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Kazemi A, Parvaresh H, Ghanatghestani MD, Ghasemi S. A study on source identification of contaminated soil with total petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatic and aliphatic) in the Ahvaz oil field. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:776. [PMID: 39095670 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The oil industry in Khuzestan province (Southwest Iran) is one of the main reasons contributing to the pollution of the environment in this area. TPH, including both aromatic and aliphatic compounds, are important parameters in creating pollution. The present study aimed to investigate the source of soil contamination by TPH in the Ahvaz oil field in 2022. The soil samples were collected from four oil centers (an oil exploitation unit, an oil desalination unit, an oil rig, and a pump oil center). An area outside the oil field was determined as a control area. Ten samples with three replicates were taken from each area according to the standard methods. Aromatic and aliphatic compounds were measured by HPLC and GC methods. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and isomeric ratios were used to determine the source apportionment of aromatic compounds in soil samples. The effects range low and effects range median indices were also used to assess the level of ecological risk of petroleum compounds in the soil samples. The results showed that Benzo.b.fluoranthene had the highest concentration with an average of 5667.7 ug/kg in soil samples in the Ahvaz oil field. The highest average was found in samples from the pump oil center area at 7329.48 ug/kg, while the lowest was found in control samples at 1919.4 ug/kg-1. The highest level of aliphatic components was also found in the pump oil center, with a total of 3649 (mg. Kg-1). The results of source apportionment of petroleum compounds in soil samples showed that oil activities accounted for 51.5% of the measured PAHs in soil. 38.3% of other measured compounds had anthropogenic origins, and only 10.1% of these compounds were of biotic origin. The results of the isomeric ratios also indicated the local petroleum and pyrogenic origin of PAH compounds, which is consistent with the PMF results. The analysis of ecological risk indices resulting from the release of PAHs in the environment showed that, except for fluoranthene, other PAHs in the oil exploitation unit area were above the effects range median level (ERM) and at high risk. The results of the study showed that soil pollution by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), both aromatic and aliphatic, is at a high level, and is mainly caused by human activities, particularly oil activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kazemi
- Department of Environmental Management, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hossein Parvaresh
- Department of Environmental Management, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | | | - Saber Ghasemi
- Department of Environmental Management, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Li Y, Wu M, Zhao T, Mou Z, Li T, Zhang J, Wu W, Wang F, Zhang W, Wang J, Li Y, Hui D, Lambers H, Peñuelas J, Sardans J, Liu Z. Responses of soil organic carbon compounds to phosphorus addition between tropical monoculture and multispecies forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174672. [PMID: 39002582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Tropical forests are sensitive to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability, and under nutrient application the variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) preserving mechanism remains to be explored. To reveal the forest-specific SOC preservation via biochemical selection in response to nutrient application, we investigated a monoculture (Acacia plantation) and a multispecies forest both with chronic fertilization in subtropical regions, and measured specific fingerprints of plant- and microbial-derived C compounds. In addition, to quantify the effect of P application on SOC content among tropical forests, we conducted a meta-analysis by compiling 125 paired measurements in field experiments from 62 studies. In our field experiment, microbial community composition and activity mediated forest-specific responses of SOC compounds to P addition. The shift of community composition from fungi towards Gram-positive bacteria in the Acacia plantation by P addition led to the consumption of microbial residual C (MRC) as C source; in comparison, P addition increased plant species with less complex lignin substrates and induced microbial acquisition for N sources, thus stimulated the decomposition of both plant- and microbial-derived C. Same with our field experiment, bulk SOC content had neutral response to P addition among tropical forests in the meta-analysis, although divergences could happen among experimental durations and secondary tree species. Close associations among SOC compounds with biotic origins and mineral associated organic C (MAOC) in the multispecies forest suggested contributions of both plant- and microbial-derive C to SOC stability. Regarding that fungal MRC closely associated with MAOC and consisted of soil N pool which tightly coupled to SOC pool, the reduce of fungal MRC by chronic P addition was detrimental to SOC accumulation and stability in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Mengyu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijian Mou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Tengteng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wenjia Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Faming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yingwen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plan-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia 08193, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia 08193, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Zhanfeng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Zhao X, Tian P, Zhang W, Wang Q, Guo P, Wang Q. Nitrogen deposition caused higher increases in plant-derived organic carbon than microbial-derived organic carbon in forest soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171752. [PMID: 38494032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Plant- and microbial-derived organic carbon, two components of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool in terrestrial ecosystems, are regulated by increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. However, the spatial patterns and driving factors of the responses of plant- and microbial-derived SOC to N deposition in forests are not clear, which hinders our understanding of SOC sequestration. In this study, we explored the spatial patterns of plant- and microbial-derived SOC, and their responses to N addition and elucidated their underlying mechanisms in forest soils receiving N addition at four sites with various soil and climate conditions. Plant- and microbial-derived SOC were quantified using lignin phenols and amino sugars, respectively. N addition increased the total microbial residues by 20.5% on average ranging from 9.4% to 34.0% in temperate forests but not in tropical forests, and the increase was mainly derived from fungal residues. Lignin phenols increased more in temperate forests (average of 63.8%) than in tropical forests (average of 15.7%) following N addition. The ratio of total amino sugars to lignin phenols was higher in temperate forests than in tropical forests and decreased with N addition in temperate forests. N addition mainly regulated soil microbial residues by affecting pH, SOC, exchangeable Ca2+, gram-negative bacteria biomass, and the C:N ratio, while it mainly had indirect effects on lignin phenols by altering SOC, soil C:N ratio, and gram-negative bacteria biomass. Overall, our findings suggested that N deposition caused a greater increase in plant-derived SOC than in microbial-derived SOC and that plant-derived SOC would have a more important role in sequestering SOC under increasing N deposition in forest ecosystems, particularly in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qinggui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hebei College of Industry and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Qingkui Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Silviculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Castañeda-Gómez L, Lajtha K, Bowden R, Mohammed Jauhar FN, Jia J, Feng X, Simpson MJ. Soil organic matter molecular composition with long-term detrital alterations is controlled by site-specific forest properties. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:243-259. [PMID: 36169977 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems are important global soil carbon (C) reservoirs, but their capacity to sequester C is susceptible to climate change factors that alter the quantity and quality of C inputs. To better understand forest soil C responses to altered C inputs, we integrated three molecular composition published data sets of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil microbial communities for mineral soils after 20 years of detrital input and removal treatments in two deciduous forests: Bousson Forest (BF), Harvard Forest (HF), and a coniferous forest: H.J. Andrews Forest (HJA). Soil C turnover times were estimated from radiocarbon measurements and compared with the molecular-level data (based on nuclear magnetic resonance and specific analysis of plant- and microbial-derived compounds) to better understand how ecosystem properties control soil C biogeochemistry and dynamics. Doubled aboveground litter additions did not increase soil C for any of the forests studied likely due to long-term soil priming. The degree of SOM decomposition was higher for bacteria-dominated sites with higher nitrogen (N) availability while lower for the N-poor coniferous forest. Litter exclusions significantly decreased soil C, increased SOM decomposition state, and led to the adaptation of the microbial communities to changes in available substrates. Finally, although aboveground litter determined soil C dynamics and its molecular composition in the coniferous forest (HJA), belowground litter appeared to be more influential in broadleaf deciduous forests (BH and HF). This synthesis demonstrates that inherent ecosystem properties regulate how soil C dynamics change with litter manipulations at the molecular-level. Across the forests studied, 20 years of litter additions did not enhance soil C content, whereas litter reductions negatively impacted soil C concentrations. These results indicate that soil C biogeochemistry at these temperate forests is highly sensitive to changes in litter deposition, which are a product of environmental change drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castañeda-Gómez
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Lajtha
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard Bowden
- Department of Environmental Science and Sustainability, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Juan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang Z, Kaye JP, Bradley BA, Amsili JP, Suseela V. Cover crop functional types differentially alter the content and composition of soil organic carbon in particulate and mineral-associated fractions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5831-5848. [PMID: 35713156 PMCID: PMC9545985 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cover crops (CCs) can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration by providing additional OC residues, recruiting beneficial soil microbiota, and improving soil aggregation and structure. The various CC species that belong to distinct plant functional types (PFTs) may differentially impact SOC formation and stabilization. Biogeochemical theory suggests that selection of PFTs with distinct litter quality (C:N ratio) should influence the pathways and magnitude of SOC sequestration. Yet, we lack knowledge on the effect of CCs from different PFTs on the quantity and composition of physiochemical pools of SOC. We sampled soils under monocultures of three CC PFTs (legume [crimson clover]; grass [triticale]; and brassica [canola]) and a mixture of these three species, from a long-term CC experiment in Pennsylvania, USA. We measured C content in bulk soil and C content and composition in contrasting physical fractions: particulate organic matter, POM; and mineral-associated organic matter, MAOM. The bulk SOC content was higher in all CC treatments compared to the fallow. Compared to the legume, monocultures of grass and brassica with lower litter quality (wider C:N) had higher proportion of plant-derived C in POM, indicating selective preservation of complex structural plant compounds. In contrast, soils under legumes had greater accumulation of microbial-derived C in MAOM. Our results for the first time, revealed that the mixture contributed to a higher concentration of plant-derived compounds in POM relative to the legume, and a greater accumulation of microbial-derived C in MAOM compared to monocultures of grass and brassica. Mixtures with all three PFTs can thus increase the short- and long-term SOC persistence balancing the contrasting effects on the chemistries in POM and MAOM imposed by monoculture CC PFTs. Thus, despite different cumulative C inputs in CC treatments from different PFTs, the total SOC stocks did not vary between CC PFTs, rather PFTs impacted whether C accumulated in POM or MAOM fractions. This highlights that CCs of different PFTs may shift the dominant SOC formation pathways (POM vs. MAOM), subsequently impacting short- and long-term SOC stabilization and stocks. Our work provides a strong applied field test of biogeochemical theory linking litter quality to pathways of C accrual in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Zhang
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and EnvironmentUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Jason P. Kaye
- Department of Ecosystem Science & ManagementPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brosi A. Bradley
- Department of Ecosystem Science & ManagementPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Joseph P. Amsili
- Department of Ecosystem Science & ManagementPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth CarolinaUSA
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Sun G, Cao C, Wang M, Li H, Wang Y, Deng G, Wang J. Organic matter biomarker and 13C NMR characteristics of soil and sediment standard reference materials from China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155661. [PMID: 35525351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil and sediment organic matter (OM) in terrestrial environments represent two critical organic carbon pools on Earth and are likely subject to distinct degrees of oxidation and modification. However, few studies have identified critical molecular-level characteristics that differentiate soil and sediment OM from various climate zones. Using biomarkers and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses, we studied the OM characteristics of 11 soil and 7 sediment standard reference materials (SRMs) originating from various geographical locations in China. Results showed significantly higher concentrations of lignin phenols in sediment OM than in soil OM, which may result from protection by higher contents of CaO and less microbial degradation in sediments. Nevertheless, the relative abundances of solvent-extractable lipids (alkanes, alkanols, and alkanoic acids) and ester-bound cutin and suberin biomarkers did not differ significantly between soil and sediment SRMs. The concentrations of lignin biomarkers decreased with increasing weathering degree of the soil, while cutin biomarkers increased with mean annual temperature and precipitation. This phenomenon was not observed in sediment SRMs. This study reveals the distinct OM characteristics between Chinese soil and sediment SRMs and provides fundamental data for future studies to link OM characteristics and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chun Cao
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huishan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guisen Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Zhu X, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Peñuelas J, Sardans J, Lambers H, Li N, Liu Q, Yin H, Liu Z. More soil organic carbon is sequestered through the mycelium pathway than through the root pathway under nitrogen enrichment in an alpine forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4947-4961. [PMID: 35582981 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots and associated mycorrhizae exert a large influence on soil carbon (C) cycling. Yet, little was known whether and how roots and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) extraradical mycelia differentially contribute to soil organic C (SOC) accumulation in alpine forests under increasing nitrogen (N) deposition. Using ingrowth cores, the relative contributions of the root pathway (RP; i.e., roots and rhizosphere processes) and mycelium pathway (MP; i.e., extraradical mycelia and hyphosphere processes) to SOC accumulation were distinguished and quantified in an ECM-dominated forest receiving chronic N addition (25 kg N ha-1 year-1 ). Under the non-N addition, the RP facilitated SOC accumulation, although the MP reduced SOC accumulation. Nitrogen addition enhanced the positive effect of RP on SOC accumulation from +18.02 to +20.55 mg C g-1 but counteracted the negative effect of MP on SOC accumulation from -5.62 to -0.57 mg C g-1 , compared with the non-N addition. Compared with the non-N addition, the N-induced SOC accumulation was 1.62-2.21 and 3.23-4.74 mg C g-1 , in the RP and the MP, respectively. The greater contribution of MP to SOC accumulation was mainly attributed to the higher microbial C pump (MCP) efficacy (the proportion of increased microbial residual C to the increased SOC under N addition) in the MP (72.5%) relative to the RP (57%). The higher MCP efficacy in the MP was mainly associated with the higher fungal metabolic activity (i.e., the greater fungal biomass and N-acetyl glucosidase activity) and greater binding efficiency of fungal residual C to mineral surfaces than those of RP. Collectively, our findings highlight the indispensable role of mycelia and hyphosphere processes in the formation and accumulation of stable SOC in the context of increasing N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziliang Zhang
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Qitong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Na Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Huajun Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems & CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Saccharides as Particulate Matter Tracers of Biomass Burning: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074387. [PMID: 35410070 PMCID: PMC8998709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on health and ecosystems, as well as on meteorology and climate change, are well known to the scientific community. It is therefore undeniable that a good understanding of the sources of PM is crucial for effective control of emissions and to protect public health. One of the major contributions to atmospheric PM is biomass burning, a practice used both in agriculture and home heating, which can be traced and identified by analyzing sugars emitted from the combustion of cellulose and hemicellulose that make up biomass. In this review comparing almost 200 selected articles, we highlight the most recent studies that broaden such category of tracers, covering research publications on residential wood combustions, open-fire or combustion chamber burnings and ambient PM in different regions of Asia, America and Europe. The purpose of the present work is to collect data in the literature that indicate a direct correspondence between biomass burning and saccharides emitted into the atmosphere with regard to distinguishing common sugars attributed to biomass burning from those that have co-causes of issue. In this paper, we provide a list of 24 compounds, including those most commonly recognized as biomass burning tracers (i.e., levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), from which it emerges that monosaccharide anhydrides, sugar alcohols and primary sugars have been widely reported as organic tracers for biomass combustion, although it has also been shown that emissions of these compounds depend not only on combustion characteristics and equipment but also on fuel type, combustion quality and weather conditions. Although it appears that it is currently not possible to define a single compound as a universal indicator of biomass combustion, this review provides a valuable tool for the collection of information in the literature and identifies analytes that can lead to the determination of patterns for the distribution between PM generated by biomass combustion.
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The Biological Origins of Soil Organic Matter in Different Land-Uses in the Highlands of Ethiopia. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the Ethiopian highlands, clearance of Afromontane dry forest and conversion to crop and grazing land lead to land degradation and loss of soil organic matter (SOM). Eucalyptus is often grown on degraded soils, and this results in the partial recovery of soil carbon stocks. The aim of this work was to assess the biological sources of SOM in this land-use sequence. In top-soils (0–10 cm) of four land-use systems, namely remnant natural forest, eucalyptus plantation, cropland, and grazing land, in the Ethiopian highlands, the origin of SOM was investigated. For this, a sequential extraction method was used, involving a solvent extraction, base hydrolysis, and a subsequent CuO oxidation. In these extracts, biomarkers (molecular proxies) were identified to characterize the SOM of the soil of the four land-uses. Putative lipid monomers of leaf, root, and microbial degradation products suggest that root inputs and microbial inputs dominate in SOM of all the land-uses, except grazing land. The ratios of syringyls, vanillyls, and cinnamyls showed that non-woody angiosperm plants were the predominant source for lignin in eucalyptus, cropland, and grazing land soil. In the soils of the natural forest, lignin originates from both woody angiosperms and woody gymnosperms. Our study shows the importance of root and microbial inputs in the formation of SOM, but also that, in the natural forest, legacies of previous forest cover are present.
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Marynowski L, Simoneit BRT. Saccharides in atmospheric particulate and sedimentary organic matter: Status overview and future perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132376. [PMID: 34600018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saccharides are omnipresent compounds in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Since the 2000s, their role in environmental and geochemical studies has significantly increased, but only anhydrosaccharides (mainly levoglucosan) have been reviewed. Here we present the wider knowledge about saccharides in organic matter of aerosols, bottom sediments, soils, dust, and sedimentary rocks. The main purpose here is to characterize the possible sources of saccharides, as well as sacharol formation, seasonal variability, and the possible applications in environmental and paleoenvironmental interpretations. Different saccharide sources were designated, including biomass burning, and particulate matter such as pollen, spores, lichen, and fungi, as well as polysaccharide decomposition as possible inputs of monosaccharides. The main focus was on the most common saccharides encountered in environmental samples and sedimentary rocks. These are the mono- and disaccharides glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose, and sacharols arabitol and mannitol. The anhydrosaccharides levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan were evaluated as ancient wildfire indicators and industrialization tracers found in lacustrine sediments starting from Pleistocene to contemporary deposits. However, other anhydrosaccharides like xylosan and arabinosan were also found as products of fossil wood burning. These anhydrosaccharides have the potential to be further tracers of hemicellulose burning. Additional recommendations are proposed for future research, including environmental and paleoenvironmental topics that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Marynowski
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul., Będzińska 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Bernd R T Simoneit
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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11
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Chen S, Ding Y, Xia X, Feng X, Liu X, Zheng J, Drosos M, Cheng K, Bian R, Zhang X, Li L, Pan G. Amendment of straw biochar increased molecular diversity and enhanced preservation of plant derived organic matter in extracted fractions of a rice paddy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 285:112104. [PMID: 33609976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While biochar enhanced carbon sequestration and stability of soil organic matter (SOM), changes in organic molecular composition in biochar-amended soils had been poorly addressed. In this study, molecular composition changes of a paddy topsoil 2 years following amendments at 10 t ha-1 OC equivalent with untreated (CS), manured (CM) and charred (CB) maize straw were compared to no amendment (CK). Topsoil SOM was sequentially extracted with ultrapure water (UWE), solvent (TSE), base hydrolysis (BHY) and CuO oxidation (CUO) and molecular compounds in these extracted fractions were detected quantitatively by GC/MS. Compared to CK, SOC content was increased respectively by 12% under CS and CM, and by 36% under CB. Fraction abundance both of UWE and CUO was increased but that of TSE unchanged under CS and CM, while that of BHY unchanged under CS but increased by > 60% under CM and CB, respectively. Under CB relative to CS and CM, abundance of TSE and BHY fractions was greatly increased but that of UWE and CUO unchanged. Specifically, abundances of water-soluble monosaccharides, low molecular weight organic acids and lignin-derived phenols, especially cinnamyl-based monomers, were all enhanced under CS, but abundances of n-alkanols, fatty acids in free lipids and di-acids and hydroxyl fatty acids in bound lipids were decreased under both CS and CM. In contrast, CB amendment increased abundances of n-alkanols, alkanes and sterols in free lipids while enhanced molecular and functional group diversity of UWE and TSE fractions. Overall, short-term crop residue amendment altered the abundance and molecular diversity of OM mainly associated with short-lived UWE and labile TSE fractions and biochar enhanced preservation of plant derived molecules mainly in lipids. Thus, returning crop residue as biochar could be a sustainable approach to enhance not only SOM pool but molecular diversity also in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuotong Chen
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanjun Ding
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jufeng Zheng
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Marios Drosos
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Rongjun Bian
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Lianqing Li
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Genxing Pan
- Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Soil Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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12
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Gao Q, Ma L, Fang Y, Zhang A, Li G, Wang J, Wu D, Wu W, Du Z. Conservation tillage for 17 years alters the molecular composition of organic matter in soil profile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143116. [PMID: 33158522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conservation tillage is considered as a potential measure to mitigate climate change by sequestering soil organic matter (SOM), however its stabilization mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we revealed the molecular composition of SOM in soil profile (~50 cm depth) from a 17-yr tillage experiment in North China. The soils were collected from 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-50 cm layers under conventional tillage (CT), and conservation tillage such as rotary tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT). The sequential solvent extraction and CuO oxidation methods were used to quantify free lipids and lignin-derived phenols. The results showed that NT (cf. CT) increased labile compounds (i.e., carbohydrates) and plant-derived SOM (i.e., long-chain (≥C20) aliphatic lipids and steroids) in the 0-10 and 30-50 cm layers. The RT (cf. CT) increased the total free lipids by 72-133% in the sublayers (>10 cm). The RT (cf. CT and NT) resulted in higher preservation of plant-derived (≥C20 aliphatic lipids and steroids) and microbial-derived compounds (<C20 aliphatic lipids and trehalose) SOM in deep soils (i.e., ≥10 cm). Conservation tillage suppressed lignin degradation, as reflected by 32-137% higher total lignin-derived phenols under RT and NT than CT in the 0-10 and 30-50 cm layers. The NMR revealed higher aliphatic to aromatic C ratio under NT and RT in the whole soil profile, suggesting more aliphatic lipids accumulated. Conservation tillage increased SOC stocks by 10-14% in 0-10 cm layer but not in deeper profiles. These results suggest that conservation tillage have increased plant-derived lipids and lignin accumulation. Our study highlights that conservation tillage (particularly the RT) after 17 years alters SOM molecular compositions and degradation processes in the soil profile. These findings have implications for improving our understanding of C stabilization mechanisms in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Gao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lixiao Ma
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunying Fang
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guichun Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhangliu Du
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Jia J, Cao Z, Liu C, Zhang Z, Lin L, Wang Y, Haghipour N, Wacker L, Bao H, Dittmar T, Simpson MJ, Yang H, Crowther TW, Eglinton TI, He JS, Feng X. Climate warming alters subsoil but not topsoil carbon dynamics in alpine grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:4383-4393. [PMID: 31479577 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Subsoil contains more than half of soil organic carbon (SOC) globally and is conventionally assumed to be relatively unresponsive to warming compared to the topsoil. Here, we show substantial changes in carbon allocation and dynamics of the subsoil but not topsoil in the Qinghai-Tibetan alpine grasslands over 5 years of warming. Specifically, warming enhanced the accumulation of newly synthesized (14 C-enriched) carbon in the subsoil slow-cycling pool (silt-clay fraction) but promoted the decomposition of plant-derived lignin in the fast-cycling pool (macroaggregates). These changes mirrored an accumulation of lipids and sugars at the expense of lignin in the warmed bulk subsoil, likely associated with shortened soil freezing period and a deepening root system. As warming is accompanied by deepening roots in a wide range of ecosystems, root-driven accrual of slow-cycling pool may represent an important and overlooked mechanism for a potential long-term carbon sink at depth. Moreover, given the contrasting sensitivity of SOC dynamics at varied depths, warming studies focusing only on surface soils may vastly misrepresent shifts in ecosystem carbon storage under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hongyan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Thorston Dittmar
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Jin-Sheng He
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Chaves Torres L, Kaur G, Melbourne LA, Pancost RD. Selective chemical degradation of silica sinters of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (New Zealand). Implications for early Earth and Astrobiology. GEOBIOLOGY 2019; 17:449-464. [PMID: 31020785 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most organic matter (OM) on Earth occurs as kerogen-like materials, that is naturally formed macromolecules insoluble with standard organic solvents. The formation of this insoluble organic matter (IOM) is a topic of much interest, especially when it limits the detection of compounds of geomicrobiological interest. For example, studies that search for biomarker evidence of life on early Earth or other planets usually use solvent-based extractions. This leaves behind a pool of OM as unexplored post-extraction residues, potentially containing diagnostic biomarkers. Since the IOM has an enhanced potential for preservation compared to soluble OM, analysing IOM-released biomarkers can also provide even deeper insights into the ecology of ancient settings, with implications for early Earth and Astrobiology investigations. Here, we analyse the prokaryotic lipid biosignature within soluble and IOM of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) silica sinters, which are key analogues in the search for life. We apply sequential solvent extractions and a selective chemical degradation upon the post-solvent extraction residue. Moreover, we compare the IOM from TVZ sinters to analogous studies on peat and marine sediments to assess patterns in OM insolubilisation across the geosphere. Consistent with previous work, we find significant but variable proportions-1%-45% of the total prokaryotic lipids recovered-associated with IOM fractions. This occurs even in recently formed silica sinters, likely indicating inherent cell insolubility. Moreover, archaeal lipids seem more prone to insolubilisation as compared to the bacterial analogues, which might enhance their preservation and also bias overall biomarkers interpretation. These observations are similar to those observed in other settings, confirming that even in a setting where the OM derives predominantly from prokaryotic sources, patterns of IOM formation/occurrence are conserved. Differences with other settings, however, such as the occurrence of archaeol in IOM fractions, could be indicative of different mechanisms for IOM formation that merit further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Chaves Torres
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Leanne A Melbourne
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard D Pancost
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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15
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Wang JJ, Pisani O, Lin LH, Lun OOY, Bowden RD, Lajtha K, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Long-term litter manipulation alters soil organic matter turnover in a temperate deciduous forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:865-875. [PMID: 28711848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding soil organic matter (OM) biogeochemistry at the molecular-level is essential for assessing potential impacts from management practices and climate change on shifts in soil carbon storage. Biomarker analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used in an ongoing detrital input and removal treatment experiment in a temperate deciduous forest in Pennsylvania, USA, to examine how above- and below-ground plant inputs control soil OM quantity and quality at the molecular-level. From plant material to surface soils, the free acyclic lipids and cutin, suberin, and lignin biomarkers were preferentially retained over free sugars and free cyclic lipids. After 20years of above-ground litter addition (Double Litter) or exclusion (No Litter) treatments, soil OM composition was relatively more degraded, as revealed by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Under Doubled Litter inputs, soil carbon and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations were unchanged, suggesting that the current OM degradation status is a reflection of microbial-mediated degradation that occurred prior to the 20-year sampling campaign. Soil OM degradation was higher in the No Litter treatments, likely due to the decline in fresh, above-ground litter inputs over time. Furthermore, root and root and litter exclusion treatments (No Roots and No Inputs, respectively) both significantly reduced free sugars and PLFAs and increased preservation of suberin-derived compounds. PLFA stress ratios and the low N-acetyl resonances from diffusion edited 1H NMR also indicate substrate limitations and reduced microbial biomass with these treatments. Overall, we highlight that storage of soil carbon and its biochemical composition do not linearly increase with plant inputs because the microbial processing of soil OM is also likely altered in the studied forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jian Wang
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Oliva Pisani
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Lisa H Lin
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Olivia O Y Lun
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Richard D Bowden
- Department of Environmental Science, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16335, USA
| | - Kate Lajtha
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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16
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Tamura M, Suseela V, Simpson M, Powell B, Tharayil N. Plant litter chemistry alters the content and composition of organic carbon associated with soil mineral and aggregate fractions in invaded ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4002-4018. [PMID: 28480539 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Through the input of disproportionate quantities of chemically distinct litter, invasive plants may potentially influence the fate of organic matter associated with soil mineral and aggregate fractions in some of the ecosystems they invade. Although context dependent, these native ecosystems subjected to prolonged invasion by exotic plants may be instrumental in distinguishing the role of plant-microbe-mineral interactions from the broader edaphic and climatic influences on the formation of soil organic matter (SOM). We hypothesized that the soils subjected to prolonged invasion by an exotic plant that input recalcitrant litter (Japanese knotweed, Polygonum cuspidatum) would have a greater proportion of plant-derived carbon (C) in the aggregate fractions, as compared with that in adjacent soil inhabited by native vegetation that input labile litter, whereas the soils under an invader that input labile litter (kudzu, Pueraria lobata) would have a greater proportion of microbial-derived C in the silt-clay fraction, as compared with that in adjacent soils that receive recalcitrant litter. At the knotweed site, the higher C content in soils under P. cuspidatum, compared with noninvaded soils inhabited by grasses and forbs, was limited to the macroaggregate fraction, which was abundant in plant biomarkers. The noninvaded soils at this site had a higher abundance of lignins in mineral and microaggregate fractions and suberin in the macroaggregate fraction, partly because of the greater root density of the native species, which might have had an overriding influence on the chemistry of the above-ground litter input. At the kudzu site, soils under P. lobata had lower C content across all size fractions at a 0-5 cm soil depth despite receiving similar amounts of Pinus litter. Contrary to our prediction, the noninvaded soils receiving recalcitrant Pinus litter had a similar abundance of plant biomarkers across both mineral and aggregate fractions, potentially because of the higher surface area of soil minerals at this site. The plant biomarkers were lower in the aggregate fractions of the P. lobata-invaded soils, compared with noninvaded pine stands, potentially suggesting a microbial co-metabolism of pine-derived compounds. These results highlight the complex interactions among litter chemistry, soil biota, and minerals in mediating soil C storage in unmanaged ecosystems; these interactions are particularly important under global changes that may alter plant species composition and hence the quantity and chemistry of litter inputs in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioko Tamura
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Vidya Suseela
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Myrna Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Powell
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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17
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Li F, Pan B, Liang N, Chang Z, Zhou Y, Wang L, Li H, Xing B. Reactive mineral removal relative to soil organic matter heterogeneity and implications for organic contaminant sorption. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:49-56. [PMID: 28454021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) is generally treated as a static compartment of soil in pollutant fate studies. However, SOM might be altered or fractionated in soil systems, and the details of SOM property/composition changes when coupled with contaminant behavior are unknown. In this study, a mild acid treatment was adopted to remove reactive minerals and partially remove SOM components. After acid treatment, biomarker signatures showed that lignin-derived phenols were released and black carbon (as suggested by benzene-polycarboxylic acids) and lipids were enriched. The biomarker information was consistent with common bulk chemical characterization. The sorption coefficient Kd for PHE was two times higher after acid treatment, whereas Kd for OFL was three times lower. The organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient KOC values for PHE were higher for soils after acid treatment, indicating stronger interactions between PHE and SOM. The linear regression line between Kd and fOC for OFL showed lower intercepts and slopes after reactive mineral removal, suggesting a decreased contribution of minerals and reduced dependence on SOM. These results were attributed to the release of polar compositions in SOM accompanied by reactive mineral removal. Our results suggest that the mobility of ionic organic contaminants increases, whereas that of hydrophobic organic contaminants decreases after acid treatment with respect to reactive mineral depletion. This study emphasized that new insights into the coupling of SOM dynamics should be incorporated into organic contaminant behavior studies. SOM molecular biomarkers offer a useful technique for correlating SOM composition and sorption property changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Ni Liang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhaofeng Chang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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18
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Pisani O, Haddix ML, Conant RT, Paul EA, Simpson MJ. Molecular composition of soil organic matter with land-use change along a bi-continental mean annual temperature gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:470-480. [PMID: 27572539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) is critical for maintaining soil fertility and long-term agricultural sustainability. The molecular composition of SOM is likely altered due to global climate and land-use change; but rarely are these two aspects studied in tandem. Here we used molecular-level techniques to examine SOM composition along a bi-continental (from North to South America) mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient from seven native grassland/forest and cultivated/pasture sites. Biomarker methods included solvent extraction, base hydrolysis and cupric (II) oxide oxidation for the analysis of free lipids of plant and microbial origin, ester-bound lipids from cutin and suberin, and lignin-derived phenols, respectively. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to examine the overall composition of SOM. Soil cultivation was found to increase the amount of microbial-derived compounds at warmer temperatures (up to 17% increase). The cultivated soils were characterized by much lower contributions of plant-derived SOM components compared to the native soils (up to 64% lower at the coldest site). In addition, cultivation caused an increase in lignin and cutin degradation (up to 68 and 15% increase, respectively), and an increase in the amount of suberin-derived inputs (up to 54% increase). Clear differences in the molecular composition of SOM due to soil cultivation were observed in soils of varying mineral composition and were attributed to disturbance, different vegetation inputs, soil aggregate destruction and MAT. A high organic allophanic tropical soil was characterized by its protection of carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds. The conversion of native to cultivated land shows significant shifts in the degradation stage of SOM. In particular, cutin-derived compounds which are believed to be part of the stable SOM pool may undergo enhanced degradation with long-term cultivation and disruption of soil aggregates. On a per year basis, the total amount of cutin decreased only at the two forest sites that were converted to pasture, likely due to cutin degradation or to changes in vegetation and litter quality associated with land-use change. Overall, our study highlights that the implementation of different agricultural management practices enhances the degradation of recalcitrant SOM compounds that may become a source of atmospheric CO2 with increasing land-use and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliva Pisani
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Michelle L Haddix
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Richard T Conant
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Eldor A Paul
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Organic matter source and degradation as revealed by molecular biomarkers in agricultural soils of Yuanyang terrace. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11074. [PMID: 26046574 PMCID: PMC4457134 DOI: 10.1038/srep11074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three soils with different tillage activities were collected and compared for their organic matter sources and degradation. Two soils (TD and TP) with human activities showed more diverse of chemicals in both free lipids and CuO oxidation products than the one (NS) without human activities. Branched alkanoic acids only accounted for less than 5% of lipids, indicating limited microbial inputs in all three investigated soils. The degradation of lignin in NS and TD was relatively higher than TP, probably because of the chemical degradation, most likely UV light-involved photodegradation. Lignin parameters obtained from CuO oxidation products confirmed that woody gymnosperm tissue (such as pine trees) may be the main source for NS, while angiosperm tissues from vascular plant may be the predominant source for the lignins in TD and TP. Analysis of BPCAs illustrated that BC in NS may be mainly originated from soot or other fossil carbon sources, whereas BC in TD and TP may be produced during corn stalk and straw burning. BC was involved in mineral interactions for TD and TP. The dynamics of organic matter needs to be extensively examined for their nonideal interactions with contaminants.
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Spence A, Hanson RE, Johnson T, Robinson C, Annells RN. Biochemical characteristics of organic matter in a guano concretion of late miocene or pliocene age from manchester parish in Jamaica. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2013; 8:41-52. [PMID: 23843688 PMCID: PMC3700943 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The biogeochemical fate of organic matter (OM) entering soils is an important issue that must be examined to better understand its roles in nitrogen cycling and as a natural modulator of soil-atmospheric carbon fluxes. Despite these critical roles, there are uncertainties in estimating the contribution of this feedback mechanism due in part to a lack of molecular-level information regarding the origin and labile and refractory inventories of OM in soils. In this study, we used a multi-analytical approach to determine molecular-level information for the occurrence and stabilization of OM in a bird guano concretion of the Late Miocene or Pliocene age in Jamaica. We determined the specific organic structures persisting in the concretion and the possible contribution of fossil organic matter to the OM pool in modern environments. Our results indicate that aliphatic species, presumably of a highly polymethylenic nature [(CH2)n], may significantly contribute to the stable soil-C pool. Although not as significant, proteins and carbohydrates were also enriched in the sample, further suggesting that fossil organic matter may contribute to carbon and nitrogen pools in present day soil organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Spence
- International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Dodla SK, Wang JJ, Delaune RD. Characterization of labile organic carbon in coastal wetland soils of the Mississippi River deltaic plain: relationships to carbon functionalities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 435-436:151-158. [PMID: 22850399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adequate characterization of labile organic carbon (LOC) is essential to the understanding of C cycling in soil. There has been very little evaluation about the nature of LOC characterizations in coastal wetlands, where soils are constantly influenced by different redox fluctuations and salt water intrusions. In this study, we characterized and compared LOC fractions in coastal wetland soils of the Mississippi River deltaic plain using four different methods including 1) aerobically mineralizable C (AMC), 2) cold water extractable C (CWEC), 3) hot water extractable C (HWEC), and 4) salt extractable C (SEC), as well as acid hydrolysable C (AHC) which includes both labile and slowly degradable organic C. Molecular organic C functional groups of these wetland soils were characterized by (13)C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The LOC and AHC increased with soil organic C (SOC) regardless of wetland soil type. The LOC estimates by four different methods were positively and significantly linearly related to each other (R(2)=0.62-0.84) and with AHC (R(2)=0.47-0.71). The various LOC fractions accounted for ≤4.3% of SOC whereas AHC fraction represented 16-49% of SOC. AMC was influenced positively by O/N-alkyl and carboxyl C but negatively by alkyl C, whereas CWEC and SEC fractions were influenced only positively by carboxyl C but negatively by alkyl C in SOC. On the other hand, HWEC fraction was found to be only influenced positively by carbonyl C, and AHC positively by O/N-alkyl and alkyl C but negatively by aromatic C groups in SOC. Overall these relations suggested different contributions of various molecular organic C moieties to LOC in these wetlands from those often found for upland soils. The presence of more than 50% non-acid hydrolysable C suggested the dominance of relatively stable SOC pool that would be sequestered in these Mississippi River deltaic plain coastal wetland soils. The results have important implications to the understanding of the liability and refractory character of SOC in these wetlands as recent studies suggest marsh SOC to be an important C source in fueling hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam K Dodla
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. The chemical ecology of soil organic matter molecular constituents. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:768-84. [PMID: 22549555 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (OM) contains vast stores of carbon, and directly supports microbial, plant, and animal life by retaining essential nutrients and water in the soil. Soil OM plays important roles in biological, chemical, and physical processes within the soil, and arguably plays a major role in maintaining long-term ecological stability in a changing world. Despite its importance, there is a great deal still unknown about soil OM chemical ecology. The development of sophisticated analytical methods have reshaped our understanding of soil OM composition, which is now believed to be comprised of plant and microbial products at various stages of decomposition. The methods also have recently been applied to study environmental change in various settings and have provided unique insight with respect to soil OM chemical ecology. The goal of this review is to highlight the methods used to characterize soil OM structure, source, and degradation that have enabled precise observations of OM and associated ecological shifts. Although the chemistry of soil OM is important in its overall fate in ecosystems, the studies conducted to date suggest that ecological function is not defined by soil OM chemistry alone. The long-standing questions regarding soil OM stability and recalcitrance will likely be answered when several molecular methods are used in tandem to closely examine structure, source, age, degradation stage, and interactions of specific OM components in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Marin-Spiotta E, Chadwick OA, Kramer M, Carbone MS. Carbon delivery to deep mineral horizons in Hawaiian rain forest soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Feng X, Simpson MJ. Molecular-level methods for monitoring soil organic matter responses to global climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1246-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00752h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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