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Yan C, Kim SR. Microencapsulation for Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:692-710. [PMID: 38320297 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In order to improve bioavailability, stability, control release, and target delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), as well as to mask their bitter taste, to increase their efficacy, and to minimize their side effects, a variety of microencapsulation (including nanoencapsulation, particle size <100 nm) technologies have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Commonly used microencapsulation technologies are emulsion, coacervation, extrusion, spray drying, freeze-drying, molecular inclusion, microbubbles and microsponge, fluidized bed coating, supercritical fluid encapsulation, electro spinning/spray, and polymerization. In this review, APIs are categorized by their molecular complexity: small APIs (compounds with low molecular weight, like Aspirin, Ibuprofen, and Cannabidiol), medium APIs (compounds with medium molecular weight like insulin, peptides, and nucleic acids), and living microorganisms (such as probiotics, bacteria, and bacteriophages). This article provides an overview of these microencapsulation technologies including their processes, matrix, and their recent applications in microencapsulation of APIs. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of these common microencapsulation technologies in terms of improving the efficacy of APIs for pharmaceutical treatments are comprehensively analyzed. The objective is to summarize the most recent progresses on microencapsulation of APIs for enhancing their bioavailability, control release, target delivery, masking their bitter taste and stability, and thus increasing their efficacy and minimizing their side effects. At the end, future perspectives on microencapsulation for pharmaceutical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuie Yan
- Division of Encapsulation, Blue California, Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, United States
| | - Sang-Ryoung Kim
- Division of Encapsulation, Blue California, Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, United States
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2
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Limenh LW. A review on oral novel delivery systems of insulin through the novel delivery system formulations: A review. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121231225319. [PMID: 38249950 PMCID: PMC10798068 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231225319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Parenteral administration of insulin remains the most common route of administration, causing local hypertrophy at the injection sites because of multiple daily injections. Because of this, there is an interest and effort in oral insulin administration that is convenient and mimics the physiology of endogenous insulin secreted in the liver. However, oral insulin encountered different challenges due to abundant enzyme degradation, the presence of a mucus layer, and the underlying intestinal epithelial membrane barrier in the gastrointestinal tract. This narrative review reviewed the literature dealing with novel oral insulin delivery approaches. Various pieces of literature were searched, filtered, and reviewed from different sources, and the information obtained was organized, formulated, and finalized. Oral insulin has been formulated and extensively studied in various novel delivery approaches, such as nanoparticles, microspheres, mucoadhesive patches, encapsulations, hydrogels, ionic liquids, liposomes, and complexation. The efficiency of these formulations demonstrated improved efficiency and potency compared to free oral insulin delivery, but none of them have greater or equivalent potency to subcutaneous insulin. Future studies regarding dose-dependent therapeutic efficacy and the development of new novel formulations to produce comparable oral insulin to subcutaneous insulin are warranted to further support the suitability of the current platform for oral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liknaw Workie Limenh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Zeng Z, Hou W, Hu Z, Liu L, Liu Z, Shi Y, Li M, Chen Y. Long-Acting Insulin-Zwitterionic Polymer Conjugate Mitigates Hypoglycemia. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203460. [PMID: 36445789 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin, a main medication to control glycemia of type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes, faces problems of a short half-life and poor stability during its clinical use. Zwitterionic polymer shows unique properties of antifouling and low immunogenicity. Here, we have synthesized a new insulin-zwitterionic polymer conjugate (INS-PMPC) through grafting-from strategy by controlled radical polymerization. Apart from showing excellent stability upon mechanical agitation, the resulting INS-PMPC conjugate provided over 20 h of glycemic control due to improved pharmacokinetics in diabetic mice with one single subcutaneous injection. Most importantly, this insulin-zwitterionic polymer conjugate significantly decreases the incidence of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zeng
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine Center for Nanomedicine The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, P. R. China
| | - Wangmeng Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Center of Functional Biomaterials Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Center of Functional Biomaterials Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Center of Functional Biomaterials Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhijia Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Center of Functional Biomaterials Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Center of Functional Biomaterials Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine Center for Nanomedicine The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, P. R. China
| | - Yongming Chen
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine Center for Nanomedicine The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, P. R. China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering Center of Functional Biomaterials Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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4
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Gülfen M, Özdemir A. Monitoring Cu(II)-insulin and Mn(II)-insulin complexes using potentiometric, chromatographic, UV–vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopic techniques. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jarosinski MA, Chen YS, Varas N, Dhayalan B, Chatterjee D, Weiss MA. New Horizons: Next-Generation Insulin Analogues: Structural Principles and Clinical Goals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:909-928. [PMID: 34850005 PMCID: PMC8947325 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Design of "first-generation" insulin analogues over the past 3 decades has provided pharmaceutical formulations with tailored pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties. Application of a molecular tool kit-integrating protein sequence, chemical modification, and formulation-has thus led to improved prandial and basal formulations for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Although PK/PD changes were modest in relation to prior formulations of human and animal insulins, significant clinical advantages in efficacy (mean glycemia) and safety (rates of hypoglycemia) were obtained. Continuing innovation is providing further improvements to achieve ultrarapid and ultrabasal analogue formulations in an effort to reduce glycemic variability and optimize time in range. Beyond such PK/PD metrics, next-generation insulin analogues seek to exploit therapeutic mechanisms: glucose-responsive ("smart") analogues, pathway-specific ("biased") analogues, and organ-targeted analogues. Smart insulin analogues and delivery systems promise to mitigate hypoglycemic risk, a critical barrier to glycemic control, whereas biased and organ-targeted insulin analogues may better recapitulate physiologic hormonal regulation. In each therapeutic class considerations of cost and stability will affect use and global distribution. This review highlights structural principles underlying next-generation design efforts, their respective biological rationale, and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jarosinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicolás Varas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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6
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Vardaxi A, Kafetzi M, Pispas S. Polymeric Nanostructures Containing Proteins and Peptides for Pharmaceutical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:777. [PMID: 35215689 PMCID: PMC8877994 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, proteins and peptides have attracted great interest as drugs of choice for combating a broad spectrum of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and infectious and neurological diseases. However, the delivery of therapeutic proteins to target sites should take into account the obstacles and limitations related to their intrinsic sensitivity to different environmental conditions, fragile tertiary structures, and short half-life. Polymeric nanostructures have emerged as competent vehicles for protein delivery, as they are multifunctional and can be tailored according to their peculiarities. Thus, the enhanced bioavailability and biocompatibility, the adjustable control of physicochemical features, and the colloidal stability of polymer-based nanostructures further enable either the embedding or conjugation of hydrophobic or hydrophilic bioactive molecules, which are some of the features of paramount importance that they possess and which contribute to their selection as vehicles. The present review aims to discuss the prevalent nanostructures composed of block copolymers from the viewpoint of efficient protein hospitality and administration, as well as the up-to-date scientific publications and anticipated applications of polymeric nanovehicles containing proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (M.K.)
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Zahoor I, Singh S, Behl T, Sharma N, Naved T, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Fuloria NK, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Aleya L, Wani SN, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Bungau S. Emergence of microneedles as a potential therapeutics in diabetes mellitus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3302-3322. [PMID: 34755300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a severe condition in which the pancreas produces inadequate insulin or the insulin generated is ineffective for utilisation by the body; as a result, insulin therapy is required for control blood sugar levels in patients having type 1 diabetes and is widely recommended in advanced type 2 diabetes patients with uncontrolled diabetes despite dual oral therapy, while subcutaneous insulin administration using hypodermic injection or pump-mediated infusion is the traditional route of insulin delivery and causes discomfort, needle phobia, reduced adherence, and risk of infection. Therefore, transdermal insulin delivery has been extensively explored as an appealing alternative to subcutaneous approaches for diabetes management which not only is non-invasive and easy, but also avoids first-pass metabolism and prevents gastrointestinal degradation. Microneedles have been commonly investigated in human subjects for transdermal insulin administration because they are minimally invasive and painless. The different types of microneedles developed for the transdermal delivery of anti-diabetic drugs are discussed in this review, including solid, dissolving, hydrogel, coated, and hollow microneedles. Numerous microneedle products have entered the market in recent years. But, before the microneedles can be effectively launched into the market, a significant amount of investigation is required to address the numerous challenges. In conclusion, the use of microneedles in the transdermal system is an area worth investigating because of its significant benefits over the oral route in the delivery of anti-diabetic medications and biosensing of blood sugar levels to assure improved clinical outcomes in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Zahoor
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | | | | | | | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | | | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Centro Latinoamericano de Ensenanza E Investigacion en Bacteriologia Alimentaria, Universidad Nacinol Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias Y Humanidades, Lima, Peru
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Molavi F, Barzegar-Jalali M, Hamishehkar H. Changing the daily injection of glatiramer acetate to a monthly long acting product through designing polyester-based polymeric microspheres. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2022; 12:501-513. [PMID: 36644544 PMCID: PMC9809140 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a newly emerged therapeutic peptide to reduce the frequency of relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite its good performance in controlling MS, it is not widely used due to daily or biweekly subcutaneous injections due to rapid degradation and body clearance. Therefore, implant design with sustained release leads to prolonged biological effects by gradually increasing drug exposure and protecting GA from rapid local degradation. Methods: Different emulsion methods, PLGA type, surfactant concentration, drug/polymer ratio, drying processes, stirring method, and other variables in preliminary studies modified the final formulation. The release kinetics were studied through mechanistic kinetic models such as zero-order, Weibull, Higuchi, etc. In this study, all challenges for easy scale-up, methodological detail, and a simple, feasible setup in mass production were discussed. Results: The optimized formulation was obtained by 1:6 drug/PLGA, 0.5% w/w polyvinyl alcohol, and 0.75% w/w NaCl in the external aqueous phase, 1:10 continuous phase to dispersed phase ratio, and without any surfactant in the primary emulsion. The final freeze-dried particles presented a narrow distributed size of 1-10 µm with 7.29% ± 0.51 drug loading and zero-order release behavior with appropriate regression correlation (R2 98.7), complete release, and only 7.1% initial burst release. Conclusion: Therefore, to achieve improvement in patient compliance through better and longer efficacy, designing the parenteral sustained release microspheres (MPSs) of this immune modulator is a promising approach that should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Molavi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Biotechnology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
,Corresponding author: Hamed Hamishehkar,
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Jarosinski MA, Dhayalan B, Chen YS, Chatterjee D, Varas N, Weiss MA. Structural principles of insulin formulation and analog design: A century of innovation. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101325. [PMID: 34428558 PMCID: PMC8513154 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of insulin in 1921 and its near-immediate clinical use initiated a century of innovation. Advances extended across a broad front, from the stabilization of animal insulin formulations to the frontiers of synthetic peptide chemistry, and in turn, from the advent of recombinant DNA manufacturing to structure-based protein analog design. In each case, a creative interplay was observed between pharmaceutical applications and then-emerging principles of protein science; indeed, translational objectives contributed to a growing molecular understanding of protein structure, aggregation and misfolding. SCOPE OF REVIEW Pioneering crystallographic analyses-beginning with Hodgkin's solving of the 2-Zn insulin hexamer-elucidated general features of protein self-assembly, including zinc coordination and the allosteric transmission of conformational change. Crystallization of insulin was exploited both as a step in manufacturing and as a means of obtaining protracted action. Forty years ago, the confluence of recombinant human insulin with techniques for site-directed mutagenesis initiated the present era of insulin analogs. Variant or modified insulins were developed that exhibit improved prandial or basal pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Encouraged by clinical trials demonstrating the long-term importance of glycemic control, regimens based on such analogs sought to resemble daily patterns of endogenous β-cell secretion more closely, ideally with reduced risk of hypoglycemia. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Next-generation insulin analog design seeks to explore new frontiers, including glucose-responsive insulins, organ-selective analogs and biased agonists tailored to address yet-unmet clinical needs. In the coming decade, we envision ever more powerful scientific synergies at the interface of structural biology, molecular physiology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jarosinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Deepak Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Nicolás Varas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, IN, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
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Ghasemi A, Akbari E, Imani R. An Overview of Engineered Hydrogel-Based Biomaterials for Improved β-Cell Survival and Insulin Secretion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:662084. [PMID: 34513805 PMCID: PMC8427138 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.662084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation provides a promising strategy in treating type 1 diabetes as an autoimmune disease, in which damaged β-cells are replaced with new islets in a minimally invasive procedure. Although islet transplantation avoids the complications associated with whole pancreas transplantations, its clinical applications maintain significant drawbacks, including long-term immunosuppression, a lack of compatible donors, and blood-mediated inflammatory responses. Biomaterial-assisted islet transplantation is an emerging technology that embeds desired cells into biomaterials, which are then directly transplanted into the patient, overcoming the aforementioned challenges. Among various biomaterials, hydrogels are the preferred biomaterial of choice in these transplants due to their ECM-like structure and tunable properties. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of hydrogel-based biomaterials that are engineered for encapsulation of insulin-secreting cells, focusing on new hydrogel design and modification strategies to improve β-cell viability, decrease inflammatory responses, and enhance insulin secretion. We will discuss the current status of clinical studies using therapeutic bioengineering hydrogels in insulin release and prospective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rana Imani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Bao X, Qian K, Yao P. Insulin- and cholic acid-loaded zein/casein-dextran nanoparticles enhance the oral absorption and hypoglycemic effect of insulin. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6234-6245. [PMID: 34328161 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00806d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease in the world. Herein, insulin- and cholic acid-loaded zein nanoparticles with dextran surfaces were fabricated to enhance the oral absorptions of insulin in the intestine and in the liver which is the primary action organ of endogenous insulin. In the nanoparticles, zein acted as cement to embed insulin, cholic acid and casein by hydrophobic interactions. The hydrophilic dextran conjugated to casein by the Maillard reaction was located on the nanoparticle surface. The nanoparticles had an insulin loading efficiency of 74.6%, a cholic acid loading efficiency of 55.1% and a hydrodynamic diameter of 267 nm. The dextran significantly increased the disperse stability of the nanoparticles, protected the loaded insulin from hydrolysis in digestive juices, and increased the trans-mucus permeability of the insulin. The embedded cholic acid molecules were consecutively exposed to the surface when the nanoparticles were gradually eroded by proteases. The exposed cholic acid promoted the absorptions of the nanoparticles in the ileum and liver via bile acid transporters. The effect of pretreated lymphatic transport inhibitor cycloheximide revealed that about half of the nanoparticles were transported via the intestinal lymphatic transport pathway and the other half of the nanoparticles were transported via portal blood absorption. The oral pharmacological bioavailability of the nanoparticles in type I diabetic mice was 12.5-20.5%. This study demonstrates that nanoparticles are a promising oral delivery system for insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Makvandi P, Kirkby M, Hutton ARJ, Shabani M, Yiu CKY, Baghbantaraghdari Z, Jamaledin R, Carlotti M, Mazzolai B, Mattoli V, Donnelly RF. Engineering Microneedle Patches for Improved Penetration: Analysis, Skin Models and Factors Affecting Needle Insertion. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:93. [PMID: 34138349 PMCID: PMC8006208 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal microneedle (MN) patches are a promising tool used to transport a wide variety of active compounds into the skin. To serve as a substitute for common hypodermic needles, MNs must pierce the human stratum corneum (~ 10 to 20 µm), without rupturing or bending during penetration. This ensures that the cargo is released at the predetermined place and time. Therefore, the ability of MN patches to sufficiently pierce the skin is a crucial requirement. In the current review, the pain signal and its management during application of MNs and typical hypodermic needles are presented and compared. This is followed by a discussion on mechanical analysis and skin models used for insertion tests before application to clinical practice. Factors that affect insertion (e.g., geometry, material composition and cross-linking of MNs), along with recent advancements in developed strategies (e.g., insertion responsive patches and 3D printed biomimetic MNs using two-photon lithography) to improve the skin penetration are highlighted to provide a backdrop for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Melissa Kirkby
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aaron R J Hutton
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Majid Shabani
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cynthia K Y Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zahra Baghbantaraghdari
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Rezvan Jamaledin
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (iit@CRIB), Italian Institute of Technology, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Muntoni E, Anfossi L, Milla P, Marini E, Ferraris C, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Segale L, Porta M, Battaglia L. Glargine insulin loaded lipid nanoparticles: Oral delivery of liquid and solid oral dosage forms. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:691-698. [PMID: 33131992 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The oral administration of insulin has so far been precluded by gastro-intestinal enzyme degradation and poor intestinal absorption. Preliminary evidence for peptide uptake by the gut has recently been obtained, by our research group, following the administration of nanostructured lipid-carrier suspensions loaded with glargine insulin in healthy animal models. METHODS AND RESULTS In this experimental study, glargine insulin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers have been converted into solid oral dosage forms (tablets, capsules), that are more suitable for administration in humans and have prolonged shelf-life. The liquid and solid oral dosage forms were tested for glargine insulin uptake and glucose responsivity in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (6 animals in each group). A suitable composition gave redispersible solid oral dosage forms from glargine insulin-loaded carriers, using both spray-drying and freeze-drying. It was observed that the liquid and solid formulations had relevant hypoglycaemic effects in healthy rats, while only capsules were efficacious in diabetic rats; probably because of gut alterations in these animal models. Detected glargine insulinaemia was consistent with a glycaemic profile. CONCLUSION The formulations under study showed their potential as oral glucose-lowering agents, particularly when used as capsules. However, further study is needed to produce a useful orally-active insulin preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Muntoni
- University of Turin, Department of Drug Science and Technology, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- University of Turin, Department of Chemistry, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Milla
- University of Turin, Department of Drug Science and Technology, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- University of Turin, Department of Drug Science and Technology, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- University of Turin, Department of Drug Science and Technology, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria T Capucchio
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Colombino
- University of Turin, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Lorena Segale
- University of Eastern Piedmont, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Largo Donegani 2/3, Novara, Italy
| | - Massimo Porta
- University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Battaglia
- University of Turin, Department of Drug Science and Technology, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy.
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14
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Vora LK, Moffatt K, Tekko IA, Paredes AJ, Volpe-Zanutto F, Mishra D, Peng K, Raj Singh Thakur R, Donnelly RF. Microneedle array systems for long-acting drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 159:44-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Fuchs S, Ernst AU, Wang LH, Shariati K, Wang X, Liu Q, Ma M. Hydrogels in Emerging Technologies for Type 1 Diabetes. Chem Rev 2020; 121:11458-11526. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fuchs
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander U. Ernst
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Long-Hai Wang
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kaavian Shariati
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xi Wang
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qingsheng Liu
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Minglin Ma
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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16
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Gupta R, Kumar A. Transfersomes: The Ultra-Deformable Carrier System for Non-Invasive Delivery of Drug. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 18:408-420. [PMID: 32753015 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200804105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular systems have many advantages like prolonging the existence of the drug in the systemic circulation, minimizing the undesirable side-effects and helping the active moieties to reach their target sites using the carriers. However, the main drawback related to transdermal delivery is to cross stratum corneum, which can be overcome by the utilization of novel carrier systems e.g., transfersomes, which are ultra-deformable carrier systems composed of phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine) and edge activators (surfactants). Edge activators are responsible for the flexibility of the bilayer membranes of transfersomes. Different edge activators used in transfersomes include tween, span, bile salts (sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. These activators decrease the interfacial tension, thereby, increasing the deformability of the carrier system. Transfersomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs into a vesicular structure, which consists of one or more concentric bilayers. Due to the elastic nature of transfersomes, they can easily cross the natural physiological barriers i.e., skin and deliver the drug to its active site. The main benefit of using transfersomes as a carrier is the delivery of macromolecules through the skin by non-invasive route thereby increasing the patient's compliance. The transfersomal formulations can be used in the treatment of ocular diseases, alopecia, vulvovaginal candidiasis, osteoporosis, atopic dermatitis, tumor, leishmaniasis. It is also used in the delivery of growth hormones, anaesthesia, insulin, proteins, and herbal drugs. This review also focuses on the patents and clinical studies for various transfersomal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Amrish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
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17
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Functionalization of Polymers and Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Antimicrobial Platforms and Drug Carriers. PROSTHESIS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis2020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymers and nanomaterials has vastly grown for industrial and biomedical sectors during last years. Before any designation or selection of polymers and their nanocomposites, it is vital to recognize the targeted applications which require these platforms to be modified. Surface functionalization to introduce the desired type and quantity of reactive functional groups to target a cell or tissue in human body is a pivotal approach to improve the physicochemical and biological properties of these materials. Herein, advances in the functionalized polymer and nanomaterials surfaces are highlighted along with their applications in biomedical fields, e.g., antimicrobial therapy and drug delivery.
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18
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Jamaledin R, Di Natale C, Onesto V, Taraghdari ZB, Zare EN, Makvandi P, Vecchione R, Netti PA. Progress in Microneedle-Mediated Protein Delivery. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E542. [PMID: 32079212 PMCID: PMC7073601 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for patient-compliance therapies in recent years has led to the development of transdermal drug delivery, which possesses several advantages compared with conventional methods. Delivering protein through the skin by transdermal patches is extremely difficult due to the presence of the stratum corneum which restricts the application to lipophilic drugs with relatively low molecular weight. To overcome these limitations, microneedle (MN) patches, consisting of micro/miniature-sized needles, are a promising tool to perforate the stratum corneum and to release drugs and proteins into the dermis following a non-invasive route. This review investigates the fabrication methods, protein delivery, and translational considerations for the industrial scaling-up of polymeric MNs for dermal protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Jamaledin
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (V.O.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (V.O.)
| | - Valentina Onesto
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (V.O.)
| | - Zahra Baghban Taraghdari
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Institute for polymers, Composites and biomaterials (IPCB), National research council (CNR), 80125 Naples, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, P.O. Box: 61537-53843, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (V.O.)
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy; (R.J.); (V.O.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
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19
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Maikawa CL, Smith AAA, Zou L, Meis CM, Mann JL, Webber MJ, Appel EA. Stable Monomeric Insulin Formulations Enabled by Supramolecular PEGylation of Insulin Analogues. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900094. [PMID: 32190729 PMCID: PMC7079736 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current "fast-acting" insulin analogues contain amino acid modifications meant to inhibit dimer formation and shift the equilibrium of association states toward the monomeric state. However, the insulin monomer is highly unstable and current formulation techniques require insulin to primarily exist as hexamers to prevent aggregation into inactive and immunogenic amyloids. Insulin formulation excipients have thus been traditionally selected to promote insulin association into the hexameric form to enhance formulation stability. This study exploits a novel excipient for the supramolecular PEGylation of insulin analogues, including aspart and lispro, to enhance the stability and maximize the prevalence of insulin monomers in formulation. Using multiple techniques, it is demonstrated that judicious choice of formulation excipients (tonicity agents and parenteral preservatives) enables insulin analogue formulations with 70-80% monomer and supramolecular PEGylation imbued stability under stressed aging for over 100 h without altering the insulin association state. Comparatively, commercial "fast-acting" formulations contain less than 1% monomer and remain stable for only 10 h under the same stressed aging conditions. This simple and effective formulation approach shows promise for next-generation ultrafast insulin formulations with a short duration of action that can reduce the risk of post-prandial hypoglycemia in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Maikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anton A A Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Zou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Catherine M Meis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph L Mann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew J Webber
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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20
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Muntoni E, Marini E, Ahmadi N, Milla P, Ghè C, Bargoni A, Capucchio MT, Biasibetti E, Battaglia L. Lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for oral delivery of insulin and insulin analogs: preliminary ex vivo and in vivo studies. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:1283-1292. [PMID: 31407113 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Subcutaneous administration of insulin in patients suffering from diabetes is associated with the distress of daily injections. Among alternative administration routes, the oral route seems to be the most advantageous for long-term administration, also because the peptide undergoes a hepatic first-pass effect, contributing to the inhibition of the hepatic glucose output. Unfortunately, insulin oral administration has so far been hampered by degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes and poor intestinal absorption. Loading in lipid nanoparticles should allow to overcome these limitations. METHODS Entrapment of peptides into such nanoparticles is not easy, because of their high molecular weight, hydrophilicity and thermo-sensitivity. In this study, this objective was achieved by employing fatty acid coacervation method: solid lipid nanoparticles and newly engineered nanostructured lipid carriers were formulated. Insulin and insulin analog-glargine insulin-were entrapped in the lipid matrix through hydrophobic ion pairing. RESULTS Bioactivity of lipid entrapped peptides was demonstrated through a suitable in vivo experiment. Ex vivo and in vivo studies were carried out by employing fluorescently labelled peptides. Gut tied up experiments showed the superiority of glargine insulin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers, which demonstrated significantly higher permeation (till 30% dose/mL) compared to free peptide. Approximately 6% absolute bioavailability in the bloodstream was estimated for the same formulation through in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Consequently, a discrete blood glucose responsivity was noted in healthy animals. CONCLUSIONS Given the optimized ex vivo and in vivo intestinal uptake of glargine insulin from nanostructured lipid carriers, further studies will be carried out on healthy and diabetic rat models in order to establish a glargine insulin dose-glucose response relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Muntoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Nahid Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchistan, University Boulevard, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Paola Milla
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Corrado Ghè
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bargoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Histopathology Department CIBA, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Via Bologna 148, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy.
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21
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Mao R, Chen Y, Chi Z, Wang Y. Insulin and its single-chain analogue. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8737-8751. [PMID: 31637493 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Mansoor S, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE, Pillay V. Polymer-Based Nanoparticle Strategies for Insulin Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1380. [PMID: 31443473 PMCID: PMC6780129 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic illness estimated to have affected 451 million individuals to date, with this number expected to significantly rise in the coming years. There are two main classes of this disease, namely type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Insulin therapy is pivotal in the management of diabetes, with diabetic individuals taking multiple daily insulin injections. However, the mode of administration has numerous drawbacks, resulting in poor patient compliance. In order to optimize insulin therapy, novel drug delivery systems (DDSes) have been suggested, and alternative routes of administration have been investigated. A novel aspect in the field of drug delivery was brought about by the coalescence of polymeric science and nanotechnology. In addition to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), insulin DDSes can incorporate the use of nanoplatforms/carriers. A combination of these systems can bring about novel formulations and lead to significant improvements in the drug delivery system (DDS) with regard to therapeutic efficacy, bioavailability, increased half-life, improved transport through physical and chemical barriers, and controlled drug delivery. This review will discuss how recent developments in polymer chemistry and nanotechnology have been employed in a multitude of platforms as well as in administration routes for the safe and efficient delivery of insulin for the treatment of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Mansoor
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Pierre P D Kondiah
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
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23
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Xing Y, Xie X, Xu J, Liu J, He Q, Yang W, Zhang N, Li X, Wang L, Fu J, Zhou J, Gao B, Ming J, Liu X, Lai J, Liu T, Shi M, Ji Q. Efficacy and safety of a needle-free injector in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin: a multicentre, prospective, randomised, crossover study. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:995-1002. [PMID: 31359813 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1649251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a needle-free injector in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin. Methods: 62 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in a multicenter, randomised, prospective, open-label, crossover study. All patients received subcutaneous insulin glargine administered by a needle-free injector or a glargine pen for 7 ~ 14 days, and were then crossed over after wash out. Results: Patients in the insulin needle-free injector (NFI) and glargine pen (GP) groups achieved similar fasting blood glucose control . However, the dosage of insulin required to achieve the target FBG level in the NFI group was lower than in the GP group (16.14 ± 5.13 U/day vs 19.25 ± 6.20 U/day, respectively; p = 0.0046). This difference was more significant in patients who received higher insulin dosages compared with those receiving lower dosages. Use of the needle-free injector was also associated with significantly less pain (p < 0.001) and less fear of injection (p < 0.001) than glargine pens. Conclusion: The use of a needle-free injector can significantly lower the dosage of insulin required to achieve good glycemic control and reduce topical adverse reactions and the fear of injections as well, which help to improve patient compliance. Clinical Trial Registration Number KY20172077-1; NCT03420040.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The first People's Hospital , YinChuan , China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changan Hospital , Xi'an , China
| | - Qingzhen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital , Xi'an , China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Aerospace Hospital , Xi'an , China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xiaomiao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jianfang Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jie Ming
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jingbo Lai
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Qiuhe Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
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Iyengar ARS, Gupta S, Jawalekar S, Pande AH. Protein Chimerization: A New Frontier for Engineering Protein Therapeutics with Improved Pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:703-714. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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