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Pilvar A, Mehendale AM, Karrobi K, El-Adili F, Bujor A, Roblyer D. Spatial frequency domain imaging for the assessment of scleroderma skin involvement. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:2955-2968. [PMID: 37342706 PMCID: PMC10278615 DOI: 10.1364/boe.489609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the widespread deposition of excess collagen in the skin and internal organs, as well as vascular dysfunction. The current standard of care technique used to quantify the extent of skin fibrosis in SSc patients is the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS), which is an assessment of skin thickness based on clinical palpation. Despite being considered the gold standard, mRSS testing requires a trained physician and suffers from high inter-observer variability. In this study, we evaluated the use of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) as a more quantitative and reliable method for assessing skin fibrosis in SSc patients. SFDI is a wide-field and non-contact imaging technique that utilizes spatially modulated light to generate a map of optical properties in biological tissue. The SFDI data were collected at six measurement sites (left and right forearms, hands, and fingers) of eight control subjects and ten SSc patients. mRSS were assessed by a physician, and skin biopsies were collected from subject's forearms and used to assess for markers of skin fibrosis. Our results indicate that SFDI is sensitive to skin changes even at an early stage, as we found a significant difference in the measured optical scattering (μs') between healthy controls and SSc patients with a local mRSS score of zero (no appreciable skin fibrosis by gold standard). Furthermore, we found a strong correlation between the diffuse reflectance (Rd) at a spatial frequency of 0.2 mm-1 and the total mRSS between all subjects (Spearman correlation coefficient = -0.73, p-value < 0.0028), as well as high correlation with histology results. The healthy volunteer results show excellent inter- and intra-observer reliability (ICC > 0.8). Our results suggest that the measurement of tissue μs' and Rd at specific spatial frequencies and wavelengths can provide an objective and quantitative assessment of skin involvement in SSc patients, which could greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of monitoring disease progression and evaluating drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Pilvar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aarohi M. Mehendale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kavon Karrobi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fatima El-Adili
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andreea Bujor
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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2
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Ren J, Tuan H, Huang C, Shu D, Chen D, Zhou EY, Liu D, Tu P, Zhao Y. A proposed scoring system for facial port-wine stain evaluation: Facial port-wine stain area and severity index. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:2931-2938. [PMID: 34741790 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Port-wine stain (PWS) is a congenital capillary malformation that often occurs on the face. Feasible and quantitative evaluation of facial port-wine stain (FPWS) can significantly impact its clinical management and aid in future research. AIM To develop and validate an easy-to-use scoring system for FPWS evaluation. METHODS A facial port-wine stain area and severity index (FSASI) scoring system was proposed. To determine the FSASI score, the face was divided into four regions: forehead, right malar, left malar, and perioral. The severity of FPWS in each region was evaluated by three factors: percentage of the area affected, lesion color, and thickness. To evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of FSASI, two separate FSASI assessments on 111 clinical pictures were conducted by each rater in a one-week interval, and the results from 6 independent raters at different time points were compared. Validity of the FSASI scores was assessed by comparing it with physician global assessment (PGA) and traditional classification data. Validity of the area and color elements of FSASI was also determined. The changes in FSASI scores after vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) were analyzed to evaluate the treatment effect. RESULTS The FSASI scoring system showed good intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC >0.75, p < 0.001) and was found to be comparable to PGA scores (Spearman's r = 0.752-0.907, p < 0.001) and traditional classification data (Spearman's r = 0.426-0.662, p < 0.001). Efficacy analysis indicated that FSASI scores decreased after V-PDT treatment. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated the reliability and validity of FSASI, which may be applied to assess the severity of FPWS and to evaluate treatment effects in clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hsiaohan Tuan
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Shu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dian Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Eray Yihui Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dehua Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Tu
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Photomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Lyu L, Kim H, Bae JS, Hua C, Kim JH, Kim EH, Mo JH, Park I. The application of SFDI and LSI system to evaluate the blood perfusion in skin flap mouse model. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1069-1079. [PMID: 34213684 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the blood perfusion to tissues for detecting ischemic necrosis can be quantitatively monitored by spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI) in a skin flap mouse model. Skin flaps were made on Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. Using SFDI and LSI, the following parameters were estimated: oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (Hb), total hemoglobin (THb), tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), and speckle flow index (SFI). Histologically, epithelium thickness, collagen deposition, and blood vessel count of skin flap tissues were analyzed. Then, the correlation of SFDI and histological results was assessed by application of Spearman rank correlation method. As the result, the number of blood vessels and the percentage of collagen areas showed significant difference between the necrotic tissue group and the non-necrotic one. Especially, the necrotic tissue had a complete epithelial loss and loses its normal structure. We identified that SFDI/LSI parameters were significantly different between non-necrotic and necrotic tissue groups. Especially, all SFDI and LSI parameters measured on the 1st day after surgery showed significant difference between necrotic tissue and non-necrotic tissue. In addition, the number of blood vessel and percentage of collagen area were positively correlated with HbO2 and StO2 among SFDI/LSI parameters. Meanwhile, the number of blood vessel and percentage of collagen area showed the negative correlation with Hb. By applying SFDI and LSI simultaneously to the skin flap, we could quantitatively monitor the blood perfusion and the tissue condition which can help us to detect ischemic necrosis objectively in early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongbeom Kim
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Hua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Hye Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ilyong Park
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Pardo A, Streeter SS, Maloney BW, Gutierrez-Gutierrez JA, McClatchy DM, Wells WA, Paulsen KD, Lopez-Higuera JM, Pogue BW, Conde OM. Modeling and Synthesis of Breast Cancer Optical Property Signatures With Generative Models. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:1687-1701. [PMID: 33684035 PMCID: PMC8224479 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3064464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Is it possible to find deterministic relationships between optical measurements and pathophysiology in an unsupervised manner and based on data alone? Optical property quantification is a rapidly growing biomedical imaging technique for characterizing biological tissues that shows promise in a range of clinical applications, such as intraoperative breast-conserving surgery margin assessment. However, translating tissue optical properties to clinical pathology information is still a cumbersome problem due to, amongst other things, inter- and intrapatient variability, calibration, and ultimately the nonlinear behavior of light in turbid media. These challenges limit the ability of standard statistical methods to generate a simple model of pathology, requiring more advanced algorithms. We present a data-driven, nonlinear model of breast cancer pathology for real-time margin assessment of resected samples using optical properties derived from spatial frequency domain imaging data. A series of deep neural network models are employed to obtain sets of latent embeddings that relate optical data signatures to the underlying tissue pathology in a tractable manner. These self-explanatory models can translate absorption and scattering properties measured from pathology, while also being able to synthesize new data. The method was tested on a total of 70 resected breast tissue samples containing 137 regions of interest, achieving rapid optical property modeling with errors only limited by current semi-empirical models, allowing for mass sample synthesis and providing a systematic understanding of dataset properties, paving the way for deep automated margin assessment algorithms using structured light imaging or, in principle, any other optical imaging technique seeking modeling. Code is available.
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5
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Spatial-Frequency Domain Imaging: An Emerging Depth-Varying and Wide-Field Technique for Optical Property Measurement of Biological Tissues. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of optical properties is critical for understanding light-tissue interaction, properly interpreting measurement data, and gaining better knowledge of tissue physicochemical properties. However, conventional optical measuring techniques are limited in point measurement, which partly hinders the applications on characterizing spatial distribution and inhomogeneity of optical properties of biological tissues. Spatial-frequency domain imaging (SFDI), as an emerging non-contact, depth-varying and wide-field optical imaging technique, is capable of measuring the optical properties in a wide field-of-view on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This review first describes the typical SFDI system and the principle for estimating optical properties using the SFDI technique. Then, the applications of SFDI in the fields of biomedicine, as well as food and agriculture, are reviewed, including burn assessment, skin tissue evaluation, tumor tissue detection, brain tissue monitoring, and quality evaluation of agro-products. Finally, a discussion on the challenges and future perspectives of SFDI for optical property estimation is presented.
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6
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Buch J, Karagaiah P, Raviprakash P, Patil A, Kroumpouzos G, Kassir M, Goldust M. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques of port wine stain. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2006-2014. [PMID: 33788368 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Port-wine stain (PWS) is a benign capillary malformation that most commonly occurs in the head and neck. It is present at birth and progresses over time. It is formed by progressive dilatation of post-capillary venules and is associated with hypertrophy and nodularity with increasing age, leading to cosmetic disfigurement and psychological aggravation. It is caused by genetic mosaicism in GNAQ and GNA11 genes. Histopathology is the gold standard for assessment of PWS but it is invasive and may cause scarring. Inadequate characterization of the lesions may predispose to inadequate treatment protocols as well as higher treatment dosages. Clinical evaluation of treatment efficacy is subjective and may not be a representative of actual results. Therefore, an objective visualization modality is required. With evolving technology, numerous optical instruments have been developed for objective evaluation and visualization of subsurface structures. These include VISIA-CRâ„¢ system, videodermoscopy, high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), reflectance spectrophotometers and tristimulus colorimeter, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), cross-polarized diffuse reflectance imaging system (CDR), reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). These semi-quantitative modes of diagnosis are complementary to each other. Some can be used in the clinical setting while others, due to high instrument cost, are limited to the research settings. In this review, we bring to you a brief overview of noninvasive diagnostic modalities in PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeta Buch
- Private Practitioner, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Priyanka Karagaiah
- Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Anant Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - George Kroumpouzos
- Department of Dermatology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Medical School of JundiaÃ, São Paulo, Brazil.,GK Dermatology, PC, South Weymouth, MA, USA
| | | | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Chen D, Wang Y, Zhao H, Qiu H, Wang Y, Yang J, Gu Y. Monitoring perfusion and oxygen saturation in port-wine stains during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:214. [PMID: 33708841 PMCID: PMC7940906 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) is a safe and effective therapeutic modality for port-wine stains (PWS) by targetedly damaging the dilated and malformed blood vessels. This study aims to monitor and quantify the changes in oxygen saturation (StO2), blood volume fraction (BVF) and perfusion in PWS lesions before and during V-PDT. Methods Microvascular parameters (i.e., StO2 and BVF) and skin perfusion were measured noninvasively by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and laser Doppler imaging (LDI), respectively. The change in StO2, BVF and perfusion that occurred in the PWS lesions of 26 patients were monitored and investigated before and during V-PDT in vivo with the systematic administration of the porphyrin-based photosensitizer HiPorfin. Results The mean StO2 (P<0.05), BVF (P<0.05), and perfusion (P<0.001) in PWS lesions of all subjects significantly increased by 6%, 34%, and 113%, respectively, 3 min after the initiation of V-PDT. The StO2 increased first and fluctuated during V-PDT. The overall trend of BVF change was consistent with the perfusion change. The BVF and the perfusion of PWS lesions increased after the initiation of V-PDT, and then gradually decreased. Conclusions V-PDT is an effective therapeutic modality in treating PWS. Results showed that LDI and DRS permitted the noninvasive monitoring of the changes in StO2, BVF, and perfusion in PWS lesions during V-PDT, and these methods can be useful in facilitating our understanding of the basic physiological mechanisms during V-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Chen
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongtian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Precision laser medical diagnosis and treatment Innovation unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Machida M, Hoshi Y, Kagawa K, Takada K. Decay behavior and optical parameter identification for spatial-frequency domain imaging by the radiative transport equation. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:2020-2031. [PMID: 33362145 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.402124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The decay behavior of specific intensity is studied for spatial-frequency domain imaging (SFDI). It is shown using the radiative transport equation that the decay is given by a superposition of different decay modes, and the decay rates of these modes are determined by spatial frequencies and Case's eigenvalues. This explains why SFDI can focus on shallow regions. The fact that light with nonzero spatial frequency rapidly decays makes it possible to exclusively extract optical properties of the top layer of a layered medium. We determine optical properties of the top layer of a solid phantom. This measurement is verified with different layered media of numerical phantoms.
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9
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Lee S, Mey L, Szymanska AF, Takhar HS, Cuccia DJ, Mazhar A, Yu K. SFDI biomarkers provide a quantitative ulcer risk metric and can be used to predict diabetic foot ulcer onset. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107624. [PMID: 32522482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Annually, up to 4% of people with diabetes present with a chronic foot ulcer. Quantitative real-time testing to identify patients at risk for ulceration can guide preventative care. Here, we assess whether a non-invasive optical imaging technique, Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI), can identify patients at the highest risk for ulceration and predict ulcer onset. METHODS We imaged 252 subjects with diabetes at Kaiser Permanente, Southern California. SFDI derived tissue biomarkers of microcirculation were compared between subjects with and without a history of ulceration, and subjects who did or did not develop ulcers after 1 year. RESULTS Feet of subjects at the highest risk (i.e. history of ulceration) had significantly lower hemoglobin in the papillary dermis (HbT1), along with higher oxygenation (StO2) due to poor extraction. These subjects also had more homogeneous hemoglobin spread in the reticular dermis (HbT2) and tissue scattering (related to skin structure). Prediction based on HbT1 and tissue scattering identified new ulcerations and performed with sensitivity/specificity of 68.8%/64.8% and 75.0%/69.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION These results show that SFDI hemoglobin distribution and oxygenation biomarkers provide a quantitative basis for ulcer risk stratification and ulcer onset prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette Lee
- Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Pasadena, CA, United States of America.
| | - Leann Mey
- Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Harpreet S Takhar
- Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Kalvin Yu
- Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Pasadena, CA, United States of America
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10
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Belcastro L, Jonasson H, Strömberg T, Saager RB. Handheld multispectral imager for quantitative skin assessment in low-resource settings. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-12. [PMID: 32755076 PMCID: PMC7399474 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.8.082702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a quantitative imaging method to measure absorption and scattering of tissue, from which several chromophore concentrations (e.g., oxy-/deoxy-/meth-hemoglobin, melanin, and carotenoids) can be calculated. Employing a method to extract additional spectral bands from RGB components (that we named cross-channels), we designed a handheld SFDI device to account for these pigments, using low-cost, consumer-grade components for its implementation and characterization. AIM With only three broad spectral bands (red, green, blue, or RGB), consumer-grade devices are often too limited. We present a methodology to increase the number of spectral bands in SFDI devices that use RGB components without hardware modification. APPROACH We developed a compact low-cost RGB spectral imager using a color CMOS camera and LED-based mini projector. The components' spectral properties were characterized and additional cross-channel bands were calculated. An alternative characterization procedure was also developed that makes use of low-cost equipment, and its results were compared. The device performance was evaluated by measurements on tissue-simulating optical phantoms and in-vivo tissue. The measurements were compared with another quantitative spectroscopy method: spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS). RESULTS Out of six possible cross-channel bands, two were evaluated to be suitable for our application and were fully characterized (520  ±  20  nm; 556  ±  18  nm). The other four cross-channels presented a too low signal-to-noise ratio for this implementation. In estimating the optical properties of optical phantoms, the SFDI data have a strong linear correlation with the SFDS data (R2  =  0.987, RMSE  =  0.006 for μa, R2  =  0.994, RMSE  =  0.078 for μs'). CONCLUSIONS We extracted two additional spectral bands from a commercial RGB system at no cost. There was good agreement between our device and the research-grade SFDS system. The alternative characterization procedure we have presented allowed us to measure the spectral features of the system with an accuracy comparable to standard laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Belcastro
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Jonasson
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas Strömberg
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
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11
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van Raath MI, Chohan S, Wolkerstorfer A, van der Horst CMAM, Limpens J, Huang X, Ding B, Storm G, van der Hulst RRWJ, Heger M. Clinical outcome measures and scoring systems used in prospective studies of port wine stains: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235657. [PMID: 32614899 PMCID: PMC7332045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valid and reliable outcome measures are needed to determine and compare treatment results of port wine stain (PWS) studies. Besides, uniformity in outcome measures is crucial to enable inter-study comparisons and meta-analyses. This study aimed to assess the heterogeneity in reported PWS outcome measures by mapping the (clinical) outcome measures currently used in prospective PWS studies. METHODS OVID MEDLINE, OVID Embase, and CENTRAL were searched for prospective PWS studies published from 2005 to May 2020. Interventional studies with a clinical efficacy assessment were included. Two reviewers independently evaluated methodological quality using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS In total, 85 studies comprising 3,310 patients were included in which 94 clinician/observer-reported clinical efficacy assessments had been performed using 46 different scoring systems. Eighty-one- studies employed a global assessment of PWS appearance/improvement, of which -82% was expressed as percentage improvement and categorized in 26 different scoring systems. A wide variety of other global and multi-item scoring systems was identified. As a result of outcome heterogeneity and insufficient data reporting, only 44% of studies could be directly compared. A minority of studies included patient-reported or objective outcomes. Thirteen studies of good quality were found. CONCLUSION Clinical PWS outcomes are highly heterogeneous, which hampers study comparisons and meta-analyses. Consensus-based development of a core outcome-set would benefit future research and clinical practice, especially considering the lack of high-quality trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ingmar van Raath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep Chohan
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Wolkerstorfer
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal M. A. M. van der Horst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Limpens
- Medical Library, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Baoyue Ding
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René R. W. J. van der Hulst
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Applegate MB, Karrobi K, Angelo Jr. JP, Austin W, Tabassum SM, Aguénounon E, Tilbury K, Saager RB, Gioux S, Roblyer D. OpenSFDI: an open-source guide for constructing a spatial frequency domain imaging system. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 31925946 PMCID: PMC7008504 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a diffuse optical measurement technique that can quantify tissue optical absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (<inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Measurements of μa at different wavelengths enable the extraction of molar concentrations of tissue chromophores over a wide field, providing a noncontact and label-free means to assess tissue viability, oxygenation, microarchitecture, and molecular content. We present here openSFDI: an open-source guide for building a low-cost, small-footprint, three-wavelength SFDI system capable of quantifying μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula> as well as oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in biological tissue. The companion website provides a complete parts list along with detailed instructions for assembling the openSFDI system.<p> Aim: We describe the design of openSFDI and report on the accuracy and precision of optical property extractions for three different systems fabricated according to the instructions on the openSFDI website.</p> <p> Approach: Accuracy was assessed by measuring nine tissue-simulating optical phantoms with a physiologically relevant range of μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula> with the openSFDI systems and a commercial SFDI device. Precision was assessed by repeatedly measuring the same phantom over 1 h.</p> <p> Results: The openSFDI systems had an error of 0  ±  6  %   in μa and -2  ±  3  %   in <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>, compared to a commercial SFDI system. Bland-Altman analysis revealed the limits of agreement between the two systems to be   ±  0.004  mm  -  1 for μa and -0.06 to 0.1  mm  -  1 for <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>. The openSFDI system had low drift with an average standard deviation of 0.0007  mm  -  1 and 0.05  mm  -  1 in μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>, respectively.</p>,<p> Conclusion: The openSFDI provides a customizable hardware platform for research groups seeking to utilize SFDI for quantitative diffuse optical imaging.</p>
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Applegate
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kavon Karrobi
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Wyatt Austin
- University of Maine, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Syeda M. Tabassum
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Karissa Tilbury
- University of Maine, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping Sweden
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Darren Roblyer, E-mail:
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13
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Gioux S, Mazhar A, Cuccia DJ. Spatial frequency domain imaging in 2019: principles, applications, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-18. [PMID: 31222987 PMCID: PMC6995958 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) has witnessed very rapid growth over the last decade, owing to its unique capabilities for imaging optical properties and chromophores over a large field-of-view and in a rapid manner. We provide a comprehensive review of the principles of this imaging method as of 2019, review the modeling of light propagation in this domain, describe acquisition methods, provide an understanding of the various implementations and their practical limitations, and finally review applications that have been published in the literature. Importantly, we also introduce a group effort by several key actors in the field for the dissemination of SFDI, including publications, advice in hardware and implementations, and processing code, all freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
- Address all correspondence to Sylvain Gioux, E-mail:
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14
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Gioux S, Mazhar A, Cuccia DJ. Spatial frequency domain imaging in 2019: principles, applications, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019. [PMID: 31222987 DOI: 10.1117/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) has witnessed very rapid growth over the last decade, owing to its unique capabilities for imaging optical properties and chromophores over a large field-of-view and in a rapid manner. We provide a comprehensive review of the principles of this imaging method as of 2019, review the modeling of light propagation in this domain, describe acquisition methods, provide an understanding of the various implementations and their practical limitations, and finally review applications that have been published in the literature. Importantly, we also introduce a group effort by several key actors in the field for the dissemination of SFDI, including publications, advice in hardware and implementations, and processing code, all freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
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15
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He X, Li T, Fu X, Jiang X, Gao Y, Rao X. Fast estimation of optical properties of pear using a single snapshot technique combined with a least-squares support vector regression model based on spatial frequency domain imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:4075-4084. [PMID: 31158164 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging has great potential in agricultural produce quality control due to its advantage of wide-field mapping of absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs') parameters. However, it is not widely adopted in real applications due to the large time cost during image acquisition and inversion calculation processes. In this study, a single snapshot technique was used to obtain ac and dc components (Rd_ac, Rd_dc) of diffuse reflectance of turbid media (phantoms and pears). The validation results for the snapshot method indicate that at the spatial frequency of 1000/3  m-1, it achieved the optimal demodulation, by comparison with the results obtained by the commonly used time-domain amplitude demodulation method. Diffusion approximation, artificial neural network, least-squares support vector machine regression (LSSVR), and LSSVR combined with a genetic algorithm (LSSVR+GA) were then used to predict μa and μs' from the obtained Rd_ac, Rd_dc at the fx of 1000/3  m-1. Validation results indicated that the LSSVR method took the least time to calculate μa and μs' with high performance. The proposed imaging system and algorithm were implemented for the inspection of a pear bruise. Results indicated that the bruise, which is not obviously distinguishable in original gray maps, can show obvious contrast in calculated μa and μs' maps, especially in μa maps. Further, the contrast becomes more obvious with the passage of time. In summary, this study developed a low-cost spatial frequency imaging system and matching software that could realize fast detection of optical properties for a pear with the proposed snapshot and LSSVR algorithms.
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16
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Aguénounon E, Dadouche F, Uhring W, Ducros N, Gioux S. Single snapshot imaging of optical properties using a single-pixel camera: a simulation study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-6. [PMID: 31037929 PMCID: PMC6995955 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present the effects of using a single-pixel camera approach to extract optical properties with the single-snapshot spatial frequency-domain imaging method. We acquired images of a human hand for spatial frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 0.4  mm  -  1 with increasing compression ratios using adaptive basis scan wavelet prediction strategy. In summary, our findings indicate that the extracted optical properties remained usable up to 99% of compression rate at a spatial frequency of 0.2  mm  -  1 with errors of 5% in reduced scattering and 10% in absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foudil Dadouche
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Illkirch, France
| | - Wilfried Uhring
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Ducros
- University Lyon, INSA Lyon, UCBL, CNRS 5220, INSERM U1206, CREATIS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Illkirch, France
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17
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Abstract
Despite our understanding that the microvasculature plays a multifaceted role in the development and progression of various conditions, we know little about the extent of this involvement. A need exists for non-invasive, clinically meaningful imaging modalities capable of elucidating microvascular information to aid in our understanding of disease, and to aid in the diagnosis/monitoring of disease for more patient-specific care. In this review article, a number of imaging techniques are summarized that have been utilized to investigate the microvasculature of skin, along with their advantages, disadvantages and future perspectives in preclinical and clinical settings. These techniques include dermoscopy, capillaroscopy, Doppler sonography, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and perfusion imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), including its Doppler and dynamic variant and the more recently developed OCT angiography (OCTA), photoacoustic imaging, and spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). Attention is largely, but not exclusively, placed on optical imaging modalities that use intrinsic optical signals to contrast the microvasculature. We conclude that whilst each imaging modality has been successful in filling a particular niche, there is no one, all-encompassing modality without inherent flaws. Therefore, the future of cutaneous microvascular imaging may lie in utilizing a multi-modal approach that will counter the disadvantages of individual systems to synergistically augment our imaging capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Deegan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave. NE., Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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18
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Petitdidier N, Koenig A, Gerbelot R, Grateau H, Gioux S, Jallon P. Contact, high-resolution spatial diffuse reflectance imaging system for skin condition diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 30426730 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.11.115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (srDRS) is a well-established technique for noninvasive, in vivo characterization of tissue optical properties toward diagnostic applications. srDRS has a potential for depth-resolved analysis of tissue, which is desired in various clinical situations. However, current fiber-based and photodiode-based systems have difficulties achieving this goal due to challenges in sampling the reflectance with a high enough resolution. We introduce a compact, low-cost architecture for srDRS based on the use of a multipixel imaging sensor and light-emitting diodes to achieve lensless diffuse reflectance imaging in contact with the tissue with high spatial resolution. For proof-of-concept, a prototype device, involving a commercially available complementary metal-oxide semiconductor coupled with a fiber-optic plate, was fabricated. Diffuse reflectance profiles were acquired at 645 nm at source-to-detector separations ranging from 480  μm to 4 mm with a resolution of 16.7  μm. Absorption coefficients (μa) and reduced scattering coefficients (μs') of homogeneous tissue-mimicking phantoms were measured with 4.2  ±  3.5  %   and 7.0  ±  4.6  %   error, respectively. The results obtained confirm the potential of our approach for quantitative characterization of tissue optical properties in contact imaging modality. This study is a first step toward the development of low-cost, wearable devices for skin condition diagnosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Petitdidier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France
- Lab. des sciences de l'Ingénieur, de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie, France
- Univ. de Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvain Gioux
- Lab. des sciences de l'Ingénieur, de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie, France
- Univ. de Strasbourg, France
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19
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Saidian M, Lakey JRT, Ponticorvo A, Rowland R, Baldado M, Williams J, Pronda M, Alexander M, Flores A, Shiri L, Zhang S, Choi B, Kohen R, Tromberg BJ, Durkin AJ. Characterisation of impaired wound healing in a preclinical model of induced diabetes using wide-field imaging and conventional immunohistochemistry assays. Int Wound J 2018; 16:144-152. [PMID: 30273979 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Major complications of diabetes lead to inflammation and oxidative stress, delayed wound healing, and persistent ulcers. The high morbidity, mortality rate, and associated costs of management suggest a need for non-invasive methods that will enable the early detection of at-risk tissue. We have compared the wound-healing process that occurs in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic rats with non-diabetic controls using contrast changes in colour photography (ie, Weber Contrast) and the non-invasive optical method Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI). This technology can be used to quantify the structural and metabolic properties of in-vivo tissue by measuring oxyhaemoglobin concentration (HbO2 ), deoxyhaemoglobin concentration (Hb), and oxygen saturation (StO2 ) within the visible boundaries of each wound. We also evaluated the changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the dermis using immunohistochemistry. Contrast changes in colour photographs showed that diabetic rats healed at a slower rate in comparison with non-diabetic control, with the most significant change occurring at 7 days after the punch biopsy. We observed lower HbO2 , StO2 , and elevated Hb concentrations in the diabetic wounds. The iNOS level was higher in the dermis of the diabetic rats compared with the non-diabetic rats. Our results showed that, in diabetes, there is higher level of iNOS that can lead to an observed reduction in HbO2 levels. iNOS is linked to increased inflammation, leading to prolonged wound healing. Our results suggest that SFDI has potential as a non-invasive assessment of markers of wound-healing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayer Saidian
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Adrien Ponticorvo
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Rebecca Rowland
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Melissa Baldado
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Joshua Williams
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Maaikee Pronda
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Antonio Flores
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Li Shiri
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Stellar Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Roni Kohen
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Anthony J Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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20
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Determination of Optical and Microvascular Parameters of Port Wine Stains Using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 923:359-365. [PMID: 27526164 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-38810-6_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing port wine stains (PWS) with its optical parameters [i.e. absorption coefficient (μ a) and reduced scattering coefficient (μ s')] and microvascular parameters [i.e. blood volume fraction (BVF), mean vessel diameter (MVD), and oxygen saturation (StO2)] is extremely important for elucidating the mechanisms for its light-based treatments, such as pulsed dye laser and photodynamic therapy. In this study, a customized diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) probe with an appropriate source-detector distance was used to measure the diffuse reflectance spectra of PWS lesions in clinical practice. The results demonstrate that optical parameters of different types of PWS lesions can be accurately extracted by fitting the DRS with diffusion equation. Since the sampling depth of the probe coincides with the depth distribution of abnormal vasculature in PWS, the obtained microvascular parameters of PWS lesions that changed from pink to purple are in agreement with the corresponding physiological conditions. This study suggests that DRS can be utilized to quantitatively determine the optical and microvascular parameters of PWS lesions, which have the potential for planning the protocol and predicting the efficiency for light-based PWS treatments.
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He X, Fu X, Rao X, Fu F. Nondestructive determination of optical properties of a pear using spatial frequency domain imaging combined with phase-measuring profilometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:8207-8215. [PMID: 29047685 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.008207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), as a rapid, noncontact, and scan-free method, can realize wide-field, quantitative optical property mapping and tomographic imaging for a biological sample. Phase-measuring profilometry (PMP) is a surface profile characterization method. Since the projection of structured light onto an object is the basis for PMP and SFDI, the SFDI system is capable of performing both techniques. In this work, we present the results of a feasibility study with the developed SFDI system to realize acquisition of the optical property information and the surface profile information. The surface profile information was used to correct the absorption (μa) maps and reduced scattering (μs') maps. The evaluation of correction effect of the PMP and the calibration and calculation of detection accuracy of the SFDI system were realized by using a series of self-made hemispheric and homogeneous solid phantoms covering a wide range of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. The results show that the μa and μs' maps become more uniform after using profilometry correction. The maximum relative errors of the system after profilometry correction and calibration were 8.74% for μa and 4.97% for μs' at the wavelength of 527 nm, respectively. A case study was carried out on a pear to verify the application prospect of the method in the field of agricultural products quality inspection. Results indicate that μa and μs' maps of a pear after profilometry correction and calibration were more uniform and more comparable with the reported values.
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22
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Chen W, Zhao H, Li T, Yan P, Zhao K, Qi C, Gao F. Reference-free determination of tissue absorption coefficient by modulation transfer function characterization in spatial frequency domain. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:100. [PMID: 28789661 PMCID: PMC5549354 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spatial frequency domain (SFD) measurement allows rapid and non-contact wide-field imaging of the tissue optical properties, thus has become a potential tool for assessing physiological parameters and therapeutic responses during photodynamic therapy of skin diseases. The conventional SFD measurement requires a reference measurement within the same experimental scenario as that for a test one to calibrate mismatch between the real measurements and the model predictions. Due to the individual physical and geometrical differences among different tissues, organs and patients, an ideal reference measurement might be unavailable in clinical trials. To address this problem, we present a reference-free SFD determination of absorption coefficient that is based on the modulation transfer function (MTF) characterization. Methods Instead of the absolute amplitude that is used in the conventional SFD approaches, we herein employ the MTF to characterize the propagation of the modulated lights in tissues. With such a dimensionless relative quantity, the measurements can be naturally corresponded to the model predictions without calibrating the illumination intensity. By constructing a three-dimensional database that portrays the MTF as a function of the optical properties (both the absorption coefficient μa and the reduced scattering coefficient \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu^{\prime}_{s}$$\end{document}μs′) and the spatial frequency, a look-up table approach or a least-square curve-fitting method is readily applied to recover the absorption coefficient from a single frequency or multiple frequencies, respectively. Results Simulation studies have verified the feasibility of the proposed reference-free method and evaluated its accuracy in the absorption recovery. Experimental validations have been performed on homogeneous tissue-mimicking phantoms with μa ranging from 0.01 to 0.07 mm−1 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu^{\prime}_{s}$$\end{document}μs′ = 1.0 or 2.0 mm−1. The results have shown maximum errors of 4.86 and 7% for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu^{\prime}_{s}$$\end{document}μs′ = 2.0 mm−1, respectively. We have also presented quantitative ex vivo imaging of human lung cancer in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model for further validation, and observed high absorption contrast in the tumor region. Conclusions The proposed method can be applied to the rapid and accurate determination of the absorption coefficient, and better yet, in a reference-free way. We believe this reference-free strategy will facilitate the clinical translation of the SFD measurement to achieve enhanced intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring and personalized treatment planning in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Chen
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huijuan Zhao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Tongxin Li
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Panpan Yan
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kuanxin Zhao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Caixia Qi
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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23
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Noncontact and Wide-Field Characterization of the Absorption and Scattering Properties of Apple Fruit Using Spatial-Frequency Domain Imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37920. [PMID: 27910871 PMCID: PMC5133632 DOI: 10.1038/srep37920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial-frequency domain imaging (SFDI), as a noncontact, low-cost and wide-field optical imaging technique, offers great potential for agro-product safety and quality assessment through optical absorption (μa) and scattering (μ) property measurements. In this study, a laboratory-based SFDI system was constructed and developed for optical property measurement of fruits and vegetables. The system utilized a digital light projector to generate structured, periodic light patterns and illuminate test samples. The diffuse reflected light was captured by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera with the resolution of 1280 × 960 pixels. Three wavelengths (460, 527, and 630 nm) were selected for image acquisition using bandpass filters in the system. The μa and μ were calculated in a region of interest (ROI, 200 × 300 pixels) via nonlinear least-square fitting. Performance of the system was demonstrated through optical property measurement of ‘Redstar’ apples. Results showed that the system was able to acquire spatial-frequency domain images for demodulation and calculation of the μa and μ. The calculated μa of apple tissue experiencing internal browning (IB) were much higher than healthy apple tissue, indicating that the SFDI technique had potential for IB tissue characterization.
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24
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Al-Dhalimi MA, Al-Janabi MH. Split lesion randomized comparative study between long pulsed Nd:YAG laser 532 and 1,064 nm in treatment of facial port-wine stain. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48:852-858. [PMID: 27669109 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lasers have been the treatment of choice for Port-wine stain (PWS). However, only one type of laser is not a panacea for all PWS malformations. This is may be due to the great heterogeneity of phenotypic presentation of this congenital anomaly as color, depth, and the site of the lesion. For the treatment of PWS, flash lamp-pumped pulsed dye laser, carbon dioxide, argon, krypton, copper bromide, frequency-doubled neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG), and also intense pulsed light sources can be used. OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the effectiveness of wavelength 532 and 1,064 nanometers (nm) long pulse Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of facial port-wine stain. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a comparative therapeutic study for the treatment of facial port-wine stain. We divided the lesion into two halves, medial and lateral, and then each half was treated by 532 or 1,064 nm Nd:YAG. The sessions were done every 4 weeks for six sessions and follow-up after 3 months, then assess the response before and after the sessions and at the end follow-up period objectively (degree of improvement, Photo comparison) and subjectively (Patient satisfaction). RESULTS Fourteen out of nineteen patients completed all sessions of the treatment, and the other five patients were defaulted from the study due to different causes, including marriage, poor compliance for treatment, and for unknown causes. They were 13 (92.85%) females and 1 (7.15%) male. The mean age of patients was 22.07 ± 9.003 years (range 8-44 years). Three patients (21.4%) were Fitzpatrick's skin type III and four patients (78.6%) were typed IV. There was no hypertrophy in any of the lesions. All facial PWSs lie along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Four patients (28.6%) have V1 (ophthalmic), 12 patients (85.7%) have V2 (maxillary), and 9 (64.3%) have V3 (mandibular). The color of PWSs was pink-red in eight patients (57.1%), dark-red in four patients (28.6%), and purple-dark two patients (14.3%). The improvement score for the halves of the PWS treated with long pulsed Nd:YAG 532 nm were: failure = 0%, mild = 14.3%, moderate = 28.6%, good = 28.6%, excellent = 28.6%, while the score for long pulsed Nd:YAG 1,064 nm were: failure = 7.1%, mild = 85.7%, moderate = 7.1%, good = 0%, excellent = 0%. There are highly significant differences between the two parameters (P-value = <0.001). The visual analog scale regarding the halves of PWS treated by long pulsed Nd:YAG 532 nm before the treatment was 5.00 ± 0.96 and after treatment was 2.28 ± 1.43. There is a highly significant difference between the two scores (P-value <0.001). The visual analog scale for the halves of PWS before the use of long pulsed Nd:YAG 1,064 nm was 5.14 ± 0.77 and after treatment was 3.71 ± 0.82. There is a highly significant difference between the two scores (P-value <0.001). At the end of follow-up period, mean score ± SD for 532 nm was 2.28 ± 1.43 and for 1,064 nm was 3.71 ± 0.82. There is a highly significant difference in both wavelengths, when compared with scores for each before the treatment. In comparison, between 532 and 1,064 nm, the difference in the visual analog scale for 532 nm before and at the end of the follow-up period was 2.7143 ± 1.069, while for 1,064 nm was 1.4286 ± 0.513. There is a highly significant difference between the two wavelengths (P-value <0.001). The mean score for the satisfaction of long pulsed Nd:YAG 532 nm was 76 ± 23, while for 1,064 nm was 33 ± 8, so there is a highly significant difference between the two parameters (P-value = <0.001). None of the patients showed recurrence, scar, or hyperpigmentation after 3 months of the last treatment session. One patient developed hyperpigmentation that resolved with hydroquinone cream 4% and no scarring was seen at the end of follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS The long pulsed Nd:YAG laser 532 nm is more effective in the treatment of superficial bright red facial PWSs than the long pulse Nd:YAG 1,064 nm. More treatment sessions may lead to better clearance of the lesions. The use of non-invasive imaging technique such as dermoscopy, skin analyzer likes spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) device, or confocal microscopy to assess the level of malformations and the changes before and after the treatment with each type can give a clearer view of tissue response to laser irradiation. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:852-858, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhsin A Al-Dhalimi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.
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Choi B, Tan W, Jia W, White SM, Moy WJ, Yang BY, Zhu J, Chen Z, Kelly KM, Nelson JS. The Role of Laser Speckle Imaging in Port-Wine Stain Research: Recent Advances and Opportunities. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 2016:6800812. [PMID: 27013846 PMCID: PMC4800318 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2015.2493961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review our current knowledge on the etiology and treatment of port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks. Current treatment options have significant limitations in terms of efficacy. With the combination of 1) a suitable preclinical microvascular model, 2) laser speckle imaging (LSI) to evaluate blood-flow dynamics, and 3) a longitudinal experimental design, rapid preclinical assessment of new phototherapies can be translated from the lab to the clinic. The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and pulsed-dye laser (PDL) irradiation achieves a synergistic effect that reduces the required radiant exposures of the individual phototherapies to achieve persistent vascular shutdown. PDL combined with anti-angiogenic agents is a promising strategy to achieve persistent vascular shutdown by preventing reformation and reperfusion of photocoagulated blood vessels. Integration of LSI into the clinical workflow may lead to surgical image guidance that maximizes acute photocoagulation, is expected to improve PWS therapeutic outcome. Continued integration of noninvasive optical imaging technologies and biochemical analysis collectively are expected to lead to more robust treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Choi
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, and the Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, all at University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Wenbin Tan
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Wangcun Jia
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Sean M. White
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Wesley J. Moy
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - Bruce Y. Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | | | | | - Kristen M. Kelly
- Department of Dermatology and the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, all at University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
| | - J. Stuart Nelson
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery and the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, all at University of California, Irvine 92612 USA
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Saager RB, Sharif A, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. In vivo isolation of the effects of melanin from underlying hemodynamics across skin types using spatial frequency domain spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:57001. [PMID: 27143641 PMCID: PMC4890358 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.057001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin is a highly structured tissue, raising concerns as to whether skin pigmentation due to epidermal melanin may confound accurate measurements of underlying hemodynamics. Using both venous and arterial cuff occlusions as a means of inducing differential hemodynamic perturbations, we present analyses of spectra limited to the visible or near-infrared regime, in addition to a layered model approach. The influence of melanin, spanning Fitzpatrick skin types I to V, on underlying estimations of hemodynamics in skin as interpreted by these spectral regions are assessed. The layered model provides minimal cross-talk between melanin and hemodynamics and enables removal of problematic correlations between measured tissue oxygenation estimates and skin phototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Rolf B. Saager, E-mail:
| | - Ata Sharif
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Dermatology, 118 Medical Surge 1, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
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Yang B, Yang O, Guzman J, Nguyen P, Crouzet C, Osann KE, Kelly KM, Nelson JS, Choi B. Intraoperative, real-time monitoring of blood flow dynamics associated with laser surgery of port wine stain birthmarks. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:469-475. [PMID: 26040983 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.v47.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks affect ∼22 million people worldwide. After several treatment sessions, complete disappearance of the PWS occurs in only ∼10% of treated patients. There is a need to develop a new strategy to improve the efficacy of each treatment session and the overall treatment outcome. The study objective was to determine how intraoperative measurements of blood flow correlate with treatment response assessed several weeks post treatment. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) to measure intraoperative blood-flow dynamics. We collected data from 24 subjects undergoing laser therapy for facial PWS birthmarks. Photographs were taken before treatment and at a follow-up visit, and analyzed by two expert observers. RESULTS Intraoperative LSI enables real-time monitoring of blood-flow dynamics in response to laser treatment and can inform clinicians on the need for focused re-treatment. The degree of PWS blanching achieved is positively correlated with the log-transformed acute blood-flow reduction (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION LSI is a simple, intraoperative monitoring tool during laser therapy of PWS birthmarks. LSI provides a single value for blood flow that correlates well with the degree of blanching achieved with laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Owen Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - John Guzman
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Paul Nguyen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Kathryn E Osann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Kristen M Kelly
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - J Stuart Nelson
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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28
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Burmeister DM, Ponticorvo A, Yang B, Becerra SC, Choi B, Durkin AJ, Christy RJ. Utility of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI) to non-invasively diagnose burn depth in a porcine model. Burns 2015; 41:1242-52. [PMID: 26138371 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Surgical intervention of second degree burns is often delayed because of the difficulty in visual diagnosis, which increases the risk of scarring and infection. Non-invasive metrics have shown promise in accurately assessing burn depth. Here, we examine the use of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI) for predicting burn depth. Contact burn wounds of increasing severity were created on the dorsum of a Yorkshire pig, and wounds were imaged with SFDI/LSI starting immediately after-burn and then daily for the next 4 days. In addition, on each day the burn wounds were biopsied for histological analysis of burn depth, defined by collagen coagulation, apoptosis, and adnexal/vascular necrosis. Histological results show that collagen coagulation progressed from day 0 to day 1, and then stabilized. Results of burn wound imaging using non-invasive techniques were able to produce metrics that correlate to different predictors of burn depth. Collagen coagulation and apoptosis correlated with SFDI scattering coefficient parameter [Formula: see text] and adnexal/vascular necrosis on the day of burn correlated with blood flow determined by LSI. Therefore, incorporation of SFDI scattering coefficient and blood flow determined by LSI may provide an algorithm for accurate assessment of the severity of burn wounds in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burmeister
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Adrien Ponticorvo
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Bruce Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Sandra C Becerra
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anthony J Durkin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert J Christy
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
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29
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Yang B, Yang O, Guzman J, Nguyen P, Crouzet C, Osann KE, Kelly KM, Nelson JS, Choi B. Intraoperative, real-time monitoring of blood flow dynamics associated with laser surgery of port wine stain birthmarks. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:469-75. [PMID: 26040983 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks affect ∼22 million people worldwide. After several treatment sessions, complete disappearance of the PWS occurs in only ∼10% of treated patients. There is a need to develop a new strategy to improve the efficacy of each treatment session and the overall treatment outcome. The study objective was to determine how intraoperative measurements of blood flow correlate with treatment response assessed several weeks post treatment. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI) to measure intraoperative blood-flow dynamics. We collected data from 24 subjects undergoing laser therapy for facial PWS birthmarks. Photographs were taken before treatment and at a follow-up visit, and analyzed by two expert observers. RESULTS Intraoperative LSI enables real-time monitoring of blood-flow dynamics in response to laser treatment and can inform clinicians on the need for focused re-treatment. The degree of PWS blanching achieved is positively correlated with the log-transformed acute blood-flow reduction (P = 0.022). CONCLUSION LSI is a simple, intraoperative monitoring tool during laser therapy of PWS birthmarks. LSI provides a single value for blood flow that correlates well with the degree of blanching achieved with laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Owen Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - John Guzman
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Paul Nguyen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Kathryn E Osann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Kristen M Kelly
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - J Stuart Nelson
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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30
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Ponticorvo A, Burmeister DM, Yang B, Choi B, Christy RJ, Durkin AJ. Quantitative assessment of graded burn wounds in a porcine model using spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI). BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3467-81. [PMID: 25360365 PMCID: PMC4206317 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and timely assessment of burn wound severity is a critical component of wound management and has implications related to course of treatment. While most superficial burns and full thickness burns are easily diagnosed through visual inspection, burns that fall between these extremes are challenging to classify based on clinical appearance. Because of this, appropriate burn management may be delayed, increasing the risk of scarring and infection. Here we present an investigation that employs spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) and laser speckle imaging (LSI) as non-invasive technologies to characterize in-vivo burn severity. We used SFDI and LSI to investigate controlled burn wounds of graded severity in a Yorkshire pig model. Burn wounds were imaged starting at one hour after the initial injury and daily at approximately 24, 48 and 72 hours post burn. Biopsies were taken on each day in order to correlate the imaging data to the extent of burn damage as indicated via histological analysis. Changes in reduced scattering coefficient and blood flow could be used to categorize burn severity as soon as one hour after the burn injury. The results of this study suggest that SFDI and LSI information have the potential to provide useful metrics for quantifying the extent and severity of burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Ponticorvo
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- co-first authors
| | - David M. Burmeister
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
- co-first authors
| | - Bruce Yang
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert J. Christy
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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31
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Mazhar A, Saggese S, Pollins AC, Cardwell NL, Nanney L, Cuccia DJ. Noncontact imaging of burn depth and extent in a porcine model using spatial frequency domain imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:086019. [PMID: 25147961 PMCID: PMC4141219 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.086019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The standard of care for clinical assessment of burn severity and extent lacks a quantitative measurement. In this work, spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) was used to measure 48 thermal burns of graded severity (superficial partial, deep partial, and full thickness) in a porcine model. Functional (total hemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation) and structural parameters (tissue scattering) derived from the SFDI measurements were monitored over 72 h for each burn type and compared to gold standard histological measurements of burn depth. Tissue oxygen saturation (stO₂) and total hemoglobin (ctHbT) differentiated superficial partial thickness burns from more severe burn types after 2 and 72 h, respectively (p < 0.01), but were unable to differentiate deep partial from full thickness wounds in the first 72 h. Tissue scattering parameters separated superficial burns from all burn types immediately after injury (p < 0.01), and separated all three burn types from each other after 24 h (p < 0.01). Tissue scattering parameters also showed a strong negative correlation to histological burn depth as measured by vimentin immunostain (r² > 0.89). These results show promise for the use of SFDI-derived tissue scattering as a correlation to burn depth and the potential to assess burn depth via a combination of SFDI functional and structural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaan Mazhar
- Modulated Imaging Inc., Beckman Laser Institute Photonic Incubator, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Amaan Mazhar, E-mail:
| | - Steve Saggese
- Modulated Imaging Inc., Beckman Laser Institute Photonic Incubator, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Alonda C. Pollins
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Nancy L. Cardwell
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lillian Nanney
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - David J. Cuccia
- Modulated Imaging Inc., Beckman Laser Institute Photonic Incubator, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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Mazhar A, Saggese S, Pollins AC, Cardwell NL, Nanney L, Cuccia DJ. Noncontact imaging of burn depth and extent in a porcine model using spatial frequency domain imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:020901. [PMID: 24525825 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.2.020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The standard of care for clinical assessment of burn severity and extent lacks a quantitative measurement. In this work, spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) was used to measure 48 thermal burns of graded severity (superficial partial, deep partial, and full thickness) in a porcine model. Functional (total hemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation) and structural parameters (tissue scattering) derived from the SFDI measurements were monitored over 72 h for each burn type and compared to gold standard histological measurements of burn depth. Tissue oxygen saturation (stO₂) and total hemoglobin (ctHbT) differentiated superficial partial thickness burns from more severe burn types after 2 and 72 h, respectively (p < 0.01), but were unable to differentiate deep partial from full thickness wounds in the first 72 h. Tissue scattering parameters separated superficial burns from all burn types immediately after injury (p < 0.01), and separated all three burn types from each other after 24 h (p < 0.01). Tissue scattering parameters also showed a strong negative correlation to histological burn depth as measured by vimentin immunostain (r² > 0.89). These results show promise for the use of SFDI-derived tissue scattering as a correlation to burn depth and the potential to assess burn depth via a combination of SFDI functional and structural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaan Mazhar
- Modulated Imaging Inc., Beckman Laser Institute Photonic Incubator, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Steve Saggese
- Modulated Imaging Inc., Beckman Laser Institute Photonic Incubator, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Alonda C Pollins
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Nancy L Cardwell
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lillian Nanney
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - David J Cuccia
- Modulated Imaging Inc., Beckman Laser Institute Photonic Incubator, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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Frigerio A, Bhama PK, Tan OT. Quantitative three-dimensional assessment of port-wine stain clearance after laser treatments. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:633-8. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Frigerio
- Carolyn and Peter Lynch Center for Laser and Reconstructive Surgery; Harvard Medical School, Massachussets Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Prabhat K. Bhama
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otology and Laryngology; Harvard Medical School, Massachussets Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Oon T. Tan
- Carolyn and Peter Lynch Center for Laser and Reconstructive Surgery; Harvard Medical School, Massachussets Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts
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Saager RB, Cuccia DJ, Saggese S, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. A light emitting diode (LED) based spatial frequency domain imaging system for optimization of photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer: quantitative reflectance imaging. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:207-15. [PMID: 23619900 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers the potential for enhanced treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) with minimal scarring. Yet, PDT has not achieved consistent long term effectiveness to gain widespread clinical acceptance for treatment of skin cancer. Therapeutic response varies between practitioners, patients and lesions. One important contributing factor is the absence of quantitative tools to perform in vivo dosimetry. To this end, we have developed a new quantitative imaging device that can be used to investigate parameters related to optimizing dosimetry. METHODS We present a spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) based device designed to: (1) determine the optical properties at the therapeutic wavelength, which can inform variations in light penetration depth and (2) measure the spatially resolved oxygen saturation of the skin cancer lesions and surrounding tissue. We have applied this system to a preliminary clinical study of nine skin cancer lesions. RESULTS Optical properties vary greatly both spatially [101%, 48% for absorption and reduced scattering, respectively] and across patients [102%, 57%]. Blood volume maps determined using visible wavelengths (460, 525, and 630 nm) represent tissue volumes within ∼1 mm in tissue (1.17 ± 0.3 mm). Here the average total hemoglobin concentration is approximately three times greater in the lesion than that detected in normal tissue, reflecting increased vasculature typically associated with tumors. Data acquired at near infrared wavelengths (730 and 850 nm) reports tissue blood concentrations and oxygenations from the underlying dermal microvasculature (volumes reaching 4.36 ± 1.32 mm into tissue). CONCLUSIONS SFDI can be used to quantitatively characterize in vivo tissue optical properties that could be useful for better informing PDT treatment parameters. Specifically, this information provides spatially resolved insight into light delivery into tissue and local tissue oxygenation, thereby providing more quantitative and controlled dosimetry specific to the lesion. Ultimately, by optimizing the execution of PDT, this instrument has the potential to positively improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Saager
- Beckman Laser Institute, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Frigerio A, Bhama PK, Tan OT. Quantitative three-dimensional assessment of port-wine stain clearance after laser treatments. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 46:180-5. [PMID: 24155123 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Outcomes analysis of laser treatment for port-wine stains has been hampered by the lack of an objective measure of surface area and volume; moreover, treatment success is often gauged by clinician subjective assessment. Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging has been applied in several medical disciplines to quantify surface changes, with promising results. We hypothesized that 3D surface imaging could be used to objectively measure changes in area and volume of port-wine stains following laser treatment. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients with port-wine stains treated over a 20-month time period. Area and volume of the lesions were measured using 3dMD photogrammetric software (3dMD, Atlanta, GA) before and after a series of sequential pulsed dye laser and/or alexandrite laser treatments. RESULTS Fifty-five patients with 59 port-wine stains were included in the study. The initial average measured area was 44.3 cm(2) ; final average measured area decreased to 36.9 cm(2) (P < 0.001). The average volume change was 1.20 cc for all PWS included in the study and 1.90 cc for lesions that received at least 5 laser treatments within the study period. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional photography demonstrated area and volume changes in patients with port-wine stains after laser treatments. Future studies to determine if statistically significant changes correlate with clinically appreciable changes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Frigerio
- Carolyn and Peter Lynch Center for Laser and Reconstructive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
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Nadeau KP, Ponticorvo A, Lee HJ, Lu D, Durkin AJ, Tromberg BJ. Quantitative assessment of renal arterial occlusion in a porcine model using spatial frequency domain imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:3566-9. [PMID: 24104815 PMCID: PMC3959861 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a feasibility study with spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to produce quantitative measurements of optical property and chromophore concentration maps of three porcine kidneys utilizing a renal occlusion model at the near-infrared wavelengths of 658, 730, and 850 nm. Using SFDI, we examined the dynamics of absolute oxygen saturation (StO2). The mean StO2 for the kidneys varied from approximately 60% before occlusion, to 20% during occlusion, to 55% after reperfusion. We also present, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, reduced scattering coefficient (μ(s)') maps of the kidney during occlusion. We observed a substantial decrease in the wavelength dependence of scattering (i.e., scattering power) in the three kidneys, with a mean decrease of 18%±2.6%, which is indicative of an increase in scatterer size, and is likely due to tissue changes such as edema that follow from occlusion and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Nadeau
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - A. Ponticorvo
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - H. J. Lee
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 333 The City Boulevard West, Suite 2100, Orange, California 92868, USA
| | - D. Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, D440 Medical Sciences I, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - A. J. Durkin
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, USA
| | - B. J. Tromberg
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, USA
- Corresponding author:
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Lin AJ, Ponticorvo A, Konecky SD, Cui H, Rice TB, Choi B, Durkin AJ, Tromberg BJ. Visible spatial frequency domain imaging with a digital light microprojector. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:096007. [PMID: 24005154 PMCID: PMC3762936 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.9.096007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for cost effective, quantitative tissue spectroscopy and imaging systems in clinical diagnostics and pre-clinical biomedical research. A platform that utilizes a commercially available light-emitting diode (LED) based projector, cameras, and scaled Monte Carlo model for calculating tissue optical properties is presented. These components are put together to perform spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), a model-based reflectance technique that measures and maps absorption coefficients (μa) and reduced scattering coefficients (μs') in thick tissue such as skin or brain. We validate the performance of the flexible LED and modulation element (FLaME) system at 460, 530, and 632 nm across a range of physiologically relevant μa values (0.07 to 1.5  mm-1) in tissue-simulating intralipid phantoms, showing an overall accuracy within 11% of spectrophotometer values for μa and 3% for μs'. Comparison of oxy- and total hemoglobin fits between the FLaME system and a spectrophotometer (450 to 1000 nm) is differed by 3%. Finally, we acquire optical property maps of a mouse brain in vivo with and without an overlying saline well. These results demonstrate the potential of FLaME to perform tissue optical property mapping in visible spectral regions and highlight how the optical clearing effect of saline is correlated to a decrease in μs' of the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California
| | - Adrien Ponticorvo
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
| | - Soren D. Konecky
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
| | - Haotian Cui
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California
| | - Tyler B. Rice
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California
- University of California, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, Irvine, California
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612. Tel: +949-824-8705; Fax: +949-824-8413; E-mail:
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Saager RB, Cuccia DJ, Saggese S, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. A light emitting diode (LED) based spatial frequency domain imaging system for optimization of photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer: quantitative reflectance imaging. Lasers Surg Med 2013. [PMID: 23619900 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.v45.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers the potential for enhanced treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) with minimal scarring. Yet, PDT has not achieved consistent long term effectiveness to gain widespread clinical acceptance for treatment of skin cancer. Therapeutic response varies between practitioners, patients and lesions. One important contributing factor is the absence of quantitative tools to perform in vivo dosimetry. To this end, we have developed a new quantitative imaging device that can be used to investigate parameters related to optimizing dosimetry. METHODS We present a spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) based device designed to: (1) determine the optical properties at the therapeutic wavelength, which can inform variations in light penetration depth and (2) measure the spatially resolved oxygen saturation of the skin cancer lesions and surrounding tissue. We have applied this system to a preliminary clinical study of nine skin cancer lesions. RESULTS Optical properties vary greatly both spatially [101%, 48% for absorption and reduced scattering, respectively] and across patients [102%, 57%]. Blood volume maps determined using visible wavelengths (460, 525, and 630 nm) represent tissue volumes within ∼1 mm in tissue (1.17 ± 0.3 mm). Here the average total hemoglobin concentration is approximately three times greater in the lesion than that detected in normal tissue, reflecting increased vasculature typically associated with tumors. Data acquired at near infrared wavelengths (730 and 850 nm) reports tissue blood concentrations and oxygenations from the underlying dermal microvasculature (volumes reaching 4.36 ± 1.32 mm into tissue). CONCLUSIONS SFDI can be used to quantitatively characterize in vivo tissue optical properties that could be useful for better informing PDT treatment parameters. Specifically, this information provides spatially resolved insight into light delivery into tissue and local tissue oxygenation, thereby providing more quantitative and controlled dosimetry specific to the lesion. Ultimately, by optimizing the execution of PDT, this instrument has the potential to positively improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Saager
- Beckman Laser Institute, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Saager RB, Cuccia DJ, Saggese S, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. A light emitting diode (LED) based spatial frequency domain imaging system for optimization of photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer: quantitative reflectance imaging. Lasers Surg Med 2013. [PMID: 23619900 DOI: 10.1364/fio.2010.ftus2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers the potential for enhanced treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) with minimal scarring. Yet, PDT has not achieved consistent long term effectiveness to gain widespread clinical acceptance for treatment of skin cancer. Therapeutic response varies between practitioners, patients and lesions. One important contributing factor is the absence of quantitative tools to perform in vivo dosimetry. To this end, we have developed a new quantitative imaging device that can be used to investigate parameters related to optimizing dosimetry. METHODS We present a spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) based device designed to: (1) determine the optical properties at the therapeutic wavelength, which can inform variations in light penetration depth and (2) measure the spatially resolved oxygen saturation of the skin cancer lesions and surrounding tissue. We have applied this system to a preliminary clinical study of nine skin cancer lesions. RESULTS Optical properties vary greatly both spatially [101%, 48% for absorption and reduced scattering, respectively] and across patients [102%, 57%]. Blood volume maps determined using visible wavelengths (460, 525, and 630 nm) represent tissue volumes within ∼1 mm in tissue (1.17 ± 0.3 mm). Here the average total hemoglobin concentration is approximately three times greater in the lesion than that detected in normal tissue, reflecting increased vasculature typically associated with tumors. Data acquired at near infrared wavelengths (730 and 850 nm) reports tissue blood concentrations and oxygenations from the underlying dermal microvasculature (volumes reaching 4.36 ± 1.32 mm into tissue). CONCLUSIONS SFDI can be used to quantitatively characterize in vivo tissue optical properties that could be useful for better informing PDT treatment parameters. Specifically, this information provides spatially resolved insight into light delivery into tissue and local tissue oxygenation, thereby providing more quantitative and controlled dosimetry specific to the lesion. Ultimately, by optimizing the execution of PDT, this instrument has the potential to positively improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Saager
- Beckman Laser Institute, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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