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Wang X, Xie Y, Yu J, Chen Y, Tian Y, Wang Z, Wang Z, Li L, Yang L. On-site analysis and rapid identification of citrus herbs by miniature mass spectrometry and machine learning. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9780. [PMID: 38887892 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural medicines present a considerable analytical challenge due to their diverse botanical origins and complex multi-species composition. This inherent complexity complicates their rapid identification and analysis. Tangerine peel, a product of the Citrus species from the Rutaceae family, is widely used both as a culinary ingredient and in traditional Chinese medicine. It is classified into two primary types in China: Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CP) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride (QP), differentiated by harvest time. A notable price disparity exists between CP and another variety, Citri reticulatae "Chachi" (GCP), with differences being based on the original variety. METHODS This study introduces an innovative method using portable miniature mass spectrometry for swift on-site analysis of QP, CP, and GCP, requiring less than a minute per sample. And combined with machine learning to differentiate the three types on site, the method was used to try to distinguish GCP from different storage years. RESULTS This novel method using portable miniature mass spectrometry for swift on-site analysis of tangerine peels enabled the characterization of 22 compounds in less than one minute per sample. The method simplifies sample processing and integrates machine learning to distinguish between the CP, QP, and GCP varieties. Moreover, a multiple-perceptron neural network model is further employed to specifically differentiate between CP and GCP, addressing the significant price gap between them. CONCLUSIONS The entire analytical time of the method is about 1 minute, and samples can be analyzed on site, greatly reducing the cost of testing. Besides, this approach is versatile, operates independently of location and environmental conditions, and offers a valuable tool for assessing the quality of natural medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiao Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ye Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linnan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Liu XC, Tang YQ, Li YC, Li SJ, Yang HD, Wan SL, Wang YT, Hu ZD. Identification of key sensory and chemical factors determining flavor quality of Xinyu mandarin during ripening and storage. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101395. [PMID: 38694544 PMCID: PMC11061247 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Xinyu mandarin is popular for its good flavor, but its flavor deteriorates during postharvest storage. To better understand the underlying basis of this change, the dynamics of the sensory profiles were investigated throughout fruit ripening and storage. Sweetness and sourness, determined especially by sucrose and citric acid content, were identified as the key sensory factors in flavor establishment during ripening, but not in flavor deterioration during storage. Postharvest flavor deterioration is mainly attributed to the reduction of retronasal aroma and the development of off-flavor. Furthermore, sugars, acids and volatile compounds were analyzed. Among the 101 detected volatile compounds, 10 changed significantly during the ripening process. The concentrations of 15 volatile components decreased during late postharvest storage, among which α-pinene and d-limonene were likely to play key roles in the reduction of aroma. Three volatile compounds were found to increase during storage, associated with off-flavor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Yu-Qing Tang
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Yin-Chun Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao-Jia Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui-Dong Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Shui-Lin Wan
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops (Fruit, Vegetable & Tea) Breeding, Nanchang 330200, China
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit and Tea, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Zhong-Dong Hu
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops (Fruit, Vegetable & Tea) Breeding, Nanchang 330200, China
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit and Tea, Nanchang 330200, China
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3
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Jo SM, Hong SJ, Yoon S, Jeong H, Youn MY, Shin EC. Comparative study on volatile compounds and taste components of various citrus cultivars using electronic sensors, GC-MS, and GC-olfactometry. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1825-1837. [PMID: 38752123 PMCID: PMC11091006 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Various citrus fruits' flavor compounds were analyzed using an electronic sensor (E-sensor), and odor-active compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). In the E-tongue analysis, the intensity of sweetness, saltiness, and bitterness was highest in Citrus unshiu, while sourness and umami were highest in C. setomi. A total of 43 volatile compounds were detected in the E-nose analysis, and the compound with the highest peak area was limonene, a type of terpenoid, which exhibited a prominent peak area in C. unshiu. Principal component analysis between flavor compounds and each sample explained a total variance of 83.15% and led to the classification of three clusters. By GC-MS-O, 32 volatile compounds were detected, with limonene being the most abundant, ranging from 20.28 to 56.21 mg/kg. The odor-active compounds were identified as (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal, α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, γ-terpinene, nonanal, and D-carvone, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Min Jo
- Department of GreenBio Science/Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Hong
- Department of GreenBio Science/Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725 Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Yoon
- Department of GreenBio Science/Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangyeon Jeong
- Department of GreenBio Science/Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725 Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Yeon Youn
- Department of GreenBio Science/Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725 Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of GreenBio Science/Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725 Republic of Korea
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4
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Zhang S, Wu Y, Ren Y, Xu Y, An H, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Li H. Widely metabolomic combined with transcriptome analysis to build a bioactive compound regulatory network for the fruit growth cycle in Pseudocydonia sinensis. Food Chem 2024; 456:139933. [PMID: 38852462 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Neglected and underutilised plants such as Pseudocydonia sinensis (Chinese quince) have garnered global interest as invaluable sources of natural bioactive compounds. Herein, a wide-targeted metabolomics-based approach revealed 1199 concurrent metabolites, with further analysis of their fluctuations across with the five stages of fruit growth. The bioactive compounds in Chinese quince primarily comprised sugars and organic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Moreover, 395 metabolites were identified as having medicinal properties and rutin was the most content of them. Transcriptome analysis further provided a molecular basis for the metabolic changes observed during fruit development. By thoroughly analysing metabolite and transcriptome data, we revealed changes in bioactive compounds and related genes throughout fruit development. This study has yielded valuable insights into the ripening process of Chinese quince fruit, presenting substantial implications for industrial applications, particularly in quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Zhang
- Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental plant, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental plant, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yanshen Ren
- Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental plant, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yaping Xu
- Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental plant, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hong An
- Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental plant, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Qianyi Zhao
- Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental plant, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental plant, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Houhua Li
- Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental plant, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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5
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Lee SH, Park SH, Park H. Assessing the Feasibility of Biorefineries for a Sustainable Citrus Waste Management in Korea. Molecules 2024; 29:1589. [PMID: 38611868 PMCID: PMC11013942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are one of the most widely used fruits around the world and are used as raw fruits, but are also processed into products such as beverages, and large amounts of by-products and waste are generated in this process. Globally, disposal of citrus waste (CW) through simple landfilling or ocean dumping can result in soil and groundwater contamination, which can negatively impact ecosystem health. The case of Korea is not much different in that these wastes are simply buried or recycled wastes are used as livestock feed additives. However, there are many reports that CW, which is a waste, has high potential to produce a variety of products that can minimize environmental load and increase added value through appropriate waste management. In this study, we aim to explore the latest developments in the evaluation and valorization of the growing CW green technologies in an effort to efficiently and environmentally transform these CW for resource recovery, sustainability, and economic benefits. Recent research strategies on integrated biorefinery approaches have confirmed that CW can be converted into various bioproducts such as enzymes, biofuels and biopolymers, further contributing to energy security. It was found that more efforts are needed to scale up green recovery technologies and achieve diverse product profiling to achieve zero waste levels and industrial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hwan Lee
- Technical Research Institute, Jeju BioRefine, Jeju 63148, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Hee Park
- Technical Research Institute, Fine Korea Corp., Seoul 07294, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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6
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Kwon SH, Ku KB, Le AT, Han GD, Park Y, Kim J, Tuan TT, Chung YS, Mansoor S. Enhancing citrus fruit yield investigations through flight height optimization with UAV imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:322. [PMID: 38172521 PMCID: PMC10764763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit yield is essential for market stability, as it allows businesses to plan for production and distribution. However, yield estimation is a complex and time-consuming process that often requires a large number of field samples to ensure representativeness. To address this challenge, we investigated the optimal altitude for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging to estimate the yield of Citrus unshiu fruit. We captured images from five different altitudes (30 m, 50 m, 70 m, 90 m, and 110 m), and determined that a resolution of approximately 5 pixels/cm is necessary for reliable estimation of fruit size based on the average diameter of C. unshiu fruit (46.7 mm). Additionally, we found that histogram equalization of the images improved fruit count estimation compared to using untreated images. At the images from 30 m height, the normal image estimates fruit numbers as 73, 55, and 88. However, the histogram equalized image estimates 88, 71, 105. The actual number of fruits is 124, 88, and 141. Using a Vegetation Index such as IPCA showed a similar estimation value to histogram equalization, but I1 estimation represents a gap to actual yields. Our results provide a valuable database for future UAV field investigations of citrus fruit yield. Using flying platforms like UAVs can provide a step towards adopting this sort of model spanning ever greater regions at a cheap cost, with this system generating accurate results in this manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hwa Kwon
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju, 63607, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bon Ku
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Deok Han
- Department of Practical Arts Education, Cheongju National University of Education, Cheongju, 28690, Republic of Korea
| | - Yosup Park
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju, 63607, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Kim
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju, 63607, Republic of Korea
| | - Thai Thanh Tuan
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Suk Chung
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Jazmin Hidalgo M, Emilio Gaiad J, Casimiro Goicoechea H, Mendoza A, Pérez-Rodríguez M, Gerardo Pellerano R. Geographical origin identification of mandarin fruits by analyzing fingerprint signatures based on multielemental composition. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101040. [PMID: 38144842 PMCID: PMC10740036 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Given rising traders and consumers concerns, the global food industry is increasingly demanding authentic and traceable products. Consequently, there is a heightened focus on verifying geographical authenticity as food quality assurance. In this work, we assessed pattern recognition approaches based on elemental predictors to discern the provenance of mandarin juices from three distinct citrus-producing zones located in the Northeast region of Argentina. A total of 202 samples originating from two cultivars were prepared through microwave-assisted acid digestion and analyzed by microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). Later, we applied linear discriminant analysis (LDA), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) to the element data obtained. SVM accomplished the best classification performance with a 95.1% success rate, for which it was selected for citrus samples authentication. The proposed method highlights the capability of mineral profiles in accurately identifying the genuine origin of mandarin juices. By implementing this model in the food supply chain, it can prevent mislabeling fraud, thereby contributing to consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Jazmin Hidalgo
- Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), UNNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Ave. Libertad 5400, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - José Emilio Gaiad
- Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), UNNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Ave. Libertad 5400, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Héctor Casimiro Goicoechea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Alberto Mendoza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, N.L., Mexico
| | - Michael Pérez-Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, N.L., Mexico
| | - Roberto Gerardo Pellerano
- Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), UNNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Ave. Libertad 5400, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
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8
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Liu G, Wei P, Tang Y, Li J, Yi P, Deng Z, He X, Ling D, Sun J, Zhang L. Screening and Characteristics Analysis of Polysaccharides from Orah Mandarin ( Citrus reticulata cv. Orah). Foods 2023; 13:82. [PMID: 38201110 PMCID: PMC10778330 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to screen out polysaccharides with the ability to activate NK cells. Ten polysaccharides (OP) were isolated from orah mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. Orah) peel using hot-water extraction combined with the alcohol precipitation method and the ultrafiltration-membrane separation method. After measuring the effects of 10 OPs on NK-92MI cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, it was found that the polysaccharide OP5 had the highest activity in vitro. OP5 can significantly promote the proliferation of and increase the gene expression of perforin, granzyme B and IFN-γ in NK-92MI cells. Its molecular weight was between 50 and 70 kDa. The identification results of monosaccharide composition indicated that OP5 was composed of arabinose (31.52%), galacturonic acid (22.35%), galactose (16.72%), glucose (15.95%), mannose (7.67%), rhamnose (2.39%), fucose (1.41%), xylose (1.30%), glucuronic acid (0.42%) and ribose (0.27%). The sugar ring of the β-configuration was the main, and that of the α-configuration was the auxiliary. These results would provide a foundation for the functional product development of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yayuan Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jiemin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zhonglin Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Dongning Ling
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-Processing Technology, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China; (P.W.); (Y.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 174 East Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China
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9
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Wang T, Zheng Z, Deng L, Li W, Yuan Y, Zhang M, Sun G, He S, Wang J, Wang Z, Xiong B. Effect of Natural Variation and Rootstock on Fruit Quality and Volatile Organic Compounds of ' Kiyomi tangor' ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) Citrus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16810. [PMID: 38069133 PMCID: PMC10706780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the fruit quality and color of 'Kiyomi' (WT) and its mutant (MT) grafted on Ziyang xiangcheng (Cj) (WT/Cj, MT/Cj), and the MT grafted on Trifoliate orange (Pt) (MT/Pt). The differences in sugar, organic acid, flavonoids, phenols, and volatile substances of the three materials were also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results showed significant differences in the appearance of WT/Cj, MT/Cj, and MT/Pt. MT/Pt, compared to WT/Cj, MT/Cj, had lower sugar, acid, phenol and flavonoid contents in the pulp. However, MT/Pt pulp was higher in vitamin C (VC), and the peel had significantly higher total phenol and flavonoid contents. In terms of pulp, WT/Cj had the greatest diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 4-methyl-1-pentanol was significantly higher in MT/Cj pulp, while MT/Pt pulp had a unique octanoic acid, methyl ester. VOCs were more diverse in the peels of the three materials. β-Myrcene and valencen were significantly higher in MT/Cj peels. In contrast, 16 unique VOCs were detected in MT/Pt, and D-limonene content was significantly higher than in WT/Cj and MT/Cj. The results suggest Trifoliate orange is a suitable rootstock for MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhendong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weijia Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siya He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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10
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Liu X, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Hu C, Tan Q, Sun X, Wu S. Magnesium accelerates changes in the fruit ripening and carotenoid accumulation in Satsuma Mandarin pulp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108082. [PMID: 37852070 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to further examine the effect of Magnesium (Mg) application on fruit quality and carotenoid metabolism in Satsuma mandarin pulp. For this, a field experiment was using 20-year-old Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc.) for two treatment; (1) CK treatment (without Mg), (2) Mg fertilizer treatment (200 g MgO plant-1). Compared with CK, Mg treatment substantially raised the Mg content in pulp at 90 to 150 DAF (the fruit expansion period), increasing by 15.69%-21.74%. Mg treatment also increased fruit TSS content by 15.84% and 9.88%, decreased fruit TA content in by 34.25% and 33.26% at 195 DAF and 210 DAF (the fruit ripening period). Moreover, at 120 to 195 DAF, Mg treatment significantly increased the levels of lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and violaxanthin in the pulp. This can be explained by the increased expression of important biosynthetic genes, including CitPSY, CitPDS, CitLCYb1, CitLCYb2, CitLCYe, CitHYb, and CitZEP, that played a role in altering the carotenoid composition. The findings of this research offer a novel approach for augmenting both the economic and nutritional worth of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Qiling Tan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Songwei Wu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
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11
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Cruz-Padilla J, Reyes V, Cavender G, Chotiko A, Gratzek J, Mis Solval K. Comparative Analysis of Concurrent (CC), Mixed Flow (MX), and Combined Spray Drying Configurations on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Satsuma Mandarin ( Citrus unshiu) Juice Powders. Foods 2023; 12:3514. [PMID: 37761223 PMCID: PMC10530200 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Satsuma mandarins are good sources of vitamin C and can be used as raw materials to produce novel plant-based food ingredients including satsuma mandarin juice powders (SJP). Food powders produced via spray drying often show thermal degradation due to the drying conditions and high drying air temperatures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using different spray drying configurations, including concurrent (CC), mixed flow (MX), and combined (CC + MX), at two inlet air temperatures (160 and 180 °C) on the physicochemical properties of SJP. Remarkably, SJP produced using the CC spray drying configuration exhibited a higher vitamin C content (3.56-4.01 mg/g) and lower moisture levels (15.18-16.35 g/100 g) than powders produced via MX or CC + MX. The vitamin C content of MX and CC + MX powders ranged from 2.88 to 3.33 mg/g. Meanwhile, all SJP had water activity values below 0.19. Furthermore, MX powders displayed the largest mean particle sizes (D50) (8.69-8.83 µm), higher agglomeration, and a rapid dissolution. Despite these differences, all SJP variants exhibited consistent color, surface area, and pore volumes. Notably, powders dried at higher inlet air temperatures (180 °C) showed less vitamin C content and increased thermal damage when compared with powders dried at 160 °C inlet air temperature. This study demonstrated the feasibility of producing high-quality SJP with an extended shelf life. SJP can be used as a novel plant-based ingredient in different food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cruz-Padilla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (J.C.-P.); (V.R.); (J.G.)
| | - Vondel Reyes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (J.C.-P.); (V.R.); (J.G.)
| | - George Cavender
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Arranee Chotiko
- Division of Food Science and Technology Management, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Bangkok 12110, Thailand;
| | - James Gratzek
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (J.C.-P.); (V.R.); (J.G.)
| | - Kevin Mis Solval
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (J.C.-P.); (V.R.); (J.G.)
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12
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Zhou J, Kong L, Li D, Zhang X, Fu Z, Pan T, Yu Y. Nutritional and volatile profiles of pulp and flavedo from four local pummelo cultivars grown in Fujian province of China. J Food Sci 2023; 88:3357-3372. [PMID: 37458289 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional and volatile profiles of pulp and flavedo samples from four distinct local pummelo landraces ("Siji," "Pingshan," "Wendan," and "Guanxi") cultivated in Fujian province of China were investigated. "Guanxi" pummelo exhibited relatively high contents of vitamin C (42.01 mg/100 mL) and phenols (360.61 mg/L) and displayed a robust antioxidant capacity (41.15 mg/100 mL). Conversely, the red pulp from "Pingshan" demonstrated relatively high values of carotenoids (55.96 µg/g) and flavonoids (79.79 mg/L). Considerable differences were observed in volatile compositions between the two fruit tissues and among the four genotypes. A total of 166 and 255 volatile compounds were detected in the pulp and flavedo samples, respectively. Notably, limonene and β-myrcene were identified as the principal volatile compounds in flavedo, whereas hexanal was highly abundant in the pulp of "Siji," "Pingshan," and "Guanxi." "Wendan" displayed distinct separation from the other three pummelo cultivars in principal component analysis based on the pulp volatile compositions. This distinction was attributed to the higher number and content of volatile compounds in "Wendan" pulp, particularly the remarkable enrichment of β-myrcene. The newly characterized pummelo landraces and genotype/tissue-dependent variations in volatiles provide essential information for the genetic improvement of pummelo aroma, as well as for fruit processing and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingchao Kong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Debao Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Fu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Yazici K, Balijagic J, Goksu B, Bilgin OF, Ercisli S. Comparison of Some Fruit Quality Parameters of Selected 12 Mandarin Genotypes from Black Sea Region in Turkey. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19719-19727. [PMID: 37305317 PMCID: PMC10249387 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mandarins are mostly preferred specie of Citrus genus, and there has been a continuous rise in consumption and global marketing due to having easy-to-peel, attractive flavor, and fresh consumption advantages. However, most of the existing knowledge on quality traits of citrus fruit comes from research conducted on oranges, which are the main products for the citrus juice manufacturing industry. In recent years, mandarin production in Turkey surpassed orange production and took the first place in citrus production. Mandarins are mostly grown in the Mediterranean and Aegean Regions of Turkey. Due to suitable climatic conditions, they are also grown in the microclimatic condition in Rize province located in the Eastern Black Sea region. In this study, we reported the total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and volatiles of 12 Satsuma mandarin genotypes selected from Rize province of Turkey. Considerable differences in the total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay), and fruit volatile constituent were found among the 12 selected Satsuma mandarin genotypes. The total phenolic content ranged from 3.50 to 22.53 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of the fruit sample in the selected mandarin genotypes. The total antioxidant capacity was the highest in genotype HA2 as 60.40%, and followed by IB (59.15%) and TEK3 (58.36%), respectively. A total of 30 aroma volatiles were detected from the juice samples of 12 mandarin genotypes by GC/MS, which comprised six alcohols, three aldehydes (including one monoterpene), three esters, one ketone, and one other volatiles. The main volatile compounds were identified in fruits of all Satsuma mandarin genotypes as α-terpineol (0.6-1.88%), linalool (1.1-3.21%), γ-terpinene (4.41-5.5%), β-myrcene (0.9-1.6%), dl-limonene (79.71-85.12%), α-farnesene (1.1-2.44), and d-germacrene (0.66-1.37%). Limonene accounts for most of the aroma compounds (79.71-85.12%) in fruits of all Satsuma genotypes. The genotypes MP and TEK8 had the highest total phenolic content, and HA2, IB, and TEK 3 had the highest antioxidant capacity. The YU2 genotype was found to contain more aroma compounds than the other genotypes. The genotypes selected on the basis of their high bioactive content could be used to develop new Satsuma mandarin cultivars with high human health promoting contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keziban Yazici
- Department
of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Pazar, 53300 Rize, Turkey
| | - Jasmina Balijagic
- Biotechnical
Faculty, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Burcu Goksu
- Department
of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Pazar, 53300 Rize, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Bilgin
- Department
of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, 01380 Adana, Turkey
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department
of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
- HGF
Agro, Ata Teknokent, TR-25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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14
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Goto S, Fujii H, Hamada H, Ohta S, Endo T, Shimizu T, Nonaka K, Shimada T. Allelic haplotype combinations at the MS-P1 region, including P-class pentatricopeptide repeat family genes, influence wide phenotypic variation in pollen grain number through a cytoplasmic male sterility model in citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1163358. [PMID: 37342126 PMCID: PMC10278581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1163358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
In citrus breeding programs, male sterility is an important trait for developing seedless varieties. Sterility associated with the male sterile cytoplasm of Kishu mandarin (Kishu-cytoplasm) has been proposed to fit the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) model. However, it remains undetermined whether CMS in citrus is controlled by interactions between sterile cytoplasm and nuclear restorer-of-fertility (Rf) genes. Accordingly, mechanisms underlying the control of the wide phenotypic variation in pollen number for breeding germplasm should be elucidated. This study aimed to identify complete linkage DNA markers responsible for male sterility at the MS-P1 region based on fine mapping. Two P-class pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) family genes were identified as candidates for Rf based on predicted mitochondrial localization and higher expression in a male fertile variety/selected strain than in a male sterile variety. Eleven haplotypes (HT1-HT11) at the MS-P1 region were defined based on genotyping of DNA markers. Association analysis of diplotypes at the MS-P1 region and the number of pollen grains per anther (NPG) in breeding germplasms harboring Kishu-cytoplasm revealed that the diplotypes in this region influenced NPG. Among these haplotypes, HT1 is a non-functional restorer-of-fertility (rf) haplotype; HT2, a less-functional Rf; HT3-HT5 are semi-functional Rfs; and HT6 and HT7 are functional Rfs. However, the rare haplotypes HT8-HT11 could not be characterized. Therefore, P-class PPR family genes in the MS-P1 region may constitute the nuclear Rf genes within the CMS model, and a combination of the seven haplotypes could contribute to phenotypic variation in the NPG of breeding germplasms. These findings reveal the genomic mechanisms of CMS in citrus and will contribute to seedless citrus breeding programs by selecting candidate seedless seedlings using the DNA markers at the MS-P1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Goto
- Citrus Breeding and Production Group, Division of Citrus Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka, Japan
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15
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Chen T, Niu J, Sun Z, Chen J, Wang Y, Chen J, Luan M. Transcriptome Analysis and VIGS Identification of Key Genes Regulating Citric Acid Metabolism in Citrus. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4647-4664. [PMID: 37367044 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus (Citrus reticulata) is one of the world's most widely planted and highest-yielding fruit trees. Citrus fruits are rich in a variety of nutrients. The content of citric acid plays a decisive role in the flavor quality of the fruit. There is a high organic acid content in early-maturing and extra-precocious citrus varieties. Reducing the amount of organic acid after fruit ripening is significant to the citrus industry. In this study, we selected a low-acid variety, "DF4", and a high-acid variety, "WZ", as research materials. Through WGCNA analysis, two differentially expressed genes, citrate synthase (CS) and ATP citrate-pro-S-lyase (ACL), were screened out, which related to the changing citric acid. The two differentially expressed genes were preliminarily verified by constructing a virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) vector. The VIGS results showed that the citric acid content was negatively correlated with CS expression and positively correlated with ACL expression, while CS and ACL oppositely control citric acid and inversely regulate each other. These results provide a theoretical basis for promoting the breeding of early-maturing and low-acid citrus varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Juan Niu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Mingbao Luan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
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16
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Alharbi K, Alshallash KS, Hamdy AE, Khalifa SM, Abdel-Aziz HF, Sharaf A, Abobatta WF. Magnetic Iron-Improved Growth, Leaf Chemical Content, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Chinese Mandarin Trees Grown under Soil Salinity Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2839. [PMID: 36365292 PMCID: PMC9654657 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chinese mandarin fruits are an inexpensive and rich source of vitamin C. They have potential benefits in treating acute respiratory infections and mitigating inflammation in critical patients with COVID-19. In Egypt, citrus is the most important fruit tree but is sensitive to salinity stress, resulting in poor vegetative tree growth and reductions in productivity and fruit quality. Magnetic iron has emerged as a promising approach in the citrus tree industry, since it improves vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality and alleviates salinity stress in Chinese mandarin trees grown in soils suffering from high salt stress. This research is aimed at studying the influence of adding magnetic iron (as soil treatment) on tree canopy growth, yield, and fruit quality of 'Chinese' mandarin trees. Therefore, the treatments were as follows: 0, 250, 500, and or 750 g of magnetic iron.tree-1. Our results indicated that all applications of magnetic iron significantly improved tree canopy volume, leaf total chlorophyll, relative water content, yield (kg.tree-1), and the fruit physical and chemical characteristics of Chinese mandarin. In contrast, leaf Na and Cl content, (%), proline, and total phenolic content were decreased by magnetic iron soil treatments. In respect to vegetative growth, our results indicated that adding magnetic iron at the concentration 750 g.tree-1 caused the best values of tree canopy volume. A similar trend was noticed regarding yield. The increase in yield attained was nearly 19%; the best values were obtained when magnetic iron were used at 750 g.tree-1. In conclusion, the application of magnetic iron can lead to improved fruit production and fruit quality of Chinese mandarin trees grown in salinity stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S. Alshallash
- College of Science and Humanities-Huraymila, Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University (IM SIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf E. Hamdy
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Sobhy M. Khalifa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Hosny F. Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sharaf
- Soils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Walid F. Abobatta
- Citrus Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
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17
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Jia X, Ren J, Fan G, Reineccius GA, Li X, Zhang N, An Q, Wang Q, Pan S. Citrus juice off-flavor during different processing and storage: Review of odorants, formation pathways, and analytical techniques. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3018-3043. [PMID: 36218250 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2129581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As the most widespread juice produced and consumed globally, citrus juice (mandarin juice, orange juice, and grapefruit juice) is appreciated for its attractive and distinct aroma. While the decrease of characteristic aroma-active compounds and the formation of off-flavor compounds are easy to occur in processing and storage conditions. This review provides a comprehensive literature of recent research and discovery on citrus juice off-flavor, primarily focusing on off-flavor compounds induced during processing and storage (i.e., thermal, storage, light, oxygen, package, fruit maturity, diseases, centrifugal pretreatment, and debittering process), formation pathways (i.e., terpene acid-catalyzed hydration, caramelization reaction, Maillard reaction, Strecker degradation, and other oxidative degradation) of the off-flavor compounds, effective inhibitor pathway to off-flavor (i.e., electrical treatments, high pressure processing, microwave processing, ultrasound processing, and chemical treatment), as well as odor assessment techniques based on molecular sensory science. The possible precursors (terpenes, sulfur-containing amino acids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, vitamins, and phenolic acids) of citrus juice off-flavor are listed and are also proposed. This review intends to unravel the regularities of aroma variations and even off-flavor formation of citrus juice during processing and storage. Future aroma analysis techniques will evolve toward a colorimetric sensor array for odor visualization to obtain a "marker" of off-flavor in citrus juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jingnan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Gary A Reineccius
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Nawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qi An
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Siyi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
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18
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Lu D, Zhang L, Wu Y, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Liu P. An integrated metabolome and transcriptome approach reveals the fruit flavor and regulatory network during jujube fruit development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952698. [PMID: 36212371 PMCID: PMC9537746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fruit flavor is a key economic value attribute of jujube. Here we compared metabolomes and transcriptomes of "Mazao" (ST) and "Ping'anhuluzao" (HK) with unique flavors during fruit development. We identified 437 differential metabolites, mainly sugars, acids, and lipids. Fructose, glucose, mannose and citric acid, and malic acid are the determinants of sugar and acid taste of jujube fruit. Based on the transcriptome, 16,245 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, which were involved in "glucosyltransferase activity," "lipid binding," and "anion transmembrane transporter activity" processes. Both transcriptome and metabolome showed that developmental stages 2 and 3 were important transition periods for jujube maturation. Based on WGCNA and gene-metabolite correlation analysis, modules, and transcription factors (ZjHAP3, ZjTCP14, and ZjMYB78) highly related to sugar and acid were identified. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of sugar and acid accumulation in jujube fruit and provide clues for the development of jujube with a unique flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongye Lu
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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19
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Yang ZY, Cao XY, Zheng XW, Wang TQ, Wang JN, Feng F, Ye CH. Biochemical, transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the pulp of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ‘Hong Jiang’ and its two variants reveal pathways regulating pulp taste, mastication, and color. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Native pollinators increase fruit set while honeybees decrease the quality of mandarins in family farms. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Shorbagi M, Fayek NM, Shao P, Farag MA. Citrus reticulata Blanco (the common mandarin) fruit: An updated review of its bioactive, extraction types, food quality, therapeutic merits, and bio-waste valorization practices to maximize its economic value. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Preschoolers’ liking of citrus fruits served as a mid-morning snack. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Kim SS, Kim HJ, Park KJ, Kang SB, Park Y, Han SG, Kim M, Song YH, Kim DS. Metabolomic Profiling of Citrus unshiu during Different Stages of Fruit Development. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070967. [PMID: 35406947 PMCID: PMC9002680 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus fruits undergo significant metabolic profile changes during their development process. However, limited information is available on the changes in the metabolites of Citrus unshiu during fruit development. Here, we analyzed the total phenolic content (TPC), total carotenoid content (TCC), antioxidant activity, and metabolite profiles in C. unshiu fruit flesh during different stages of fruit development and evaluated their correlations. The TPC and antioxidant activity significantly decreased during fruit development, whereas the TCC increased. The metabolite profiles, including sugars, acidic compounds, amino acids, flavonoids, limonoids, carotenoids, and volatile compounds (mono- and sesquiterpenes), in C. unshiu fruit flesh also changed significantly, and a citrus metabolomic pathway related to fruit development was proposed. Based on the data, C. unshiu fruit development was classified into three groups: Group 1 (Aug. 1), Group 2 (Aug. 31 and Sep. 14), and Group 3 (Oct. 15 and Nov. 16). Although citrus peel was not analyzed and the sensory and functional qualities during fruit development were not investigated, the results of this study will help in our understanding of the changes in chemical profile during citrus fruit development. This can provide vital information for various applications in the C. unshiu industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Suk Kim
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607, Korea; (S.S.K.); (K.J.P.); (S.B.K.); (Y.P.); (S.-G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Kyung Jin Park
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607, Korea; (S.S.K.); (K.J.P.); (S.B.K.); (Y.P.); (S.-G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Seok Beom Kang
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607, Korea; (S.S.K.); (K.J.P.); (S.B.K.); (Y.P.); (S.-G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - YoSup Park
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607, Korea; (S.S.K.); (K.J.P.); (S.B.K.); (Y.P.); (S.-G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Seong-Gab Han
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607, Korea; (S.S.K.); (K.J.P.); (S.B.K.); (Y.P.); (S.-G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Misun Kim
- Citrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607, Korea; (S.S.K.); (K.J.P.); (S.B.K.); (Y.P.); (S.-G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Yeong Hun Song
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Dong-Shin Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-2555
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24
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Otieno J, Owoyemi A, Goldenberg L, Yaniv Y, Carmi N, Porat R. Effects of packinghouse operations on the flavor of 'Orri' mandarins. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1320-1328. [PMID: 35432981 PMCID: PMC9007302 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandarins have a delicate flavor and are easy to peel and easy to consume. However, they are relatively perishable and suffer from flavor deterioration after harvest. The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of commercial packinghouse operations on the flavor of 'Orri' mandarins. For that purpose, we collected fruit from four different points along a commercial citrus packing line: (1) directly from the harvest bin, (2) after application of a hot (53°C) fungicide treatment for 30 s, (3) after waxing, and (4) after waxing and after the fruit had passed through a hot-air drying tunnel (37°C) for 2 min. The collected fruit were stored for 3 or 6 weeks at 5°C and then kept for five more days under shelf-life conditions at 22°C. The observed results indicate that the hot fungicide treatment had no effect on flavor quality. However, the waxing and waxing +drying treatments resulted in significant increases in ethanol accumulation, lower flavor-acceptability scores, and increased off-flavors. Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the waxing and waxing +drying treatments resulted in particular increases in the levels of alcohol and ethyl ester volatiles; whereas levels of other aroma volatiles (i.e., esters, aldehydes, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) decreased after storage in all fruit samples. Overall, the waxing process in commercial citrus packinghouses increased ethanol and ethyl ester volatile levels and harmed flavor acceptability. These findings demonstrate the need to identify new wax formulations that do not hamper fruit-flavor quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Otieno
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce ARO The Volcani Institute Rishon LeZion Israel.,The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Abiola Owoyemi
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce ARO The Volcani Institute Rishon LeZion Israel.,The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Livnat Goldenberg
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences ARO The Volcani Institute Rishon LeZion Israel
| | - Yossi Yaniv
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences ARO The Volcani Institute Rishon LeZion Israel
| | - Nir Carmi
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences ARO The Volcani Institute Rishon LeZion Israel
| | - Ron Porat
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce ARO The Volcani Institute Rishon LeZion Israel
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25
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Suhag R, Kumar R, Dhiman A, Sharma A, Prabhakar PK, Gopalakrishnan K, Kumar R, Singh A. Fruit peel bioactives, valorisation into nanoparticles and potential applications: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6757-6776. [PMID: 35196934 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2043237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field with profound applications in different domains, particularly in food science and technology. Nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis, an integral part of nanotechnology-based applications, is broadly classified into chemical, physical and biosynthesis methods. Chemically sensitive and energy-intensive procedures employed for NPs synthesis are some of the limits of traditional chemical approaches. Recent research has focused on developing easy, nontoxic, cost-effective, and environment-friendly NPs synthesis during the last decade. Biosynthesis approaches have been developed to achieve this goal as it is a viable alternative to existing chemical techniques for the synthesis of metallic nanomaterials. Fruit peels contain abundant bioactive compounds including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, carotenoids, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, vitamin C, and essential oils with substantial health benefits, anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties, generally discarded as byproduct or waste by the fruit processing industry. NPs synthesized using bioactive compounds from fruit peel has futuristic applications for an unrealized market potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical delivery. Numerous studies have been conducted for the biosynthesis of metallic NPs such as silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), zinc oxide, iron, copper, palladium and titanium using fruit peel extract, and their synthesis mechanism have been reported in the present review. Additionally, NPs synthesis methods and applications of fruit peel NPs have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Suhag
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Atul Dhiman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pramod K Prabhakar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
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26
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Bureš MS, Maslov Bandić L, Vlahoviček-Kahlina K. Determination of Bioactive Components in Mandarin Fruits: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1489-1514. [PMID: 35157545 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2035209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been a continuous rise in the consumption of fresh easy-to-peel mandarins. However, the majority of the knowledge comes from other citrus fruit, like orange, while there are relatively few studies about mandarins and no comprehensive research on literature data about them. One of the most important steps in the analytical process is sample preparation. Its value is evident in analyzing the samples with complex matrices, such as in mandarin fruit. In addition, mandarin contains hundreds to thousands of various compounds and metabolites, some of them present in extremely low concentrations, that interfere with the detection of one another. Hence, mandarin samples are commonly pretreated by extraction to facilitate analysis of bioactive compounds, improve accuracy and quantification levels. There is an abundance of extraction techniques available, depending on the group of compounds of interest. Finally, modern analytical techniques, have been applied to cope with numerous bioactive compounds in mandarins. Considering all the above, this review aims to (i) list the most valuable procedures of sample preparation, (ii) highlight the most important techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from mandarin fruit, and (iii) summarize current trends in the identification and determination of bioactive compounds in mandarin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luna Maslov Bandić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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27
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Minamikawa MF, Nonaka K, Hamada H, Shimizu T, Iwata H. Dissecting Breeders' Sense via Explainable Machine Learning Approach: Application to Fruit Peelability and Hardness in Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832749. [PMID: 35222489 PMCID: PMC8867066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
"Genomics-assisted breeding", which utilizes genomics-based methods, e.g., genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS), has been attracting attention, especially in the field of fruit breeding. Low-cost genotyping technologies that support genome-assisted breeding have already been established. However, efficient collection of large amounts of high-quality phenotypic data is essential for the success of such breeding. Most of the fruit quality traits have been sensorily and visually evaluated by professional breeders. However, the fruit morphological features that serve as the basis for such sensory and visual judgments are unclear. This makes it difficult to collect efficient phenotypic data on fruit quality traits using image analysis. In this study, we developed a method to automatically measure the morphological features of citrus fruits by the image analysis of cross-sectional images of citrus fruits. We applied explainable machine learning methods and Bayesian networks to determine the relationship between fruit morphological features and two sensorily evaluated fruit quality traits: easiness of peeling (Peeling) and fruit hardness (FruH). In each of all the methods applied in this study, the degradation area of the central core of the fruit was significantly and directly associated with both Peeling and FruH, while the seed area was significantly and directly related to FruH alone. The degradation area of albedo and the area of flavedo were also significantly and directly related to Peeling and FruH, respectively, except in one or two methods. These results suggest that an approach that combines explainable machine learning methods, Bayesian networks, and image analysis can be effective in dissecting the experienced sense of a breeder. In breeding programs, collecting fruit images and efficiently measuring and documenting fruit morphological features that are related to fruit quality traits may increase the size of data for the analysis and improvement of the accuracy of GWAS and GS on the quality traits of the citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai F. Minamikawa
- Laboratory of Biometry and Bioinformatics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nonaka
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hamada
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tokurou Shimizu
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iwata
- Laboratory of Biometry and Bioinformatics, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Quispe‐Fuentes I, Uribe E, López J, Contreras D, Poblete J. A study of dried mandarin (
Clementina orogrande
) peel applying supercritical carbon dioxide using co‐solvent: Influence on oil extraction, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Issis Quispe‐Fuentes
- Food Engineering Department Universidad de La Serena La Serena Chile
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad de La Serena La Serena Chile
| | - Elsa Uribe
- Food Engineering Department Universidad de La Serena La Serena Chile
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad de La Serena La Serena Chile
| | - Jéssica López
- Escuela de Alimentos Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Playa Ancha Valparaíso Chile
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29
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da Cruz MA, Neves CSVJ, de Carvalho DU, Colombo RC, Bai J, Yada IFU, Leite Junior RP, Tazima ZH. Five Rootstocks for "Emperor" Mandarin Under Subtropical Climate in Southern Brazil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777871. [PMID: 34987531 PMCID: PMC8722343 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rootstocks modulate several characteristics of citrus trees, including vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality, and resistance or tolerance to pests, diseases, soil drought, and salinity, among other factors. There is a shortage of scion and rootstock cultivars among the combinations planted in Brazil. "Ponkan" mandarin and "Murcott" tangor grafted on "Rangpur" lime comprise the majority of the commercial mandarin orchards in Brazil. This low genetic diversity of citrus orchards can favor pest and disease outbreaks. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance, Huanglongbing (HLB) tolerance, and fruit quality of "Emperor" mandarin on five different rootstocks for nine cropping seasons under the subtropical soil-climate conditions of the North region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block, with six replications, two trees per block, and five rootstocks, including "Rangpur" lime, "Cleopatra," and "Sunki" mandarins, "Swingle" citrumelo, and "Fepagro C-13" citrange. The evaluations included tree growth, yield performance, fruit quality, and HLB disease incidence. "Emperor" mandarin trees grafted on "Rangpur" lime and "Swingle" citrumelo had early fruiting and high yield efficiency. "Rangpur" lime also induced the lowest tree growth, but low fruit quality. Trees on "Swingle" citrumelo and "Fepagro C-13" citrange showed low scion and rootstock affinity and produced fruits with high total soluble solids (TSS), with a lower number of seeds for those from trees on "Fepagro C-13" citrange. "Cleopatra" and "Sunki" mandarins induced higher juice content, while fruits from trees on "Cleopatra" also had higher TSS/titratable acidity (TA) ratio. "Emperor" mandarin trees were susceptible to HLB regardless of the rootstocks. Overall, "Cleopatra" and "Sunki" mandarins, "Swingle" citrumelo, and "Fepagro C-13" are more suitable rootstocks for "Emperor" mandarin under Brazilian subtropical conditions than "Rangpur" lime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aparecida da Cruz
- Horticultural Research Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Área de Fitotecnia, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Deived Uilian de Carvalho
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Área de Fitotecnia, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ronan Carlos Colombo
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Tecnológica do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Brazil
| | - Jinhe Bai
- Horticultural Research Laboratory, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
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30
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Tarancón P, Pintor-Jardines A, Escalona-Buendía HB, Besada C. Effect of information about mandarin internal maturity on consumer hedonic and sensory expectations: a cross-cultural study in Spain and Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:6586-6594. [PMID: 33969494 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under certain climate conditions, citrus fruit may reach optimum internal maturity while the rind is still green. It is therefore customary to enhance skin colour changes by submitting early citrus varieties to ethylene degreening treatment, which implies a cost and may result in external disorders. In this study, the effect on consumer expectations (sensory and hedonic) of providing them with information about the internal maturity of non-degreened mandarins (greenish-coloured rind) was evaluated. RESULTS Mandarins with three different external colour indices (CI), CI = -6, CI = +1 and CI = +5, and three ways of conveying information, were investigated: (i) No information (NoInfo), (ii) The text 'Mandarins ready to eat' (Text) and (iii) Text + Visualisation of mandarin flesh (orange-coloured in all cases) (Text+Flesh). Consumer expected liking, purchase intention and sensory expectations were markedly affected after receiving the different information types. The greatest effect was detected when Text+Flesh information was provided. Rind mandarin colour was also a determinant factor of how consumer expectations were modified by the received information. Moreover, our results revealed some differences among Spanish and Mexican consumers, since maturity information had a stronger effect on hedonic expectations of Mexican consumers. CONCLUSIONS When mandarins reach CI = +5 (pale orange-coloured rind with small areas still green), letting consumers know that mandarins are ready to eat by means of Text+Flesh information may be a non-cost strategy to avoid degreening treatment or to shorten its length. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tarancón
- Sensory and Consumer Science Research Group, Postharvest Technology Center, Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Aurora Pintor-Jardines
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor B Escalona-Buendía
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cristina Besada
- Sensory and Consumer Science Research Group, Postharvest Technology Center, Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
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31
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Singh J, Chahal TS, Gill PS, Grewal SK. Changes in phenolics and antioxidant capacities in fruit tissues of mandarin cultivars Kinnow and W. Murcott with relation to fruit development. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
| | | | - Parmpal S. Gill
- Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
| | - Satvir K. Grewal
- Department of Biochemistry Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
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Bioactive Molecules of Mandarin Seed Oils Diminish Mycotoxin and the Existence of Fungi. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237130. [PMID: 34885712 PMCID: PMC8659201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandarin is a favorite fruit of the citrus family. Mandarin seeds are considered a source of nontraditional oil obtained from byproduct materials. This investigation aimed to assess the biomolecules of mandarin seeds and evaluated their antimycotic and antimycotoxigenic impact on fungi. Moreover, it evaluated the protective role of mandarin oil against aflatoxin toxicity in cell lines. The two types of extracted oil (fixed and volatile) were ecofriendly. The fatty acid composition, tocopherol, sterols, and carotenoids were determined in the fixed oil, whereas volatiles and phenolics were estimated in the essential oil. A mixture of the two oils was prepared and evaluated for its antimicrobial impact. The reduction effect of this mixture was also investigated to reduce mycotoxin secretion using a simulated experiment. The protective effect of the oil was evaluated using healthy strains of cell lines. Fixed oil was distinguished by the omega fatty acid content (76.24%), lutein was the major carotenoid (504.3 mg/100 g) and it had a high β-sitosterol content (294.6 mg/100 g). Essential oil contained limonene (66.05%), α-pinene (6.82%), β-pinene (4.32%), and γ-terpinene (12.31%) in significant amounts, while gallic acid and catechol were recorded as the dominant phenolics. Evaluation of the oil mix for antimicrobial potency reflected a considerable impact against pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi. By its application to the fungal media, this oil mix possessed a capacity for reducing mycotoxin secretion. The oil mix was also shown to have a low cytotoxic effect against healthy strains of cell lines and had potency in reducing the mortality impact of aflatoxin B1 applied to cell lines. These results recommend further study to involve this oil in food safety applications.
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33
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Tarancón P, Tárrega A, González M, Besada C. External Quality of Mandarins: Influence of Fruit Appearance Characteristics on Consumer Choice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092188. [PMID: 34574298 PMCID: PMC8466745 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a pre-purchase situation, consumer perception of mandarin quality is almost exclusively based on fruit appearance. Determination of consumer requirements in this regard is needed to preserve the current success of this crop in markets worldwide. In this study, the effect on consumer choice of different appearance characteristics that can occur mainly in early-season mandarins was quantified. Two independent Choice-Based Conjoint Analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of different external mandarin factors: (1) two factors linked mainly with harvesting practices: ‘Leaf’ (no leaves but sound calyx/fresh leaf/dehydrated leaf) and ‘Rind Colour’ (orange colour/rind with slightly greenish areas); (2) three factors related to postharvest handling: ‘Calyx Condition’ (sound/blackening/detached),’Waxing’ (absence/presence of wax), and ‘Rind Condition’ (dehydrated/turgid). A total of 280 consumers participated in each study. The evaluation of the factors linked with harvesting revealed four different choice patterns. Leaf presence was appreciated only by a small group of consumers (20%), and the presence of greenish areas on the rind was perceived mostly as a negative characteristic. Among the evaluated postharvest-related factors, ‘Waxing’ and ‘Calyx condition’ had the strongest effect on consumer choice. Consumers showed marked preferences for mandarins that had been waxed and presented shine and gloss. Calyx blackening and detachment had a negative effect mainly on waxed fruit, while rind dehydration more negatively affected the fruit that had not been waxed. Consumer perception of mandarin quality is importantly affected by external mandarin characteristics. The information herein reported can be very useful for the citrus industry for adapting quality control criteria that respond to consumer demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tarancón
- Centro de Tecnología Postcosecha, Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera, kilometer 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Amparo Tárrega
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Mónica González
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Cristina Besada
- Centro de Tecnología Postcosecha, Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Carretera Moncada-Náquera, kilometer 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-424000
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34
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Figueira JA, Porto-Figueira P, Berenguer C, Pereira JAM, Câmara JS. Evaluation of the Health-Promoting Properties of Selected Fruits. Molecules 2021; 26:4202. [PMID: 34299476 PMCID: PMC8306905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the health-promoting benefits of different fruits grown in Madeira Island, namely lemon (Citrus limon var. eureka), tangerine (Citrus reticulata var. setubalense), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora var. red), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. gordal) and uva-da-serra, an endemic blueberry (Vaccinium padifolium Sm.), were investigated. The phenolic composition (total phenolics and total flavonoids content) and antioxidant capacity (assessed through ABTS and DPPH assays) were measured revealing a high phenolic potential for all fruits, except tomato, while uva-da-serra is particularly rich in flavonoids. In relation to the antioxidant capacity, the highest values were obtained for pitanga and uva-da-serra extracts. The bioactive potential was also assessed through the ability of the extracts to inhibit digestive enzymes linked to diabetes (α-amylase, α- and β-glucosidases) and hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE). The results obtained point to a very high bioactive potential with the selected samples exhibiting very important ACE anti-enzymatic capacities. A statistical analysis of the obtained data reveals a very strong correlation between ABTS and TPC, and a strong contribution of the fruit polyphenols for enzyme inhibition, and thus, presenting high antihypertensive and antidiabetic capacities. Overall, the results obtained clearly show a high bioactive potential of the selected fruits that should be further studied, in terms of specific phenolic composition. Moreover, these results strongly support the valorisation of pitanga seeds usually discarded as a waste, and uva-da-serra, an endemic and wild bush, as potential bioresources of bioactive compounds with impact in human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Figueira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.F.); (P.P.-F.); (C.B.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.F.); (P.P.-F.); (C.B.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - Cristina Berenguer
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.F.); (P.P.-F.); (C.B.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.F.); (P.P.-F.); (C.B.); (J.A.M.P.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (J.A.F.); (P.P.-F.); (C.B.); (J.A.M.P.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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Guo P, Pang W, Zhao X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Jiao B. A rapid UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for targeted screening and quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites in satsuma mandarin. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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36
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Reynoso-Camacho R, Rodríguez-Villanueva LD, Sotelo-González AM, Ramos-Gómez M, Pérez-Ramírez IF. Citrus decoction by-product represents a rich source of carotenoid, phytosterol, extractable and non-extractable polyphenols. Food Chem 2021; 350:129239. [PMID: 33592362 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to carry out an exhaustive chemical characterization of citrus (orange, mandarin, and grapefruit) decoctions as well as the residues obtained during the decoction process (by-products). The citrus decoctions were rich in hesperidin, naringin, and narirutin, but carotenoids and phytosterols were not detected. Interestingly, these flavanones were found in a higher concentration in the extractable polyphenol fraction of the citrus decoction by-products. Moreover, the greatest content of hesperidin and naringin was found bound to the food matrix by ether/ester bonds. Violaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were found as major carotenoids in the orange and mandarin decoction by-products, respectively, whereas the grapefruit decoction by-product showed a low content of carotenoids. All citrus by-products showed β-sitosterol as the major phytosterol, followed by β-campesterol. Therefore, the by-products obtained during the elaboration of citrus decoctions are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can be used for the development of functional foods or dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minerva Ramos-Gómez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Iza F Pérez-Ramírez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico.
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Gul HF, Ilhan N, Ilhan N, Ozercan IH, Kuloglu T. The combined effect of pomegranate extract and tangeretin on the DMBA-induced breast cancer model. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 89:108566. [PMID: 33326843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of pomegranate extract and tangeretin alone or in combination in DMBA-induced rat breast cancer model. A total of 68 female rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. The first 4 groups were designed as controls for cancer and treatment groups, and the control groups were composed of only control (C), Pomegranate (P), Tangeretin (T), and Pomegranate+Tangeretin (P+T) groups. The other four groups were designed as cancer and treatment groups and were composed of DMBA (D) and DMBA+Pomegranate (D+P), DMBA+Tangeretin (D+T), DMBA+Pomegranate+Tangeretin (D+P+T) groups. Tumor markers and angiogenesis parameters were studied from plasma samples obtained from rats. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and TUNEL analyses and expressions of proteins affecting apoptosis and cell cycle were determined in breast tissue samples. In the DMBA group, plasma CA15-3, CEA, VEGF, MMP-9, and NF-κB levels were significantly increased compared to the controls, but significant decreases were observed in these parameters except MMP-9 in the treatment groups. It was observed that p53 and Bax expressions significantly increased in both D+P and D+P+T groups compared to the DMBA group, and these findings were supported by Tunel and immunohistochemical findings. Cyclin D1 expressions were found to be significantly decreased only in the D+T group and supported by TUNEL and immunohistochemical findings. Immunohistochemical ER-α and Ki-67 immune reactivities were significantly decreased in all treatment groups compared to the DMBA group. Our results showed that combined application of pomegranate extract and tangeretin may be more beneficial in preventing breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Fatih Gul
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kafkas University, Faculty of Medicine, Kars, Turkey.
| | - Necip Ilhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Nevin Ilhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazıg, Turkey
| | | | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazıg, Turkey
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38
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Tangerines Cultivated on Madeira Island-A High Throughput Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101470. [PMID: 33076393 PMCID: PMC7602526 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tangerines (Citrus reticulata) are popular fruits worldwide, being rich in many bioactive metabolites. The setubalense variety cultivated on Madeira Island has an intense aroma easily distinguishable from other tangerines, being traditionally used to enrich several foods and beverages. Nonetheless, setubalense volatile composition has never been characterized, and we aimed to unveil the bioactive potential of peels and juices of setubalense tangerines and compare them with the murcott variety grown in Portugal mainland. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), we identified a total of 128 volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) in the juice and peels, with d-limonene, γ-terpinene, β-myrcene, α- and β-pinene, o-cymene, and terpinolene, the most dominant in both cultivars. In contrast, setubalense juices are richer in terpenes, many of them associated with health protection. Discriminant analysis revealed a pool of VOMs, including β-caryophyllene and E-ocimene, with bioactive properties able to differentiate among tangerines according to variety and sample type (peel vs. juice). This is the first report on the volatile composition of setubalense tangerines grown on Madeira Island revealing that its pungent aroma is constituted by secondary metabolites with specific aroma notes and health properties. This is strong evidence of the higher nutraceutical value of such fruit for the human diet.
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Di Nunzio M, Betoret E, Taccari A, Dalla Rosa M, Bordoni A. Impact of processing on the nutritional and functional value of mandarin juice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4558-4564. [PMID: 32418223 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although phenolic compounds have a role in the health benefits of fruit juice consumption, little is known about the effect of processing on their bioaccessibility. The release of phenolic compounds from the food matrix during digestion is an important pre-requisite for their effectiveness within the human body, and so it is fundamental to identify technological treatments able to preserve not only the concentration of phytochemicals, but also their bioaccessibility. In the present study, we investigated the impact of high-pressure homogenization (HPH), alone and in the presence of 100 g kg-1 trehalose or Lactobacillus salivarius, on the bioaccessibility of flavonoids in mandarin juice. In addition, digested mandarin juices were supplemented to liver cultured cells in basal and stressed conditions to evaluate their protective effect in a biological system. RESULTS HPH reduced the concentration of total phenolics and main flavonoids but increased their bioaccessibility after in vitro digestion (P < 0.001). In the basal condition, supplementation with all digested juices significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration (P < 0.001). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration in the medium was also reduced by supplementation with HPH-treated juices. Although pre-treatment with juices did not completely counteract the applied oxidative stress, it preserved cell viability, and cells pre-treated with juices submitted to HPH in the presence of probiotics showed the lowest ROS concentration. CONCLUSION The present study represents an important step ahead in the evaluation of the impact of processing on the nutritional and functional value of food, which cannot simply be assessed based on chemical composition. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Di Nunzio
- Department of Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research (CIRI), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Ester Betoret
- CSIC - Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (IATA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Annalisa Taccari
- Department of Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Marco Dalla Rosa
- Department of Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research (CIRI), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research (CIRI), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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Costanzo G, Iesce MR, Naviglio D, Ciaravolo M, Vitale E, Arena C. Comparative Studies on Different Citrus Cultivars: A Revaluation of Waste Mandarin Components. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E517. [PMID: 32545447 PMCID: PMC7346185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peel, pulp and seed extracts of three mandarin varieties, namely Phlegraean mandarin (Citrus reticulata), Kumquat (Citrus japonica), and Clementine (Citrus clementina) were compared and characterised in terms of photosynthetic pigment content, total polyphenols amount, antioxidant activity and vitamin C to assess the amount of functional compounds for each cultivar. The highest polyphenols content was found in the Phlegraean mandarin, especially in peel and seeds, whereas Kumquat exhibited the highest polyphenols amount in the pulp. The antioxidant activity was higher in the peel of Phlegraean mandarin and clementine compared to Kumquat, which showed the highest value in the pulp. The antioxidant activity peaked in the seeds of Phlegraean mandarin. The vitamin C in the Phlegraean mandarin was the highest in all parts of the fruit, especially in the seeds. Total chlorophyll content was comparable in the peel of different cultivars, in the pulp the highest amount was found in clementine, whereas kumquat seeds showed the greatest values. As regards total carotenoids, peel and pulp of clementine exhibited higher values than the other two cultivars, whereas the kumquat seeds were the richest in carotenoids. Among the analysed cultivars Phlegraean mandarin may be considered the most promising as a source of polyphenols and antioxidants, compared to the clementine and Kumquat, especially for the functional molecules found in the seeds. Moreover, regardless of cultivars this study also highlights important properties in the parts of the fruit generally considered wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costanzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Iesce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.R.I.); (D.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniele Naviglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.R.I.); (D.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Martina Ciaravolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.R.I.); (D.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Ermenegilda Vitale
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Carmen Arena
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (G.C.); (E.V.)
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41
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Han H, Song KB. Antioxidant activities of mandarin (
Citrus unshiu
) peel pectin films containing sage (
Salvia officinalis
) leaf extract. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee‐Seon Han
- Department of Food Science and Technology Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Kyung Bin Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Korea
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42
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Consumer Description by Check-All-That-Apply Questions (CATA) of the Sensory Profiles of Commercial and New Mandarins. Identification of Preference Patterns and Drivers of Liking. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040468. [PMID: 32283774 PMCID: PMC7230890 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the interest in developing new mandarin cultivars of superior quality has grown as a response to the increasing consumer demand of this appreciated fruit. This study evaluated the sensory profiles of five new late-season mandarin cultivars (‘Alborea‘, ’Coral‘, ’Omet‘, ’Matiz‘ and ’Tri-703‘) and six commercial cultivars found contemporarily in stores (‘Clemenules‘, ’Nova‘, ’Tango‘, ’Nadorcott‘, ‘Orri’ and ‘Ortanique’). The sensory profiles of the cultivars were described by consumers through CATA questions. Consumers’ acceptability and the main physico-chemical properties were also evaluated. Twenty-two out of 23 CATA terms differed significantly for the sensory profiles of the studied cultivars. The new cultivars shared a similar profile, described mainly as “very intense taste”, “refreshing taste”, “very aromatic” and “juicy”, and these characteristics were quite different from those of the commercial cultivars. By combining acceptability and CATA questions, drivers of liking for segments of consumers with different preference patterns were identified. This is the first time that the sensory profiles of mandarin cultivars have been described by consumers. A significant number of consumers preferred the new mandarin cultivars to the commercial ones, which allows them a promising introduction on the market.
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Hussain SB, Guo LX, Shi CY, Khan MA, Bai YX, Du W, Liu YZ. Assessment of sugar and sugar accumulation-related gene expression profiles reveal new insight into the formation of low sugar accumulation trait in a sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) bud mutant. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2781-2791. [PMID: 32212013 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of soluble sugars in fleshy fruits largely determines their sweetness or taste. A spontaneous sweet orange mutant 'Hong Anliu' (HAL, Citrus sinensis) accumulates low soluble sugar content in fruit juice sacs than its wild type, 'Anliu' (AL) orange; however, the cause of reduced sugar content in 'HAL' fruit remains unclear. In this study, sugar content and expression profiles of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport were compared between 'HAL' and 'AL' fruit juice sacs. In both cultivars, fructose and glucose displayed the increasing trends with significantly lower contents in 'HAL' than 'AL' after 160 DAF; moreover, sucrose had a declining trend in 'HAL' and increasing trend in 'AL' with fruit development. On the other hand, transcript levels of VINV, CWINV1, CWINV2, SUS4, SUS5, SPS1, SPS2, VPP-1, VPP-2, and some sugar transporter genes were significantly decreased in 'HAL' compared with 'AL' after 100 DAF or 160 DAF. Interestingly, the transcript levels of SPS2 and SUT2 exhibited a similar trend as it was found for sucrose content in both cultivars. These results suggested that the low sugar accumulation in 'HAL' fruit JS is accompanied by the reduced sink strength, sucrose-synthesis ability, and vacuolar storage ability compared with 'AL'; reduction of CWINVs, VINV, SPS2, SUT2, VPP-1, and VPP-2 transcript levels possibly plays a key role in the low storage of soluble sugars in the vacuoles of mutant juice sacs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Bilal Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Xia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Abbas Khan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Cass BN, Grafton-Cardwell EE, Rosenheim JA. Resistance of Fruits From a Mandarin Cultivar to Feeding by Fork-Tailed Bush Katydids. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2861-2871. [PMID: 31587058 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants use a variety of mechanisms to defend against herbivore damage, each with different consequences for agricultural production. Crops relying on tolerance strategies may need different pest management approaches versus those relying on resistance strategies. Previous work suggested that densities of fork-tailed bush katydids (Scudderia furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl [Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae]) that generated substantial scarring on cultivars of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis, (L.) Osbeck [Sapindales: Rutaceae]) produced only low levels of scarring on cultivars of Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarins. We used field experiments in representative cultivars of these species to test non-mutually exclusive hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying this observation: 1) katydids are averse to feeding on mandarin fruits, 2) damaged mandarin fruits preferentially abscise, 3) damaged mandarin fruit tissue recovers during development, and 4) katydid scars on mandarins have a different morphology that may result in misclassification. We found strong support for the first hypothesis, demonstrating that katydids reject opportunities to feed on C. reticulata fruit. Instead of chewing deep holes in the fruit, as was commonly observed for C. sinensis, the katydids only scratched the surface of the C. reticulata fruits. The hypotheses of preferential abscission of damaged fruits and of recovery of damaged tissue were not supported. The low incidence of damage to the mandarins prevented a comprehensive assessment of the scar morphology; however, at harvest, the superficial cuts in C. reticulata were not easily distinguishable from background damage. This indicates that in contrast to C. sinensis, C. reticulata has substantial natural resistance to fork-tailed bush katydids making them a non-pest in this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil N Cass
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA
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45
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Citrus Taste Modification Potentials by Genetic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246194. [PMID: 31817978 PMCID: PMC6940753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are mainly consumed as fresh fruit and processed juice products. They serve as nutritional and a tasty diet in our daily life. However, the formidable bitterness and delayed bitterness significantly impact the citrus industry attributable to the two major bitter compounds naringin and limonin. The extremely sour and acidic also negatively affects the sensory quality of citrus products. Citrus breeding programs have developed different strategies to improve citrus quality and a wealth of studies have aimed to uncover the genetic and biochemical basis of citrus flavor. In this minireview, we outline the major genes characterized to be involved in pathways shaping the sweet, bitter, or sour taste in citrus, and discuss briefly about the possible approaches to modify citrus taste by genetic engineering.
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46
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Sdiri S, Cuenca J, Navarro P, Salvador A, Bermejo A. New triploids late-maturing mandarins as a rich source of antioxidant compounds. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Simons T, McNeil C, Pham V, Slupsky C, Guinard J. Comparison of preference clustering outcomes from replicated consumer tests—A case study with mandarins. J SENS STUD 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Simons
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of California Davis California
| | - Christopher McNeil
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of California Davis California
| | - Vi Pham
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of California Davis California
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of California Davis California
| | - Jean‐Xavier Guinard
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyUniversity of California Davis California
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48
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Santos Dória M, Silva Guedes M, de Andrade Silva EM, Magalhães de Oliveira T, Pirovani CP, Kupper KC, Bastianel M, Micheli F. Comparative proteomics of two citrus varieties in response to infection by the fungus Alternaria alternata. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:410-423. [PMID: 31199975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria brown spot (ABS) is a disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria alternata, which induces necrotic lesions on fruits and young leaves due to the production of the host-specific ACT toxin by the fungus. To better understand the citrus-A. alternata interaction and to identify putative resistance proteins, as well as the receptor of the ACT toxin, citrus plants susceptible ('Minneola' mandarin) and resistant ('Clemenules' tangor) to A. alternata, infected or not (control) with the pathogen were analyzed by proteomics. Protein changes were observed between citrus genotypes after infection, and 150 candidate proteins were obtained. A general scheme of the metabolic processes involved in susceptible and resistant citrus-A. alternata interactions was designed. Susceptible plants presented a high level of proteins involved in stress response at the final stages of the infection, whereas resistant plants presented high level of ROS proteins, metabolic proteins, and proteins involved in the immune system process. Proteins like ferredoxin and cyclophilin are specific to the susceptible variety and may be good candidates as fungal effector-interacting proteins. This is the first citrus-A. alternata proteomics analysis, which has allowed a better understanding of the molecular bases of the citrus response to ABS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Santos Dória
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, Brazil
| | - Meg Silva Guedes
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, Brazil
| | - Katia Cristina Kupper
- Centro de Citricultura "Sylvio Moreira", Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), SP, Brazil
| | - Marinês Bastianel
- Centro de Citricultura "Sylvio Moreira", Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), SP, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
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Choi HY, Bang IH, Kang JH, Min SC. Development of a Microbial Decontamination System Combining Washing with Highly Activated Calcium Oxide Solution and Antimicrobial Coating for Improvement of Mandarin Storability. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2190-2198. [PMID: 31313308 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new microbial decontamination system combining washing with a natural antimicrobial solution and coating with a carnauba wax (CW)-based antimicrobial coating was developed and its effects on mandarin storability were investigated. Mandarins were washed with an antimicrobial solution and/or coated with grapefruit seed extract-CW (GSE/CW). Values for the disease incidence of Penicillium digitatum in untreated mandarins; mandarins coated with GSE/CW without washing; and mandarins coated with GSE/CW after washing with a fumaric acid (FA) solution of slightly acidic electrolyzed water, a highly activated calcium oxide (CaO) aqueous solution, or CaO solution followed by FA solution were 96.0, 70.0, 78.8, 50.0, and 72.2%, respectively. GSE/CW coating after CaO washing was most effective in inhibiting P. digitatum growth during storage at 25 °C. Compared to untreated samples, GSE/CW coating alone or after CaO washing retained CO2 generation, firmness, and total polyphenol content of mandarins at 25 °C. Such treatments also effectively maintained mandarin pH, ascorbic acid concentration, and antioxidant capacity at both 4 and 25 °C. Moreover, GSE/CW coating after CaO washing more effectively inhibited P. digitatum growth at 25 °C and maintained ascorbic acid concentration and antioxidant capacity at 4 and 25 °C than GSE/CW coating alone. The microbial decontamination system integrating CaO washing and GSE/CW coating demonstrates potential for improving mandarin storability by inhibiting P. digitatum growth and improving the preservation of quality properties and sensory characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This is the first study to develop a microbial decontamination system involving both washing with a natural antimicrobial solution and carnauba wax coating containing grapefruit seed extract to improve the storability of fruits. This system demonstrated a primary effect of inhibiting fungi that cause mandarin surface decay at 25 °C via the highly activated calcium oxide wash and secondary effects of delaying quality degradation and inhibiting fungal growth by the action of the antimicrobial coating. These effects led to improvements in mandarin storability, along with enhanced visual appeal while not affecting taste, flavor, or texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Choi
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's Univ., 621 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hee Bang
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's Univ., 621 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's Univ., 621 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Sea C Min
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's Univ., 621 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea
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50
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Hadimani L, Mittal N. Development of a computer vision system to estimate the colour indices of Kinnow mandarins. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:2305-2311. [PMID: 30996464 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Maturity of a citrus fruit is generally expressed by a numerical value called citrus colour index (CCI). The success of methods employed in estimating the maturity depends on the cultivar and climatic conditions of growing regions. In this work, an image processing based method using CIELAB color model has been developed to estimate the CCI of Kinnow mandarin fruits. A polynomial transformation based camera characterization method was employed to reduce the number of transformations required for RGB to L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ colour space transformation, which resulted into a colour difference of 2.191 with CIELAB Δ E ∗ 2000 colour difference formula. In order to analyse the performance of this method, linear regression and partial least square (PLS) models were built on a dataset of 271 Kinnow fruit images wherein spectrophotometer was used for the validation of computed CCI values. The proposed method achieved a high adjusted R 2 value of 0.9660 using PLS regression, which ascertain the feasibility of image processing based system in estimating the maturity of Kinnow fruits. Additionally, a correlation analysis between colour coordinates and physicochemical properties was conducted to analyze the relation between the fruit's external peel colour and its internal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingaraj Hadimani
- 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India.,Present Address: Department of Computational Instrumentation, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, 160030 India.,KLE Dr. M.S.Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi, 590008 India
| | - Neerja Mittal
- 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India.,Present Address: Department of Computational Instrumentation, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, 160030 India
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