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Chen H, Yang C, Yan S, Liu X, Zhou L, Yuan X. Sarcopenia in cirrhosis: From pathophysiology to interventional therapy. Exp Gerontol 2024; 196:112571. [PMID: 39236869 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is a significant complication in patients with cirrhosis. This condition not only exacerbates the overall morbidity and mortality associated with liver disease but also complicates patient management, increasing the risk of hospitalization, infections, and hepatic encephalopathy. Despite its clinical significance, sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the pathophysiology of sarcopenia in cirrhosis, including mechanisms such as altered metabolism, hormonal imbalances, and inflammation. Additionally, we explore diagnostic challenges and discuss emerging therapeutic strategies, including nutritional support, exercise, and pharmacological interventions. By highlighting the gaps in existing research and proposing directions for future studies, this review seeks to improve the management and outcomes of cirrhotic patients affected by sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China; Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Shijie Yan
- Department of General Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Xintao Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinlu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201399, China.
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Yang J, Guo G, Yang F, Li C, Wang H, Yang W, Yang Z, Liu Q, Li Q, Sun C. A sex-oriented analysis concerning skeletal muscle quantity and quality and associations to quality of life in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2024; 22:78. [PMID: 39267044 PMCID: PMC11395965 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-024-02295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data regarding sex-oriented analyses of connection between muscle quantity and quality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), taking into account the pathophysiological differences of sarcopenia/myosteatosis in males versus females. We sought to investigate the associations between skeletal muscle index (SMI)-defined sarcopenia and intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC)-defined myosteatosis and EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D)-defined HRQoL in patients with decompensated cirrhosis concerning sex disparities. METHODS Totally, 382 patients were enrolled. The relationship between SMI/IMAC and HRQoL was evaluated with restricted cubic spline and Pearson correlation analyses. Furthermore, association between SMI or sarcopenia and EQ-5D utility index was determined by multiple linear regression, adjusted for age, BMI and concurrent disease severity. RESULTS The study population comprised evenly distributed male and female patients (190: 192), mean age 61.9 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia (40.5 versus 9.9%, P < 0.001) and SMI (48.8 versus 42.2 cm2/m2, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in males relative to females, with comparable myosteatosis prevalence (15.3 versus 16.7%, P = 0.708). Self-care, usual activities and pain within EQ-5D scale were more prevalent in the sarcopenia compared with non-sarcopenia groups across entire population and stratified by sex. The SMI values exhibited a significantly linear correlation with EQ-5D utility index in male but not female patients (P for non-linearity = 0.281). In multiple analysis, SMI or the presence of sarcopenia was both significantly associated with EQ-5D utility index. Subgroup analyses unveiled no discernible interactions between sarcopenia and EQ-5D utility index. CONCLUSIONS Muscle quantity measured by SMI was associated with declined HRQoL in males rather than females, whereas no associations were found regarding muscle quality measured by IMAC in both sexes. It is tempting to manage sarcopenia by increasing SMI levels as high as possible in hopes of achieving better health consequence. Our findings represent the importance of connecting CT-demarcated body composition abnormalities to meaningful patient-centered outcomes. Future targeted studies with sizable multi-center populations are warranted to clarify this causality, and in consequence develop optimized intervention against sarcopenia/myosteatosis or key determinants concerning impaired HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Gaoyue Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Digestive System, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, No.8, Guangchuan Road, Baodi District, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Hexi Hospital, Tianjin, 300202, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Hospital, No. 406 Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Wanting Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, East Street 6, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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Stoffel E, Hwang SY, Qian X, Geller B, Morelli G, Zhang W. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for short-term mortality in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 36:1010-1015. [PMID: 38808872 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is common in patients with cirrhosis and is a risk factor for increased mortality. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement has been utilized in cirrhosis patients with decompensation . We investigated the role of sarcopenia in predicting mortality in patients undergoing TIPS. METHODS We conducted a single-center retrospective study of 232 patients with cirrhosis who underwent TIPS between January 2010 and December 2015. Sarcopenia was defined by the psoas muscle index (PMI) cutoff value, calculated based on dynamic time-dependent outcomes using X-tile software. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated the difference in survival in the sarcopenia group versus the non-sarcopenia group. . Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the relationship between sarcopenia and post-TIPS mortality during a follow-up period of 1 year. RESULTS For TIPS indications, 111 (47.84%) patients had refractory ascites, 69 (29.74%) patients had variceal bleeding, 12 (5.17%) patients had ascites, and 40 (17.24%) for other indications. The mean PMI was 4.40 ± 1.55. Sarcopenia was defined as a PMI value of <4.36 in males, and <3.23 in females. Sarcopenia was present in 96 (41.38%) of patients. . Kaplan-Meier analysis showed thatsarcopenia is associated with worse survival (log-rank P < 0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sarcopenia is independently associated with worse survival during the 1-year follow-up period with an hazard ratio of 2.435 (95% CI 1.346-4.403) ( P < 0.01), after adjusting for age, BMI, indications for TIPS, etiology for cirrhosis, and MELD score and stratified by sex. CONCLUSION Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for 1-year mortality in patients undergoing TIPS and should be considered when patients are evaluated as a candidate for TIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Stoffel
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Soo Young Hwang
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xia Qian
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian Geller
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Giuseppe Morelli
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wei Zhang
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Sarcopenia and Frailty in Cirrhosis. Med Clin North Am 2023; 107:589-604. [PMID: 37001955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia and frailty are frequent in cirrhosis, and both contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. The complex pathogenesis of sarcopenia in cirrhosis is mainly determined by hyperammonemia and malnutrition. Sarcopenia/frailty screening and reevaluation should be undertaken in all cirrhotic patients. Frailty tests are useful in the ambulatory setting, whereas the computed tomography scan is the diagnostic gold standard for sarcopenia. To manage sarcopenia/frailty, a multidisciplinary team should develop a personalized comprehensive care plan that includes patient education, protein/calorie intake goals, late evening meals, exercise programs, and micronutrient replenishment. In selected patients, branched-chain amino acid and testosterone supplements may also be beneficial.
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Yang W, Guo G, Mao L, Hui Y, Wang X, Yu Z, Sun M, Li Y, Fan X, Cui B, Jiang K, Sun C. Comparison of the GLIM criteria with specific screening tool for diagnosing malnutrition in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: A descriptive cross-sectional study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2023; 47:310-321. [PMID: 36128998 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) has been built to diagnose malnutrition; however, its validity among patients with cirrhosis remains enigmatic. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition according to GLIM criteria and compare the differences by using a specific screening tool. METHODS We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study analyzing hospitalized patients. The Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool (RFH-NPT) was chosen as the screening tool. Estimated prevalence was shown with and without the initial screening process. Diverse combinations of phenotypic and etiologic criteria and distinct body mass index (BMI) cutoffs were applied to detect frequency of malnourished patients with cirrhosis. RESULTS Overall, 363 patients were recruited (median age, 64 years; 51.2% female). The prevalence of malnutrition according to GLIM criteria with and without RFH-NPT screening was 33.3% and 36.4%, respectively. Low BMI and inflammation represented the most prevalent combination resulting in a malnutrition diagnosis (42.4%), followed by low BMI and reduced food intake (39.4%). By contrast, the least prevalence was found when combining reduced muscle mass with inflammation to diagnose malnutrition. Furthermore, the frequency of malnourished and well-nourished participants was not statistically different when using divergent BMI reference values across the study population. CONCLUSIONS GLIM criteria may serve a specific proxy to diagnose malnutrition, along with RFH-NPT screening. Relevant investigation is required to report on the applied combination of phenotypic/etiologic criteria, taking into consideration the marked impact of different models. More attempts are warranted to delineate the prognostic role of GLIM criteria in the context of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gaoyue Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Hui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zihan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Binxin Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Weimann A, Hartl WH, Adolph M, Angstwurm M, Brunkhorst FM, Edel A, de Heer G, Felbinger TW, Goeters C, Hill A, Kreymann KG, Mayer K, Ockenga J, Petros S, Rümelin A, Schaller SJ, Schneider A, Stoppe C, Elke G. [Assessment and technical monitoring of nutritional status of patients in intensive and intermediate care units : Position paper of the Section Metabolism and Nutrition of the German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive and Emergency Medicine (DIVI)]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2022; 117:37-50. [PMID: 35482063 PMCID: PMC9046715 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-022-00918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
At the time of admission to an intensive or intermediate care unit, assessment of the patients' nutritional status may have both prognostic and therapeutic relevance with regard to the planning of individualized medical nutrition therapy (MNT). MNT has definitely no priority in the initial treatment of a critically ill patient, but is often also neglected during the course of the disease. Especially with prolonged length of stay, there is an increasing risk of malnutrition with considerable prognostic macro- and/or micronutrient deficit. So far, there are no structured, evidence-based recommendations for assessing nutritional status in intensive or intermediate care patients. This position paper of the Section Metabolism and Nutrition of the German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive and Emergency Medicine (DIVI) presents consensus-based recommendations for the assessment and technical monitoring of nutritional status of patients in intensive and intermediate care units. These recommendations supplement the current S2k guideline "Clinical Nutrition in Intensive Care Medicine" of the German Society for Nutritional Medicine (DGEM) and the DIVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arved Weimann
- Abteilung für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Onkologische Chirurgie, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Delitzscher Str. 141, 04129, Leipzig, Deutschland.
| | - Wolfgang H Hartl
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München - Klinikum der Universität, Campus Großhadern, München, Deutschland
| | - Michael Adolph
- Universitätsklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin und Stabsstelle Ernährungsmanagement, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Angstwurm
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München - Klinikum der Universität, Campus Innenstadt, München, Deutschland
| | - Frank M Brunkhorst
- Zentrum für Klinische Studien, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Edel
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Geraldine de Heer
- Zentrum für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Klinik für Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Thomas W Felbinger
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Kliniken Harlaching und Neuperlach, Städtisches Klinikum München GmbH, München, Deutschland
| | - Christiane Goeters
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Aileen Hill
- Kliniken für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin und Intermediate Care, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Deutschland
| | | | - Konstantin Mayer
- Klinik für Pneumologie und Schlafmedizin, St. Vincentius-Kliniken, Karlsruhe, Deutschland
| | - Johann Ockenga
- Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum Bremen Mitte, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Sirak Petros
- Interdisziplinäre Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Rümelin
- Anästhesie, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin, Helios St. Elisabeth-Krankenhaus Bad Kissingen, Bad Kissingen, Deutschland
| | - Stefan J Schaller
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - Gunnar Elke
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland.
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Sim JH, Kwon HM, Kim KW, Ko YS, Jun IG, Kim SH, Kim KS, Moon YJ, Song JG, Hwang GS. Associations of sarcopenia with graft failure and mortality in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:1345-1355. [PMID: 35243771 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that sarcopenia influences morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. However, few studies have investigated the associations of sarcopenia with short-term and long-term graft failure in recipients after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). In this study, we investigated the associations between sarcopenia and graft failure/mortality in patients undergoing LDLT. We retrospectively examined 2816 recipients who underwent LDLT between January 2008 and January 2018. Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between sarcopenia and graft failure/mortality in recipients at 60 days, 180 days, and 1 year and overall. Sarcopenia in the recipient was significantly associated with 60-day graft failure (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-3.61; p = 0.03), 180-day graft failure (HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.19-2.88; p = 0.01), 1-year graft failure (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.01-2.17; p = 0.05), and overall graft failure (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.87; p = 0.01). In addition, recipient sarcopenia was associated with 180-day mortality (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.17-3.01; p = 0.01), 1-year mortality (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.01-2.29; p = 0.04), and overall mortality (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.08-1.90; p = 0.01). Preoperative sarcopenia was associated with high rates of graft failure and mortality in LDLT recipients. Therefore, preoperative sarcopenia may be a strong predictor of the surgical prognosis in LDLT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Sim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mee Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Kim
- Department of Radiology, Asan Image Metrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Sun Ko
- Department of Radiology, Asan Image Metrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gu Jun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gol Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Sam Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Short- and long-term impact of sarcopenia on outcomes after emergency laparotomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery 2022; 172:436-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Barazanchi A, Bhat S, Wells CI, Taneja A, MacCormick AD, Hill AG. Short and long-term impact of sarcopenia on outcomes from emergency laparotomy. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2022; 48:3869-3878. [PMID: 34999902 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-021-01833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emergency laparotomy (EL) carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality, that is greater among older patients. Sarcopenia refers to an age- or pathology-associated muscle loss and has been demonstrated to correlate with poorer outcomes in several surgical conditions. This study assessed the impact of sarcopenia on morbidity and mortality in elderly patients undergoing EL. METHODS Patients aged ≥ 65 years-old undergoing EL between May 2012-June 2017 with a pre-operative abdominal computerised tomography (CT) scan at Middlemore Hospital (New Zealand) were included. Psoas and Skeletal Muscle Index (PMI and SMI) were calculated from abdominal CT measurements after standardisation based on height. Validated cut-offs for sarcopenia were used. Frailty was estimated using the 11-point modified frailty index (mFI). The primary outcome was 30-day, 1-year, and 4-year post-operative mortality. Secondary outcomes included correlations between mFI and sarcopenic measures, unplanned readmissions, and post-operative complications. RESULTS A total of 167 patients (84 sarcopenic; 83 non-sarcopenic) were included. Sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients had similar 30-day (14.2 vs. 12.0%; p = 0.84), 1-year (23.8 vs. 25.3%; p = 0.96), and 4-year (39.3 vs. 47.0%; p = 0.40) mortality rates following an EL. Survivors had a higher mean PMI at 1-year (p = 0.0078) and 4-year (p = 0.013) but not 30-day (p = 0.40) follow-up. Sarcopenia performed poorly in discriminating between 30-day (AUC 0.51) and 1-year (AUC 0.53) mortality. The mFI did not correlate with PMI (p = 0.85) nor SMI (p = 0.18). Rates of readmissions and post-operative complications did not differ between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic cohorts. CONCLUSION Sarcopenia does not provide useful short-term prognostic information in elderly EL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barazanchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- General Surgery Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Sameer Bhat
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cameron Iain Wells
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ashish Taneja
- Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Donald MacCormick
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, Counties Manukau Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Graham Hill
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, Counties Manukau Health, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Santos BC, Fonseca ALF, Ferreira LG, Ribeiro HS, Correia MITD, Lima AS, Penna FGCE, Anastácio LR. Different combinations of the GLIM criteria for patients awaiting a liver transplant: Poor performance for malnutrition diagnosis but a potentially useful prognostic tool. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:97-104. [PMID: 34864459 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria for patients with liver cirrhosis are limited. This study aimed to assess the impact of malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria on the outcomes of patients awaiting a liver transplant (LTx) and compare these criteria with Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). METHODS This retrospective observational study included adult patients awaiting LTx. Patient clinical data, nutritional status according to various tools including SGA, and resting energy expenditure were assessed. The distinct phenotypic and etiologic criteria provided 36 different GLIM combinations. The GLIM criteria and SGA were compared using the kappa coefficient. The variables associated with mortality before and after the LTx and with a longer length of stay (LOS) after LTx (≥18 days) were assessed by Cox regression and logistic regression analyses, respectively. RESULTS A total of 152 patients were included [median age 52.0 (interquartile range: 46.5-59.5) years; 66.4% men; 63.2% malnourished according to SGA]. The prevalence of malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria ranged from 0.7% to 30.9%. The majority of the GLIM combinations exhibited poor agreement with SGA. Independent predictors of mortality before and after LTx were presence of ascites or edema (p = 0.011; HR:2.58; CI95%:1.24-5.36), GLIM 32 (PA-phase angle + MELD) (p = 0.026; HR:2.08; CI95%:1.09-3.97), GLIM 33 (PA + MELD-Na≥12) (p = 0.018; HR:2.17; CI95%:1.14-4.13), and GLIM 34 (PA + Child-Pugh) (p = 0.043; HR:1.96; CI95%:1.02-3.77). Malnutrition according to GLIM 28 (handgrip strength + Child-Pugh) was independently associated with a longer LOS (p = 0.029; OR:7.21; CI95%:1.22-42.50). CONCLUSION The majority of GLIM combinations had poor agreement with SGA, and 4 of the 36 GLIM combinations were independently associated with adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Chaves Santos
- Food Science Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa Ferreira Fonseca
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Garcia Ferreira
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helem Sena Ribeiro
- Surgery Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Toulson Davisson Correia
- Surgery Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Alfa Institute of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Clínicas-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Soares Lima
- Surgery Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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11
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Sarcopenia adversely impacts postoperative complications in living-donor liver transplantation recipients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19247. [PMID: 34584142 PMCID: PMC8479000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite technological and immunological innovations, living-donor liver transplant (LDLT) recipients still face substantial risk of postoperative complications. Sarcopenia is being recognized more and more as a biomarker that correlates with poor outcomes in surgical patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenia and significant surgical complications in LDLT recipients. This retrospective review included patients who had received LDLT at our institute from 2005 to 2017. Sarcopenia was assessed using the psoas muscle index (PMI) in cross-sectional images. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the ability of PMI to predict postoperative complications. Correlations between major postoperative complications and sarcopenia were evaluated using regression analysis. A total of 271 LDLT recipients were included. No significant differences were found between PMI and major postoperative complications in male patients. Female recipients with major postoperative complications had significantly lower mean PMI values (P = 0.028), and the PMI cut-off value was 2.63 cm2/m2. Postoperative massive pleural effusion requiring pigtail drainage occurred more frequently in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group (P = 0.003). 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-year overall survival rates in female were significantly poorer in the sarcopenia group (n = 14) compared with the non-sarcopenia group (n = 108), at 92.9% versus 97.2%, 85.7% versus 95.4%, 85.7% versus 92.5% and 70.1 versus 82.0%, respectively (P = 0.041) and 94.6%, 89.9%, 85.9% and 78.5% in male patients. Sarcopenia is associated with a significantly higher risk of major postoperative complications in females. PMI and sarcopenia together are predictive of major postoperative complications and survival rates in female LDLT recipients.
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12
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Lai JC, Tandon P, Bernal W, Tapper EB, Ekong U, Dasarathy S, Carey EJ. Malnutrition, Frailty, and Sarcopenia in Patients With Cirrhosis: 2021 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2021; 74:1611-1644. [PMID: 34233031 PMCID: PMC9134787 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Lai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Puneeta Tandon
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Albert, Canada
| | - William Bernal
- Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elliot B Tapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Udeme Ekong
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Medstar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Elizabeth J Carey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
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13
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Ruiz-Margáin A, Xie JJ, Román-Calleja BM, Pauly M, White MG, Chapa-Ibargüengoitia M, Campos-Murguía A, González-Regueiro JA, Macias-Rodríguez RU, Duarte-Rojo A. Phase Angle From Bioelectrical Impedance for the Assessment of Sarcopenia in Cirrhosis With or Without Ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:1941-1949.e2. [PMID: 32890753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Skeletal muscle index (SMI) from computed tomography (CT) reliably assesses sarcopenia, however, it is expensive and involves serial radiation exposure. Phase angle (PhA) from bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is a noninvasive, low cost, bedside nutritional tool used to monitor changes to nutritional interventions. We aimed to compare the performance of PhA with SMI to assess sarcopenia in cirrhosis. METHODS Ambispective cohort study. Consecutive patients with cirrhosis and available images from abdominal CT scan were included. Monofrequency BIA was performed within 2 weeks CT. Spearman's correlation, ROC curve, and survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier, Cox and competing-risk regression were performed. RESULTS 136 patients were included with a mean age of 54.5 years (60% female). Most had decompensated disease (66%) with ascites in 47%, and a mean MELD of 14 ± 6. We found positive correlations between SMI and PhA (r = 0.58 , P < .001), irrespective of the presence of ascites. The AUROC of PhA-sarcopenia in all patients was 0.702; (0.748 in males,0.677 in females). The best cutoffs of PhA for diagnosing sarcopenia were ≤5.6° in males and ≤5.4° in females. SMI and PhA were significantly associated with survival in Kaplan-Meier curves. In multivariable analyses, SMI was outperformed by age and MELD, whereas PhA remained independently associated with mortality. Considering transplantation as a competing risk, regression analysis showed both SMI and PhA to be independent predictors of mortality (sHR:0.95 [0.90-0.99] and sHR:0.61 [0.42-0.88]). CONCLUSION PhA moderately correlates with SMI for the identification of sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis. However, its prognostic accuracy is comparable to that of SMI, and it is not influenced by ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Ruiz-Margáin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesse J Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Berenice M Román-Calleja
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margaret Pauly
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michelle G White
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Mónica Chapa-Ibargüengoitia
- Department of Radiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Campos-Murguía
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A González-Regueiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo U Macias-Rodríguez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andres Duarte-Rojo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Center for Liver Disease and Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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14
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Piquet MA, Vasseur F, Ollivier-Hourmand I, Dupont B. Malnutrition in patients with cirrhosis: Screen or treat? Nutr Clin Pract 2021; 36:1090-1092. [PMID: 34270819 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Astrid Piquet
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, Caen Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Florence Vasseur
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, Caen Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Ollivier-Hourmand
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, Caen Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Benoît Dupont
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, Caen Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
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15
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Inoue T, Kozawa E, Ishikawa M, Okada H. Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Nutritional Status: A Literature Review with Focus on Dialysis Patients. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062037. [PMID: 34198682 PMCID: PMC8232261 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is indispensable in clinical medicine for the morphological and tomographic evaluation of many parenchymal organs. With varied imaging methods, diverse biological information, such as the perfusion volume and measurements of metabolic products, can be obtained. In addition to conventional MRI for morphological assessment, diffusion-weighted MRI/diffusion tensor imaging is used to evaluate white matter structures in the brain; arterial spin labeling is used for cerebral blood flow evaluation; magnetic resonance elastography for fatty liver and cirrhosis evaluation; magnetic resonance spectroscopy for evaluation of metabolites in specific regions of the brain; and blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging for neurological exploration of eating behavior, obesity, and food perception. This range of applications will continue to expand in the future. Nutritional science is a multidisciplinary and all-inclusive field of research; therefore, there are many different applications of MRI. We present a literature review of MRI techniques that can be used to evaluate the nutritional status, particularly in patients on dialysis. We used MEDLINE as the information source, conducted a keyword search in PubMed, and found that, as a nutritional evaluation method, MRI has been used frequently to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate muscle mass for the determination of body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan;
| | - Eito Kozawa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Ishikawa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Health and Medical Care, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-1241, Japan;
| | - Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-49-276-1611
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16
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Son SW, Song DS, Chang UI, Yang JM. Definition of Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:349. [PMID: 33923561 PMCID: PMC8074027 DOI: 10.3390/life11040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, which is characterized by decline in muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance, is common in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Several consensus definitions for community-dwelling elderly people have been proposed, and these recommend the use of various tools and tests to assess muscle properties and performance. These measurement tools have also been applied in patients with CLD and have been useful for predicting prognosis. However, sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria specific to patients with CLD have not yet been clearly defined. In addition, fluid retention and body composition should be considered when sarcopenia is assessed in patients with CLD. This review aims to introduce definitions of sarcopenia and diagnostic tools used in patients with CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Do Seon Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.W.S.); (U.I.C.); (J.M.Y.)
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17
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Gomez-Perez S, McKeever L, Sheean P. Tutorial: A Step-by-Step Guide (Version 2.0) for Measuring Abdominal Circumference and Skeletal Muscle From a Single Cross-Sectional Computed-Tomography Image Using the National Institutes of Health ImageJ. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44:419-424. [PMID: 31617218 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with acute and chronic illness, depleted skeletal muscle (SM) mass, also referred to as sarcopenia, is a condition associated with an underlying disease process and adverse outcomes. Because of software upgrades and errors related to installation, clarifications and a revised tutorial were needed for calculating SM cross-sectional area (CSA) using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ImageJ. METHODS A pilot study was conducted to determine the usability of the tutorial version 2.0. Eight adults (≥18 years of age) who had no previous experience or background in body composition or computed-tomography imaging and owned a personal laptop computer (Mac or PC) were included in the pilot study. Participants were tested on the completion of 4 tasks: (1) installation of software, (2) updating the software, (3) following revised tutorial (version 2.0), and (4) transferring information from the software to a spreadsheet for calculation of SM CSA. RESULTS All participants completed the tutorial and all assigned tasks, 4/4 (100%). However, 38% (3/8) of the participants made errors while cutting and pasting values from the ImageJ results box to a spreadsheet for calculating SM CSA. CONCLUSION The tutorial version 2.0 was easy to follow and provided sufficient information for adults to install, update, and perform the steps of body composition for the NIH ImageJ software without major issues. Care should be taken when cutting and pasting results from the software as well as when using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for calculating SM CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gomez-Perez
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liam McKeever
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia Sheean
- Applied Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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18
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Ooi PH, Hager A, Mazurak VC, Dajani K, Bhargava R, Gilmour SM, Mager DR. Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease: Impact on Outcomes. Liver Transpl 2019; 25:1422-1438. [PMID: 31242345 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition is a common complication in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) awaiting liver transplantation (LT). Malnutrition and sarcopenia overlap in etiology and outcomes, with sarcopenia being defined as reduced skeletal muscle mass and muscle function. The purpose of this review was to identify the prevalence of sarcopenia with and without obesity in adults and children with ESLD and to assess the methodological considerations in sarcopenia diagnosis and the association of sarcopenia with pre- and post-LT outcomes. A total of 38 articles (35 adult and 3 pediatric articles) retrieved from PubMed or Web of Science databases were included. In adults, the prevalence rates of pre-LT sarcopenia, pre-LT sarcopenic obesity (SO), post-LT sarcopenia, and post-LT SO were 14%-78%, 2%-42%, 30%-100%, and 88%, respectively. Only 2 adult studies assessed muscle function in patients diagnosed with sarcopenia. The presence of pre-LT sarcopenia is associated with higher wait-list mortality, greater postoperative mortality, higher infection risk and postoperative complications, longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and ventilator dependency. The emerging pediatric data suggest that sarcopenia is prevalent in pre- and post-LT periods. In 1 pediatric study, sarcopenia was associated with poor growth, longer perioperative length of stay (total/ICU) and ventilator dependency, and increased rehospitalization in children after LT. In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of sarcopenia in adults and children with ESLD. Sarcopenia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The present review is limited by heterogeneity in the definition of sarcopenia and in the methodological approaches in assessing sarcopenia. Future studies are needed to standardize the sarcopenia diagnosis and muscle function assessment, particularly in the pediatric population, to enable early identification and treatment of sarcopenia in adults and children with ESLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh Hwa Ooi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amber Hager
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Khaled Dajani
- Department of General Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ravi Bhargava
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan M Gilmour
- Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition/Transplant Services, The Stollery Children's Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana R Mager
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Ooi PH, Thompson-Hodgetts S, Pritchard-Wiart L, Gilmour SM, Mager DR. Pediatric Sarcopenia: A Paradigm in the Overall Definition of Malnutrition in Children? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 44:407-418. [PMID: 31328301 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition is a common complication in children with chronic diseases. Sarcopenia is one component of malnutrition, characterized by reduced skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and muscle function. The presence of sarcopenia is associated with adverse outcomes in children. Although there is growing research interest in sarcopenia, no review has been done on this novel concept in pediatrics. The purpose of this review was to explore current evidence in sarcopenia with and without obesity and to evaluate the knowledge gaps in the assessment of childhood sarcopenia. METHODS A total of 12 articles retrieved from PubMed or Web of Science databases were included. RESULTS Limited studies have elucidated sarcopenia in pediatrics. Challenges in sarcopenia assessment include heterogeneity in definition and absence of standardized body composition methods used to measure SMM and muscle function tests. There is a lack of age-specific and gender-specific normative data for SMM, particularly in young children and infants. None of the studies incorporated muscle function assessment, causing potential bias and misclassification of sarcopenia. The research in childhood sarcopenia is also hampered by low study quality, limited number of outcomes-based research, and lack of longitudinal data. CONCLUSION Consensus needs to be reached in methodological approaches in sarcopenia diagnosis, body composition measurements, and age-appropriate muscle function tests in pediatrics. Careful considerations on growth, neurocognitive status, and factors influencing development in various clinical populations are warranted. Early identification of sarcopenia is crucial to enable targeted treatment and prevention to be carried out across the pediatric clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh Hwa Ooi
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Susan M Gilmour
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition/Transplant Services, The Stollery Children's Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana R Mager
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Emerging awareness on the importance of skeletal muscle in liver diseases: time to dig deeper into mechanisms! Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:465-481. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20180421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue that represents 30–40% of total body mass in healthy humans and contains up to 75% of total body proteins. It is thus the largest organ in non-obese subjects. The past few years have seen increasing awareness of the prognostic value of appreciating changes in skeletal muscle compartment in various chronic diseases. Hence, a low muscle mass, a low muscle function and muscle fatty infiltration are linked with poor outcomes in many pathological conditions. In particular, an affluent body of evidence links the severity, the complications and mortality of chronic liver disease (CLD) with skeletal muscle depletion. Yet it is still not clear whether low muscle mass is a cause, an aggravating factor, a consequence of the ongoing disease, or an epiphenomenon reflecting general alteration in the critically ill patient. The mechanisms by which the muscle compartment influences disease prognosis are still largely unknown. In addition, whether muscle alterations contribute to liver disease progression is an unanswered question. Here, we first review basic knowledge about muscle compartment to draw a conceptual framework for interpreting skeletal muscle alteration in CLD. We next describe recent literature on muscle wasting in cirrhosis and liver transplantation. We then discuss the implication of skeletal muscle compartment in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), focusing on plausible metabolic disruption in muscle compartment that might participate in NAFLD progression. Finally, we discuss shortcomings and challenges we need to address in the near future prior to designate the muscle compartment as a therapeutic target in CLD.
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