1
|
Aljawish A, Souton E, Dahbi L, Severin I. Chemical and toxicological characterization of food contact recycled paperboard extracts. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39102379 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2387201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Food contact paperboard poses a potential risk of food contamination due to the possible release of chemicals (intentionally added or not), particularly in recycled paperboard. Water extractions were performed, according to wet food procedures, of paperboard samples collected from a manufacturer at the beginning and the end of a recycling production chain. Chemical analysis and hormonal activities in vitro of water extracts were studied. ICP-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 15 trace elements with lower concentrations after the recycling process, with the exception of chlorine. The chromatographic analyses demonstrated that the identified substances in the starting paperboard, before the recycling process, were approximately twice as high as in the end paperboard, after the recycling process. These substances included also natural wood products, chemical additives, and undesirable substances such as phthalates. Two major products (3,5-di-tert-butylphenol and methyl-2-pyrrolidone) were found in the starting and the end paperboard extracts, respectively. Two common substances were identified in both extracts: 2,4-di-tert-buthylphenol and dehydroabietic acid. Evaluation of potential endocrine disruption showed that the starting paperboard extract exhibited oestrogenic and antiandrogenic effects, while these effects nearly disappeared in the end paperboard extract. These results confirmed that the recycling process was effective in removing most of the contaminant substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Aljawish
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), UMR SayFood, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bridson JH, Masterton H, Theobald B, Risani R, Doake F, Wallbank JA, Maday SDM, Lear G, Abbel R, Smith DA, Kingsbury JM, Pantos O, Northcott GL, Gaw S. Leaching and transformation of chemical additives from weathered plastic deployed in the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115810. [PMID: 38006872 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution causes detrimental environmental impacts, which are increasingly attributed to chemical additives. However, the behaviour of plastic additives in the marine environment is poorly understood. We used a marine deployment experiment to examine the impact of weathering on the extractables profile, analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, of four plastics at two locations over nine months in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The concentration of additives in polyethylene and oxo-degradable polyethylene were strongly influenced by artificial weathering, with deployment location and time less influential. By comparison, polyamide 6 and polyethylene terephthalate were comparatively inert with minimal change in response to artificial weathering or deployment time. Non-target analysis revealed extensive differentiation between non-aged and aged polyethylene after deployment, concordant with the targeted analysis. These observations highlight the need to consider the impact of leaching and weathering on plastic composition when quantifying the potential impact and risk of plastic pollution within receiving environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Bridson
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Hayden Masterton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Beatrix Theobald
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Regis Risani
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Fraser Doake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Wallbank
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Stefan D M Maday
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Robert Abbel
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Dawn A Smith
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Olga Pantos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang Q, Pan L, Luo G, Jiang R, Ouyang G, Ye Y, Cai J, Guo P. Exploring the release of hazardous volatile organic compounds from face masks and their potential health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122042. [PMID: 37328128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous chemicals released from the petroleum-derived face mask can be inhaled by wearers and cause adverse health effects. Here, we first used headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC-MS to comprehensively analyze the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from 26 types of face masks. The results showed that total concentrations and peak numbers ranged from 3.28 to 197 μg/mask and 81 to 162, respectively, for different types of mask. Also, light exposure could affect the chemical composition of VOCs, particularly increasing the concentrations of aldehydes, ketones, organic acids and esters. Of these detected VOCs, 142 substances were matched to a reported database of chemicals associated with plastic packaging; 30 substances were identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as potential carcinogenic to humans; 6 substances were classified in the European Union as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, or very persistent, very bioaccumulative substance. Reactive carbonyls were ubiquitous in masks, especially after exposure to light. The potential risk of VOCs released from the face masks were then accessed by assuming the extreme scenario that all the VOC residues were released into the breathing air within 3 h. The result showed that the average total concentration of VOCs (17 μg/m3) was below the criterion for hygienic air, but seven substances, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, benzene, isophorone, heptanal, naphthalene, benzyl chloride, and 1,2-dichloropropane exceeded the non-cancer health guidelines for lifetime exposure. This finding suggested that specific regulations should be adopted to improve the chemical safety of face masks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Li Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Gan Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China; KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuanjian Ye
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Jin'an Cai
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Pengran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Temperature dependent degradation of phenolic stabilizers and ageing behaviour of PP-R micro-specimen. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
|
5
|
Grossutti M, D'Amico J, Quintal J, MacFarlane H, Wareham WC, Quirk A, Dutcher JR. Deep Generative Modeling of Infrared Images Provides Signature of Cracking in Cross-Linked Polyethylene Pipe. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22532-22542. [PMID: 37097086 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral infrared (IR) images contain a large amount of highly spatially resolved information about the chemical composition of a sample. However, the analysis of hyperspectral IR imaging data for complex heterogeneous systems can be challenging because of the spectroscopic and spatial complexity of the data. We implement a deep generative modeling approach using a β-variational autoencoder to learn disentangled representations of the generative factors of variance in a data set of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX-a) pipe. We identify three distinct physicochemical factors of aging and degradation learned by the model and apply the trained model to high-resolution hyperspectral IR images of cross-sectional slices of unused virgin, used in-service, and cracked PEX-a pipe. By mapping the learned representations of aging and degradation to the IR images, we extract detailed information on the physicochemical changes that occur during aging, degradation, and cracking in PEX-a pipe. This study shows how representation learning by deep generative modeling can significantly enhance the analysis of high-resolution IR images of complex heterogeneous samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grossutti
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joseph D'Amico
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Quintal
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hugh MacFarlane
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - W Callum Wareham
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amanda Quirk
- Canadian Light Source Incorporated, 44 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - John R Dutcher
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
James BD, de Vos A, Aluwihare LI, Youngs S, Ward CP, Nelson RK, Michel APM, Hahn ME, Reddy CM. Divergent Forms of Pyroplastic: Lessons Learned from the M/V X-Press Pearl Ship Fire. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:467-479. [PMID: 37101454 PMCID: PMC10125272 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In late May 2021, the M/V X-Press Pearl container ship caught fire while anchored 18 km off the coast of Colombo, Sri Lanka and spilled upward of 70 billion pieces of plastic or "nurdles" (∼1680 tons), littering the country's coastline. Exposure to combustion, heat, chemicals, and petroleum products led to an apparent continuum of changes from no obvious effects to pieces consistent with previous reports of melted and burned plastic (pyroplastic) found on beaches. At the middle of this continuum, nurdles were discolored but appeared to retain their prefire morphology, resembling nurdles that had been weathered in the environment. We performed a detailed investigation of the physical and surface properties of discolored nurdles collected on a beach 5 days after the ship caught fire and within 24 h of their arrival onshore. The color was the most striking trait of the plastic: white for nurdles with minimal alteration from the accident, orange for nurdles containing antioxidant degradation products formed by exposure to heat, and gray for partially combusted nurdles. Our color analyses indicate that this fraction of the plastic released from the ship was not a continuum but instead diverged into distinct groups. Fire left the gray nurdles scorched, with entrained particles and pools of melted plastic, and covered in soot, representing partial pyroplastics, a new subtype of pyroplastic. Cross sections showed that the heat- and fire-induced changes were superficial, leaving the surfaces more hydrophilic but the interior relatively untouched. These results provide timely and actionable information to responders to reevaluate cleanup end points, monitor the recurrence of these spilled nurdles, gauge short- and long-term effects of the spilled nurdles to the local ecosystem, and manage the recovery of the spill. These findings underscore partially combusted plastic (pyroplastic) as a type of plastic pollution that has yet to be fully explored despite the frequency at which plastic is burned globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. James
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department
of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Asha de Vos
- Oceanswell, 9 Park Gardens, Colombo 5 00500, Sri Lanka
- The
Oceans Institute, University of Western
Australia, 35 Stirling
Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lihini I. Aluwihare
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sarah Youngs
- Department
of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Collin P. Ward
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Anna P. M. Michel
- Department
of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Department
of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song XC, Canellas E, Dreolin N, Goshawk J, Nerin C. Identification of Nonvolatile Migrates from Food Contact Materials Using Ion Mobility-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and in Silico Prediction Tools. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9499-9508. [PMID: 35856243 PMCID: PMC9354260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of migrates from food contact materials (FCMs) is challenging due to the complex matrices and limited availability of commercial standards. The use of machine-learning-based prediction tools can help in the identification of such compounds. This study presents a workflow to identify nonvolatile migrates from FCMs based on liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high-resolution mass spectrometry together with in silico retention time (RT) and collision cross section (CCS) prediction tools. The applicability of this workflow was evaluated by screening the chemicals that migrated from polyamide (PA) spatulas. The number of candidate compounds was reduced by approximately 75% and 29% on applying RT and CCS prediction filters, respectively. A total of 95 compounds were identified in the PA spatulas of which 54 compounds were confirmed using reference standards. The development of a database containing predicted RT and CCS values of compounds related to FCMs can aid in the identification of chemicals in FCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Freye CE. Decomposition of Irganox 1010 in plastic bonded explosives. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E. Freye
- Los Alamos National Laboratory Q‐5, High Explosives Science and Technology Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riechert V, Ferrofino A, Quinzani LM, Failla MD. Rheological properties and UV photo-oxidation of montmorillonite-filled random propylene–ethylene copolymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Grossutti M, Hiles M, D'Amico J, Wareham WC, Morling B, Graham S, Dutcher JR. Quantifying Stabilizing Additive Hydrolysis and Kinetics Through Principal Component Analysis of Infrared Spectra of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Pipe. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
de Vos A, Aluwihare L, Youngs S, DiBenedetto MH, Ward CP, Michel APM, Colson BC, Mazzotta MG, Walsh AN, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, James BD. The M/V X-Press Pearl Nurdle Spill: Contamination of Burnt Plastic and Unburnt Nurdles along Sri Lanka’s Beaches. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:128-135. [PMID: 37101587 PMCID: PMC10114858 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In May 2021, the M/V X-Press Pearl cargo ship caught fire 18 km off the west coast of Sri Lanka and spilled ∼1680 tons of spherical pieces of plastic or "nurdles" (∼5 mm; white in color). Nurdles are the preproduction plastic used to manufacture a wide range of end products. Exposure to combustion, heat, and chemicals led to agglomeration, fragmentation, charring, and chemical modification of the plastic, creating an unprecedented complex spill of visibly burnt plastic and unburnt nurdles. These pieces span a continuum of colors, shapes, sizes, and densities with high variability that could impact cleanup efforts, alter transport in the ocean, and potentially affect wildlife. Visibly burnt plastic was 3-fold more chemically complex than visibly unburnt nurdles. This added chemical complexity included combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A portion of the burnt material contained petroleum-derived biomarkers, indicating that it encountered some fossil-fuel products during the spill. The findings of this research highlight the added complexity caused by the fire and subsequent burning of plastic for cleanup operations, monitoring, and damage assessment and provides recommendations to further understand and combat the impacts of this and future spills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asha de Vos
- Oceanswell, 9 Park Gardens, Colombo 5 00500, Sri Lanka
- The Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lihini Aluwihare
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sarah Youngs
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Michelle H. DiBenedetto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Collin P. Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Anna P. M. Michel
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Beckett C. Colson
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- MIT−WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael G. Mazzotta
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Anna N. Walsh
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- MIT−WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Bryan D. James
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Synthesis and study of aroylethyl(ethyl)-xanthates as stabilizers of polymeric materials. APPLIED PETROCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-021-00281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe number of aroylethyl (ethyl)xanthates have been synthesized by the reaction of the exchange decomposition of β-dimethylaminopropiophenone hydrochlorides with potassium xanthate containing several functional groups (C=O, C=S, C–OH), which determine the use of these xanthates as stabilizers with internal synergy to polymeric materials. It was shown that the thermal stability of the compounds, depending on the nature of the substituent in the benzene ring of the molecule was observed in the temperature range of 149–196 °C. It was revealed that aroylethyl(ethyl)xanthates had a stabilizing effect due to the suppression of thermo-oxidative destruction of polyethylene; they increased the induction period of polyethylene oxidation by 2–6 times, and the oxidation rate was reduced by about 3–9 times. Among the studied compounds, 4-hydroxybenzoylethyl (ethyl)xanthate had the greatest stabilizing effect. The study of the mechanism of the stabilizing action of the compounds showed that xanthates react with cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), which proceeded through the stage of formation of an intermediate product that actively decomposed CHP, i.e., the oxidation chain was terminated by the decomposition of the CHP not by the initial xanthates but by their transformation products.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kot D, Arndt JH, Macko T, Brüll R. Extraction of stabilizers from polymers: Separation of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers and phenolic antioxidants from polyolefins using liquid chromatography and high-temperature solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2408-2417. [PMID: 33866665 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of different stabilizers from a polymer matrix and the subsequent separation of said stabilizers is one of the most important as well as challenging undertakings in polymer chemistry. A multitude of stabilizers exists, each of which may be hard to extract, be difficult if not impossible to separate from other stabilizers or necessitate very selected and time-consuming intermediate stages for separation. Certain polymer matrices even pose additional challenges, such as polyolefins being only soluble at elevated temperatures. One of the most well-established approaches for the extraction of stabilizers is Soxhlet extraction. However, even this highly successful approach shows only limited success with regard to the extraction of the ever more relevant oligomeric stabilizers or the extraction of multiple stabilizers in a one-shot approach. Moreover, performing Soxhlet extractions often necessitates ≥24 h. For these reasons, alternative approaches for the extraction of stabilizers from polymers are highly sought after. An approach with enormous potential is solid-phase extraction, which allows the selective retention and enrichment of stabilizers. Herein, the very first application of high-temperature solid-phase extraction for the extraction of stabilizers from polyolefin matrices is described; as with other extraction techniques, the identification and quantification of the stabilizers is then allowed. At temperatures of 140-160°C, it was possible to adsorb common polyolefin stabilizers selectively on a silica solid phase from their polyolefin matrix. To predict high-temperature solid-phase extraction test conditions, first LC tests are necessary, offering an elegant approach for the separation of polyolefins from oligomeric stabilizers, which was not achievable until now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kot
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sirisinha K, Samana K. Improvement of melt stability and degradation efficiency of poly (lactic acid) by using phosphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanee Sirisinha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Klanarong Samana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kot D, Zou M, Brunnengräber K, Arndt JH, Macko T, Etzold BJM, Brüll R. Porous graphite as stationary phase for the chromatographic separation of polymer additives - determination of adsorption capability by Raman spectroscopy and physisorption. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461302. [PMID: 32709345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Additives are added to polymers in small concentration to achieve desired application properties widely used to tailor the properties. The rapid diversification of their molecular structures, with often only minute differences, necessitates the development of adequate chromatographic techniques. While modified silica so far is the workhorse as stationary phase we have probed the potential of porous graphitic carbon (HypercarbTM) for this purpose. The results show that the multitude of physicochemical interactions between analyte molecules and the graphitic surface enables separations of polyolefin stabilizers with unprecedented selectivity. To support the chromatographic results the adsorption capability of HypercarbTM for selected antioxidants and UV absorbers has been determined by Raman spectroscopy and argon physisorption measurements. The shift of the Graphite-band in the Raman spectra of HypercarbTM upon infusion with additives correlates with the changes in the Adsorption Potential Distributions. The results of argon physisorption measurements go hand in hand with the chronology of desorption of the additives in liquid chromatography experiments. The elution sequence can be explained by van der Waals or London forces, π-π-interactions and electron lone pair donor-acceptor interactions between the graphite surface and analyte functional groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kot
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mingyi Zou
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kai Brunnengräber
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bastian J M Etzold
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Horodytska O, Cabanes A, Fullana A. Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in recycled plastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126373. [PMID: 32163780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The demand for high quality recycled polymers in the European plastic industry is on the increase, likely due to the EU's Plastic Strategy intended to implement the circular economy model in this sector. The problem is that there is not enough recycled plastic in the market. In terms of volume, post-consumer plastic waste could be key to meet the current and future demand. Nevertheless, a high level of contamination originated during the product's life cycle restricts its use. The first step to change this must be identifying the undesired substances in post-consumer plastics and performing an effective risk assessment. The acquired knowledge will be fundamental for the development of innovative decontamination technologies. In this study, 134 substances including volatile and semi-volatile compounds have been identified in recycled LDPE and HDPE from domestic waste. Headspace and solvent extraction followed by GC/MS were used. The possible origin of each substance was studied. The main groups were additives, polymer and additives breakdown products, and contamination from external sources. The results suggest that recycled LDPE contains a broader number of additives and their degradation products. Some of them may cause safety concerns if reused in higher added value applications. Regarding recycled HDPE, the contaminants from the use phase are predominant creating problems such as intense odors. To reduce the number of undesired substances, it is proposed to narrow the variety of additives used in plastic manufacturing and to opt for separate waste collection systems to prevent cross-contamination with organic waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Horodytska
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - A Cabanes
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - A Fullana
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Giorgi G, Bellani L, Giorgetti L. Characterization of additives in plastics: From MS to MS 10 multistep mass analysis and theoretical calculations of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4515. [PMID: 32363623 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the analysis by electrospray (+) of an extract of hemp sprouts put in a polypropylene vial, we found a large contamination of a plastic additive. It was characterized by multiple-stage MSn experiments (MS ÷ MS10 ) and identified as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, also known with the synonyms F32IRS6B46, oxidized Naugard 524, and others. The MS2 ÷ MS7 spectra are characterized by consecutive eliminations of six isobutene molecules from the tert-butyl moieties, some of them also occurring in the ion source. The first three are calculated to occur preferentially from the ortho positions, whereas eliminations from the para positions are estimated to be less favored at about 5-6 kcal/mol in each step. Once the first three isobutene molecules are eliminated, the remaining three are lost from the tert-butyl moieties in para positions (MS5 ÷ MS7 ), yielding protonated triphenylphosphate, whose structure has been confirmed by the MS2 spectrum of triphenylphosphate standard: the latter spectrum is almost superimposable with the MS8 spectrum of the analyte under investigation. MS8 and MS9 spectra show main losses of water and C6 H4 molecules. The MS10 spectrum of precursor ions at m/z 215 shows the gas-phase addition of water and methanol and ions at m/z 168, attributable to the loss of a phosphorus oxide radical. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (Becke 3LYP [B3LYP] 6-311+G(2d,2p)) have been used to evaluate structure and stability of different ionic and neutral species involved in the decomposition pathways and to calculate thermochemical data of the decomposition reactions. This multistep mass analysis combined with theoretical calculations resulted to be particularly useful and effective, yielding chemical, thermochemical, and mechanistic data of significant utility in the structural characterization and identification of the unknown analyte as well as to define its gas-phase reactivity under a multistep low-energy collision-induced dissociation regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giorgi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenza Bellani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Area of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Giorgetti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Area of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Li H, Li M, Liu W, Li Q, Hu Y. Synthesis and Properties of Novel Polyethylene‐Based Antioxidants with Hindered Phenols as Side Groups. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Huayi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Mengru Li
- Polymer Materials and Engineering DepartmentSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringChang'an University Xi'an 710064 China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Youliang Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Narayana R, Kumar A, Vanderweele C, Rodgers PA, Vade Nath R. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for trace level analysis of migrated secondary alkanesulfonate from poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) into food simulants. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3640-3645. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayana
- Analytical TechnologySABIC Technology Center Bengaluru India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Analytical TechnologySABIC Technology Center Bengaluru India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Identification of leachable impurities in an ophthalmic drug product originating from a polymer additive Irganox 1010 using mass spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Habchi B, Kassouf A, Padellec Y, Rathahao-Paris E, Alves S, Rutledge DN, Maalouly J, Ducruet V. An untargeted evaluation of food contact materials by flow injection analysis-mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) combined with independent components analysis (ICA). Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1022:81-88. [PMID: 29729741 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs), especially plastics, are known to be a potential source of contaminants in food. In fact, various groups of additives are used to protect the integrity of the material during processing and life time. However, these intentionally added substances (IAS) could also lead to degradation products called non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), due to reactions occurring in the polymeric material. Complex mixtures of components may therefore be generated within the material, creating a source of potential migrating substances towards food in contact. In this context, an innovative analytical approach is proposed in order to assess IAS and NIAS in plastic FCMs for a fast screening of their composition. For this purpose, solvent extracts of polyethylene (PE) pellets, containers and films were analyzed by flow injection analysis-mass spectrometry (FIA-MS). This direct approach offers the ability to perform a large number of analyses in a short time. Mass spectral fingerprints were then treated by a multivariate data analysis technique called independent components analysis (ICA) in order to overcome the complexity of such data and to highlight hidden information related to IAS and NIAS molecules. ICA applied on mass spectral fingerprints of PE extracts highlighted group discriminations related to different m/z values which were putatively assigned to IAS and also to NIAS. In order to confirm these putative annotations, a hybrid LTQ-Orbitrap was used for high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, MS/MS experiments were performed on some discriminant ions to improve their putative identification. The proposed methodology combining FIA-MS fingerprints and ICA proved its efficiency in identifying IAS and NIAS in plastic FCMs and its capability to discriminate different PE samples, in a relatively fast approach compared to classical analytical techniques. This approach may help the FCMs classification for compounders in the selection of the starting substances in plastic formulation and for plastic converters in the control of manufacturing processes as well as for the monitoring of final products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baninia Habchi
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amine Kassouf
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France; ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656, Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Yann Padellec
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France
| | - Estelle Rathahao-Paris
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandra Alves
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Douglas N Rutledge
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France
| | - Jacqueline Maalouly
- ER004 "Lebanese Food Packaging", Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, 90656, Jdeideth El Matn, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Violette Ducruet
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yin X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Xu G. Tailoring the desired optical and mechanical performance of polyester-plasticized PVC films: the role of different light stabilizers on the photo-degradation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Yin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Guozhong Xu
- Nanjing Huage Electric Plastic Co., Ltd.; Nanjing 210009 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wiewel BV, Lamoree M. Geotextile composition, application and ecotoxicology-A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:640-655. [PMID: 27283344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Geosynthetics is the umbrella term for thin, flexible material sheets applied in civil and environmental engineering, of which geotextiles form the largest group. Most geotextiles consist of a polymer from the polyolefin, polyester or polyamide family, and additives to improve their stability. The polymer may degrade into microplastic particles over time and under various conditions and can cause adverse effects, as species may ingest these particles or encounter adverse effects due to the interference of the particles with e.g. their photosynthesis system in the case of algae. Leaching of additives may occur from the intact material, as they are often not covalently bound to the polymer backbone, but is greatly enhanced when micro-sized plastic particles have been formed. A total of 42 polymer additives were identified, of which 26 had ecotoxicity information available in terms of a REACH persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation (PBT) assessment. Of these, 15 were classified as (very) persistent and 2 as toxic. A survey to assess potential toxicity of the remaining 16 substances revealed that no ecotoxicity studies had been performed on 13 of these compounds. For 3 compounds, other toxicity data was found, as well as of several chemical groups known to be used as additives in geotextiles. The current knowledge is thus lacking in two domains: on the one hand, ecotoxicity data is scarce as many substances have not yet been the subject of ecotoxicological studies. On the other hand, in situ toxic effects might be missed by the current approach of single compound toxicity testing. Moreover, environmental occurrence data of the additives are extremely scarce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vé Wiewel
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Becker PM. Antireduction: an ancient strategy fit for future. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:e00367. [PMID: 27274089 PMCID: PMC4986409 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
While antioxidants are on everyone's lips, antireductants are their much less-known counterparts. Following an antioxidant's definition, an antireductant prevents the chemical reduction of another compound by undergoing reduction itself. Antireductants have been traced back as far as the origin of life, which they facilitated by removal of atmospheric dihydrogen, H2 Moreover, as electron acceptors, antireductants equipped the first metabolic pathways, enabling lithoautotrophic microbial growth. When the Earth's atmosphere became more oxidizing, certain antireductants revealed their Janus-face by acting as antioxidants. Both capacities, united in one compound, were detected in primary as well as plant secondary metabolites. Substantiated by product identification, such antireductants comprise antiradicals (e.g. carotenoids) up to diminishers of ruminal methane emission (e.g. fumarate, catechin or resveratrol). Beyond these Janus-faced, multifunctional compounds, the spectrum of antireductants extends to pure electron-attractors (e.g. atmospheric triplet oxygen, O2, for plant root and gut protection). Current and prospective fields of antireductant application range from health promotion over industrial production to environmental sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Maria Becker
- IEZ-Institute for Ethnobotany and Zoopharmacognosy, Rijksstraatweg 158, 6573 DG Beek-Ubbergen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Riquet A, Breysse C, Dahbi L, Loriot C, Severin I, Chagnon M. The consequences of physical post-treatments (microwave and electron-beam) on food/packaging interactions: A physicochemical and toxicological approach. Food Chem 2016; 199:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Li YT, Zhang QP, Xiao F, Zhou YL. Graphene oxide promoted synthesis of p-phenylenediamine antioxidants. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
27
|
Moreta C, Tena MT. Determination of plastic additives in packaging by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1414:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Xiao F, Zhou Y, Yang W. Synthesis of piperazine-1,4-dipropanoic acid di(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidine)yl ester as a photostabilizer. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363214110292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
Aigner M, Hundeshagen A, Hinterberger T, Mayrbäurl E, Buchberger W, Miethlinger J. A Gas-Sensor-Based Measurement Setup for Inline Quality and Process Control in Polymer Extrusion. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We report on a gas-sensor-based measurement setup for the detection of volatile degradation products directly in the extrusion process. In contrast to available measurement tools, the system is located in the air flow and works independently of the polymer melt flow. Therefore, the sensor can be used also for non-transparent melts with different colors and filler contents. For process validation, the measurement setup was tested offline using selected organic solvents, as well as directly in the extrusion process using talc-filled polypropylene compounds. We show that the amount of lubricants, the shear load, as well as the temperature and the back pressure influence the level of low molecular weight volatile compounds (LMWVOC) and finally the gas-sensor value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Aigner
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding , Johannes Kepler University, Linz , Austria
| | - A. Hundeshagen
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding , Johannes Kepler University, Linz , Austria
| | - T. Hinterberger
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding , Johannes Kepler University, Linz , Austria
| | - E. Mayrbäurl
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding , Johannes Kepler University, Linz , Austria
| | - W. Buchberger
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding , Johannes Kepler University, Linz , Austria
| | - J. Miethlinger
- Institute of Polymer Extrusion and Compounding , Johannes Kepler University, Linz , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Beißmann S, Reisinger M, Reimann A, Klampfl CW, Buchberger W. High-throughput quantification of stabilizers in polymeric materials by flow injection tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:939-947. [PMID: 24623699 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput methods for identification and quantification of stabilizers in plastic materials are of significant importance in order to evaluate the suitability of materials of unknown origin for specific application areas, to clarify reasons for failure of materials, or for comparison of materials from different sources. METHODS In the present study, a highly sensitive and rapid flow injection method coupled to selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MS) for comprehensive analysis of 21 polymer stabilizers in polyolefins is demonstrated. A critical factor for this approach is the choice of ionization mode, as no separation was performed prior to MS detection. Differences between several ionization techniques regarding matrix effects are reported. RESULTS Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was found to be the most suitable ionization technique, with no significant matrix effects observed. The developed method has a linear dynamic range over two to three orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients better than 0.99 for all studied analytes. Following a multistep sample preparation protocol, the method allowed quantification down to minimum values of between 0.0001 and 0.04 wt% depending on the type of stabilizer. Results were compared to an established chromatographic approach and showed very good correlation (bias below 7.5%). CONCLUSIONS The applicability of the optimized method could be demonstrated for both the qualitative and quantitative determination of polymer stabilizers in polyolefins. Furthermore, the described approach yields a complete analysis in a much shorter time than can be achieved with commonly applied chromatographic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Beißmann
- Johannes-Kepler-University Linz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Qi L, Ding Y, Dong Q, Wen B, Wang F, Zhang S, Yang M. Photostabilization of polypropylene by surface modified rutile-type TiO2nanorods. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxiao Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute, Co., Ltd.; Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Amorin NSQS, Rosa G, Alves JF, Gonçalves SPC, Franchetti SMM, Fechine GJM. Study of thermodegradation and thermostabilization of poly(lactide acid) using subsequent extrusion cycles. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Rosa
- Escola de Engenharia; Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie; São Paulo SP Brasil
| | | | - Suely P. C. Gonçalves
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP; Rio Claro SP Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Klampfl CW. Mass spectrometry as a useful tool for the analysis of stabilizers in polymer materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
34
|
Monitoring the degradation of stabilization systems in polypropylene during accelerated aging tests by liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
35
|
Fast screening of stabilizers in polymeric materials by flow injection–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6879-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
36
|
Castro López MDM, Dopico García S, Ares Pernas A, López Vilariño JM, González Rodríguez MV. Effect of PPG-PEG-PPG on the tocopherol-controlled release from films intended for food-packaging applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8163-8170. [PMID: 22846036 DOI: 10.1021/jf301442p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of novel controlled release systems for the delivery of active substances from films intended for food packaging was investigated. Because polyolefins are used highly for food-packaging applications, the reported high retention degree of antioxidants has limited their use for active packaging. Thus, in this study, PP films modified with different chain extenders have been developed to favor and control the release rates of the low molecular weight antioxidant tocopherol. The use of different chain extenders as polymer modifiers (PE-PEG M(w), 575; and PPG-PEG-PPG M(w), 2000) has caused significant changes in tocopherol-specific release properties. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to PDA-FL and PDA-MS was used to test tocopherol and chain extender migration, respectively. The release of tocopherol from the prepared films with two chain extenders into two food simulants was studied. Different temperatures and storage times were also tested. Varying the structural features of the films with the incorporation of different levels of PPG-PEG-PPG, the release of tocopherol (food-packaging additive) into different ethanolic simulants could be clearly controlled. The effect of the temperature and storage time on the release of the antioxidant has been outstanding as their values increased. The migration of the chain extender, also tested, was well below the limits set by European legislation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Castro López
- Grupo de Polímeros-Centro de Investigacións Tecnológicas (CIT), Universidade de A Coruña, Campus de Esteiro s/n 15403-Ferrol, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xie LH, Dai H, Jin BB, Han Y, Tai Q, Yi MD, Yang T, Wu PH, Huang W. Characterization of Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers in Polymer Matrix Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
38
|
Analysis of Polymer Additives and Impurities by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
|
39
|
Maria R, Rode K, Brüll R, Dorbath F, Baudrit B, Bastian M, Brendlé E. Monitoring the influence of different weathering conditions on polyethylene pipes by IR-microscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|