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Afkhami F, Wright PP, Chien PYH, Xu C, Walsh LJ, Peters OA. Exploring approaches to pulp vitality assessment: A scoping review of nontraditional methods. Int Endod J 2024; 57:1065-1098. [PMID: 38661046 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnostic procedures for pulp vitality assessment are a crucial aspect of routine dental practice. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nontraditional techniques and methodologies for assessing pulp vitality, specifically exploring promising approaches that are currently not used in dental practice. METHODS The study protocol was registered a priori (https://osf.io/3m97z/). An extensive electronic search was conducted across multiple databases, including MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Inclusion criteria were guided by the research question based on the PCC model as follows: "What are the potential nontraditional techniques (Concept) for assessing pulp vitality (Population) in the field of endodontics or clinical practice (Context)?" Studies were included that explored possible approaches to pulp vitality assessment, utilizing a range of techniques, whilst any studies using traditional pulp tests (cold, heat, and electric stimulation) or well-known methods (pulse oximetry and laser Doppler flowmetry) were excluded. Reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data. A patent search was also performed. RESULTS Of 3062 studies, 65 were included that described nontraditional approaches for assessing pulp vitality. These included a range of optical diagnostic methods, ultrasound Doppler flowmetry (UDF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), terahertz imaging, tooth temperature measurements, as well as invasive methodologies, including 133xenon washout, radioisotope-labelled tracers, hydrogen gas desaturation, intravital microscopy and fluorescent microspheres isotope clearance. The patent search included artificial intelligence and biomarkers methods. CONCLUSIONS This review provides details for potential innovative tests that may directly describe pulp vitality. Importantly, these methods range from clinically impractical through to promising methods that may transform clinical practice. Several nontraditional techniques have the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and could provide valuable insights into the assessment of pulp vitality in challenging clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Afkhami
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Philip Yuan-Ho Chien
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laurence James Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ove Andreas Peters
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Juarez-Ramirez JC, Coyotl-Ocelotl B, Choi B, Ramos-Garcia R, Spezzia-Mazzocco T, Ramirez-San-Juan JC. Improved spatial speckle contrast model for tissue blood flow imaging: effects of spatial correlation among neighboring camera pixels. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:125002. [PMID: 38074216 PMCID: PMC10704254 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.12.125002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Significance Speckle contrast analysis is the basis of laser speckle imaging (LSI), a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive technique used in various fields of medicine and engineering. A common application of LSI is the measurement of tissue blood flow. Accurate measurement of speckle contrast is essential to correctly measure blood flow. Variables, such as speckle grain size and camera pixel size, affect the speckle pattern and thus the speckle contrast. Aim We studied the effects of spatial correlation among adjacent camera pixels on the resulting speckle contrast values. Approach We derived a model that accounts for the potential correlation of intensity values in the common experimental situation where the speckle grain size is larger than the camera pixel size. In vitro phantom experiments were performed to test the model. Results Our spatial correlation model predicts that speckle contrast first increases, then decreases as the speckle grain size increases relative to the pixel size. This decreasing trend opposes what is observed with a standard speckle contrast model that does not consider spatial correlation. Experimental data are in good agreement with the predictions of our spatial correlation model. Conclusions We present a spatial correlation model that provides a more accurate measurement of speckle contrast, which should lead to improved accuracy in tissue blood flow measurements. The associated correlation factors only need to be calculated once, and open-source software is provided to assist with the calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Coyotl-Ocelotl
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, Departamento de Optica, Tonantzintla, Mexico
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Ruben Ramos-Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, Departamento de Optica, Tonantzintla, Mexico
| | - Teresita Spezzia-Mazzocco
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, Departamento de Optica, Tonantzintla, Mexico
| | - Julio C. Ramirez-San-Juan
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, Departamento de Optica, Tonantzintla, Mexico
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Igna A, Mircioagă D, Boariu M, Stratul ȘI. A Diagnostic Insight of Dental Pulp Testing Methods in Pediatric Dentistry. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:665. [PMID: 35630082 PMCID: PMC9145630 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The accurate diagnosis of pulpal pathology in pediatric dentistry is essential for the success of vital pulp therapy. Pulp testing is often a challenging task due to understanding and cooperation issues of pediatric patients, as well as the particularities of pulpal physiology encountered in primary and immature permanent teeth. Sensibility tests, although still widely used by dental practitioners, are no longer recommended by pediatric specialists mainly due to their subjective nature. Vitality pulp tests have gained popularity in the last decade in light of some encouraging results of clinical studies. However, their use is not a routine practice yet. This paper is a literature review aimed to guide dental practitioners towards selecting the appropriate pulp testing method for their pediatric cases. It provides an overview on a multitude of pulp testing methods and an update in recommendations for primary and immature permanent teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Igna
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Doina Mircioagă
- Department of Physical Education, University Sport Research Center for Evaluation of Fitness Level—CUSENF, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Marius Boariu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, TADERP Research Center, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ștefan-Ioan Stratul
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
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Yoon MJ, Kim DH, Jung IY, Park SH. A laboratory study to detect simulated pulpal blood flow in extracted human teeth using ultrasound Doppler flowmetry. Int Endod J 2020; 54:231-240. [PMID: 32931061 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a laboratory-based tooth model of simulated blood flow in teeth and evaluate it using ultrasound Doppler flowmetry (UDF). METHODOLOGY A laboratory-based tooth model for UDF was created based on a microfluidic experimental model proposed by Kim & Park (2016 a,b). Twenty-one maxillary or mandibular anterior human teeth within 1 month of extraction were used. Four holes were made in each tooth to fit 1.6-mm diameter polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubes: at the apical foramen, palatal surface in the centre of the crown, palatal surface apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the root centre. Fluid mimicking pulsating blood was pumped (pressure range: 0-200 mbar, flow rate range: 0-80 μL min-1 ) into the apical foramen via the PTFE tubes, which exited the tooth through the palatal surface in the centre of the crown (control group), palatal surface below the CEJ (group 1) and the palatal surface at the mid-root level (group 2). An UDF transducer of 20 MHz was placed at a 60° angle to the labial surface of tooth and was used to measure the fluid flow velocity (Vs, Vas, Vm, Vam, Vd, Vad and Vakd). The flow velocity of the different groups was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with a 95% confidence level. RESULTS UDF facilitated the detection of the simulated pulpal blood flow in the control group and group 1, but not in group 2. The mean and standard deviations of Vas, Vam and Vakd were 0.921 ± 0.394, 0.479 ± 0.208 and 0.396 ± 0.220 cm s-1 , respectively, in the control group, and 0.865 ± 0.368, 0.424 ± 0.215 and 0.487 ± 0.279 cm s-1 , respectively, in group 1. The pulpal blood flow values of the control group and group 1 were not significantly different (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This laboratory study revealed that ultrasound Doppler flowmetry enabled the detection of simulated blood flow below the level of the CEJ but not at the mid-root level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yoon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - D H Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - I Y Jung
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S H Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Ghijsen M, Rice TB, Yang B, White SM, Tromberg BJ. Wearable speckle plethysmography (SPG) for characterizing microvascular flow and resistance. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3937-3952. [PMID: 30338166 PMCID: PMC6191642 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work we introduce a modified form of laser speckle imaging (LSI) referred to as affixed transmission speckle analysis (ATSA) that uses a single coherent light source to probe two physiological signals: one related to pulsatile vascular expansion (classically known as the photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveform) and one related to pulsatile vascular blood flow (named here the speckle plethysmographic (SPG) waveform). The PPG signal is determined by recording intensity fluctuations, and the SPG signal is determined via the LSI dynamic light scattering technique. These two co-registered signals are obtained by transilluminating a single digit (e.g. finger) which produces quasi-periodic waveforms derived from the cardiac cycle. Because PPG and SPG waveforms probe vascular expansion and flow, respectively, in cm-thick tissue, these complementary phenomena are offset in time and have rich dynamic features. We characterize the timing offset and harmonic content of the waveforms in 16 human subjects and demonstrate physiologic relevance for assessing microvascular flow and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ghijsen
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tyler B. Rice
- Laser Associated Sciences Inc., 16 Foxglove Way, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Bruce Yang
- Laser Associated Sciences Inc., 16 Foxglove Way, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Sean M. White
- Laser Associated Sciences Inc., 16 Foxglove Way, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Detection of pulsed blood flow through a molar pulp chamber and surrounding tissue in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1121-1132. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Regan C, White SM, Yang BY, Takesh T, Ho J, Wink C, Wilder-Smith P, Choi B. Design and evaluation of a miniature laser speckle imaging device to assess gingival health. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:104002. [PMID: 27787545 PMCID: PMC5081569 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.10.104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Current methods used to assess gingivitis are qualitative and subjective. We hypothesized that gingival perfusion measurements could provide a quantitative metric of disease severity. We constructed a compact laser speckle imaging (LSI) system that could be mounted in custom-made oral molds. Rigid fixation of the LSI system in the oral cavity enabled measurement of blood flow in the gingiva. In vitro validation performed in controlled flow phantoms demonstrated that the compact LSI system had comparable accuracy and linearity compared to a conventional bench-top LSI setup. In vivo validation demonstrated that the compact LSI system was capable of measuring expected blood flow dynamics during a standard postocclusive reactive hyperemia and that the compact LSI system could be used to measure gingival blood flow repeatedly without significant variation in measured blood flow values (p<0.05). Finally, compact LSI system measurements were collected from the interdental papilla of nine subjects and compared to a clinical assessment of gingival bleeding on probing. A statistically significant correlation (?=0.53; p<0.005) was found between these variables, indicating that quantitative gingival perfusion measurements performed using our system may aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Regan
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Sean M. White
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Bruce Y. Yang
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Thair Takesh
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Jessica Ho
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Cherie Wink
- Concorde Career College, 12951 Euclid Street, Garden Grove, California 92840, United States
| | - Petra Wilder-Smith
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 333 City Boulevard West, Suite 700, Orange, California 92868, United States
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 333 City Boulevard West, Suite 700, Orange, California 92868, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 2400 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- CHOC Children’s Hospital, 1201 West La Veta Avenue, Orange, California 92868, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Bernard Choi, E-mail:
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8
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Regan C, Yang BY, Mayzel KC, Ramirez-San-Juan JC, Wilder-Smith P, Choi B. Fiber-based laser speckle imaging for the detection of pulsatile flow. Lasers Surg Med 2016. [PMID: 26202900 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In endodontics, a major diagnostic challenge is the accurate assessment of pulp status. In this study, we designed and characterized a fiber-based laser speckle imaging system to study pulsatile blood flow in the tooth. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS To take transilluminated laser speckle images of the teeth, we built a custom fiber-based probe. To assess our ability to detect changes in pulsatile flow, we performed in vitro and preliminary in vivo tests on tissue-simulating phantoms and human teeth. We imaged flow of intralipid in a glass microchannel at simulated heart rates ranging from 40 beats/minute (bpm) to 120 bpm (0.67-2.00 Hz). We also collected in vivo data from the upper front incisors of healthy subjects. From the measured raw speckle data, we calculated temporal speckle contrast versus time. With frequency-domain analysis, we identified the frequency components of the contrast waveforms. RESULTS With our approach, we observed in vitro the presence of pulsatile flow at different simulated heart rates. We characterized simulated heart rate with an accuracy of and >98%. In the in vivo proof-of-principle experiment, we measured heart rates of 69, 90, and 57 bpm, which agreed with measurements of subject heart rate taken with a wearable, commercial pulse oximeter. CONCLUSIONS We designed, built, and tested the performance of a dental imaging probe. Data from in vitro and in -vivo tests strongly suggest that this probe can detect the presence of pulsatile flow. LSI may enable endodontists to noninvasively assess pulpal vitality via direct measurement of blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Regan
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Bruce Y Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, 92612
| | - Kent C Mayzel
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Julio C Ramirez-San-Juan
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, 92612.,Optics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, México, 72840
| | - Petra Wilder-Smith
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, 92612.,Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, 92868
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697.,Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, 92868.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
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Ramirez-San-Juan JC, Ramos-Garcia R, Martinez-Niconoff G, Choi B. Simple correction factor for laser speckle imaging of flow dynamics. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:678-81. [PMID: 24487897 PMCID: PMC4030066 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the major constraints facing laser speckle imaging for blood-flow measurement is reliable measurement of the correlation time (τ(C)) of the back-scattered light and, hence, the blood's speed in blood vessels. In this Letter, we present a new model expression for integrated speckle contrast, which accounts not only for temporal integration but spatial integration, too, due to the finite size of the pixel of the CCD camera; as a result, we find that a correction factor should be introduced to the measured speckle contrast to properly determine τ(C); otherwise, the measured blood's speed is overestimated. Experimental results support our theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Ramos-Garcia
- Optics Department, INAOE, Luis Enrique Erro No. 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - G. Martinez-Niconoff
- Optics Department, INAOE, Luis Enrique Erro No. 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - B. Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 2400 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Ramirez-San-Juan JC, Regan C, Coyotl-Ocelotl B, Choi B. Spatial versus temporal laser speckle contrast analyses in the presence of static optical scatterers. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:106009. [PMID: 25334006 PMCID: PMC4407671 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.10.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Previously published data demonstrate that the temporal processing algorithm for laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) can improve the visibility of deep blood vessels and is less susceptible to static speckle artifacts when compared with the spatial algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, the extent to which the temporal algorithm can accurately predict the speckle contrast associated with flow in deep blood vessels has not been quantified. Here, we employed two phantom systems and imaging setups (epi-illumination and transillumination) to study the contrast predicted by the spatial and temporal algorithms in subsurface capillary tubes as a function of the camera exposure time and the actual flow speed. Our data with both imaging setups suggest that the contrast predicted by the temporal algorithm, and therefore the relative flow speed, is nearly independent of the degree of static optical scattering that contributes to the overall measured speckle pattern. Collectively, these results strongly suggest the potential of temporal LSCI at a single-exposure time to assess accurately the changes in blood flow even in the presence of substantial static optical scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Ramirez-San-Juan
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, Departamento de Optica, Luis Enrique Erro No. 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, MexicobUniversity of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health S
| | - Caitlin Regan
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United StatescUniversity of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natur
| | - Beatriz Coyotl-Ocelotl
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, Departamento de Optica, Luis Enrique Erro No. 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United StatescUniversity of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natur
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Pauwels R, Jacobs R, Bosmans H, Schulze R. Future prospects for dental cone beam CT imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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