18, 8.00, and 19.00 mm sieves. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of peNDF>1.18 on the rumen microbiome and its correlation with nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in goats. A total of 30 Lezhi black goats were randomized and blocked to five dietary treatments (n = 6). All the diets were identical in composition but varied in hay lengths, leading to the different peNDF>1.18 content of the diets: 32.97, 29.93, 28.14, 26.48, and 24.75%. The results revealed that the nutrient digestibility increased when dietary peNDF>1.18 levels decreased from 32.97% to 28.14%, with the highest digestibility at 28.14% peNDF>1.18 treatment, after which nutrient digestibility decreased with the decreasing of dietary peNDF levels. Ruminal NH3-N concentrations in the 29.93% and 28.14% groups were higher than that in the 24.75% group (p < 0.05). Ruminal microbial protein concentration was the highest in the 32.97% group (p < 0.05). Daily CH4 production in the 32.97% and 24.75% peNDF>1.18 treatments was lower than that in the 26.48% group (p < 0.05) and no differences were observed among other groups. The relative abundance of rumen fungi at the phylum and genus levels and archaea at the species were affected by dietary peNDF>1.18 content. In conclusion, decreasing dietary peNDF>1.18 levels within a certain range can improve nutrient digestibility and change the rumen microbial community structure of goats. Dietary peNDF>1.18 level should be 28.14% (roughage length around 1 cm) among the five levels for 4 months Lezhi black goats with the purpose of optimal nutrient digestibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Benchu Xue
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anhai Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangming Yue
- Department of Bioengineering, Sichuan Water Conservancy College, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qionghua Hong
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhan Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Totakul P, Viennasay B, Sommai S, Matra M, Infascelli F, Wanapat M. Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Mill. Johnston) pellet supplementation improved rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition of lactating dairy cows. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
Mravčáková D, Komáromyová M, Babják M, Urda Dolinská M, Königová A, Petrič D, Čobanová K, Ślusarczyk S, Cieslak A, Várady M, Váradyová Z. Anthelmintic Activity of Wormwood ( Artemisia absinthium L.) and Mallow ( Malva sylvestris L.) against Haemonchus contortus in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020219. [PMID: 32013192 PMCID: PMC7070545 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gastrointestinal parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus of small ruminants is an important target for chemoprophylaxis. Repeated use of anthelmintics in the form of synthetic drugs increases the risk of residues in food products and the development of anthelmintic resistance. However, the use of combinations of dry traditional medicinal plants as nutraceuticals is an alternative to chemotherapeutics for controlling haemonchosis in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with wormwood, mallow and their mix on parasitological status and inflammatory response in lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus. Simultaneously, the present study evaluated by the egg hatch test the in vitro anthelminthic effects of different concentrations (50–1.563 mg/mL) of the aqueous extracts of these plants. Our results revealed that the strong anthelmintic effect of both medicinal plants observed in vitro was not fully confirmed in vivo. This knowledge builds on our previously published findings and highlights that the effect of dry medicinal plants depends on the variety and synergy of plant polyphenols and the combination of bioactive compounds that together have an effect and contribute to a certain pharmacological efficacy. Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of dry wormwood and mallow on the gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-four experimentally infected lambs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each: unsupplemented lambs, lambs supplemented with wormwood, lambs supplemented with mallow and animals supplemented with a mix of both plants. Faecal samples from the lambs were collected on day 23, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 64 and 75 post-infection for quantification of the number of eggs per gram (EPG). The mix of both plants contained phenolic acids (10.7 g/kg DM) and flavonoids (5.51 g/kg DM). The nematode eggs were collected and in vitro egg hatch test was performed. The aqueous extracts of both plants exhibited strong ovicidal effect on H. contortus, with ED50 and ED99 values of 1.40 and 3.76 mg/mL and 2.17 and 5.89 mg/mL, respectively, in the in vitro tests. Despite the great individual differences between the treated lambs in eggs reduction, the mean EPG of the untreated and treated groups did not differ (p > 0.05). Our results indicate that using wormwood and mallow as dietary supplements do not have a sufficient effect on lambs infected with H. contortus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Mravčáková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (D.M.); (D.P.); (K.Č.)
| | - Michaela Komáromyová
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.U.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Michal Babják
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.U.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Michaela Urda Dolinská
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.U.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Alžbeta Königová
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.U.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Daniel Petrič
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (D.M.); (D.P.); (K.Č.)
| | - Klaudia Čobanová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (D.M.); (D.P.); (K.Č.)
| | - Sylwester Ślusarczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology with Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Cieslak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marián Várady
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (M.B.); (M.U.D.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (Z.V.); Tel.: +421-55-633-1411-13 (M.V.); +421-55-792-2972 (Z.V.)
| | - Zora Váradyová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (D.M.); (D.P.); (K.Č.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (Z.V.); Tel.: +421-55-633-1411-13 (M.V.); +421-55-792-2972 (Z.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xue F, Sun F, Jiang L, Hua D, Wang Y, Nan X, Zhao Y, Xiong B. Effects of Partial Replacment of Dietary Forage Using Kelp Powder ( Thallus laminariae) on Ruminal Fermentation and Lactation Performances of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E852. [PMID: 31652562 PMCID: PMC6826980 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kelp powder, which was rich in novel oligosaccharides and iodine might be utilized by the rumen microbiome, promoted the ruminal fermentation and finally enhanced the lactation performance of dairy cows. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of kelp powder partially replacing dietary forage on rumen fermentation and lactation performance of dairy cows. (2) Methods: In the present study, 20 Chinese Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into two treatments, a control diet (CON) and a kelp powder replacing diet (Kelp) for a 35-d long trial. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, milk quality, ruminal fermentable parameters, and rumen microbiota were measured to investigate the effects of kelp powder feeding on dairy cows. (3) Results: On the lactation performance, kelp significantly increased milk iodine content and effectively enhanced milk production and milk fat content. On the fermentable aspects, kelp significantly raised TVFA while reducing the ammonia-N content. On the rumen microbial aspect, kelp feeding significantly promoted the proliferation of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria while suppressing Bacteroidetes. (4) Conclusion: kelp powder as an ingredient of feedstuff might promote the rumen fermentation ability and effectively increase milk fat and iodine content, and consequently improve the milk nutritional value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuguang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fuyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Dengke Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Riede S, Lindig C, Abel H, Tonn B, Isselstein J, Breves G. Effects of drought-stressed temperate forage legumes on the degradation and the rumen microbial community in vitro. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:436-446. [PMID: 30672624 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to climate change scenarios, central Europe may expect extending drought periods during summer. Lower water availability may influence the ruminal digestion of individual forage legume species differently. To test this hypothesis, Lotus corniculatus L. (var. Bull), Medicago lupulina L. (var. Ekola), Medicago falcata L. (wild seeds) and Trifolium repens L. (var. Rivendel) were each grown in parallel lots of control and drought-stressed monocultures. Rainout shelters (installed in May 2011 on a regrowth after first cut until harvest in mid of June) withheld rainfall of 40 mm in the drought stress treatment. Samples of dried (60°C) and milled (5 mm screen) forage legumes were incubated in a simulation experiment using Rusitec to assess drought effects on parameters for microbial metabolism. Degradability of dry matter and organic matter as well as methane production decreased in incubations with drought-stressed compared to control variants of legume species. Degradability of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and residual organic matter including non-fibre carbohydrates and lipids were affected by interactions between drought stress and species. Significant interactions were also found for ammonia concentrations, molar SCFA proportions and the microbial communities. It is concluded that drought stress for growing forage legumes influences their ruminal degradation and fermentation as well as the ruminal microbial communities of Bacteria and Archaea differently in a legume species-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Riede
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carola Lindig
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Abel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Ruminant Nutrition, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Tonn
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Grassland Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Isselstein
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Grassland Science, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan X, Yan B, Ren Q, Dou J, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhou J, Long R, Ding L, Han J, Li Z, Qiu Q. Effect of slow-release urea on the composition of ruminal bacteria and fungi communities in yak. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
9
|
Váradyová Z, Mravčáková D, Holodová M, Grešáková Ľ, Pisarčíková J, Barszcz M, Taciak M, Tuśnio A, Kišidayová S, Čobanová K. Modulation of ruminal and intestinal fermentation by medicinal plants and zinc from different sources. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1131-1145. [PMID: 29901842 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted on sheep to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with zinc and a medicinal plant mixture on haematological parameters and microbial activity in the rumen and large intestine. In Experiment 1, 24 male lambs were randomly divided into four groups: One group was fed an unsupplemented basal diet (control), and three groups were fed a diet supplemented with 70 mg Zn/kg diet in the form of Zn sulphate (ZnSO4 ), a Zn-chelate of glycine hydrate (Zn-Gly) or a Zn-proteinate (Zn-Pro), for five months. The ruminal content was collected separately from each lamb, and batch cultures of ruminal fluid were incubated in vitro with mixture of medicinal plants (Mix) with different roughage:concentrate ratios (800:200 and 400:600, w/w). Bioactive compounds in Mix were quantified by UPLC/MS/MS. In Experiment 2, four sheep were fed a diet consisting of meadow hay and barley grain (400:600, w/w), with Zn-Gly (70 mg Zn/kg diet), Mix (10% replacement of meadow hay) or Zn-Gly and Mix (Zn-Gly-Mix) as supplements in a Latin square design. Mix decreased total gas (p < 0.001) and methane (p < 0.01) production in vitro. In Experiment 1, caecal isobutyrate and isovalerate concentrations varied among the dietary treatments (p < 0.01). The isovalerate concentration of the zinc-supplemented groups in the distal colon was higher (p < 0.001) compared with the control. In Experiment 2, the molar proportion of isobutyrate was the highest in the faeces of the sheep fed the diet with Zn-Gly-Mix (p < 0.01). The plasma zinc concentration was higher in the groups fed a diet supplemented with zinc (p < 0.001). The haematological profile and antioxidant status did not differ between the dietary groups (p > 0.05). The diets containing medicinal plants and organic zinc thus helped to modulate the characteristics of fermentation in ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zora Váradyová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dominika Mravčáková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Holodová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomira Grešáková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Pisarčíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marcin Barszcz
- Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Anna Tuśnio
- Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Svetlana Kišidayová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Klaudia Čobanová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The concept that the protein reaching the duodenum of a ruminant comprises of two major components, feed and microbial, has been accepted for many years but recently there has been considerable interest in attempts to define and quantify those processes which have an influence on the quantity and quality of this protein. The main reason for this is the desire to predict accurately the total flow of protein to the duodenum when a particular diet is fed. The ability to do this, coupled with a refinement of knowledge on the needs of the animal, are essential steps in improving the efficiency with which ruminants are fed. This review examines some of the factors which control the breakdown of dietary protein and the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. The lack of space has prevented discussion of many important topics, for example, the contribution of endogenous proteins to the total protein entering the duodenum. Many reviews have been published in this area (see Egan, 1980; Demeyer and Van Nevel, 1980; others are referred to in the text).
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The organizers of this symposium invited me to review factors which influence the N needs of ruminants. Such a request seems to imply that, for each class of ruminant, e.g. cattle or sheep, growing or lactating, there is a definitive N or amino acid requirement. If this is known, then diets may be formulated to provide that amount of N or amino acid and the expected level of production should be achieved. As a corollary of this approach, the determination of the nutritional characteristics of the diet, its metabolizable energy (ME), rumen degradable protein (RDP) or undegraded protein (UDP), appears to be a separate issue. While such a simplistic view has advantages for ease of diet formulation, it is unlikely to be entirely correct. In general, animal responses to increasing nutrient supply are curvilinear and do not show sharp break points defining a minimum amount of nutrient to give maximum production. Secondly, animal responses are not independent of diet and, conversely, the energy and protein values of the diet depend on the physiological state of the animal, e.g. the level of food intake influences rate of passage of digesta, the extent and site of digestion and the form of metabolites absorbed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Váradyová Z, Kišidayová S, Čobanová K, Grešáková Ľ, Babják M, Königová A, Dolinská MU, Várady M. The impact of a mixture of medicinal herbs on ruminal fermentation, parasitological status and hematological parameters of the lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Batty CA, Cauchi M, Hunter JO, Woolner J, Baglin T, Turner C. Differences in microbial metabolites in urine headspace of subjects with Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) detected by volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis and metabolomics. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 461:61-8. [PMID: 27475979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
ITP is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterised by a low platelet count whose cause is uncertain. A possible factor is food intolerance, although much of the information linking this with ITP is anecdotal. The role of food intolerance in ITP was studied by replacing a normal diet with an elemental diet (E028), but this did not increase platelet counts. Clear differences, however, were apparent between the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace of patients with ITP and those present in healthy volunteers, which leads to speculation that abnormal metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome may be a factor causing ITP. However, further work is needed to confirm this. There were also differences between the VOCs of patients on a normal diet and those on the elemental diet, and in this case, the VOCs involved are very likely to be of bacterial origin, as their production is affected by dietary manipulation. Many of these VOCs are known to be toxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Batty
- Dept. Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cauchi
- Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - J O Hunter
- Gastroenterology Research Dept., Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Woolner
- Gastroenterology Research Dept., Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Baglin
- Dept. of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Turner
- Dept. Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma T, Chen DD, Tu Y, Zhang NF, Si BW, Diao QY. Dietary supplementation with mulberry leaf flavonoids inhibits methanogenesis in sheep. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:72-78. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Feed Research Institute; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Feed Research Institute; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yan Tu
- Feed Research Institute; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Nai-Feng Zhang
- Feed Research Institute; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Bing-Wen Si
- Feed Research Institute; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Qi-Yu Diao
- Feed Research Institute; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jose Neto A, Zervoudakis JT, da Silva-Marques RP, Silva LCRP, Hatamoto-Zervoudakis LK, Klopfenstein TJ. Suitable strategy to improve nitrogen utilization and reduce the environmental impact of Nellore bulls supplemented on tropical pasture. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1110-22. [PMID: 27065273 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the biodiesel industry has increased the crude glycerin (CG) supply. Crude glycerin has the potential of replacing corn in ruminant diets because the glycerol can be converted to glucose in the liver of ruminants, providing energy for cellular metabolism. The objective was to evaluate the effects of CG with urea, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and corn gluten feed, respectively, on intake, digestibility, microbial protein yield, and efficiency of N utilization. Five Nellore bulls (initial BW of 448 kg [SD 14]) grazing tropical pasture were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The supplements were control (no supplementation; only free-choice mineral mixture ad libitum), CG with urea (CG-Urea), CG with soybean meal, CG with cottonseed meal, and CG with corn gluten. Crude glycerin was used in all supplements to replace corn (15% of DM supplement). There were differences between CG-Urea and other supplements with regard to intake of DM (% of BW and total; < 0.01), OM ( < 0.01), CP ( < 0.01), and TDN ( < 0.01). The digestibility of CP was greater ( = 0.04) for animals supplemented with CG-Urea than for those fed other supplements. Animals supplemented with CG-Urea showed greater N intake ( < 0.01) and N ammonia ( = 0.04) than those supplemented with other treatments. Nitrogen retained (g/d) was not affected by protein source but was greater for cattle fed a protein supplement compared with cattle fed the control supplement ( < 0.01). Supplementing the animals with protein sources increased ( = 0.02) the daily production of rumen microbial nitrogen (g/d) compared with the control group. Microbial protein (g/d) was lesser for the control than for protein sources ( = 0.02). However, when expressed relative to TDN ( = 0.35) and CP ( = 0.82), there were no differences across treatments. Crude protein intake per digestible OM intake (g CP/kg digestible OM intake) was greater for animals fed protein sources compared with animals fed control supplements ( < 0.01). Based on nutrients intake and microbial protein yield, CG-Urea supplement has a greater feeding value compared with other protein sources. Crude glycerin, when used to replace corn in 15% of DM supplement, may be effective to improved N utilization and microbial protein yield in rumen of Nellore bulls grazing cv. Marandu.
Collapse
|
16
|
Effect of dietary forage-to-concentrate ratios on urinary excretion of purine derivatives and microbial nitrogen yields in the rumen of Dorper crossbred sheep. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Koenig KM, Beauchemin KA. Nitrogen metabolism and route of excretion in beef feedlot cattle fed barley-based backgrounding diets varying in protein concentration and rumen degradability1,2. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2295-309. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Koenig
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada T1J 4B1
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada T1J 4B1
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Holder VB, El-Kadi SW, Tricarico JM, Vanzant ES, McLeod KR, Harmon DL. The effects of crude protein concentration and slow release urea on nitrogen metabolism in Holstein steers. Arch Anim Nutr 2013; 67:93-103. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2013.773647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
19
|
Meibaum B, Riede S, Schröder B, Manderscheid R, Weigel HJ, Breves G. Elevated CO2and drought stress effects on the chemical composition of maize plants, their ruminal fermentation and microbial diversityin vitro. Arch Anim Nutr 2012; 66:473-89. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.735080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
The stimulatory effect of the organic sulfur supplement, mercaptopropane sulfonic acid on cellulolytic rumen microorganisms and microbial protein synthesis in cattle fed low sulfur roughages. Animal 2012; 3:802-9. [PMID: 22444766 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109004108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two metabolism trials (experiments 1 and 2) were conducted to examine the effect of the organic S compound, sodium 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid (MPS) on feed intake, fiber digestibility, rumen fermentation and abundance of cellulolytic rumen microorganisms in cattle fed low S (<0.11%) roughages. Urea was provided in all treatments to compensate for the N deficiency (<0.6%) in the roughages. In experiment 1, steers (333 ± 9.5 kg liveweight) were fed Angleton grass (Dicanthium aristatum) supplemented with S in equivalent amounts as either MPS (6.0 g/day) or sodium sulfate (9.56 g/day). Supplementation of Angelton grass with either sulfate or MPS resulted in an apparent increase in flow of rumen microbial protein from the rumen. Sulfur supplementation did not significantly change whole tract dry matter digestibility or intake, even though sulfate and MPS supplementation was associated with an increase in the relative abundance of the fibrolytic bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes and anaerobic rumen fungi. Ruminal sulfide levels were significantly higher in the sulfate treatment, which indicated that the bioavailability of the two S atoms in the MPS molecule may be low in the rumen. Based on this observation, experiment 2 was conducted in which twice the amount of S was provided in the form of MPS (8.0 g/day) compared with sodium sulfate (6.6 g/day) to heifers (275 ± 9 kg liveweight) fed rice straw. Supplementation with MPS compared with sulfate in experiment 2 resulted in an increase in concentration of total volatile fatty acids, and ammonia utilization without a change in feed intake or whole tract fiber digestibility even though S and N were above requirement for growing cattle in both these treatment groups. In conclusion, supplementation of an S deficient low-quality roughage diet with either MPS or sodium sulfate, in conjunction with urea N, improved rumen fermentation, which was reflected in an increase in urinary purine excretion. However, MPS appeared to have a greater effect on stimulating short-chain fatty acid production and ammonia utilization when provided at higher concentrations than sulfate. Thus, the metabolism of MPS in the rumen needs to be investigated further in comparison with inorganic forms of S as it may prove to be more effective in stimulating fermentation of roughage diets.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sawyer JE, Mulliniks JT, Waterman RC, Petersen MK. Influence of protein type and level on nitrogen and forage use in cows consuming low-quality forage. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2324-30. [PMID: 22287680 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal quantities of ruminally degradable protein from supplements may improve supplement use efficiency of ruminants grazing dormant forages. In Exp. 1, N retention, ruminal NH(3), serum urea N, and NDF digestibility were evaluated for 12 ruminally cannulated cows (Bos spp.) in an incomplete Latin Square design with 3 periods of 42 d each. Cows were fed weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees] hay (4.1% CP, 75% NDF, OM basis) at 1.3 % BW/d and offered 1 of 3 sources of CP [urea, cottonseed (Gossypium spp.) meal (CSM); or 50% blood meal and 50% feather meal combination (BFM)] fed to supply 0, 40, 80, or 160 g/d of CP. Beginning on d 22 of supplementation, ruminal contents and serum samples were collected at -2, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 h relative to the morning offering of hay. On Day 24, feces and urine were collected for 72 h. In Exp. 2, 4 ruminally cannulated steers were used in a replicated 4 by 4 Latin Square to evaluate use of supplements differing in quantity and ruminal CP degradability. Steers were fed 6.8 kg/d chopped sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench nothosubsp. drummondii (Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse] hay (3.7% CP, 74% NDF on OM basis) and supplemented with 56 g/d of a salt mineral mix (CON); CON + 28 g/d blood meal + 28 g/d feather meal (BFM); CON + 98 g/d CSM (LCS); or CON + 392 g/d CSM (HCS). Treatments provided 0, 40, 40, or 160 g/d of CP for CON, BFM, LCS, and HCS respectively. In Exp. 1, N use and total tract NDF digestibility were not affected by protein sources or amounts (P ≥ 0.18). Ruminal NH(3) concentrations exhibited a quadratic response over time for UREA (P < 0.05) and was greater with increasing inclusion of urea (P < 0.05); whereas BFM or CSM did not differ (P > 0.05) by amount or across time. In Exp. 2, supplementation had a tendency (P = 0.09) to increase DM disappearance. Supplementation also increased (P < 0.01) serum glucose concentrations; however, no difference (P ≥ 0.28) was found between supplements. Serum urea N and ruminal NH(3) concentrations were increased (P ≤ 0.01) in steers fed HCS. Feeding low quantities of a high-RUP supplement maintained rumen function without negatively affecting DM or NDF digestibility of a low-quality forage diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Sawyer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gandra J, Freitas J, Barletta R, Filho MM, Gimenes L, Vilela F, Baruselli P, Rennó F. Productive performance, nutrient digestion and metabolism of Holstein (Bos taurus) and Nellore (Bos taurus indicus) cattle and Mediterranean Buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) fed with corn-silage based diets. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Jalc D, Váradyová Z, Lauková A. Effect of inoculated corn silage enriched with sunflower oil on rumen fermentation and lipid metabolism in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:78-84. [PMID: 20355015 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some rumen isolates are able to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from linoleic acid (LA) in vitro. Effects of providing diets containing corn silage (CS) and lucerne hay to an artificial rumen (RUSITEC) in which the corn was not inoculated (CS), or inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum CCM 4000 (CS + LP), Lactobacillus fermentum LF2 (CS + LF) or Enterococcus faecium CCM 4231 (CS + EF) and supplied with sunflower oil (SO; 30 g kg(-1); w/w) on rumen metabolism were examined. RESULTS The SO affected the outputs of all fatty acids. TVA output of uninoculated CS with SO was lower as compared to inoculated CS. The interaction of the CS x SO in the daily output of TVA was detected (P < 0.001). The biohydrogenation of oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic and total fatty acids was influenced by SO (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Inoculated silage induces changes in the rumen metabolism which might be related to differences observed in the extent of rumen BH of PUFA in RUSITEC. SO supplementation might positively enhances the production of some rumen intermediates; however, relationships between inoculated silages and oil supplementation can be presumed in the daily production of trans-vaccenic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Jalc
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effect of inoculated corn silage on rumen fermentation and lipid metabolism in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Chiquette J, Allison MJ, Rasmussen MA. Prevotella bryantii 25A Used as a Probiotic in Early-Lactation Dairy Cows: Effect on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, Milk Production, and Milk Composition. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3536-43. [PMID: 18765612 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Chiquette
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, 2000 College, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1M 1Z3.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
McSweeney CS, Denman SE. Effect of sulfur supplements on cellulolytic rumen micro-organisms and microbial protein synthesis in cattle fed a high fibre diet. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:1757-65. [PMID: 17953586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effect of sulfur-containing compounds on the growth of anaerobic rumen fungi and the fibrolytic rumen bacteria Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes in pure culture and within the cattle rumen. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of two reduced sulfur compounds, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) or 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid as the sole S source on growth of pure fibroyltic fungal and bacterial cultures showed that these compounds were capable of sustaining growth. An in vivo trial was then conducted to determine the effect of sulfur supplements (MPA and sodium sulfate) on microbial population dynamics in cattle fed the roughage Dichanthium aristatum. Real-time PCR showed significant increases in fibrolytic bacterial and fungal populations when cattle were supplemented with these compounds. Sulfate supplementation leads to an increase in dry matter intake without a change in whole tract dry matter digestibility. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of low S-containing diets with either sodium sulfate or MPA stimulates microbial growth with an increase in rumen microbial protein supply to the animal. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Through the use of real-time PCR monitoring, a better understanding of the effect of S supplementation on discrete microbial populations within the rumen is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S McSweeney
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Boguhn J, Kluth H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of total mixed ration composition on fermentation and efficiency of ruminal microbial crude protein synthesis in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:1580-91. [PMID: 16606728 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify dietary factors that affect fermentation and efficiency of microbial crude protein (CP(M)) synthesis in the rumen in vitro. We used 16 total mixed, dairy cow rations with known digestibilities that varied in ingredient composition and nutrient content. Each ration was incubated in a Rusitec (n = 3) for 15 d, and fermentation of different fractions was assessed. Observed extents of fermentation in 24 h were 35 to 47% for organic matter, 25 to 60% for crude protein, 3 to 28% for neutral detergent fiber, and 31 to 45% for gross energy. Organic matter fermentation depended on the content of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in the ration. We studied net synthesis of CP(M) using an 15N dilution technique and found that 7 d of continuous 15N application are needed to achieve an 15N enrichment plateau in the N of isolated microbes in this type of study. The efficiency of CP(M) synthesis was 141 to 286 g/kg of fermented organic matter or 4.9 to 11.1 g/MJ of metabolizable energy, and these ranges agree with those found in the literature. Multiple regressions to predict the efficiency of CP(M) synthesis by diet data showed that crude protein was the only dietary chemical fraction that had a significant effect. Fat content and the inclusion rate of corn silage in the ration also tended to improve efficiency. We suggest that microbial need for preformed amino acids may explain the crude protein effect. A large part of the variation in efficiency of microbial activity still remains unexplained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Boguhn
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fortifying native pasture hay with molasses–urea mixtures improves its digestibility and nutrient intake by weaner sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
Selenomonas ruminantium is one of the more prominent and functionally diverse bacteria present in the rumen and can survive under a wide range of nutritional fluctuations. Selenomonas is not a degrader of complex polysaccharides associated with dietary plant cell wall components, but is important in the utilization of soluble carbohydrates released from initial hydrolysis of these polymers by other ruminal bacteria. Selenomonads have multiple carbon flow routes for carbohydrate catabolism and ATP generation, and subspecies differ in their ability to use lactate. Some soluble carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose) appear to be transported via the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system, while arabinose and xylose are transported by proton symport. High cell yields and the presence of electron transport components in Selenomonas strains has been documented repeatedly and this may partially account for the energy partitioning observed between energy consumed for growth and maintenance functions. Most strains can utilize ammonia, protein, and/or amino acids as a nitrogen source. Some strains can hydrolyze urea and/or reduce nitrate and use the ammonia for the biosynthesis of amino acids. Experimental evidence suggests that ammonia assimilatory enzymes in some strains may possess unique properties with respect to other presumably similar bacteria. Little is known about the genetics of ruminal selenomonads. Plasmid DNA has been isolated from some strains, but it is unknown what physiological functions may be encoded on these extrachromosomal elements. Due to the predominance of S. ruminantium in the rumen, it is an ideal candidate for genetic manipulation. Once the genetics of this bacterium are better understood, it may be possible to amplify its role in the rumen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Ricke
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77845, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Urbaniak M. Effects of blood meal, fish meal, soybean meal or casein on rumen protein metabolism in lambs. Small Rumin Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0921-4488(95)00705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Ciszuk P, Lindberg JE. Responses in Feed Intake, Digestibility and Nitrogen Retention in Lactating Dairy Goats Fed Increasing Amounts of Urea and Fish Meal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/00015128809438001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
34
|
Fermentation of hammermilled barley, lupin, pea and faba bean grain in the rumen of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(87)90015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
35
|
Sniffen CJ, Robinson PH. Protein and fiber digestion, passage, and utilization in lactating cows. Microbial growth and flow as influenced by dietary manipulations. J Dairy Sci 1987; 70:425-41. [PMID: 3553257 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of prediction of microbial growth in the rumen and flow of microbial protein to the small intestine is important in predicting protein and carbohydrate utilization in dairy cattle as well as the development of a protein and carbohydrate feeding system that will be an improvement over present systems. Empirical multiple and simple regression equations are presented that demonstrate the impact of body size, proportion of forage in the diet, and dry matter intake on flow of microbial protein into the small intestine from the rumen. Concepts are developed and validated for a mechanistic, dynamic approach for prediction of microbial growth and flow of microbial protein based on Michaelis-Menton equations, microbial substance affinities, and rumen liquid flow kinetics. Emphasis is placed on the importance of quantifying dynamics of rumen function, the need for experimentation to develop a carbohydrate system that will include methods for analysis, and a factorial approach to digestion and utilization.
Collapse
|
36
|
Odle J, Schaefer DM. Influence of rumen ammonia concentration on the rumen degradation rates of barley and maize. Br J Nutr 1987; 57:127-38. [PMID: 3801378 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19870016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Four rumen-cannulated steers were given barley and maize diets supplemented with graded levels of an ammonium acetate solution. Animals were fed hourly from automatic feeders and water consumption was controlled to achieve steady-state conditions in the rumen. Dacron bags containing rolled barley or ground barley were incubated in the rumen of barley-fed steers, while ground maize and autoclaved maize were incubated in the rumen of maize-fed steers. Fractional degradation rates of dry matter were estimated for each cereal substrate incubated using a single-pol exponential decay model. No differences in degradation rate due to the method of feed processing were detected; however, barley was degraded at a faster rate than maize. Furthermore, the minimum rumen ammonia-nitrogen concentration required to maximize the degradation rate of barley (125 mg/l) was greater than that required to maximize the degradation rate of maize (61 mg/l). These results indicate that the optimal NH3-N concentration required to maximize the rate of grain digestion in the rumen is influenced by the chemical or structural characteristics of the grain.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bird SH, Leng RA. Further studies on the effects of the presence or absence of protozoa in the rumen on live-weight gain and wool growth of sheep. Br J Nutr 1984; 52:607-11. [PMID: 6498151 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19840127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lambs were given a diet of oaten chaff-sucrose-fishmeal (48:48:4, w/w) and either 60 (diet A) or 120 (diet B) g urea/kg sucrose in the diet. All animals were defaunated and half were refaunated. Each group of lambs (faunated and defaunated) was then divided into two groups and given diet A or diet B. Feed intake, wool growth and live-weight change were monitored over a 182 d period. The level of urea supplementation had no effect on wool growth or live-weight gain. Defaunated lambs gained live weight at a higher rate (9%, P less than 0.06) and grew 37% more wool (P less than 0.01) than the lambs with large populations of protozoa in their rumens.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Nitrogen metabolism is reviewed with emphasis on methods for quantitating various nitrogen-transactions in the rumen of animals on a variety of diets. Ammonia kinetics, microbial cell synthesis, the inputs of endogenous nitrogen, degradation of dietary protein, and availability to the animal of dietary bypass protein are discussed. The efficiency of microbial protein from the rumen is discussed in relation to the ratio of protein to energy in the nutrients available to meet the requirements of the animal. The ratio is determined largely by the maintenance requirements of microbes and the breakdown of microbial materials, which result in the recycling of microbial nitrogen in the rumen. Emphasis is placed on the role of rumen protozoa in decreasing the ratio of protein to energy in absorbed nutrients in ruminants on diets that are marginally deficient in protein. Recent studies of the dynamics of protozoa in the rumen and their contribution to microbial protein outflow are summarized.
Collapse
|
39
|
Microbial Biomass from Renewables: A Second Review of Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040307-3.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
40
|
Kertz AF, Davidson LE, Cords BR, Puch HC. Ruminal infusion of ammonium chloride in lactating cows to determine effect of pH on ammonia trapping. J Dairy Sci 1983; 66:2597-601. [PMID: 6686842 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(83)82133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Milking rations containing 16 (control), 13.2, and 10.4% protein were fed to four midlactation, rumen-fistulated Holstein cows. Ammonium chloride was infused ruminally for 5 consecutive days after morning feeding when cows were fed milking rations containing 13.2 and 10.4% protein. Amount infused was equivalent to the ammonia in 1 or 2% dietary urea. Rumen and blood samples were taken prior to and following morning feedings. Intake of milking ration was the same across treatments. Initial rumen pH was higher for ammonium chloride treatments. It then declined, as did the control, to the same, lowest pH at 1.5 to 3 h postfeeding. Rumen ammonia increased rapidly for cows receiving both ammonium chloride treatments to .5 h postfeeding and then declined rapidly. Blood urea nitrogen was highest for cows fed the control ration, peaked .5 h postfeeding for cows infused with the low ammonium chloride, then dropped and peaked again 6 h postfeeding. Blood ammonia was highest among treatments for control cows and differed by sampling time only for control cows with a peak .5 h postfeeding. Because lower rumen pH traps ammonia preventing rapid absorption into blood, interpretation of high rumen ammonia must consider effect of rumen pH.
Collapse
|
41
|
Voigt J, Piatkowski B, Krawielitzki R, Sommer A, Ceresnáková Z, Engelmann H, Vancisin J, Girschewski H, Chrastinová L. [Effect of the content of plant crude protein in the ration on the utilization of urea by the milk cow. 1. Nitrogen digestibility and utilization of urea for bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen]. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1983; 33:327-40. [PMID: 6615228 DOI: 10.1080/17450398309425687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of feed urea in the rumen was tested in 2 experiments with a total of 4 newly lactating dairy cows (13 . . . 15 and 17 . . . 19 kg resp. milk/animal and day) with rumen and duodenal re-entrant cannulae. With the energy supply remaining constant in each case, the rations in experiment A contained 8.7, 12.4 and 14.6 and those of experiment B 10.7, 13,7 and 17.1% crude plant protein in the dry matter. After the supplementation with 120 and 150 g resp. urea/animal and day there were 11.9, 15.7 and 17.8 (A) and 13.8, 16.7 and 20.2 (B) % resp. crude protein in the dry matter. The rations consisted of maize silage and a pelleted mixture of straw and concentrated feed (A) resp. maize silage, alfalfa hay and concentrated feed (B). They contained 10.3 . . . 10.6 (A) and 13.6 (B) kg dry matter with 5.6 . . . 6.0 (A) and 8.2 (B). With the increase of the crude protein level of the ration to 16.7 . . . 17.8, the absolute amount of non-NH3-N (NAN) in the duodenum increased as well. Between N-intake (g/d, x) and NAN-passage corrected by the amount of the endogenous quota (g/d, y) the relation y = 87.3 + 0.55 x (r = 0.80) could be established. NAN-passage (y) as related to N-intake decreased with the N-concentration in the dry matter of the ration (x) according to the equation y = 0.35 + 1.22x-1 (r = 0.57). 70, 62 and 61% (experiment A) and 55, 61 and 51% (experiment B) of the consumed amount of N were apparently absorbed in the intestines as NAN (without endogenous quota). The bacterial N-yield of the rumen (g, y), determined with diamino pimelic acid as microbe marker, was dependent on the consumed digestible organic matter (g, x) as follows: y = 67.3 + 0.021x (r = 0.69). There was no connection with the level of N-supply. The measuring results of the bacterial N-yield show that the utilisation rate of the urea-N decreased rapidly when there was more than 11 . . . 12% crude plant protein in the dry matter of the ration. For the tested ration type (570 . . . 600 EFUcattle/kg dry matter) the urea utilisation potential in the rumen for crude plant protein concentrations of 8.7, 10.7, 12.4, 13.4, 13.7, 14.6 and 17.1% in the dry matter was 13.0, 6.9, 4.1, 2.6, 1.3 and -9.6 g urea/kg dry matter.
Collapse
|