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Tian L, Qu X, Huang D, Shi Y, Kong C, Wang Y. Determination of earthy-musty odors in tap water by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry with silica solid-phase extraction. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21580. [PMID: 38027601 PMCID: PMC10643238 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to develop an effective method for detecting semivolatile earthy-musty odors without using the conventional sample processing equipment used for volatile compounds. The concurrent isolation of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin, GSM), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IBMP) in tap water was successfully achieved by employing a combination of n-hexane liquid‒liquid extraction (LLE) and silica solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized for the identification of these targets, with the inclusion of borneol (BN) as an internal reference. This robust method was optimized and validated. It was found that the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-100 ng/mL and produced good recoveries (84.6 %-103 %) with satisfactory relative standard deviations (1.50 %-10.1 %). The determined limits of detection (LODs) for the group of four substances were found to vary from 0.3 to 0.9 ng/L, whereas the limits of quantitation (LOQs) exhibited variations between 1 and 3 ng/L. The subsequent implementation of this methodology to evaluate the four previously described off-flavor chemicals in tap water resulted in satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Tian
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Xin Qu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266033, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Yongfu Shi
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Cong Kong
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
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2
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An automated micro solid phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (μSPE-GC-MS) detection method for geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in drinking water. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1768. [PMID: 36720961 PMCID: PMC9889310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) are amongst the most common earthy and musty taste and odour (T&O) compounds found in drinking water. With low odour threshold detection limits below 10 ng L-1, and the complexity of raw water matrices, these two compounds provide a significant challenge for water companies globally. In this research, for the first time, a novel and fully automated micro-solid phase-extraction (μSPE) method coupled with gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed for the detection of geosmin and 2-MIB for drinking water analysis. The new automated method described herein is environmentally friendly requiring low raw water sample volumes, of 25 mL, and only 50 μL of elution solvent. Our μSPE-GC-MS method exhibits excellent linearity for both compounds (R2 > 0.999) and low limits of detection of 2.0 ng L-1 and 4.3 ng L-1 for geosmin and 2-MIB, respectively. The method showed excellent recovery rates (95.1-100.1%) and good precision (RSD < 7%) in raw sample matrices. Our approach is fully automated onto a robotic workstation which can be readily integrated into a laboratory workflow for routine water analysis. Furthermore, the method has excellent potential to be incorporated within a portable system for onsite analysis.
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3
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(Sesha) Pochiraju S, Hoppe-Jones C, Adams C, Weinrich L. Development and optimization of analytical methods for the detection of 18 taste and odor compounds in drinking water utilities. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 11:100099. [PMID: 33889833 PMCID: PMC8050797 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Taste and odor (T&O) issues have been a major concern among drinking water utilities as source waters are becoming increasingly vulnerable to compounds released during algal blooms as well as non-algal compounds. While most of the literature focuses on the two most common T&O compounds - 2-MIB and geosmin, there are other compounds that have the potential to cause T&O events. The aim of this study was to develop an advanced analytical method using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to identify 18 T&O compounds belonging to various odor classes. The developed method was optimized for the 18 analytes and implemented to determine the holding time of the compounds in raw and treated (distribution system point-of-entry or PoE) drinking water matrices. Compounds belonging to certain classes such as pyrazines and anisoles were found to be "stable" (< 30% loss) in all tested waters for up to two weeks, while aldehydes, ketones, esters and alkyl sulfides showed > 30% loss within 96 h in raw water. Preservation of samples at low pH (< 2) using hydrochloric acid increased the holding times and reduced losses within 96 h for aldehydes, ketones and esters. The paper also discusses the occurrence of these compounds with water utilities from the Midwest and Eastern US during the summer months. The study detected eight T&O compounds - 2-MIB, geosmin, β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, hexanal, indole, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide. While five compounds were detected above their threshold concentrations in the raw water, two of them (2-MIB and geosmin) were detected above threshold in the PoE samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Craig Adams
- Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
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4
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Jové P, Pareras A, De Nadal R, Verdum M. Development and optimization of a quantitative analysis of main odorants causing off flavours in cork stoppers using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4728. [PMID: 33887808 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method was developed and validated to simultaneously separate and determine the 2-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-Isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, guaiacol, 2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2-Methylisoborneol, geosmin, 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole, 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloroanisole, 2,4,6-Tribromoanisole and Pentachloroanisole in cork stoppers via headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The influence of the fibre coating used, the extraction times and temperatures, the sodium chloride additions and the desorption temperatures were investigated. Once done, the optimial HS-SPME conditions established were divinylbenzene/carboxenpolydimethylsiloxane/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibres, a 50°C extraction temperature, 60-min extraction time, an ionic strength of 3-g sodium chlorid and a 290°C desorption temperature. The method showed a good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.994) within the tested range (from 0.1 to 50 ng L-1 ) for all the compounds. Using TCA-d10 and MIB-d3 as internal standards the precision, expressed as repeatability and reproducibility RSD, was <10% in both. Note that the limits of quantifications (LOQs) are below the sensory threshold levels for such compounds in water and wine. Good recoveries were obtained for cork macerates (from 100.4% to 126%) and when compared with other reported methods using HS-SPME in water and cork stopper samples, the present method had more analytes with the lowest limit of detection for most of the targeted compounds, along with good precision and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Jové
- Catalan Cork Institute and Foundation, Institut Català del Suro (ICSuro), Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Pareras
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Verdum
- Catalan Cork Institute and Foundation, Institut Català del Suro (ICSuro), Girona, Spain
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5
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Barczak RJ, Fisher RM, Le-Minh N, Stuetz RM. Importance of 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) as an odorant in the emissions from anaerobically stabilized dewatered biosolids. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124340. [PMID: 31344618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Odours from stabilized biosolids after anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge can cause local community impact. Apart from the well-known odorants such as sulfur compounds, contributions from other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to nuisance odours is limited. The presence of compounds with low odour detection thresholds (ODTs) at low concentrations, can present challenges for analytical identification. Thirty-six biosolids samples were taken after anaerobic stabilisation and dewatering at a wastewater treatment plant, Sydney, Australia. Biosolid cake samples were stored outside in loosely covered trays under aerobic conditions, however without interactions with soil microorganisms as it would be in reality. All biosolids cake samples were analysed over a period of 35 days. Emissions were collected onto Tenax TA sorbent tubes using a U.S. EPA flux hood method at storage days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 35. Gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometer detector (MSD) and an olfactory detection port (ODP) was used to identify a musty/moldy/earthy type odorant in the biosolids emissions as 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA). Measured odour intensities, classified on a scale from 1 to 4, and odour characters were specified by three ODP assessors. TCA was identified in all biosolid cake emissions. The measured odour intensities of the TCA did not significantly alter as the biosolids were aged, however varied between biosolids cakes. Due to its odour intensity, 85% frequency of detection and its low ODT, which is orders of magnitudes lower than sulfur compounds, TCA should be considered as a potential odorant of concern in biosolids emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Barczak
- Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland; UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - R M Fisher
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Le-Minh
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - R M Stuetz
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Background:
Green chemistry is the application of methodologies and techniques to reduce
the use of hazardous substances, minimize waste generation and apply benign and cheap applications.
Methods:
In this article, the following issues were considered: greener solvents and reagents, miniaturization
of analytical instrumentation, reagent-free methodologies, greening with automation, greener
sample preparation methods, and greener detection systems. Moreover, the tables along with the investigated
topics including environmental analysis were included. The future aspects and the challenges
in green analytical chemistry were also discussed.
Results:
The prevention of waste generation, atomic economy, use of less hazardous materials for
chemical synthesis and design, use of safer solvents, auxiliaries and renewable raw materials, reduction
of unnecessary derivatization, design degradation products, prevention of accidents and development
of real-time analytical methods are important for the development of greener methodologies.
Conclusion:
Efforts should also be given for the evaluation of novel solid phases, new solvents, and
sustainable reagents to reduce the risks associated with the environment. Moreover, greener methodologies
enable energy efficient, safe and faster that reduce the use of reagents, solvents and preservatives
which are hazardous to both environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Yayayürük
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Wang C, Yu J, Guo Q, Zhao Y, Cao N, Yu Z, Yang M. Simultaneous quantification of fifty-one odor-causing compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 79:100-110. [PMID: 30784435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor (T&O) problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water, including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4, were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards (4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99, level = 7), and method detection limits (MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants (0.10-20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible (RSD < 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) were analyzed by this method. According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Beijing Waterworks Group, Beijing 100031, China
| | - Nan Cao
- Beijing Waterworks Group, Beijing 100031, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Bristow R, Young I, Pemberton A, Williams J, Maher S. An extensive review of the extraction techniques and detection methods for the taste and odour compound geosmin (trans-1, 10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol) in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Zhang H, Ma P, Shu J, Yang B, Huang J. Rapid detection of taste and odor compounds in water using the newly invented chemi-ionization technique coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1035:119-128. [PMID: 30224129 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Taste and odor (T&O) compounds are widespread in water environments and have attracted considerable public attention. Nowadays, the standard detections of these chemicals rely mainly on off-line methods such as GC-MS or evaluation by trained analysts' senses. In this study, we report a method for the rapid detection of T&O compounds in water by exploiting a newly invented chemi-ionization source, in combination with headspace vapor measurement at room temperature. The calibrated limits of detection (LODs) of 2-methylbutyraldehyde, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-isobutyl-3-methyoxypyrazine (IBMP), and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP) are in the range of 3.5-50.2 ng L-1, and the estimated LODs of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GSM) are 0.25 and 0.77 ng L-1, respectively. The calibration results reveal that the instrumental LODs for 2-methylbutyraldehyde, MTBE, MMA, β-cyclocitral, 2-MIB, and GSM are 1-2 orders of magnitude better than the odor thresholds of humans. The accuracy, precision, recovery, and linearity (R2) of the method are tested. Water samples from city tap water and three rivers in Beijing are assessed using this technique, and the typical T&O compositions are observed with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 297 ng L-1. The new ultra-sensitive rapid detection method shows comparable sensitivities to the existing off-line technique and displays great potential for real-time detection of T&O pollution in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Pengkun Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jingyun Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Huang H, Xu X, Liu X, Han R, Liu J, Wang G. Distributions of four taste and odor compounds in the sediment and overlying water at different ecology environment in Taihu Lake. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6179. [PMID: 29670292 PMCID: PMC5906450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic matter-induced black blooms, such as cyanobacterial and vegetation blooms, are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in Taihu Lake. After large-scale outbreaks of blooms in eutrophic water, a large number of cyanobacterial and vegetation residue accumulate in the coastal areas, and rapidly fermented into odorous compounds. In this study, four taste and odor compounds have been analyzed in sediments and overlying water of different ecology environment in Taihu Lake. High concentrations of DMDS (up to 7165.25 ngg-1 dw-1), DMTS (up to 50.93 ngg-1 dw-1), β-cyclocitral (up to 5441.69 ngg-1 dw-1), β-ionone (up to 1669.37 ngg-1 dw-1) were detected in sediments. Also, the spatial distributions of DMDS, DMTS, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone in the sediments were investigated. As the depth of sediment increases, nutrients and odorous compounds are greatly reduced. The results showed that during the degradation of cyanobacterial and vegetation residues, DMDS, DMTS, β-cyclocitral, β-ionone and nutrients are gradually released. In addition, when assessing the source of odorous compounds in overlying water, it should also be considered that it may be released from the sediment. This study shows that odorous compounds are ubiquitous in near-shore zones Taihu Lake, and may take potential hazard to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyong Huang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ruiming Han
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jine Liu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
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11
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Yuan SF, Liu ZH, Lian HX, Yang CT, Lin Q, Yin H, Lin Z, Dang Z. Fast trace determination of nine odorant and estrogenic chloro- and bromo-phenolic compounds in real water samples through automated solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3813-3822. [PMID: 29177998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A fast and reliable method was developed for simultaneous trace determination of nine odorous and estrogenic chloro- and bromo-phenolic compounds (CPs and BPs) in water samples using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For sample preparation, the extraction efficiencies of two widely applied cartridges Oasis HLB and Sep-Pak C18 were compared, and the Oasis HLB cartridge showed much better extraction performance; pH of water sample also plays important role on extraction, and pH = 2-3 was found to be most appropriate. For separation of the target compounds, small addition of ammonium hydroxide can obviously improve the detection sensitivity, and the optimized addition concentration was determined as 0.2%. The developed efficient method was validated and showed excellent linearity (R 2 > 0.995), low limit of detection (LOD, 1.9-6.2 ng/L), and good recovery efficiencies of 57-95% in surface and tap water with low relative standard deviation (RSD, 1.3-17.4%). The developed method was finally applied to one tap and one surface water samples and most of these nine targets were detected, but all of them were below their odor thresholds, and their estrogen equivalent (EEQ) were also very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Fen Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Hai-Xian Lian
- Center of Water Environmental Monitoring, Guangdong Yue Gang Water Supply Co. LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
- Department of Water Technology Research and Development, Guandong GDH Water Co., LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
| | - Chuang-Tao Yang
- Center of Water Environmental Monitoring, Guangdong Yue Gang Water Supply Co. LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
- Department of Water Technology Research and Development, Guandong GDH Water Co., LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Center of Water Environmental Monitoring, Guangdong Yue Gang Water Supply Co. LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
- Department of Water Technology Research and Development, Guandong GDH Water Co., LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518021, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
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12
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Liu X, Shi C, Xu X, Li X, Xu Y, Huang H, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Shen H, Chen C, Wang G. Spatial distributions of β-cyclocitral and β-ionone in the sediment and overlying water of the west shore of Taihu Lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:430-438. [PMID: 27890412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After large-scale outbreaks of algal blooms in eutrophic water, considerable amounts of algae residue accumulate in near-shore zones before fermenting rapidly and becoming malodorous. Taste and odor pollution caused by secondary metabolites from cyanobacterial blooms has become a serious and widespread environmental problem. Two typical odorous compounds, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone, have gained increasing attention in recent years. In this paper, the spatial distributions of β-cyclocitral and β-ionone in the sediments and overlying water off the west shore of Taihu Lake were investigated. The results showed that β-cyclocitral, β-ionone and nutrients are released during the degradation of fresh cyanobacteria, especially in the early stages. The odorous compounds and nutrients greatly decreased as the depth of sediment increased, indicating that reed roots can absorb β-cyclocitral, β-ionone and nutrients. Furthermore, removing cyanobacteria and dredging sludge might reduce the release of β-cyclocitral and β-ionone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Liu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chenfei Shi
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Heyong Huang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Huichao Shen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chong Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Zhu F, Pan Z, Hong C, Wang W, Chen X, Xue Z, Yao Y. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in compost samples: A potential tool to determine appropriate composting time. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 58:98-106. [PMID: 27346593 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in volatile organic compound contents in compost samples during pig manure composting were studied using a headspace, solid-phase micro-extraction method (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). Parameters affecting the SPME procedure were optimized as follows: the coating was carbon molecular sieve/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fiber, the temperature was 60°C and the time was 30min. Under these conditions, 87 compounds were identified from 17 composting samples. Most of the volatile components could only be detected before day 22. However, benzenes, alkanes and alkenes increased and eventually stabilized after day 22. Phenol and acid substances, which are important factors for compost quality, were almost undetectable on day 39 in natural compost (NC) samples and on day 13 in maggot-treated compost (MC) samples. Our results indicate that the approach can be effectively used to determine the composting times by analysis of volatile substances in compost samples. An appropriate composting time not only ensures the quality of compost and reduces the loss of composting material but also reduces the generation of hazardous substances. The appropriate composting times for MC and NC were approximately 22days and 40days, respectively, during the summer in Zhejiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiang Zhu
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zaifa Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chunlai Hong
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Xue
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
| | - Yanlai Yao
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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14
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Zhang N, Xu B, Qi F, Kumirska J. The occurrence of haloanisoles as an emerging odorant in municipal tap water of typical cities in China. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 98:242-249. [PMID: 27107142 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, occurrence of the haloanisoles odorous compounds in tap water of Chinese cities, were investigated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-GC/MS analysis. This study revealed the occurrence of four kinds of haloanisoles in 22 cities of China in both summer and winter. Except 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TBA), all studied haloanisoles showed higher frequency of detection. 2,3,6-Trichloroanisole (2,3,6-TCA) and 2,3,4-trichloroanisole (2,3,4-TCA) showed higher occurrence concentration; however, the relative odor values of them was lower. These values of 2,4,6-TBA and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) in all samples were greater than zero in both summer and winter, indicating the odor from haloanisoles could be felt by human noise. This study further showed that Beijing exhibited most serious occurrence of haloanisoles that were depended on the season and drinking water distribution system (country and city). From this study, it was confirmed that haloanisoles was important taste and odor compounds in tap water of China. Based on the survey of occurrence of halophenol and residual chlorine, the possible source for the formation of haloanisoles in tap water was discussed. Furthermore, several suggestions on control the haloanisoles odor in drinking water treatment plant and water distribution system were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bingbing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Fei Qi
- Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Poland
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15
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Recent developments in the analysis of musty odour compounds in water and wine: A review. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1428:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Taher MA, Pourmohammad F, Fazelirad H. Column preconcentration and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of rhodium in some food and standard samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:4153-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Taher
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman Iran
| | | | - Hamid Fazelirad
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kerman Branch; Islamic Azad University; Kerman Iran
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17
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Ribeiro C, Ribeiro AR, Maia AS, Gonçalves VMF, Tiritan ME. New trends in sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 44:142-85. [PMID: 25391434 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.833850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples include a wide variety of complex matrices, with low concentrations of analytes and presence of several interferences. Sample preparation is a critical step and the main source of uncertainties in the analysis of environmental samples, and it is usually laborious, high cost, time consuming, and polluting. In this context, there is increasing interest in developing faster, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Recently, new methods have been developed and optimized in order to miniaturize extraction steps, to reduce solvent consumption or become solventless, and to automate systems. This review attempts to present an overview of the fundamentals, procedure, and application of the most recently developed sample preparation techniques for the extraction, cleanup, and concentration of organic pollutants from environmental samples. These techniques include: solid phase microextraction, on-line solid phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
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18
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Recent Developments and Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) in Food and Environmental Analysis—A Review. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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UETA I, MITSUMORI T, KAWAKUBO S, SAITO Y. Determination of Musty-Odor Compounds in Water by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with a Needle-Type Sample-Preparation Device. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:979-83. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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Qi M, Chen J, Sun X, Deng X, Niu Y, Xie P. Development of models for predicting the predominant taste and odor compounds in Taihu Lake, China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51976. [PMID: 23284835 PMCID: PMC3526486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste and odor (T&O) problems, which have adversely affected the quality of water supplied to millions of residents, have repeatedly occurred in Taihu Lake (e.g., a serious odor accident occurred in 2007). Because these accidents are difficult for water resource managers to forecast in a timely manner, there is an urgent need to develop optimum models to predict these T&O problems. For this purpose, various biotic and abiotic environmental parameters were monitored monthly for one year at 30 sites across Taihu Lake. This is the first investigation of this huge lake to sample T&O compounds at the whole-lake level. Certain phytoplankton taxa were important variables in the models; for instance, the concentrations of the particle-bound 2-methylisoborneol (p-MIB) were correlated with the presence of Oscillatoria, whereas those of the p-β-cyclocitral and p-β-ionone were correlated with Microcystis levels. Abiotic factors such as nitrogen (TN, TDN, NO3-N, and NO2-N), pH, DO, COND, COD and Chl-a also contributed significantly to the T&O predictive models. The dissolved (d) T&O compounds were related to both the algal biomass and to certain abiotic environmental factors, whereas the particle-bound (p) T&O compounds were more strongly related to the algal presence. We also tested the validity of these models using an independent data set that was previously collected from Taihu Lake in 2008. In comparing the concentrations of the T&O compounds observed in 2008 with those concentrations predicted from our models, we found that most of the predicted data points fell within the 90% confidence intervals of the observed values. This result supported the validity of these models in the studied system. These models, basing on easily collected environmental data, will be of practical value to the water resource managers of Taihu Lake for evaluating the probability of T&O accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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