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Sui H, Zhu L, Zhan L, Bi T, Zhang B. ZiBuPiYin recipe ameliorates diabetes-associated cognitive decline by improving neuronal mitochondrial function in chronic psychologically stressed zucker diabetic fatty rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115947. [PMID: 36403740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zibu Piyin Recipe (ZBPYR) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound composed of 12 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines including red ginseng and yam. Long-term basic and clinical applications have proved that ZBPYR can prevent and treat cognitive dysfunction. Previous studies showed that chronic psychological stress can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and lead to cognitive decline. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in chronic psychological stress-induced diabetes mellitus. While the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD) is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Our previous research found that a ZiBuPiYin recipe (ZBPYR) has significant pharmacological effects against DACD. The present study investigated changes in mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain and the mechanism of insulin resistance and mitochondrial damage to explore the relationship between neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in chronic psychologically stressed DACD rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats with spontaneous T2DM and rats with diabetic cognitive impairment that was induced by chronic psychological stress were used in in vivo experiments. PC12 cells that were damaged by rotenone were used for the in vitro experiment. RESULTS The findings indicated that the number of mitochondria decreased, morphology and membrane potential were damaged, and reactive oxygen species increased in the cortex and hippocampus in psychologically stressed DACD rats. Protein kinase Cβ2 (PKCβ2) activation and insulin resistance were markedly induced by chronic psychological stress, together with decreases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial fusion protein 2 (Mfn2). Furthermore, ZBPYR exerted protective effects both in in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial damage and insulin resistance were observed in the brain in chronic psychologically stressed DACD rats. The ZBPYR significantly improved brain mitochondrial damage and insulin resistance in chronic psychologically stressed DACD rats. These results provide novel insights for the development of ZBPYR as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic psychological stress and DACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sui
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lianlian Zhu
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China.
| | - Libin Zhan
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China.
| | - Tingting Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
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Liu Y, Xiao AP, Cheng H, Liu LL, Kong KW, Liu HY, Wu DT, Li HB, Gan RY. Phytochemical differences of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaves from different germplasms and their regulatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in Matin-Darby canine kidney cell lines. Front Nutr 2022; 9:902625. [PMID: 35938104 PMCID: PMC9355258 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.902625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has attracted more interest in exploring its phytochemical profile and bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, the phytochemicals of different hemp leaves were investigated, with the content order: total saponins content (TSC) > total alkaloids content (TAC) > total phenolics content (TPC) > total flavonoids content (TFC) > cannabinoids. Hemp leaves from Shanxi accumulated higher flavonoids and cannabinoids (i.e., THC, CBD, and CBN), while phenolics were more abundant in those from Hunan. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory Matin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell model was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of hemp leaf extracts. Hemp leaf extracts, especially the D129 and c7, significantly increased cell viability of LPS-induced inflammatory MDCK cells, and D132 significantly decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Except for c12, other hemp leaf extracts obviously decreased the cell morphological damage of LPS-induced inflammatory MDCK cells. The correlation analysis revealed that cannabinol (CBN) and TPC showed the strongest correlation with anti-inflammatory activities, and hierarchical clustering analysis also showed that hemp germplasms from Shanxi might be good alternatives to the common cultivar Ym7 due to their better anti-inflammatory activities. These results indicated that hemp leaves were effective in LPS-induced inflammatory MDCK cells, and flavonoids and cannabinoids were potential geographical markers for distinguishing them, which can provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory effect of hemp leaves and facilitate the application of hemp leaves as functional ingredients against inflammatory-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ai-Ping Xiao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang-Liang Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Kin Weng Kong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ren-You Gan,
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Cui JL, Gong Y, Vijayakumar V, Zhang G, Wang ML, Wang JH, Xue XZ. Correlation in Chemical Metabolome and Endophytic Mycobiome in Cynomorium songaricum from Different Desert Locations in China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3554-3564. [PMID: 30860831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. is a valuable food and medicinal plant with functions, such as an increase in sexual function, mainly attributed to its complex secondary metabolites. However, the effect of internal microbes on metabolite production in C. songaricum is still largely unclear. In this study, the relationship between endophytes and differential secondary metabolites in C. songaricum from seven major producing regions of China were explored based on established methods of metabolomics and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that there were 13 different marker metabolites, seven shared fungal OTUs, and numerous unshared OTUs among C. songaricum distributed at different locations in China and identified significant correlations between metabolites and endophytic fungi. Our study revealed that endophytic fungi may be one possible factor that can affect the plant secondary metabolite composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Cui
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Gong
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biotechnology , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Vinod Vijayakumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Gang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy , Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang , Shaanxi 712046 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zan Xue
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biotechnology , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
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Kishikawa N, Yamanouchi A, El-Maghrabey MH, Ohyama K, Kuroda N. Determination of Tanshinones in Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection after pre-Column Derivatisation. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:112-117. [PMID: 28895217 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tanshinones are a major class of bioactive ingredients in the traditional herbal medicines, Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). A sensitive and reliable determination method for tanshinones is useful to ensure the quality of Danshen. OBJECTIVE To develop a sensitive and selective analytical method for tanshinones by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection after pre-column derivatisation. METHODOLOGY The proposed method depends on derivatisation reaction of tanshinones with 4-carbomethoxybenzaldehyde and ammonium acetate forming intensely fluorescent imidazole derivative. RESULTS The proposed method provided excellent sensitivity with the detection limits of 3.3 nM (66 fmol/injection), 3.2 nM (64 fmol/injection) and 2.0 nM (40 fmol/injection) for cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA, respectively, without the necessity of complicated instrumentations. The developed method is successfully applied to quantify the contents of tanshinones in Danshen. CONCLUSION The developed method is the first analytical method for tanshinones by fluorescence detection. Since the derivatisation reaction is selective for the o-quinone structure of tanshinone, the developed method will become a suitable mean for the discovering of tanshinone type diterpenoids from herbal samples. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamanouchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Hamed El-Maghrabey
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kaname Ohyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naotaka Kuroda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Yan Z, Su M, Pan W, Su W, Wang Y. A simple method for extraction and purification of pedunculoside from the dried barks of Ilex rotunda and its inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase in vitro. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1375954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zenghao Yan
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Su
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Pan
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Peng LQ, Ye LH, Cao J, Chang YX, Li Q, An M, Tan Z, Xu JJ. Cyclodextrin-based miniaturized solid phase extraction for biopesticides analysis in water and vegetable juices samples analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 226:141-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mao Z, Di X, Zhang J, Wang X, Liu Y, Di X. Rapid and cost-effective method for the simultaneous quantification of seven alkaloids in Corydalis decumbens
by microwave-assisted extraction and capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3008-3014. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Mao
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang PR China
| | - Xin Di
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang PR China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang PR China
| | - Youping Liu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang PR China
| | - Xin Di
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang PR China
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Fernandez-Pastor I, Fernandez-Hernandez A, Perez-Criado S, Rivas F, Martinez A, Garcia-Granados A, Parra A. Microwave-assisted extraction versus Soxhlet extraction to determine triterpene acids in olive skins. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1209-1217. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonia Fernandez-Hernandez
- Centro “Venta del Llano” del Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria; Pesquera; Agroalimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA); Mengíbar Jaén Spain
| | - Sergio Perez-Criado
- Departamento de Quimica Organica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Francisco Rivas
- Departamento de Quimica Organica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez
- Departamento de Quimica Organica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Andres Garcia-Granados
- Departamento de Quimica Organica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Andres Parra
- Departamento de Quimica Organica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
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Yi Y, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Lu L, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Xu X, Zhang Y. Simultaneous quantitation of 14 active components inYinchenhaodecoction by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection: Method development and ingredient analysis of different commonly prepared samples. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4147-4157. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YaXiong Yi
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yue Ding
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Lu Lu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - XiaoJun Xu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center; Shanghai China
| | - YuXin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
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Pang H, Wang J, Tang Y, Xu H, Wu L, Jin Y, Zhu Z, Guo S, Shi X, Huang S, Sun D, Duan JA. Comparative analysis of the main bioactive components of Xin-Sheng-Hua granule and its single herbs by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4096-4106. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Pang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Liang Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Yi Jin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Xuqin Shi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | | | - Dazheng Sun
- Jiangsu Revolence Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd; Huaian China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
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