1
|
The hepatoprotective effects of squid gonad phospholipids on fatty liver disease in zebrafish. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
2
|
Martin GG, Landrock D, McIntosh AL, Milligan S, Landrock KK, Kier AB, Mackie J, Schroeder F. High Glucose and Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Gene Ablation Differentially Impact Whole Body and Liver Phenotype in High-Fat Pair-Fed Mice. Lipids 2020; 55:309-327. [PMID: 32314395 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ad libitum-fed diets high in fat and carbohydrate (especially fructose) induce weight gain, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in humans and animal models. However, interpretation is complicated since ad libitum feeding of such diets induces hyperphagia and upregulates expression of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP)-a protein intimately involved in fatty acid and glucose regulation of lipid metabolism. Wild-type (WT) and L-fabp gene ablated (LKO) mice were pair-fed either high-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat/high-glucose diet (HFGD) wherein total carbohydrate was maintained constant but the proportion of glucose was increased at the expense of fructose. In LKO mice, the pair-fed HFD increased body weight and lean tissue mass (LTM) but had no effect on fat tissue mass (FTM) or hepatic fatty vacuolation as compared to pair-fed WT counterparts. These LKO mice exhibited upregulation of hepatic proteins in fatty acid uptake and cytosolic transport (caveolin and sterol carrier protein-2), but lower hepatic fatty acid oxidation (decreased serum β-hydroxybutyrate). LKO mice pair-fed HFGD also exhibited increased body weight; however, these mice had increased FTM, not LTM, and increased hepatic fatty vacuolation as compared to pair-fed WT counterparts. These LKO mice also exhibited upregulation of hepatic proteins in fatty acid uptake and cytosolic transport (caveolin and acyl-CoA binding protein, but not sterol carrier protein-2), but there was no change in hepatic fatty acid oxidation (serum β-hydroxybutyrate) as compared to pair-fed WT counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sherrelle Milligan
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kerstin K Landrock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - John Mackie
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quantitative proteomics to study aging in rabbit liver. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 187:111227. [PMID: 32126221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging globally effects cellular and organismal metabolism across a range of mammalian species, including humans and rabbits. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus are an attractive model system of aging due to their genetic similarity with humans and their short lifespans. This model can be used to understand metabolic changes in aging especially in major organs such as liver where we detected pronounced variations in fat metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and protein degradation. Such changes in the liver are consistent across several mammalian species however in rabbits the downstream effects of these changes have not yet been explored. We have applied proteomics to study changes in the liver proteins from young, middle, and old age rabbits using a multiplexing cPILOT strategy. This resulted in the identification of 2,586 liver proteins, among which 45 proteins had significant p < 0.05) changes with aging. Seven proteins were differentially-expressed at all ages and include fatty acid binding protein, aldehyde dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, apolipoprotein C3, peroxisomal sarcosine oxidase, adhesion G-protein coupled receptor, and glutamate ionotropic receptor kinate. Insights to how alterations in metabolism affect protein expression in liver have been gained and demonstrate the utility of rabbit as a model of aging.
Collapse
|
4
|
Martin GG, Seeger DR, McIntosh AL, Milligan S, Chung S, Landrock D, Dangott LJ, Golovko MY, Murphy EJ, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Sterol Carrier Protein-2/Sterol Carrier Protein-x/Fatty Acid Binding Protein-1 Ablation Impacts Response of Brain Endocannabinoid to High-Fat Diet. Lipids 2019; 54:583-601. [PMID: 31487051 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain endocannabinoids (EC) such as arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) primarily originate from serum arachidonic acid (ARA), whose level is regulated in part by a cytosolic ARA-binding protein, that is, liver fatty acid binding protein-1 (FABP1), not expressed in the brain. Ablation of the Fabp1 gene (LKO) increases brain AEA and 2-AG by decreasing hepatic uptake of ARA to increase serum ARA, thereby increasing ARA availability for uptake by the brain. The brain also expresses sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2), which is also a cytosolic ARA-binding protein. To further resolve the role of SCP-2 independent of FABP1, mice ablated in the Scp-2/Scp-x gene (DKO) were crossed with mice ablated in the Fabp1 gene (LKO) mice to generate triple knock out (TKO) mice. TKO impaired the ability of LKO to increase brain AEA and 2-AG. While a high-fat diet (HFD) alone increased brain AEA, TKO impaired this effect. Overall, these TKO-induced blocks were not attributable to altered expression of brain proteins in ARA uptake, AEA/2-AG synthesis, or AEA/2-AG degrading enzymes. Instead, TKO reduced serum levels of free ARA and/or total ARA and thereby decreased ARA availability for uptake to the brain and downstream synthesis of AEA and 2-AG therein. In summary, Scp-2/Scp-x gene ablation in Fabp1 null (LKO) mice antagonized the impact of LKO and HFD on brain ARA and, subsequently, EC levels. Thus, both FABP1 and SCP-2 participate in regulating the EC system in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Drew R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Sherrelle Milligan
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Eric J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McIntosh AL, Atshaves BP, Martin GG, Landrock D, Milligan S, Landrock KK, Huang H, Storey SM, Mackie J, Schroeder F, Kier AB. Effect of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene ablation on lipid metabolism in high glucose diet (HGD) pair-fed mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:985-1004. [PMID: 30910689 PMCID: PMC6482111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) is the major fatty acid binding/"chaperone" protein in hepatic cytosol. Although fatty acids can be derived from the breakdown of dietary fat and glucose, relatively little is known regarding the impact of L-FABP on phenotype in the context of high dietary glucose. Potential impact was examined in wild-type (WT) and Lfabp gene ablated (LKO) female mice fed either a control or pair-fed high glucose diet (HGD). WT mice fed HGD alone exhibited decreased whole body weight gain and weight gain/kcal food consumed-both as reduced lean tissue mass (LTM) and fat tissue mass (FTM). Conversely, LKO alone increased weight gain, lean tissue mass, and fat tissue mass while decreasing serum β-hydroxybutyrate (indicative of hepatic fatty acid oxidation)-regardless of diet. Both LKO alone and HGD alone significantly altered the serum lipoprotein profile and increased triacylglycerol (TG), but in HGD mice the LKO did not further exacerbate serum TG content. HGD had little effect on hepatic lipid composition in WT mice, but prevented the LKO-induced selective increase in hepatic phospholipid, free-cholesterol and cholesteryl-ester. Taken together, these findings suggest that high glucose diet diminished the effects of LKO on the whole body and lipid phenotype of these mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Barbara P Atshaves
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Sherrelle Milligan
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Kerstin K Landrock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Stephen M Storey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - John Mackie
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruiz de Azua I, Lutz B. Multiple endocannabinoid-mediated mechanisms in the regulation of energy homeostasis in brain and peripheral tissues. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1341-1363. [PMID: 30599065 PMCID: PMC11105297 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is widely expressed in many central and peripheral tissues, and is involved in a plethora of physiological processes. Among these, activity of the eCB system promotes energy intake and storage, which, however, under pathophysiological conditions, can favour the development of obesity and obesity-related disorders. It is proposed that eCB signalling is evolutionary beneficial for survival under periods of scarce food resources. Remarkably, eCB signalling is increased both in hunger and in overnutrition conditions, such as obesity and type-2 diabetes. This apparent paradox suggests a role of the eCB system both at initiation and at clinical endpoint of obesity. This review will focus on recent findings about the role of the eCB system controlling whole-body metabolism in mice that are genetically modified selectively in different cell types. The current data in fact support the notion that eCB signalling is not only engaged in the development but also in the maintenance of obesity, whereby specific cell types in central and peripheral tissues are key sites in regulating the entire body's energy homeostasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- German Resilience Center (DRZ) and Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Beat Lutz
- German Resilience Center (DRZ) and Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang M, Liu X, Lin S, Tian T, Guan F, Guo Y, Li X, Deng Y, Zheng Y, Xu P, Hao Q, Zhai Z, Dai Z. FABP1 Polymorphisms Contribute to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility in Chinese Population with Liver Cirrhosis: A Case-Control Study. J Cancer 2018; 9:4294-4300. [PMID: 30519332 PMCID: PMC6277622 DOI: 10.7150/jca.27301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Single nucleotide variations in the liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP, FABP1) gene lead to changes in cellular signaling pathways and lipid metabolism. FABP1 polymorphisms were associated with some liver diseases, like steatotic hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the association between FABP1 rs1545224 and rs2241883 polymorphisms and hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been reported. We performed this study to explore their relationship. Methods: One thousand individuals (250 healthy controls, 250 chronic HBV (CHB), 250 LC, and 250 HCC patients) were recruited. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were applied to assess the difference in allele and genotype frequencies. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to evaluate the cumulative effect. Significant difference would be defined when the P value was less than 0.05. Results: The distribution of rs1545224 GG, AG and AA genotypes in healthy controls or CHB carriers was not significant when compared to LC or HCC patients (P>0.05). LC patients carrying at least one A allele are more likely to develop HCC in contrast with those with G allele (P<0.05). After adjustment for confounders, meaningful results were only seen in the comparison between rs1545224 AG+AA genotype carriers and GG genotype carriers among the LC patients (P<0.05). Rs2241883 polymorphism did not influence the risk of developing LC or HCC in healthy and CHB individuals, nor did it influence the risk of HCC in LC patients (P>0.05). Conclusions: Taken together, FABP1 rs1545224 polymorphism might increase HCC risk in LC patients, indicating that FABP1 rs1545224 polymorphism may be related to the process of developing HCC in Chinese patients with LC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xinghan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Feng Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yan Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yujiao Deng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Qian Hao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Zhen Zhai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McIntosh AL, Huang H, Landrock D, Martin GG, Li S, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Impact of Fabp1 Gene Ablation on Uptake and Degradation of Endocannabinoids in Mouse Hepatocytes. Lipids 2018; 53:561-580. [PMID: 30203570 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP1, L-FABP) is the major cytosolic binding/chaperone protein for both precursor arachidonic acid (ARA) and the endocannabinoid (EC) products N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Although FABP1 regulates hepatic uptake and metabolism of ARA, almost nothing is known regarding FABP1's impact on AEA and 2-AG uptake, intracellular distribution, and targeting of AEA and 2-AG to degradative hepatic enzymes. In vitro assays revealed that FABP1 considerably enhanced monoacylglycerol lipase hydrolysis of 2-AG but only modestly enhanced AEA hydrolysis by fatty-acid amide hydrolase. Conversely, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of lipids from Fabp1 gene-ablated (LKO) hepatocytes confirmed that loss of FABP1 markedly diminished hydrolysis of 2-AG. Furthermore, the real-time imaging of novel fluorescent NBD-labeled probes (NBD-AEA, NBD-2-AG, and NBD-ARA) resolved FABP1's impact on uptake vs intracellular targeting/hydrolysis. FABP1 bound NBD-ARA with 2:1 stoichiometry analogous to ARA, but bound NBD-2-AG and NBD-AEA with 1:1 stoichiometry-apparently at different sites in FABP1's binding cavity. All three probes were taken up, but NBD-2-AG and NBD-AEA were targeted to lipid droplets. LKO reduced the uptake of NBD-ARA as expected, significantly enhanced that of NBD-AEA, but had little effect on NBD-2-AG. These data indicated that FABP1 impacts hepatocyte EC levels by binding EC and differentially impacts their intracellular hydrolysis (2-AG) and uptake (AEA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avery L McIntosh
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 664 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Huan Huang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 664 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Departments of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 664 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Gregory G Martin
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 664 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Shengrong Li
- Avanti Polar Lipids, 700 Industrial Park Drive, Alabaster, AL 35007-9105, USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Departments of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 664 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 664 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martin GG, Seeger DR, McIntosh AL, Chung S, Milligan S, Landrock D, Dangott LJ, Golovko MY, Murphy EJ, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Scp-2/Scp-x ablation in Fabp1 null mice differentially impacts hepatic endocannabinoid level depending on dietary fat. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 650:93-102. [PMID: 29763591 PMCID: PMC6033332 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hepatic endocannabinoid (EC) system and high fat diet (HFD) are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver cytosol contains high levels of two novel endocannabinoid binding proteins-liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1) and sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2). While Fabp1 gene ablation significantly increases hepatic levels of arachidonic acid (ARA)-containing EC and sex-dependent response to pair-fed high fat diet (HFD), the presence of SCP-2 complicates interpretation. These issues were addressed by ablating Scp-2/Scp-x in Fabp1 null mice (TKO). In control-fed mice, TKO increased hepatic levels of arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) in both sexes. HFD impacted hepatic EC levels by decreasing AEA in TKO females and decreasing 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in WT of both sexes. Only TKO males on HFD had increased hepatic 2-AG levels. Hepatic ARA levels were decreased in control-fed TKO of both sexes. Changes in hepatic AEA/2-AG levels were not associated with altered amounts of hepatic proteins involved in AEA/2-AG synthesis or degradation. These findings suggested that ablation of the Scp-2/Scp-x gene in Fabp1 null mice exacerbated hepatic EC accumulation and antagonized the impact of HFD on hepatic EC levels-suggesting both proteins play important roles in regulating the hepatic EC system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Martin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA.
| | - Drew R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Sarah Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Sherrelle Milligan
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Eric J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Ann B Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA.
| |
Collapse
|