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Amjad W, Hamaad Rahman S, Schiano TD, Jafri SM. Epidemiology and Management of Infections in Liver Transplant Recipients. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2024; 25:272-290. [PMID: 38700753 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2023.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Improvements in liver transplant (LT) outcomes are attributed to advances in surgical techniques, use of potent immunosuppressants, and rigorous pre-LT testing. Despite these improvements, post-LT infections remain the most common complication in this population. Bacteria constitute the most common infectious agents, while fungal and viral infections are also frequently encountered. Multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections develop because of polymicrobial overuse and prolonged hospital stays. Immediate post-LT infections are commonly caused by viruses. Conclusions: Appropriate vaccination, screening of both donor and recipients before LT and antiviral prophylaxis in high-risk individuals are recommended. Antimicrobial drug resistance is common in high-risk LT and associated with poor outcomes; epidemiology and management of these cases is discussed. Additionally, we also discuss the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and monkeypox in the LT population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Amjad
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Thomas D Schiano
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute, Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Syed-Mohammed Jafri
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2
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Agostini C, Buccianti S, Risaliti M, Fortuna L, Tirloni L, Tucci R, Bartolini I, Grazi GL. Complications in Post-Liver Transplant Patients. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6173. [PMID: 37834818 PMCID: PMC10573382 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is the treatment of choice for liver failure and selected cases of malignancies. Transplantation activity has increased over the years, and indications for LT have been widened, leading to organ shortage. To face this condition, a high selection of recipients with prioritizing systems and an enlargement of the donor pool were necessary. Several authors published their case series reporting the results obtained with the use of marginal donors, which seem to have progressively improved over the years. The introduction of in situ and ex situ machine perfusion, although still strongly debated, and better knowledge and treatment of the complications may have a role in achieving better results. With longer survival rates, a significant number of patients will suffer from long-term complications. An extensive review of the literature concerning short- and long-term outcomes is reported trying to highlight the most recent findings. The heterogeneity of the behaviors within the different centers is evident, leading to a difficult comparison of the results and making explicit the need to obtain more consent from experts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilenia Bartolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, AOU Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy; (C.A.); (S.B.); (M.R.); (L.F.); (L.T.); (R.T.); (G.L.G.)
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Breitkopf R, Treml B, Bukumiric Z, Innerhofer N, Fodor M, Rajsic S. Invasive Fungal Infections: The Early Killer after Liver Transplantation. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:655. [PMID: 37367592 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation is a standard of care and a life-saving procedure for end-stage liver diseases and certain malignancies. The evidence on predictors and risk factors for poor outcomes is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to identify potential risk factors for mortality and to report on overall 90-day mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), especially focusing on the role of fungal infections. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of all patients undergoing OLT at a tertiary university center in Europe. RESULTS From 299 patients, 214 adult patients who received a first-time OLT were included. The OLT indication was mainly due to tumors (42%, 89/214) and cirrhosis (32%, 68/214), including acute liver failure in 4.7% (10/214) of patients. In total, 8% (17/214) of patients died within the first three months, with a median time to death of 15 (1-80) days. Despite a targeted antimycotic prophylaxis using echinocandins, invasive fungal infections occurred in 12% (26/214) of the patients. In the multivariate analysis, patients with invasive fungal infections had an almost five times higher chance of death (HR 4.6, 95% CI 1.1-18.8; p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Short-term mortality after OLT is mainly determined by infectious and procedural complications. Fungal breakthrough infections are becoming a growing concern. Procedural, host, and fungal factors can contribute to a failure of prophylaxis. Finally, invasive fungal infections may be a potentially modifiable risk factor, but the ideal perioperative antimycotic prophylaxis has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Breitkopf
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benedikt Treml
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nicole Innerhofer
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margot Fodor
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sasa Rajsic
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Chouik Y, Francoz C, De Martin E, Guillaud O, Abergel A, Altieri M, Barbier L, Besch C, Chazouillères O, Conti F, Corpechot C, Dharancy S, Durand F, Duvoux C, Gugenheim J, Hardwigsen J, Hilleret MN, Houssel-Debry P, Kamar N, Minello A, Neau-Cransac M, Pageaux GP, Radenne S, Roux O, Saliba F, Samuel D, Vanlemmens C, Woehl-Jaegle ML, Leroy V, Duclos-Vallée JC, Dumortier J. Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: Pre-transplant does not predict the early post-transplant outcome. Liver Int 2023; 43:906-916. [PMID: 36577700 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare indication (<5%) for liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to describe the early outcome after LT for AIH. METHODS A multicenter retrospective nationwide study including all patients aged ≥16 transplanted for AIH in France was conducted. Occurrences of biliary and vascular complications, rejection, sepsis, retransplantation and death were collected during the first year after LT. RESULTS A total of 344 patients (78.8% of women, 17.0% of (sub)fulminant hepatitis and 19.2% of chronic liver diseases transplanted in the context of acute-on-chronic liver failure [ACLF]) were included, with a median age at LT of 43.6 years. Acute rejection, sepsis, biliary and vascular complications occurred in respectively 23.5%, 44.2%, 25.3% and 17.4% of patients during the first year after LT. One-year graft and patient survivals were 84.3% and 88.0% respectively. The main cause of early death was sepsis. Pre-LT immunosuppression was not associated with an increased risk for early infections or surgical complications. Significant risk factors for septic events were LT in the context of (sub)fulminant hepatitis or ACLF, acute kidney injury at the time of LT (AKI) and occurrence of biliary complications after LT. AKI was the only independent factor associated with graft (HR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1-5.4; p = .02) and patient survivals (HR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0-6.5; p = .04). CONCLUSION Early prognosis is good after LT for AIH and is not impacted by pre-LT immunosuppression but by the presence of AKI at the time of LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Chouik
- Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, et Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Francoz
- Service d'Hépatologie et Transplantation Hépatique, APHP, Hôpital Beaujon, Université Paris Diderot, INSERM U1149, Clichy, France
| | - Eleonora De Martin
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Centre de Référence Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires et Hépatites Auto-immunes, Inserm Unité 1193, AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, FHU Hépatinov, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Guillaud
- Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, et Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Armand Abergel
- CHU Estaing, Médecine digestive, Institut Pascal., UMR 6602 UCA CNRS SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mario Altieri
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Nutrition et Oncologie Digestive, Hôpital Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Louise Barbier
- Service de chirurgie digestive, oncologique et endocrinienne, Transplantation hépatique, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Camille Besch
- Service de chirurgie hépato-bilio-pancréatique et transplantation hépatique, CHRU Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Chazouillères
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires des voies biliaires et des hépatites auto-immunes, Filière de santé FILFOIE, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM UMRS 938, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Filomena Conti
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Hépato-Biliaire, Transplantation Hépatique, AP-HP Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Corpechot
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires des voies biliaires et des hépatites auto-immunes, Filière de santé FILFOIE, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM UMRS 938, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - François Durand
- Service d'Hépatologie et Transplantation Hépatique, APHP, Hôpital Beaujon, Université Paris Diderot, INSERM U1149, Clichy, France
| | | | - Jean Gugenheim
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et de Transplantation Hépatique, Hôpital universitaire de Nice, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Jean Hardwigsen
- Service chirurgie générale et transplantation hépatique, APHM, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Hilleret
- Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1209-Université Grenoble-Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Pauline Houssel-Debry
- Service d'Hépatologie et Transplantation hépatique, Hôpital Universitaire de Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'Organes, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Minello
- Service d'Hépato-gastroentérologie et oncologie digestive, CHU Dijon, Inserm EPICAD LNC-UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Martine Neau-Cransac
- Service de Chirurgie hépatobiliaire et de transplantation hépatique, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sylvie Radenne
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Roux
- Service d'Hépatologie et Transplantation Hépatique, APHP, Hôpital Beaujon, Université Paris Diderot, INSERM U1149, Clichy, France
| | - Faouzi Saliba
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Centre de Référence Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires et Hépatites Auto-immunes, Inserm Unité 1193, AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, FHU Hépatinov, Villejuif, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Centre de Référence Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires et Hépatites Auto-immunes, Inserm Unité 1193, AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, FHU Hépatinov, Villejuif, France
| | - Claire Vanlemmens
- Service d'Hépatologie et Soins Intensifs Digestifs, Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | - Marie-Lorraine Woehl-Jaegle
- Service de chirurgie hépato-bilio-pancréatique et transplantation hépatique, CHRU Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Leroy
- Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1209-Université Grenoble-Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Jean-Charles Duclos-Vallée
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Centre de Référence Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires et Hépatites Auto-immunes, Inserm Unité 1193, AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, FHU Hépatinov, Villejuif, France
| | - Jérôme Dumortier
- Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, et Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Invasive Fungal Breakthrough Infections under Targeted Echinocandin Prophylaxis in High-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020272. [PMID: 36836384 PMCID: PMC9961099 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are frequent and outcome-relevant complications in the early postoperative period after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Recent guidelines recommend targeted antimycotic prophylaxis (TAP) for high-risk liver transplant recipients (HR-LTRs). However, the choice of antimycotic agent is still a subject of discussion. Echinocandins are increasingly being used due to their advantageous safety profile and the increasing number of non-albicans Candida infections. However, the evidence justifying their use remains rather sparse. Recently published data on breakthrough IFI (b-IFI) raise concerns about echinocandin efficacy, especially in the case of intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC), which is the most common infection site after OLT. In this retrospective study, we analyzed 100 adult HR-LTRs undergoing first-time OLT and receiving echinocandin prophylaxis between 2017 and 2020 in a tertiary university hospital. We found a breakthrough incidence of 16%, having a significant impact on postoperative complications, graft survival, and mortality. The reasons for this may be multifactorial. Among the pathogen-related factors, we identified the breakthrough of Candida parapsilosis in 11% of patients and one case of persistent IFI due to the development of a secondary echinocandin resistance of an IAC caused by Candida glabrata. Consequently, the efficacy of echinocandin prophylaxis in liver transplantation should be questioned. Further studies are necessary to clarify the matter of breakthrough infections under echinocandin prophylaxis.
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Incidence of Invasive Fungal Infections in Liver Transplant Recipients under Targeted Echinocandin Prophylaxis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041520. [PMID: 36836055 PMCID: PMC9960065 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are one of the most important infectious complications after liver transplantation, determining morbidity and mortality. Antimycotic prophylaxis may impede IFI, but a consensus on indication, agent, or duration is still missing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the incidence of IFIs under targeted echinocandin antimycotic prophylaxis in adult high-risk liver transplant recipients. We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing a deceased donor liver transplantation at the Medical University of Innsbruck in the period from 2017 to 2020. Of 299 patients, 224 met the inclusion criteria. We defined patients as being at high risk for IFI if they had two or more prespecified risk factors and these patients received prophylaxis. In total, 85% (190/224) of the patients were correctly classified according to the developed algorithm, being able to predict an IFI with a sensitivity of 89%. Although 83% (90/109) so defined high-risk recipients received echinocandin prophylaxis, 21% (23/109) still developed an IFI. The multivariate analysis identified the age of the recipient (hazard ratio-HR = 0.97, p = 0.027), split liver transplantation (HR = 5.18, p = 0.014), massive intraoperative blood transfusion (HR = 24.08, p = 0.004), donor-derived infection (HR = 9.70, p < 0.001), and relaparotomy (HR = 4.62, p = 0.003) as variables with increased hazard ratios for an IFI within 90 days. The fungal colonization at baseline, high-urgency transplantation, posttransplant dialysis, bile leak, and early transplantation showed significance only in a univariate model. Notably, 57% (12/21) of the invasive Candida infections were caused by a non-albicans species, entailing a markedly reduced one-year survival. The attributable 90-day mortality rate of an IFI after a liver transplant was 53% (9/17). None of the patients with invasive aspergillosis survived. Despite targeted echinocandin prophylaxis, there is still a notable risk for IFI. Consequently, the prophylactic use of echinocandins must be critically questioned regarding the high rate of breakthrough infections, the increased occurrence of fluconazole-resistant pathogens, and the higher mortality rate in non-albicans Candida species. Adherence to the internal prophylaxis algorithms is of immense importance, bearing in mind the high IFI rates in case algorithms are not followed.
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Campos-Varela I, Blumberg EA, Giorgio P, Kotton CN, Saliba F, Wey EQ, Spiro M, Raptis DA, Villamil F. What is the optimal antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent postoperative infectious complications after liver transplantation? A systematic review of the literature and expert panel recommendations. Clin Transplant 2022; 36:e14631. [PMID: 35257411 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial prophylaxis is well-accepted in the liver transplant (LT) setting. Nevertheless, optimal regimens to prevent bacterial, viral, and fungal infections are not defined. OBJECTIVES To identify the optimal antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent post-LT bacterial, fungal, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, to improve short-term outcomes, and to provide international expert panel recommendations. DATA SOURCES Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central. METHODS Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and recommendations using the GRADE approach derived from an international expert panel. PROSPERO ID CRD42021244976. RESULTS Of 1853 studies screened, 34 were included for this review. Bacterial, CMV, and fungal antimicrobial prophylaxis were evaluated separately. Pneumocystis jiroveccii pneumonia (PJP) antimicrobial prophylaxis was analyzed separately from other fungal infections. Overall, eight randomized controlled trials, 21 comparative studies, and five observational noncomparative studies were included. CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobial prophylaxis is recommended to prevent bacterial, CMV, and fungal infection to improve outcomes after LT. Universal antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended to prevent postoperative bacterial infections. The choice of antibiotics should be individualized and length of therapy should not exceed 24 hours (Quality of Evidence; Low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong). Both universal prophylaxis and preemptive therapy are strongly recommended for CMV prevention following LT. The choice of one or the other strategy will depend on individual program resources and experiences, as well as donor and recipient serostatus. (Quality of Evidence; Low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong). Antifungal prophylaxis is strongly recommended for LT recipients at high risk of developing invasive fungal infections. The drug of choice remains controversial. (Quality of Evidence; High | Grade of Recommendation; Strong). PJP prophylaxis is strongly recommended. Length of prophylaxis remains controversial. (Quality of Evidence; Very Low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Campos-Varela
- Liver Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emily A Blumberg
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia Giorgio
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Camille N Kotton
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Fauzi Saliba
- APHP, Hopital Paul Brousse, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM unit No. 1193, Villejuif, France
| | - Emmanuel Q Wey
- ILDH, Division of Medicine, University College London Medical School, London, UK.,Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection & Immunity, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Spiro
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dimitri Aristotle Raptis
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Clinical Service of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Federico Villamil
- Liver Transplantation Unit, British Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina.,Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Hospital El Cruce, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
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Impact of cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphisms on the clinical efficacy and safety of voriconazole: an update systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:257-267. [PMID: 35947050 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 polymorphisms on the clinical efficacy and safety of voriconazole. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and three Chinese databases from their inception to 18 March 2021 using a predefined search algorithm to identify relevant studies. Studies that reported voriconazole-treated patients and information on CYP2C19 polymorphisms were included. The efficacy outcome was success rate. The safety outcomes included overall adverse events, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. RESULTS A total of 20 studies were included. Intermediate metabolizers (IMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs) were associated with increased success rates compared with normal metabolizers (NMs) [risk ratio (RR), 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.34; I2 = 0%; P = 0.02; RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.54; I2 = 0%; P = 0.01]. PMs were at increased risk of overall adverse events in comparison with NMs and IMs (RR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.35-3.53; I2 = 0%; P = 0.001; RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.23-2.64; I2 = 0%; P = 0.003). PMs demonstrated a trend towards an increased incidence of hepatotoxicity when compared with NMs (RR, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.94-2.74; I2 = 27%; P = 0.08), although there was no statistically significant difference. In addition, there was no significant association between CYP2C19 polymorphisms and neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION IMs and PMs were at a significant higher success rate in comparison with NMs. PMs were significantly associated with an increased incidence of all adverse events compared with NMs and IMs. Researches are expected to further confirm these findings. Additionally, the relationship between hepatotoxicity and CYP2C19 polymorphisms deserves clinical attention.
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Khalid M, Neupane R, Anjum H, Surani S. Fungal infections following liver transplantation. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1653-1662. [PMID: 34904035 PMCID: PMC8637669 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing morbidity and mortality from chronic liver disease and acute liver failure, the need for liver transplantation is on the rise. Most of these patients are extremely vulnerable to infections as they are immune-compromised and have other chronic co-morbid conditions. Despite the recent advances in practice and improvement in diagnostic surveillance and treatment modalities, a major portion of these patients continue to be affected by post-transplant infections. Of these, fungal infections are particularly notorious given their vague and insidious onset and are very challenging to diagnose. This mini-review aims to discuss the incidence of fungal infections following liver transplantation, the different fungi involved, the risk factors, which predispose these patients to such infections, associated diagnostic challenges, and the role of prophylaxis. The population at risk is increasingly old and frail, suffering from various other co-morbid conditions, and needs special attention. To improve care and to decrease the burden of such infections, we need to identify the at-risk population with more robust clinical and diagnostic parameters. A more robust global consensus and stringent guidelines are needed to fight against resistant microbes and maintain the longevity of current antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khalid
- Department of Medicine, Orlando Health Medical Center, Orlando, FL 32806, United States
| | - Ritesh Neupane
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Humayun Anjum
- Department of Medicine, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Salim Surani
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Corpus Christi, TX 78405, United States.
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10
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Liu M, Zhu Z, Sun L. Risk Factors of Invasive Fungal Infection in Recipients After Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:687028. [PMID: 34671611 PMCID: PMC8522940 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.687028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Invasive fungal infection (IFI) remains an important cause of mortality in liver transplantation (LT). The objective of this meta-analysis was to identify the risk factors for IFI after LT. Methods: We searched for relevant studies published up to June 2020 from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% CIs were used to identify significant differences in the risk factors. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated by the I2 test, and potential publication bias was assessed with Egger's test. The quality of included studies was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results: A total of 14 studies enrolling 4,284 recipients were included in the meta-analysis. Reoperation (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.61–2.94), posttransplantation dialysis (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.52–2.72), bacterial infection (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.33–2.46), live donor (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.20–2.63), retransplantation (OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.54–3.89), and fungal colonization (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.99–3.42) were associated with the risk factors of IFI after LT. Conclusions: Despite some risk factors that have been identified as significant factors for IFI post-LT, which may inform prevention recommendations, rigorous and well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes should be conducted to solve the limitations of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Zhu
- Department of Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Sun
- Department of Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Yetmar ZA, Lahr B, Brumble L, Gea Banacloche J, Steidley DE, Kushwaha S, Beam E. Epidemiology, risk factors, and association of antifungal prophylaxis on early invasive fungal infection in heart transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13714. [PMID: 34435415 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive fungal infection (IFI) in heart transplant recipients is associated with poor outcomes. Estimated risk of 1-year IFI in heart transplant recipients is 3.4-8.6% with risk factors inconsistently identified in previous studies. The role of antifungal prophylaxis is unclear. The transplant program at Mayo Clinic provides 6 months of universal azole prophylaxis for those heart transplant recipients in Arizona. We sought to define risk factors for 1-year IFI and determine the effect of antifungal prophylaxis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing heart transplantation at Mayo Clinic from January 2000 to March 2019. We analyzed demographics, details of transplant hospitalization, antifungal prophylaxis, and fungal infection. Multivariable Cox analyses were performed to identify risk factors of 1-year IFI and impact of IFI on posttransplant mortality. RESULTS A total of 966 heart transplant recipients were identified with a median age of 56 years (IQR 47, 62). A total of 444 patients received antifungal prophylaxis. Over 1-year follow-up, 62 patients developed IFI with a cumulative incidence of 6.4%. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with IFI were renal replacement therapy (RRT) (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.65-6.39), allograft rejection (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.25-4.34), and antifungal prophylaxis (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.11-0.96). RRT was also associated with invasive mold infection (HR 3.00, 95% CI 1.29-6.97). CONCLUSIONS RRT and allograft rejection after transplantation are associated with 1-year IFI, and RRT is also associated with invasive mold infection. Antifungal prophylaxis appears to be protective and further study is needed in the heart transplant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Yetmar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brian Lahr
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lisa Brumble
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - D Eric Steidley
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sudhir Kushwaha
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elena Beam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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12
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Karadag HI, Andacoglu O, Papadakis M, Paul A, Oezcelik A, Malamutmann E. Invasive Fungal Infections After Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Matched Controlled Risk Analysis. Ann Transplant 2021; 26:e930117. [PMID: 34354035 PMCID: PMC8353998 DOI: 10.12659/aot.930117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are major risks for mortality after liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to evaluate possible risk factors for the development of IFI after LT. Material/Methods All adult patients with IFI after LT between January 2012 and December 2016 at Essen University were identified. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were reviewed. These were compared to a 1-to-3 matched control group. Multinominal univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Results Out of the 579 adults who underwent LT, 33 (5.6%) developed postoperative IFI. Fourteen had invasive aspergillosis with 7 (50%) mortality, and 19 had Candida sepsis with 7 (37%) mortality. The overall mortality due to invasive fungal infections was 42%. Perfusion fluid contamination with yeast was detected in 5 patients (15%). Multivariate regression analyses showed that preoperative dialysis (OR=1.163; CI: 1.038–1.302), Eurotransplant donor risk index (OR=0.04; CI=0.003–0.519), length of hospital stay (OR=25.074; CI: 23.99–26.208), and yeast contamination of the preservation fluid (OR=47.8; CI: 4.77–478, 96) were associated with IFI in the Candida group, whereas duration of surgery (OR=1.013; CI: 1.005–1.022), ventilation hours (OR=0.993; CI=0.986–0.999), and days of postoperative dialysis (OR=1.195; CI: 1.048–1,362) were associated with IFI in the aspergillosis group. Conclusions Post-LT IFI had 42% mortality in our cohort. Prophylactic antifungal therapy should be expanded to broader risk groups as defined above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil-Ibrahim Karadag
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Science University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oya Andacoglu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University of Witten-Herdecke, Herdecke, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Science University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arzu Oezcelik
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Science University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eugen Malamutmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Science University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Oral diseases after liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Dent J 2021; 231:117-124. [PMID: 34302095 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-3219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of liver transplantation on the occurrence and frequency of oral diseases in humans.Data sources The study query was performed on Medline/PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Library and Embase databases, including the grey literature.Data selection Observational studies comparing the frequency of oral manifestations in post-liver transplantation patients versus reference population were eligible for inclusion.Data extraction and analysis The article selection, data extraction and quality assessment were executed by three independent investigators. A random-effects meta-analysis was carried out for computation of relative risks of oral malignancies (standardised incidence ratio [SIR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]).Data synthesis Among 248 studies identified, 11 met the eligibility criteria and six were included in the meta-analysis. Opportunistic fungal infections (Candida spp.) and lesions with malignant potential were reported to be more frequently prevalent after liver transplantation. Calculations indicated that after liver transplantation, the patients have a fivefold increased risk for oral cancer occurrence compared to the general population (SIR = 5.006; 95% CI 2.803 to 8.94; p <0.001).Conclusions The findings suggest that liver transplantation increases the risk of oral malignancies and the frequency of other mucosal lesions.
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14
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Ioannou P, Alexakis K, Kofteridis DP. Endocarditis in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122660. [PMID: 34208756 PMCID: PMC8235265 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective Endocarditis (IE) is associated with significant mortality. Interestingly, IE in patients with liver transplantation has not been adequately described. The aim of this review was to systematically review all published cases of IE in liver transplant recipients and describe their epidemiology, microbiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes. A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library (through 2 January 2021) for studies providing epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, treatment data and outcomes of IE in liver transplant recipients was conducted. A total of 39 studies, containing data for 62 patients, were included in the analysis. The most common causative pathogens were gram-positive microorganisms in 69.4%, fungi in 25.8%, and gram-negative microorganisms in 9.7% of cases, while in 9.3% IE was culture-negative. The aortic valve was the most commonly infected valve followed by mitral, tricuspid and the pulmonary valve. Aminoglycosides, vancomycin and aminopenicillins were the most commonly used antimicrobials, and surgical management was performed in half of the cases. Clinical cure was noted in 57.4%, while overall mortality was 43.5%. To conclude, this systematic review thoroughly describes IE in liver transplant recipients and provides information on epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes.
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15
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Lum L, Lee A, Vu M, Strasser S, Davis R. Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive fungal disease in liver transplant recipients in a tertiary transplant center. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13361. [PMID: 32510755 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive fungal disease (IFD) in liver transplant recipients causes significant morbidity and mortality. We aim to describe institutional epidemiology and risk factors for IFD in the liver transplant population. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all adult liver transplant recipients in our institution from 2005 to October 2015 to describe the epidemiology of patients with proven and probable IFD according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria. To determine risk factors for IFD, a case-control study was also conducted. Cases were defined as liver transplant recipients with proven or probable IFD, and controls were defined as liver transplant recipients without IFD. Each case was matched to two controls by age (±10 years of age), gender, and time of transplant (within one year of the case). RESULTS 28/554 (5.1%) patients developed IFD. Candidiasis (n = 11; 39.3%), Aspergillosis (n = 10; 35.7%), and Cryptococcosis (n = 3; 10.7%) were the most common fungal infections in the proven and probable IFD groups. Mold infections occurred in 13 (46.4%) cases. Reoperation, roux-en-y anastomosis, and massive intraoperative transfusion of ≥40 units of cellular blood products were major risk factors for IFD in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Candida and Aspergillus are the most common causes of IFD in liver transplantation in our center. There is significant overlap in risk factors for such infections post-transplantation. In our cohort, critically ill patients with complicated perioperative course seem to predispose them to mold infections post-transplantation, but larger studies are required to better delineate risk factors for mold infection as well as determine the efficacy and optimal duration of mold prophylaxis in liver transplantation. With increasing echinocandin use for antifungal prophylaxis, it is also important to monitor for emerging antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Lum
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andie Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Monica Vu
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simone Strasser
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Davis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Jorgenson MR, Descourouez JL, Marka NA, Leverson GE, Smith JA, Andes DR, Fernandez LA, Foley DP. A targeted fungal prophylaxis protocol with static dosed fluconazole significantly reduces invasive fungal infection after liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2019; 21:e13156. [PMID: 31390109 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive fungal infection (IFI) after liver transplant (LTx) is associated with extensive morbidity and mortality. Targeted prophylaxis reduces risk, but qualifying criteria, drug of choice and regimen are unclear and compliance is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE Assess the impact of a risk factor-based fungal prophylaxis protocol (FPP) after LTx on fungal infection rates, fungal epidemiology, and transplant outcomes. METHODS Observational cohort study of adult LTx recipients between July 1, 2009, and June 30, 2017. Patients in the FPP group were given a set dose of 400 mg fluconazole without renal adjustment on POD 1-14 via pharmacist delegation protocol. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-nine patients met inclusion criteria; 50 in the FPP and 139 in the pre-implementation comparator group. Of those who would be considered high-risk, 22.3% received antifungal prophylaxis prior to FPP implementation vs 92% after implementation (P < .0001). There were significantly fewer fungal infections in the FPP group at 1 year (12.5% vs 26.6%, P = .03). IFI in the pre-implementation control group was due to Candida species in 95% of cases; 30% were species with reduced fluconazole susceptibility. IFI in the FPP group was due to Candida species in all cases, and no isolates had reduced fluconazole susceptibility. Aspergillus did not account for any IFI between the groups. One-year patient and graft survival were similar between groups. In a multivariable model accounting for patient and donor age, donor type, MELD, and cold ischemic time, FPP was protective against fungal infection (HR 0.3, P = .015). FPP did not significantly impact graft survival (HR 0.4, P = .14), but trended toward improved patient survival. (HR 0.18, P = .06). CONCLUSION Implementation of a targeted FPP utilizing static dosing of fluconazole 400 mg × 14 days to those that meet high-risk criteria significantly reduces invasive fungal infection after liver transplant. Use of this protocol did not adversely affect fungal epidemiology and may have a positive impact on allograft and patient survival. Future large prospective studies are needed to better evaluate survival impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Jorgenson
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jillian L Descourouez
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Marka
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Glen E Leverson
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeannina A Smith
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David R Andes
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luis A Fernandez
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David P Foley
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Kim YJ, Kim SI, Choi JY, Yoon SK, Na GH, You YK, Kim DG, Kim MS, Lee JG, Joo DJ, Kim SI, Kim YS, Lee SO, Hwang S, Sim E. Invasive fungal infection in liver transplant recipients in a prophylactic era: A multicenter retrospective cohort study in Korea. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16179. [PMID: 31261553 PMCID: PMC6616347 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) after liver transplantation (LT) is continuing to evolve in the current era of antifungal prophylactic therapy. This multicenter retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of IFIs among LT recipients in the current era.We analyzed a total of 482 LT recipients aged 18 years and older who were admitted to 3 tertiary hospitals in Korea between January 2009 and February 2012.Twenty-four episodes of IFIs occurred in 23 patients (4.77%; 23/482). Of these episodes, 20 were proven cases and 4 were probable cases according to EORTC/MSG criteria. Among these cases, IFI developed within 30 days of transplantation in 47.8% of recipients, from 31 to 180 days in 34.8% of recipients, and from 181 to 365 days in 17.4% of recipients. The most common isolates were Candida species (n = 12, 52.2%; Candida albicans, 6 cases; Candida tropicalis, 1 case; Candida glabrata, 1 case; Candida parapsilosis, 1 case; and unspecified Candida species, 1 case) and Aspergillus species (n = 7, 30.4%). The mortality in patients with IFIs was significantly higher than that in patients without IFIs (47.83% [11/23] vs 7.18% [33/459], P < .001). The incidence of late-onset IFIs is increasing in the antifungal prophylactic era, and fluconazole-resistant non-albicans Candida species have not yet emerged in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Sang Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital
| | | | - Seung Kew Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital
| | - Gun Hyung Na
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung You
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Dong Goo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Jae Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Soon Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Yu Seun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Sang-Oh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
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19
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Lohrmann GM, Vucicevic D, Lawrence R, Steidley DE, Scott RL, Kusne S, Blair JE. Single-center experience of antifungal prophylaxis for coccidioidomycosis in heart transplant recipients within an endemic area. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 19. [PMID: 28695649 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In endemic regions, coccidioidomycosis causes substantial morbidity and mortality for patients receiving solid organ transplants. We aimed to demonstrate the effect of antifungal coccidioidal prophylaxis in heart transplant (HT) recipients. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic health records of all patients who received HTs between October 19, 2005, and December 13, 2014. We collected information regarding antifungal regimens and determined whether patients subsequently developed infections. Our 174-person cohort all received antifungal prophylaxis for at least 6 months (mean follow-up, 53.8 months). One proven and one probable coccidioidal infection (each, 0.6%) occurred during the study period. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis was 0.6% at 1 year and 2.3% at 5 years. No cases of proven coccidioidomycosis occurred within 2 years after transplantation. No patients developed disseminated disease, and no sentinel events were attributed to coccidioidomycosis. Both fluconazole and voriconazole were well tolerated. In the absence of intolerance or contraindication, we suggest continuing a universal antifungal prophylactic regimen with fluconazole for at least 6-12 months in HT recipients residing in a coccidioidomycosis-endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham M Lohrmann
- Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darko Vucicevic
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Romy Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - D Eric Steidley
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Robert L Scott
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shimon Kusne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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20
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Halliday N, Westbrook RH. Liver transplantation: post-transplant management. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2017; 78:278-285. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2017.78.5.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Halliday
- Wellcome Clinical Research Fellow, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF
| | - Rachel H Westbrook
- Consultant Hepatologist, Sheila N Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London
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21
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Abdelhamid NM, Chen YC, Wang YC, Cheng CH, Wu TJ, Lee CF, Wu TH, Chou HS, Chan KM, Lee WC, Soong RS. Pre-Transplantation Immune Cell Distribution and Early Post-Transplant Fungal Infection Are the Main Risk Factors of Liver Transplantation Recipients in Lower Model of End-Stage Liver Disease. Transplant Proc 2017; 49:92-97. [PMID: 28104167 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients after liver transplantation (LTx) with high Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (>30) is predicted, but patients with lower MELD scores (<30) have no conclusive studies of pre- and post-transplant risk factors that influence the long-term outcome. METHODS This retrospective study reviewed 268 recipients with MELD score <30, from 2008 to 2013 in our institution, for evaluation of pre-transplant risk factors including patients' clinical background data, pre-transplant lymphocyte subpopulation, and early post-transplant infection complication as predictors for long-term survival after LTx. RESULTS The post-transplant patients' survival estimates were 90.7%, 85.1%, and 83.6% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. In multivariate analysis, age >55years, presence of ascites, cluster of differentiation (CD)3 < 93.2 (count/μL), CD4/CD8 <2.4, fungal infection, and more than one site of fungal colonization significantly influenced survival (P = .0003, P = .002, P = .04, P = .004, P < .0001, and P > .0001, respectively). We also noticed that these five factors accumulatively influence the long-term survival rate; this means that in the presence of any two risk factors, the 5-year survival can still be 88.4%, whereas in the presence of any three risk factors, the survival rate dropped to only 57.1%. CONCLUSIONS Older patients in the presence of pre-transplant low immune cell number and ascites in association with post-transplant fungal infection are the independent risk factors in MELD scores <30 LTx groups for long-term survival. Patients in these groups with any of the three factors had inferior long-term survival results.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Abdelhamid
- General Surgery Department, Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt; Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Chen
- General Surgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Wang
- Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - C-H Cheng
- Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - T-J Wu
- Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - C-F Lee
- Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - T-H Wu
- Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - H-S Chou
- Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - K-M Chan
- Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - W-C Lee
- Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - R-S Soong
- General Surgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan; Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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22
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Michels G, Ruhparwar A, Pfister R, Welte T, Gottlieb J, Andriopoulos N, Teschner S, Burst V, Mertens J, Stippel D, Herter-Sprie G, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Böll B, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Theurich S, Vehreschild J, Scheid C, Chemnitz J, Kochanek M. Transplantationsmedizin in der Intensivmedizin. REPETITORIUM INTERNISTISCHE INTENSIVMEDIZIN 2017. [PMCID: PMC7193715 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53182-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Die Betreuung von Patienten vor und nach einer Organtransplantation gehört zum Gebiet der „speziellen Intensivmedizin“ des jeweiligen Fachbereichs. Die transplantationsspezifische Intensivmedizin setzt daher ein interdisziplinäres Management voraus. Neben der Organprotektion bzw. dem Monitoring von speziellen transplantationsrelevanten Problemen steht die Immunsuppression. Auf das Management mit Immunsuppressiva und von transplantationsassoziierten, intensivmedizinisch relevanten Problemen wird in diesem Kapitel eingegangen. Speziell werden Herz-, Lungen-, Leber-, Nieren- und Stammzelltransplantationen dargestellt.
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Perrella A, Esposito C, Amato G, Perrella O, Migliaccio C, Pisaniello D, Calise F, Cuomo O, Santaniello W. Antifungal prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B and caspofungin in high-risk patients after liver transplantation: impact on fungal infections and immune system. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:161-6. [PMID: 26513601 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungal prophylaxis may be required in high-risk patients undergoing liver transplantation and for that reason we aimed to verify its role and its related impact on the graft. From January 2006 throughout 2012, 250 liver transplants were evaluated and 54 patients identified as being at higher risk were randomly selected to undergo the following schedule: 28 patients received liposomal amphotericin B and 26 received caspofungin. We evaluated, throughout 12 months, renal and liver function tests, bacterial and fungal infection episodes, and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, as well as the Th1 and Th2 cytokine network. Differences were analyzed according to non-parametric tests (two-tailed p values). Neither of the groups showed episodes of invasive fungal infection during the 12 months follow-up; however, patients receiving prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B had reduced episodes of bacterial infections coupled with an improved immune system response compared with those receiving caspofungin. Finally, a reduced stay in the ICU was also observed. In conclusion, even if the results of liposomal amphotericin B and caspofungin prophylaxis strategies did not differ in terms of invasive fungal infection rate, patients receiving prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B had a reduced ICU stay and an improved Th2 status, as well as a reduced number of post-transplant bacterial infections. Further studies are required to better address and evaluate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perrella
- a VII Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology , Hospital D. Cotugno .,b CLSE-Liver Transplant Unit , Hospital A. Cardarelli
| | - C Esposito
- d Liver Intensive Care Unit , AORN A. Cardarelli
| | - G Amato
- e Microbiology Laboratory , AORN, A. Cardarelli , Naples , Italy
| | - O Perrella
- a VII Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology , Hospital D. Cotugno
| | - C Migliaccio
- c CEB-Liver Transplant Unit , Hospital A. Cardarelli
| | - D Pisaniello
- b CLSE-Liver Transplant Unit , Hospital A. Cardarelli
| | - F Calise
- c CEB-Liver Transplant Unit , Hospital A. Cardarelli
| | - O Cuomo
- b CLSE-Liver Transplant Unit , Hospital A. Cardarelli
| | - W Santaniello
- c CEB-Liver Transplant Unit , Hospital A. Cardarelli
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24
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Successful living-donor liver transplantation after treatment of sinus aspergillosis by endoscopic mycetoma removal and sinus drainage. Surg Case Rep 2016; 1:29. [PMID: 26943397 PMCID: PMC4747917 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-015-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A 47-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for treatment of end-stage liver disease due to primary biliary cirrhosis. Preoperative routine nasal sinus magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse inflammatory mucosal hyperplasia of the right maxillary sinus and mycetoma without invasive fungal sinusitis. Aspergillus antigen was positive. With a diagnosis of sinus aspergillosis, endoscopic sinus drainage and removal of mycetoma were performed. After endoscopic treatment, the right maxillary sinus was irrigated using amphotericin B for 2 weeks and then treated by iodine with gentamicin and ketoconazole for 6 weeks. At 1 month after endoscopic treatment, the mycetoma had disappeared. At 3 months after the endoscopic treatment, the patient underwent living-donor liver transplantation using the left and caudate lobe of her daughter. The patient made a satisfactory recovery and was discharged on 19 days after transplant. As of 44 months after transplant, she remains well without recurrence of aspergillosis.
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25
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26
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Sganga G, Bianco G, Frongillo F, Lirosi MC, Nure E, Agnes S. Fungal infections after liver transplantation: incidence and outcome. Transplant Proc 2015; 46:2314-8. [PMID: 25242777 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal infections, although less frequent than bacterial infections, represent a severe comorbidity with an exponential increase in mortality rate in liver transplantation patients. The incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) after solid organ transplantation ranges from 7% to 42%, with Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. as the most common pathogens. Fungal infections in liver transplant recipients have been associated with poor outcome and mortality rates ranging from 65% to 90% for invasive aspergillosis and 30% to 50% for invasive candidiasis. The results largely depend on early diagnosis and early initiation of specific treatment for IFIs. Therefore, the diagnosis must be prompt, preferably based on microbiological data, both cultures and biomarkers, and/or based on clinical features and known risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study evaluated the incidence of fungal infections in patients after liver transplantation in our center between January 2003 and December 2012. The retrospective analysis of 215 consecutive liver transplantation patients was undertaken to estimate incidence, risk factors, and clinical courses of IFIs in the first 3 months after liver transplantation. RESULTS Candidemia and invasive candidiasis microbiologically proven were found in 26 patients (12%), whereas in 6 patients (2.8%) invasive fungal infections from other non-Candida fungi developed: Aspergillus (4 cases: 2 A fumigatus, 2 A terreus), Fusarium oxysporum (1 case), and Rhodotorula rubra (1 case). Two patients with Aspergillus and the patient with Fusarium died. The patient with Rhodotorula as well as 22 of the patients with candidemia (85%) survived. All of the episodes developed during the first 3 months posttransplantation. All cases have followed a previous polymicrobial bacterial infection (especially in the biliary tract) with large use of combined antibiotic therapies. CONCLUSIONS The rate of fungal infection was found to increase in parallel with the number of risk factors. Prophylactic strategies can decrease the risk of fungal infections. Early detection and treatment with adequate early empiric therapy is the key to obtaining a better outcome in liver transplantation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sganga
- Division of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
| | - G Bianco
- Division of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - F Frongillo
- Division of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Lirosi
- Division of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - E Nure
- Division of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - S Agnes
- Division of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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27
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Rathi S, Dhiman RK. Hepatobiliary quiz (answers)-13 (2015). J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:100-4. [PMID: 25941440 PMCID: PMC4415289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Radha K. Dhiman
- Address for correspondence: Radha K. Dhiman, Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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28
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Eschenauer GA, Kwak EJ, Humar A, Potoski BA, Clarke LG, Shields RK, Abdel-Massih R, Silveira FP, Vergidis P, Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Targeted versus universal antifungal prophylaxis among liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:180-9. [PMID: 25359455 PMCID: PMC4365781 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Guidelines recommend targeted antifungal prophylaxis for liver transplant (LT) recipients based on tiers of risk, rather than universal prophylaxis. The feasibility and efficacy of tiered, targeted prophylaxis is not well established. We performed a retrospective study of LT recipients who received targeted prophylaxis (n = 145; voriconazole [VORI; 54%], fluconazole [8%], no antifungal [38%]) versus universal VORI prophylaxis (n = 237). Median durations of targeted and universal prophylaxis were 11 and 6 days, respectively (p < 0.0001). The incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in targeted and universal groups was 6.9% and 4.2% (p = 0.34). Overall, intra-abdominal candidiasis (73%) was the most common IFI. Posttransplant bile leaks (p = 0.001) and living donor transplants (p = 0.04) were independent risk factors for IFI. IFIs occurred in 6% of high-risk transplants who received prophylaxis and 4% of low-risk transplants who did not receive prophylaxis (p = 1.0). Mortality rates (100 days) were 10% (targeted) and 7% (universal) (p = 0.26); attributable mortality due to IFI was 10%. Compliance with prophylaxis recommendations was 97%. Prophylaxis was discontinued for toxicity in 2% of patients. Targeted antifungal prophylaxis in LT recipients was feasible and safe, effectively prevented IFIs and reduced the number of patients exposed to antifungals. Bile leaks and living donor transplants should be considered high-risk indications for prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- GA Eschenauer
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - EJ Kwak
- Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A Humar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - BA Potoski
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - LG Clarke
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - RK Shields
- Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - R Abdel-Massih
- Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - FP Silveira
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - P Vergidis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - CJ Clancy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - MH Nguyen
- Antibiotic Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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29
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Saliba F, Pascher A, Cointault O, Laterre PF, Cervera C, De Waele JJ, Cillo U, Langer RM, Lugano M, Göran-Ericzon B, Phillips S, Tweddle L, Karas A, Brown M, Fischer L. Randomized trial of micafungin for the prevention of invasive fungal infection in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:997-1006. [PMID: 25520332 PMCID: PMC4357288 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this randomized clinical trial comparing micafungin 100 mg with standard-care antifungal prophylaxis (fluconazole, liposomal amphotericin B, or caspofungin) in high-risk liver transplant patients, micafungin 100 mg was noninferior and had a better kidney safety profile. Background. Invasive fungal infection (IFI) following liver transplant is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Antifungal prophylaxis is rational for liver transplant patients at high IFI risk. Methods. In this open-label, noninferiority study, patients were randomized 1:1 to receive intravenous micafungin 100 mg or center-specific standard care (fluconazole, liposomal amphotericin B, or caspofungin) posttransplant. The primary endpoint was clinical success (absence of a proven/probable IFI and no need for additional antifungals) at end of prophylaxis (EOP). Noninferiority (10% margin) of micafungin vs standard care was assessed in the per protocol and full analysis sets. Safety assessments included adverse events and liver and kidney function tests. Results. The full analysis set comprised 344 patients (172 micafungin; 172 standard care). Mean age was 51.2 years; 48.0% had a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score ≥20. At EOP (mean treatment duration, 17 days), clinical success was 98.6% for micafungin and 99.3% for standard care (Δ standard care – micafungin [95% confidence interval], 0.7% [−2.7% to 4.4%]) in the per protocol set and 96.5% and 93.6%, respectively (−2.9% [−8.0% to 1.9%]), in the full analysis set. Incidences of drug-related adverse events for micafungin and standard care were 11.6% and 16.3%, leading to discontinuation in 6.4% and 11.6% of cases, respectively. At EOP, liver function tests were similar but creatinine clearance was higher in micafungin- vs standard care–treated patients. Conclusions. Micafungin was noninferior to standard care as antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant patients at high risk for IFI. Adverse event profiles and liver function at EOP were similar, although kidney function was better with micafungin. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01058174.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuela Lugano
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Lorraine Tweddle
- Astellas Pharma Europe Medical Affairs, Chertsey, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Karas
- Astellas Pharma Europe Medical Affairs, Chertsey, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Brown
- Astellas Pharma Global Medical Affairs, Northbrook, Illinois
| | - Lutz Fischer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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30
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Hoyo I, Sanclemente G, de la Bellacasa JP, Cofán F, Ricart M, Cardona M, Colmenero J, Fernández J, Escorsell A, Navasa M, Moreno A, Cervera C. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of invasive aspergillosis in renal transplant patients. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:951-957. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Hoyo
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - G. Sanclemente
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Puig de la Bellacasa
- Microbiology, “Centre Diagnòstic Biomèdic” (CDB); Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB); Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - IDIBAPS - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - F. Cofán
- Renal Transplant Unit; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - IDIBAPS - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M.J. Ricart
- Renal Transplant Unit; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - IDIBAPS - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Cardona
- Heart Transplant Unit; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - IDIBAPS - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Colmenero
- Liver Transplant Unit; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - IDIBAPS - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Fernández
- Liver Transplant Unit; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - IDIBAPS - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - A. Escorsell
- Liver Transplant Unit; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - IDIBAPS - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Navasa
- Liver Transplant Unit; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - IDIBAPS - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - A. Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Cervera
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Hospital Clinic of Barcelona - Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) - University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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31
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Pedersen M, Seetharam A. Infections after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2014; 4:347-60. [PMID: 25755581 PMCID: PMC4298628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation. Systemic immunosuppression renders the liver recipient susceptible to de novo infection with bacteria, viruses and fungi post-transplantation as well to reactivation of pre-existing, latent disease. Pathogens are also transmissible via the donor organ. The time from transplantation and degree of immunosuppression may guide the differential diagnosis of potential infectious agents. However, typical systemic signs and symptoms of infection are often absent or blunted after transplant and a high index of suspicion is needed. Invasive procedures are often required to procure tissue for culture and guide antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobial prophylaxis reduces the incidence of opportunistic infections and is routinely employed in the care of patients after liver transplant. In this review, we survey common bacterial, fungal, and viral infections after orthotopic liver transplantation and highlight recent developments in their diagnosis and management.
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Key Words
- BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- EBV, epstein–Barr virus
- ELISA, enzym linked immunosorbent assay
- FCN2, ficolin-2
- GM, galactomannan
- HAT, hepatic artery thrombosis
- HBIG, hepatitis B immune globulin
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HHV, human herpesvirus
- LDLT, live donor liver transplantation
- MASP2, MBL-associated serine protease
- MBL, mannan-binding lectin
- MDR, multi-drug resistant
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- NAS, non-anastomotic stricture
- OLT, orthotopic liver transplantation
- PPD, purified protein derivative
- PTLD, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- U, unit
- cytomegalovirus
- donor transmission
- infection
- liver transplantation
- prophylaxis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anil Seetharam
- Address for correspondence: Anil Seetharam, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Banner Transplant and Advanced Liver Disease Center, 1300 N. 12th Street Suite 404, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA. Tel.: +1 602 839 7000; fax: +1 602 839 7050.
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32
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Dorschner P, McElroy LM, Ison MG. Nosocomial infections within the first month of solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:171-87. [PMID: 24661423 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections remain a common complication of solid organ transplantation. Early postoperative infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Although significant effort has been made to understand the epidemiology and risk factors for early nosocomial infections in other surgical populations, data in SOT recipients are limited. A literature review was performed to summarize the current understanding of pneumonia, urinary tract infection, surgical-site infection, bloodstream infection, and Clostridium difficult colitis, occurring within the first 30 days after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dorschner
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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33
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Helenius-Hietala J, Ruokonen H, Grönroos L, Rissanen H, Vehkalahti MM, Suominen L, Isoniemi H, Meurman JH. Oral mucosal health in liver transplant recipients and controls. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:72-80. [PMID: 24142471 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs and other medications may predispose patients to oral diseases. Data on oral mucosal health in recipients of liver transplantation (LT) are limited. We, therefore, recruited 84 LT recipients (64 with chronic liver disease and 20 with acute liver failure) for clinical oral examinations in a cross-sectional, case-control study. Their oral health had been clinically examined before transplantation. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) was assessed in groups with different etiologies of liver disease and in groups with different immunosuppressive medications, and these groups were compared to controls selected from a nationwide survey in Finland (n = 252). Risk factors for OMLs were evaluated with logistic regression. OMLs were more frequent in LT recipients versus controls (43% versus 15%, P < 0.001), and the use of steroids raised the prevalence to 53%. Drug-induced gingival overgrowth was the single most common type of lesion, and its prevalence was significantly higher for patients using cyclosporine A (CSA; 29%) versus patients using tacrolimus (TAC; 5%, P = 0.007); the prevalence was even higher with the simultaneous use of calcium channel blockers and CSA (47%) or TAC (8%, P = 0.002). Lesions with malignant potential such as drug-induced lichenoid reactions, oral lichen planus-like lesions, leukoplakias, and ulcers occurred in 13% of the patients with chronic liver disease and in 6% of the controls. Every third patient with chronic liver disease had reduced salivary flow, and more than half of all patients were positive for Candida; this risk was higher with steroids. In conclusion, the high frequency of OMLs among LT recipients can be explained not only by immunosuppressive drugs but also by other medications. Because dry mouth affects oral health and OMLs may have the potential for malignant transformation, annual oral examinations are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Helenius-Hietala
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Micafungin versus amphotericin B lipid complex for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2013; 96:573-8. [PMID: 23842191 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31829d674f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist regarding echinocandins as antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients. METHODS The efficacy and safety of targeted prophylaxis with micafungin or amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) was assessed in a sequential cohort of high-risk patients (posttransplantation dialysis, retransplantation, or reoperation) and compared with those without high risk who did not receive prophylaxis. Outcomes were assessed at 90 days. RESULTS Micafungin versus ABLC recipients were older (P=0.0065) and more likely to have hepatocellular carcinoma (P=0.025). High-risks, that is, dialysis (55.6% vs. 79.2%), retransplantation (5.6% vs. 12.5%), and reoperation (38.9% vs. 20.8%) did not differ between the two groups. Invasive fungal infections developed in 11.1% (2 of 18) of micafungin recipients, 8.3% (2 of 24) of ABLC recipients, and 3% (7 of 234) of patients without high risks (P=0.12). In nondialyzed patients, ABLC versus micafungin recipients had significantly higher serum creatinine on day 14 (P=0.04). However, renal and hepatic function, rejection, graft loss, and mortality did not differ for the two groups on day 90. CONCLUSIONS Targeted prophylaxis with micafungin or ABLC decreased the risk of mycoses in high-risk recipients compared with that in low-risk recipients. Compared with ABLC, however, micafungin appeared to be associated with lower early-renal dysfunction and no additional risk of hepatic dysfunction.
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35
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Abstract
Modern post-transplant care pathways commonly encompass periods of critical care support. Infectious events account for many of these interactions making critical care physicians integral members of multidisciplinary transplant teams. Despite continuing advances in clinical care and infection prophylaxis, the morbidity and mortality attributable to infection post-transplant remains considerable. Emerging entities constantly add to the breadth of potential opportunistic pathogens. Individualized risk assessments, rapid and thorough diagnostic evaluation, and prompt initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapies are essential. The approach to managing transplant recipients with infection in critical care is discussed and common and emerging opportunistic pathogens are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atul Humar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, 6–030 Katz Center for Health Research, 11361–87 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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36
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Dou YH, Du JK, Liu HL, Shong XD. The role of procalcitonin in the identification of invasive fungal infection-a systemic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:464-9. [PMID: 23711529 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to summarize evidence on the accuracy of procalcitonin (PCT) test in differentiating fungal infection from other causes of infection. We searched electronic database for original researches that reported diagnostic performance of PCT alone or compare with other biomarkers to diagnose invasive fungal infection (IFI). We included 8 qualifying studies studying 474 episodes of suspected fungal infection with 155 (32.7%) probable or proven IFIs. Four studies compared IFI to bacterial sepsis, in which the pooled positive likelihood ratios and negative likelihood ratios were 4.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.46-8.79) and 0.15 (95% CI, 0.05-0.41), respectively. Another 4 studies compared IFI to uninfected individuals, in which the pooled positive likelihood ratios and negative likelihood ratios were 4.01 (95% CI, 2.04-7.88) and 0.23 (0.07-0.77), respectively. The existing literature suggests good diagnostic accuracy for the PCT test for discrimination between IFIs and bacterial infection or noninfectious conditions. Given the high heterogeneity, medical decisions should be based on both PCT test results and clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Dou
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Shajing Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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37
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Brown GD, Denning DW, Gow NAR, Levitz SM, Netea MG, White TC. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:165rv13. [PMID: 23253612 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2776] [Impact Index Per Article: 252.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although fungal infections contribute substantially to human morbidity and mortality, the impact of these diseases on human health is not widely appreciated. Moreover, despite the urgent need for efficient diagnostic tests and safe and effective new drugs and vaccines, research into the pathophysiology of human fungal infections lags behind that of diseases caused by other pathogens. In this Review, we highlight the importance of fungi as human pathogens and discuss the challenges we face in combating the devastating invasive infections caused by these microorganisms, in particular in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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38
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Saliba F, Delvart V, Ichaï P, Kassis N, Botterel F, Mihaila L, Azoulay D, Adam R, Castaing D, Bretagne S, Samuel D. Fungal infections after liver transplantation: outcomes and risk factors revisited in the MELD era. Clin Transplant 2013; 27:E454-61. [PMID: 23656358 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal prophylaxis is recommended in high-risk patients, but risk criteria remain unclear and the predictive value of Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score is unknown. In a retrospective, single-center analysis of 667 liver transplants, potential risk factors for fungal infection were assessed, including MELD score. Antifungal prophylaxis was administered in 198 patients (29.4%). During follow-up (mean 43.6 ± 29.6 months), 263 patients (39.4%) developed ≥ 1 episode of fungal infection, and 187 (28.0%) patients developed a probable or proven invasive fungal infection requiring systemic antifungal treatment. Patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis had a lower incidence of fungal infection (29.8% vs. 43.5% without prophylaxis, p < 0.001) and invasive fungal infection (17.7% vs. 32.4%, p < 0.001). One-yr patient survival was 91%, 85% and 69%, respectively, in patients with no fungal infection, fungal colonization and treated invasive fungal infection (p < 0.001); graft survival was 88%, 85% and 66% (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that MELD score of 20-30 or ≥ 30 was associated with a 2.0-fold or 4.3-fold increase in relative risk of fungal infection, respectively, and a 2.1-fold or 3.1-fold increase in relative risk of invasive fungal infection. In conclusion, liver transplant patients with a MELD score ≥ 20, and particularly patients with a score ≥ 30, are candidates for antifungal prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzi Saliba
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Villejuif, France.
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Saliba F, Delvart V, Ichaï P, Kassis N, Botterel F, Mihaila L, Azoulay D, Adam R, Castaing D, Bretagne S, Samuel D. Outcomes associated with amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) prophylaxis in high-risk liver transplant patients. Med Mycol 2013; 51:155-63. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.701765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Meadows HB, Taber DJ, Pilch NA, Tischer SM, Baliga PK, Chavin KD. The impact of early corticosteroid withdrawal on graft survival in liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:1323-8. [PMID: 22664009 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been increased interest in recent years in reducing or eliminating steroids from the immunosuppression regimen of transplant recipients to reduce adverse effects associated with their use. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between early versus late steroid withdrawal after liver transplant to determine the optimal duration of steroid use in this population. METHODS This large-scale, retrospective analysis of liver transplants occurred at our institution between 2000 and 2009. Patients were excluded if they were <18 years old, received a multiorgan transplant, or remained on steroids for >1 year. The early steroid withdrawal group had steroids eliminated by 3 months posttransplant; late steroid withdrawal patients had steroids withdrawn between 3 and 12 months posttransplant. RESULTS A total of 586 liver transplants occurred during the study period; 330 patients were included in the analysis. Graft survival was significantly lower in the early steroid withdrawal group. There was no difference in patient survival or overall acute rejection. However, the late steroid withdrawal group had a significantly higher rate of early acute rejection episodes. There was no difference with regard to new-onset diabetes after transplant, hyperlipidemia, or cardiovascular events between groups. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that late corticosteroid withdrawal is associated with better long-term graft survival without increasing the rates of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or cardiovascular events in liver transplant recipients. A prospective study is warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Meadows
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Perrella A, Esposito C, Pisaniello D, D'Alessio L, Perrella O, Marcos A, Cuomo O. Role of Liposomal Amphotericin B Prophylaxis After Liver Transplantation Compared With Fluconazole for High-Risk Patients. Impact on Infections and Mortality Within one Year. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:1977-81. [PMID: 22974886 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Li C, Wen TF, Mi K, Wang C, Yan LN, Li B. Analysis of infections in the first 3-month after living donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1975-80. [PMID: 22563180 PMCID: PMC3337575 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i16.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify factors related to serious postoperative bacterial and fungal infections in the first 3 mo after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).
METHODS: In the present study, the data of 207 patients from 2004 to 2011 were reviewed. The pre-, intra- and post-operative factors were statistically analyzed. All transplantations were approved by the ethics committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University. Patients with definitely preoperative infections and infections within 48 h after transplantation were excluded from current study. All potential risk factors were analyzed using univariate analyses. Factors significant at a P < 0.10 in the univariate analyses were involved in the multivariate analyses. The diagnostic accuracy of the identified risk factors was evaluated using receiver operating curve.
RESULTS: The serious bacterial and fungal infection rates were 14.01% and 4.35% respectively. Enterococcus faecium was the predominant bacterial pathogen, whereas Candida albicans was the most common fungal pathogen. Lung was the most common infection site for both bacterial and fungal infections. Recipient age older than 45 years, preoperative hyponatremia, intensive care unit stay longer than 9 d, postoperative bile leak and severe hyperglycemia were independent risk factors for postoperative bacterial infection. Massive red blood cells transfusion and postoperative bacterial infection may be related to postoperative fungal infection.
CONCLUSION: Predictive risk factors for bacterial and fungal infections were indentified in current study. Pre-, intra- and post-operative factors can cause postoperative bacterial and fungal infections after LDLT.
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Zhou T, Xue F, Han LZ, Xi ZF, Li QG, Xu N, Zhang JJ, Xia Q. Invasive fungal infection after liver transplantation: risk factors and significance of immune cell function monitoring. J Dig Dis 2011; 12:467-75. [PMID: 22118697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monitoring immune status in transplant recipients is essential for predicting the risk of infections. The aims of the study were to identify the correlation of a low ImmuKnow adenosine triphosphate (ATP) value with the development of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and whether this is an independent risk factor for IFIs in liver recipients. METHODS We followed up 248 liver recipients who developed 157 infectious episodes. Peripheral CD4(+) T cells were selected freshly for ATP detection. Percentages of T-helper (Th, CD3(+) CD4(+) ) and T-suppressor (Ts, CD3(+) CD8(+) ) lymphocyte subgroups were also examined. RESULTS Overall 44 patients (17.7%) were diagnosed as IFIs, of whom 9 (20.5%) died. The average ImmuKnow ATP value in the IFI patients (109 ± 78 ng/mL) was significantly lower than that in common bacterial infections (174 ± 106 ng/mL, P < 0.01) or stable liver recipients (314 ± 132 ng/mL, P < 0.01), while there was no difference in the Th/Ts ratio among each group. Logistic regression analysis showed ImmuKnow ATP value less than 100 ng/mL was an independent risk factor of IFI (OR = 3.44, P = 0.0237). ImmuKnow ATP values had no correlation with lymphocytes or their subgroups, but tended to correlate with the number of neutrophils and total white blood cells. CONCLUSIONS ImmuKnow assay monitoring has the potential to identify the patients at risk of developing IFI after liver transplantation (LT), which may provide a feasible measure for optimizing liver recipients' immune cellular function after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
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Universal Prophylaxis With Fluconazole for the Prevention of Early Invasive Fungal Infection in Low-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2011; 92:346-50. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182247bb4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Low CY, Rotstein C. Emerging fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. F1000 MEDICINE REPORTS 2011; 3:14. [PMID: 21876720 PMCID: PMC3155160 DOI: 10.3410/m3-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are infections of importance and are increasing in incidence in immunocompromised hosts such as patients who have had hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplants. Despite our expanded antifungal armamentarium, these infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Indeed, certain trends have emerged in these invasive fungal infections: a rise in the incidence of invasive mold infections, an increase in the non-albicans strains of Candida spp. causing invasive disease and, finally, the emergence of less susceptible fungal strains that are resistant to the broader-spectrum antifungal agents due to overutilization of these agents. Clinicians must recognize the patient groups that are potentially at risk for these invasive fungal infections, as well as the risk factors for such infections. By using more sensitive nonculture-based diagnostic techniques, appropriate therapy may be initiated earlier to enhance survival in these immunocompromised patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian-Yong Low
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital200 Elizabeth Street, NCSB 11-1212, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4Canada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General HospitalSingapore
| | - Coleman Rotstein
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital200 Elizabeth Street, NCSB 11-1212, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4Canada
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Montejo M. Epidemiología de la infección fúngica invasora en el trasplante de órgano sólido. Rev Iberoam Micol 2011; 28:120-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Feltracco P, Barbieri S, Galligioni H, Michieletto E, Carollo C, Ori C. Intensive care management of liver transplanted patients. World J Hepatol 2011; 3:61-71. [PMID: 21487537 PMCID: PMC3074087 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v3.i3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in pre-transplant treatment of cirrhosis-related organ dysfunction, intraoperative patient management, and improvements in the treatment of rejection and infections have made human liver transplantation an effective and valuable option for patients with end stage liver disease. However, many important factors, related both to an increasing "marginality" of the implanted graft and unexpected perioperative complications still make immediate post-operative care challenging and the early outcome unpredictable. In recent years sicker patients with multiple comorbidities and organ dysfunction have been undergoing Liver transplantation; appropriate critical care management is required to support prompt graft recovery and prevent systemic complications. Early post-operative management is highly demanding as significant changes may occur in both the allograft and the "distant" organs. A functioning transplanted liver is almost always associated with organ system recovery, resulting in a new life for the patient. However, in the unfortunate event of graft dysfunction, the unavoidable development of multi-organ failure will require an enhanced level of critical care support and a prolonged ICU stay. Strict monitoring and sustainment of cardiorespiratory function, frequent assessment of graft performance, timely recognition of unexpected complications and the institution of prophylactic measures to prevent extrahepatic organ system dysfunction are mandatory in the immediate post-operative period. A reduced rate of complications and satisfactory outcomes have been obtained from multidisciplinary, collaborative efforts, skillful vigilance, and a thorough knowledge of pathophysiologic characteristics of the transplanted liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Feltracco
- Paolo Feltracco, Stefania Barbieri, Helmut Galligioni, Elisa Michieletto, Cristiana Carollo, Carlo Ori, Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy
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Pozo Laderas JC. [Antifungal prophylaxis in HIV-seropositive liver transplant recipients]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2011; 28:183-90. [PMID: 21420504 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seropositive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients have a high prevalence of chronic liver disease for which liver transplantation is the only possible treatment. Risk of fungal infection in this population may be very high. CASE REPORT We describe the clinical course of the early postoperative period in a patient coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus undergoing liver transplantation. We discuss antifungal prophylaxis indications and drugs of choice in relation to their efficacy and safety profile. Other medical treatments are described, as well as possible pharmacokinetic interactions. CONCLUSIONS Antifungal prophylaxis with anidulafungin has proven effective and has presented no significant adverse effects on a patient at high risk of fungal infection and multiple risk factors for drug interactions.
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Liu X, Ling Z, Li L, Ruan B. Invasive fungal infections in liver transplantation. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e298-304. [PMID: 21345708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in immunocompromised patients, particularly liver transplant recipients, are the subject of increasing clinical attention. Although the overall incidence of fungal infections in liver transplant recipients has declined due to the early treatment of high-risk patients, the overall mortality rate remains high, particularly for invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis. IFIs after liver transplantation are strongly associated with negative outcomes, increasing the cost to recipients. Numerous studies have attempted to determine the independent risk factors related to IFIs and to reduce the morbidity and mortality with empirical antifungal prophylaxis after liver transplantation. Unfortunately, fungal infections are often diagnosed too late; symptoms can be mild and non-specific even with dissemination. Currently, no consensus exists on which patients should receive antifungal prophylaxis, when prophylaxis should be given, which antifungal agents should be used, and what duration is effective. This review highlights the types of IFI, risk factors, diagnosis, antifungal prophylaxis, and treatment after liver transplantation. With the early identification of patients at high risk for IFIs and the development of new molecular diagnostic techniques for early detection, the role of antifungal compounds in fungal infection prophylaxis needs to be established to improve the survival rate and quality of life in liver transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
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Transplantationsmedizin in der Intensivmedizin. REPETITORIUM INTERNISTISCHE INTENSIVMEDIZIN 2011. [PMCID: PMC7123958 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16841-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Die postoperative intensivmedizinische Behandlung von Patienten nach Herztransplantation basiert häufig auf Erfahrung und deren Weitergabe zwischen den Transplantationszentren (hohe Variabilität).
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