1
|
Kronek J, Minarčíková A, Kroneková Z, Majerčíková M, Strasser P, Teasdale I. Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) as a Versatile Functional Polymer for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1708. [PMID: 38932057 PMCID: PMC11207257 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional polymers play an important role in various biomedical applications. From many choices, poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOx) represents a promising reactive polymer with great potential in various biomedical applications. PIPOx, with pendant reactive 2-oxazoline groups, can be readily prepared in a controllable manner via several controlled/living polymerization methods, such as living anionic polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) or rare earth metal-mediated group transfer polymerization. The reactivity of pendant 2-oxazoline allows selective reactions with thiol and carboxylic group-containing compounds without the presence of any catalyst. Moreover, PIPOx has been demonstrated to be a non-cytotoxic polymer with immunomodulative properties. Post-polymerization functionalization of PIPOx has been used for the preparation of thermosensitive or cationic polymers, drug conjugates, hydrogels, brush-like materials, and polymer coatings available for drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, blood-like materials, antimicrobial materials, and many others. This mini-review covers new achievements in PIPOx synthesis, reactivity, and use in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Alžbeta Minarčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Monika Majerčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (Z.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (P.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (P.S.); (I.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tsiaxerli A, Karagianni A, Ouranidis A, Kachrimanis K. Polyelectrolyte Matrices in the Modulation of Intermolecular Electrostatic Interactions for Amorphous Solid Dispersions: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091467. [PMID: 34575543 PMCID: PMC8468962 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte polymers have been widely used in the pharmaceutical field as excipients to facilitate various drug delivery systems. Polyelectrolytes have been used to modulate the electrostatic environment and enhance favorable interactions between the drug and the polymer in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) prepared mainly by hot-melt extrusion. Polyelectrolytes have been used alone, or in combination with nonionic polymers as interpolyelectrolyte complexes, or after the addition of small molecular additives. They were found to enhance physical stability by favoring stabilizing intermolecular interactions, as well as to exert an antiplasticizing effect. Moreover, they not only enhance drug dissolution, but they have also been used for maintaining supersaturation, especially in the case of weakly basic drugs that tend to precipitate in the intestine. Additional uses include controlled and/or targeted drug release with enhanced physical stability and ease of preparation via novel continuous processes. Polyelectrolyte matrices, used along with scalable manufacturing methods in accordance with green chemistry principles, emerge as an attractive viable alternative for the preparation of ASDs with improved physical stability and biopharmaceutic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Tsiaxerli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (A.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Karagianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (A.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (A.K.); (A.O.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (A.K.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-997666
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van den Berg AIS, Yun CO, Schiffelers RM, Hennink WE. Polymeric delivery systems for nucleic acid therapeutics: Approaching the clinic. J Control Release 2021; 331:121-141. [PMID: 33453339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy using nucleic acids has many clinical applications for the treatment of diseases with a genetic origin as well as for the development of innovative vaccine formulations. Since nucleic acids in their free form are rapidly degraded by nucleases present in extracellular matrices, have poor pharmacokinetics and hardly pass cellular membranes, carrier systems are required. Suitable carriers that protect the nucleic acid payload against enzymatic attack, prolong circulation time after systemic administration and assist in cellular binding and internalization are needed to develop nucleic acid based drug products. Viral vectors have been investigated and are also clinically used as delivery vehicles. However, some major drawbacks are associated with their use. Therefore there has been substantial attention on the use of non-viral carrier systems based on cationic lipids and polymers. This review focuses on the properties of polymer-based nucleic acid formulations, also referred as polyplexes. Different polymeric systems are summarized, and the cellular barriers polyplexes encounter and ways to tackle these are discussed. Finally attention is given to the clinical status of non-viral nucleic acid formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette I S van den Berg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A comprehensive review on polyelectrolyte complexes. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1697-1706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Gok O, Kosif I, Dispinar T, Gevrek TN, Sanyal R, Sanyal A. Design and Synthesis of Water-Soluble Multifunctionalizable Thiol-Reactive Polymeric Supports for Cellular Targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1550-60. [PMID: 26030527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of novel water-soluble polymers bearing reactive side chains are actively pursued due to their increasing demand in areas such as bioconjugation and drug delivery. This study reports the fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate based thiol-reactive water-soluble polymeric supports that can serve as targeted drug delivery vehicles. Thiol-reactive maleimide units were incorporated into polymers as side chains by use of a furan-protected maleimide containing monomer. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was employed to obtain a family of well-defined copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. After the polymerization, the maleimide groups were activated to their reactive form, ready for conjugation with thiol-containing molecules. Efficient functionalization of the maleimide moieties was demonstrated by conjugation of a tripeptide glutathione under mild and reagent-free aqueous conditions. Additionally, hydrophobic thiol-containing dye (Bodipy-SH) and a cyclic peptide-based targeting group (cRGDfC) were sequentially appended onto the maleimide bearing polymers to demonstrate their efficient multifunctionalization. The conjugates were utilized for in vitro experiments over both cancerous and healthy breast cell lines. Obtained results demonstrate that the conjugates were nontoxic, and displayed efficient cellular uptake. The presence of the peptide based targeting group had a clear effect on increasing the uptake of the dye-conjugated polymers into cells when compared to the construct devoid of the peptide. Overall, the facile synthesis and highly efficient multifunctionalization of maleimide-containing thiol-reactive copolymers offer a novel and attractive class of polyethylene glycol-based water-soluble supports for drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgul Gok
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Kosif
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Dispinar
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugce Nihal Gevrek
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rana Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lächelt U, Wagner E. Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Using Polyplexes: A Journey of 50 Years (and Beyond). Chem Rev 2015; 115:11043-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lächelt
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative
Munich (NIM), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative
Munich (NIM), 80799 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He D, Wagner E. Defined Polymeric Materials for Gene Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:600-12. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng He
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS); Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS); Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 81377 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cobo I, Li M, Sumerlin BS, Perrier S. Smart hybrid materials by conjugation of responsive polymers to biomacromolecules. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:143-59. [PMID: 25401924 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure and function of biomacromolecules has evolved to fill many essential roles in biological systems. More specifically, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides serve as vital structural components, and mediate chemical transformations and energy/information storage processes required to sustain life. In many cases, the properties and applications of biological macromolecules can be further expanded by attaching synthetic macromolecules. The modification of biomacromolecules by attaching a polymer that changes its properties in response to environmental variations, thus affecting the properties of the biomacromolecule, has led to the emergence of a new family of polymeric biomaterials. Here, we summarize techniques for conjugating responsive polymers to biomacromolecules and highlight applications of these bioconjugates reported so far. In doing so, we aim to show how advances in synthetic tools could lead to rapid expansion in the variety and uses of responsive bioconjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Cobo
- Key Centre for Polymers &Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- Tyco Fire Protection Products, Mansfield, Texas 76063, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George &Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science &Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK [2] Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee YS, Kim SW. Bioreducible polymers for therapeutic gene delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:424-39. [PMID: 24746626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most currently available cationic polymers have significant acute toxicity concerns such as cellular toxicity, aggregation of erythrocytes, and entrapment in the lung capillary bed, largely due to their poor biocompatibility and non-degradability under physiological conditions. To develop more intelligent polymers, disulfide bonds are introduced in the design of biodegradable polymers. Herein, the sustained innovations of biomimetic nano-sized constructs with bioreducible poly(disulfide amine)s demonstrate a viable clinical tool for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, anemia, diabetes, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sook Lee
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA; Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Srivastava A, O’Connor IB, Pandit A, Gerard Wall J. Polymer-antibody fragment conjugates for biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
11
|
Jo SD, Kim JS, Joe CO, Mok H, Nam YS. Small interfering RNA nunchucks with a hydrophobic linker for efficient intracellular delivery. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:195-201. [PMID: 24106091 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high stiffness and low spatial charge density of siRNA limit the effectiveness of the electrostatic condensation of siRNA with cationic polyelectrolytes. Here, a facile method to stabilize nanoscale siRNA/polyelectrolyte complexes by introducing a reductively cleavable alkyl chain to siRNA as a hybrophobic linker of dimeric siRNA conjugates is reported. The increased length of the hydrophobic linker increases the intracellular translocation and gene silencing activity of the dimeric siRNA conjugates when they are complexed with linear polyethylenimine (LPEI). The results suggest that the introduction of a hydrophobic linker in the dimeric siRNA conjugates can facilitate the intracellular delivery of siRNA through effective condensation with cationic polyelectrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Duk Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tian H, Chen J, Chen X. Nanoparticles for gene delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2034-2044. [PMID: 23630123 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers are a new type of nonviral gene carriers, many of which have demonstrated a broad range of pharmacological and biological properties, such as being biodegradable in the body, stimulus-responsive towards the surrounding environment, and an ability to specifically targeting certain disease sites. By summarizing some main types of nanocarriers, this Concept considers the current status and possible future directions of the potential clinical applications of multifunctional nanocarriers, with primary attention on the combination of such properties as biodegradability, targetability, transfection ability, and stimuli sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Durymanov MO, Beletkaia EA, Ulasov AV, Khramtsov YV, Trusov GA, Rodichenko NS, Slastnikova TA, Vinogradova TV, Uspenskaya NY, Kopantsev EP, Rosenkranz AA, Sverdlov ED, Sobolev AS. Subcellular trafficking and transfection efficacy of polyethylenimine-polyethylene glycol polyplex nanoparticles with a ligand to melanocortin receptor-1. J Control Release 2012; 163:211-9. [PMID: 22964392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized and investigated properties of new PEI-PEG-based polyplexes containing MC1SP-peptide, a ligand specific for melanocortin receptor-1 (targeted polyplexes), and control polyplexes without this ligand peptide (non-targeted polyplexes). The targeted polyplexes demonstrated receptor-mediated transfection of Cloudman S91 (clone M-3) murine melanoma cells that was more efficient than with the non-targeted ones. Transfection with the targeted polyplexes was inhibited by chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway, and, to a lesser extent, by filipin III or nystatin, inhibitors of the lipid-raft endocytosis pathway, whereas transfection with the non-targeted polyplexes was inhibited mainly by nystatin or filipin III. The targeted polyplexes caused significantly higher in vivo transfection of melanoma tumor cells after intratumoral administration compared to the non-targeted control. The targeted polyplexes carrying the HSVtk gene, after ganciclovir administration, more efficiently inhibited melanoma tumor growth and prolonged the lifespan of DBA/2 tumor-bearing mice compared to the non-targeted ones. Packed targeted polyplexes appeared and accumulated in the melanoma cells 6h earlier than the non-targeted ones. The targeted polyplexes enter into the nuclei of the melanoma cells more rapidly than the non-targeted control, and this difference may also be attributed to processes of receptor-mediated endocytosis. We believe that these data may be useful for the optimization of polyplex systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Durymanov
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5, Vavilov St., 119334, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu L, Patra A, Scherf U, Kissel T. Polyfluorene Nanoparticles Coated with Folate-Functionalized Triblock Copolymer: Effective Agents for Targeted Cell Imaging. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1384-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Lee S, Lee SY, Park S, Ryu JH, Na JH, Koo H, Lee KE, Jeon H, Kwon IC, Kim K, Jeong SY. In vivo NIRF Imaging of Tumor Targetability of Nanosized Liposomes in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:849-56. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
16
|
Bacalocostantis I, Mane VP, Kang MS, Goodley AS, Muro S, Kofinas P. Effect of thiol pendant conjugates on plasmid DNA binding, release, and stability of polymeric delivery vectors. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1331-9. [PMID: 22515194 DOI: 10.1021/bm3004786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymers have attracted much attention as potential gene delivery vectors due to their chemical and structural versatility. However, several challenges associated with polymeric carriers, including low transfection efficiencies, insufficient cargo release, and high cytotoxicity levels have prevented clinical implementation. Strong electrostatic interactions between polymeric carriers and DNA cargo can prohibit complete cargo release within the cell. As a result, cargo DNA never reaches the cell's nucleus where gene expression takes place. In addition, highly charged cationic polymers have been correlated with high cytotoxicity levels, making them unsuitable carriers in vivo. Using poly(allylamine) (PAA) as a model, we investigated how pH-sensitive disulfide cross-linked polymer networks can improve the delivery potential of cationic polymer carriers. To accomplish this, we conjugated thiol-terminated pendant chains onto the primary amines of PAA using 2-iminothiolane, developing three new polymer vectors with 5, 13, or 20% thiol modification. Unmodified PAA and thiol-conjugated polymers were tested for their ability to bind and release plasmid DNA, their capacity to protect genetic cargo from enzymatic degradation, and their potential for endolysosomal escape. Our results demonstrate that polymer-plasmid complexes (polyplexes) formed by the 13% thiolated polymer demonstrate the greatest delivery potential. At high N/P ratios, all thiolated polymers (but not unmodified counterparts) were able to resist decomplexation in the presence of heparin, a negatively charged polysaccharide used to mimic in vivo polyplex-protein interactions. Further, all thiolated polymers exhibited higher buffering capacities than unmodified PAA and, therefore, have a greater potential for endolysosomal escape. However, 5 and 20% thiolated polymers exhibited poor DNA binding-release kinetics, making them unsuitable carriers for gene delivery. The 13% thiolated polymers, on the other hand, displayed high DNA binding efficiency and pH-sensitive release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bacalocostantis
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Conformational Effects in Non-Stoichiometric Complexes of Two Hyperbranched Molecules with a Linear Polyelectrolyte. Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym4010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
18
|
Poly(amidoamine)-based Dendrimer/siRNA Complexation Studied by Computer Simulations: Effects of pH and Generation on Dendrimer Structure and siRNA Binding. Macromol Biosci 2011; 12:225-40. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
19
|
Kizjakina K, Bryson JM, Grandinetti G, Reineke TM. Cationic glycopolymers for the delivery of pDNA to human dermal fibroblasts and rat mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1851-62. [PMID: 22138032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progenitor and pluripotent cell types offer promise as regenerative therapies but transfecting these sensitive cells has proven difficult. Herein, a series of linear trehalose-oligoethyleneamine "click" copolymers were synthesized and examined for their ability to deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) to two progenitor cell types, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFn) and rat mesenchymal stem cells (RMSC). Seven polymer vehicle analogs were synthesized in which three parameters were systematically varied: the number of secondary amines (4-6) within the polymer repeat unit (Tr4(33), Tr5(30), and Tr6(32)), the end group functionalities [PEG (Tr4(128)PEG-a, Tr4(118)PEG-b), triphenyl (Tr4(107)-c), or azido (Tr4(99)-d)], and the molecular weight (degree of polymerization of about 30 or about 100) and the biological efficacy of these vehicles was compared to three controls: Lipofectamine 2000, JetPEI, and Glycofect. The trehalose polymers were all able to bind and compact pDNA polyplexes, and promote pDNA uptake and gene expression [luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)] with these primary cell types and the results varied significantly depending on the polymer structure. Interestingly, in both cell types, Tr4(33) and Tr5(30) yielded the highest luciferase gene expression. However, when comparing the number of cells transfected with a reporter plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein, Tr4(33) and Tr4(107)-c yielded the highest number of HDFn cells positive for EGFP. Interestingly, with RMSCs, all of the higher molecular weight analogs (Tr4(128)PEG-a, Tr4(118)PEG-b, Tr4(107)-c, Tr4(99)-d) yielded high percentages of cells positive for EGFP (30-40%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kizjakina
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Díaz-Moscoso A, Guilloteau N, Bienvenu C, Méndez-Ardoy A, Jiménez Blanco JL, Benito JM, Le Gourriérec L, Di Giorgio C, Vierling P, Defaye J, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM. Mannosyl-coated nanocomplexes from amphiphilic cyclodextrins and pDNA for site-specific gene delivery. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
21
|
Cationic Lipid-Coated Gold Nanoparticles as Efficient and Non-Cytotoxic Intracellular siRNA Delivery Vehicles. Pharm Res 2011; 29:362-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Zhang R, Wang Y, Du FS, Wang YL, Tan YX, Ji SP, Li ZC. Thermoresponsive Gene Carriers Based on Polyethylenimine-graft-
Poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate]. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:1393-406. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Rational design of biodegradable cationic polycarbonates for gene delivery. J Control Release 2011; 152:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
25
|
Jeong JH, Park TG, Kim SH. Self-assembled and nanostructured siRNA delivery systems. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2072-85. [PMID: 21424157 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of organic and inorganic materials have been used in the development of nano-scale self-assembling gene delivery systems to improve the therapeutic efficacy of nucleic acid drugs. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has recently been recognized as a promising and potent nucleic acid medicine for the treatment of incurable genetic disorders including cancer; however, siRNA-based therapeutics suffer from the same delivery problems as conventional nucleic acid drugs such as plasmid DNA and antisense oligonucleotides. Many of the delivery strategies developed for nucleic acid drugs have been applied to siRNA therapeutics, but they have not produced satisfactory in vivo gene silencing efficiencies to warrant clinical trials. This review discusses recent progress in the development of self-assembled and nanostructured delivery systems for efficient siRNA-induced gene silencing and their potential application in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Dong L, Huang Z, Cai X, Xiang J, Zhu YA, Wang R, Chen J, Zhang J. Localized delivery of antisense oligonucleotides by cationic hydrogel suppresses TNF-α expression and endotoxin-induced osteolysis. Pharm Res 2010; 28:1349-56. [PMID: 21140285 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the possibility of using localized nucleic drug delivery methods for the treatment of osteolysis-related bone disease. METHODS A bio-degradable cationic hydrogel composed of gelatin and chitosan was used to deliver an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting murine TNF-α for the treatment of endotoxin-induced osteolysis. RESULTS ASO combined with this hydrogel was released when it was digested by adhering cells. The released ASO was efficiently delivered into contacted cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo. When tested in animal models of edotoxin-induced bone resorption, ASO delivered by such means effectively suppressed the expression of TNF-α and subsequently the osteoclastogenesis in vivo. Osteolysis in the edotoxin-induced bone resorption animal models was blocked by the treatment. CONCLUSION This is a successful attempt to apply localized gene delivery method to treat inflammatory diseases in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Romero G, Estrela-Lopis I, Zhou J, Rojas E, Franco A, Espinel CS, Fernández AG, Gao C, Donath E, Moya SE. Surface engineered Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for intracellular delivery: uptake and cytotoxicity--a confocal raman microscopic study. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2993-9. [PMID: 20882998 DOI: 10.1021/bm1007822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Confocal Raman Microscopy (CRM) is used to study the cell internalization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated by emulsion techniques with either poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) as surface stabilizers. HepG2 cells were exposed to PEI and BSA stabilized PLGA NPs. Spontaneous Confocal Raman Spectra taken in one and the same spot of exposed cells showed bands arising from the cellular environment as well as bands characteristic for PLGA, proving that the PLGA NPs have been internalized. It was found that PLGA NPs preferentially colocalize with lipid bodies. The results from Raman spectroscopy are compared with flow cytometry and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) data. The advantages of CRM as a label-free technique over flow cytometry and CLSM are discussed. Additionally, cell viability studies by means of quick cell counting solution and MTT tests in several cell lines show a generally low toxicity for both PEI and BSA stabilized PLGA NPs, with BSA stabilized PLGA NPs having an even lower toxicity than PEI stabilized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Romero
- CIC BiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 Ed. Emp. C, San Sebastián, Spain, Institute of Biophysics and Medical Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, and Laboratorio de Inmunología, Edificio Ciencias Experimentales, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidad de Vigo, CP 36310, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim C, Lee Y, Kim JS, Jeong JH, Park TG. Thermally triggered cellular uptake of quantum dots immobilized with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and cell penetrating peptide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14965-9. [PMID: 20722355 DOI: 10.1021/la102632m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermally sensitive quantum dots (TSQDs) that exhibit an "on-demand" cellular uptake behavior via temperature-induced "shielding/deshielding" of cell penetrating peptides (CPP) on the surface were fabricated. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) (M(w) = 11.5K) and CPP were biotinylated at their terminal ends and co-immobilized on to the surface of streptavidin-coated quantum dots (QDs-Strep) through biotin-streptavidin interaction. The cellular contact of CPP was sterically hindered due to hydrated PNIPAAm chains below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In contrast, above the LCST, grafted PNIPAAm chains were collapsed to make CPP moieties resurfaced, leading to increased cellular uptake of QDs. The temperature-controlled "shielding/deshielding" of CPP was further applied for a thermally triggered siRNA delivery system, where biotinylated siRNA was additionally conjugated to the surface of TSQDs. The level of gene silencing was significantly enhanced by increasing temperature above the LCST due to the surface exposure of CPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Monsalve LN, Kaniz Fatema M, Nonami H, Erra-Balsells R, Baldessari A. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis and characterization of a novel linear polyamidoamine oligomer. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Polymers have played an integral role in the advancement of drug delivery technology by providing controlled release of therapeutic agents in constant doses over long periods, cyclic dosage, and tunable release of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. From early beginnings using off-the-shelf materials, the field has grown tremendously, driven in part by the innovations of chemical engineers. Modern advances in drug delivery are now predicated upon the rational design of polymers tailored for specific cargo and engineered to exert distinct biological functions. In this review, we highlight the fundamental drug delivery systems and their mathematical foundations and discuss the physiological barriers to drug delivery. We review the origins and applications of stimuli-responsive polymer systems and polymer therapeutics such as polymer-protein and polymer-drug conjugates. The latest developments in polymers capable of molecular recognition or directing intracellular delivery are surveyed to illustrate areas of research advancing the frontiers of drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B. Liechty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1062
| | - David R. Kryscio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1062
| | - Brandon V. Slaughter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1062
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1062
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1062
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1062;
| |
Collapse
|