Modulation of Foreign Body Reaction against PDMS Implant by Grafting Topographically Different Poly(acrylic acid) Micropatterns

Microfluidic synthesis and accurate immobilization of low-density QD-encoded magnetic microbeads for multiplex immunoassay

Magnetic-fluorescent microbeads have been widely used in the multiplex detection of biological molecules. The traditional method relies on flow cytometry to decode and analyze the microbeads. Alternative strategies that employ immobilized microbeads on a plane and involve fluorescence imaging to analyze the microbeads have been proposed. Among these strategies, an integrated chip that controls magnetic field contribution using nickel powder pillars and captured microbeads has attracted great attention. Despite its unique advantages such as low manufacturing costs, reusability and high capture efficiency, existing research had been limited by the inability to precisely capture a single microbead, and the overlapping of microbeads has made multiplex immunoassays based on this strategy impossible. In this work, low-density microbeads were prepared in a microfluidic chip using IBOMA as the main monomer. The low density of the microbeads made the preparation of an aqueous suspension easier. An integration of nickel patterns, magnets and channels was carried out and demonstrated the capacity of capturing single microbeads precisely. Fluorescence coding further empowered this method with the ability of multiplex immunoassay, which was verified using three types of IgG, and a calibration curve for the detection of anti-human IgG was established using a sandwich immunoassay. These results show the promising potential of this strategy for biomedical detection.

Immunomodulatory Biomaterials: Tailoring Surface Properties to Mitigate Foreign Body Reaction and Enhance Tissue Regeneration

The immune cells have demonstrated the ability to promote tissue repair by removing debris, breaking down the extracellular matrix, and regulating cytokine secretion profile. If the behavior of immune cells is not well directed, chronic inflammation and foreign body reaction (FBR) will lead to scar formation and loss of biomaterial functionality. The immunologic response toward tissue repair or chronic inflammation after injury and implantation can be modulated by manipulating the surface properties of biomaterials. Tailoring surface properties of biomaterials enables the regulation of immune cell fate such as adhesion, proliferation, recruitment, polarization, and cytokine secretion profile. This review begins with an overview of the role of immune cells in tissue healing and their interactions with biomaterials. It then discusses how the surface properties of biomaterials influence immune cell behavior. The core focus is reviewing surface modification methods to create innovative materials that reduce foreign body reactions and enhance tissue repair and regeneration by modulating immune cell activities. The review concludes with insights into future advancements in surface modification techniques and the associated challenges.

Materials Strategies to Overcome the Foreign Body Response

The foreign body response (FBR) is an immune-mediated reaction that can occur with most biomaterials and biomedical devices. The FBR initiates a deterioration in the performance of implantable devices, representing a longstanding challenge that consistently hampers their optimal utilization. Over the last decade, significant strides are achieved based on either hydrogel design or surface modifications to mitigate the FBR. This review delves into recent material strategies aimed at mitigating the FBR. Further, the authors look forward to future novel anti-FBR materials from the perspective of clinical translation needs. Such prospective materials hold the potential to attenuate local immune responses, thereby significantly enhancing the overall performance of implantable devices.

Green Fabrication of Freestanding Piezoceramic Films for Energy Harvesting and Virus Detection

Most electronics such as sensors, actuators and energy harvesters need piezoceramic films to interconvert mechanical and electrical energy. Transferring the ceramic films from their growth substrates for assembling electronic devices commonly requires chemical or physical etching, which comes at the sacrifice of the substrate materials, film cracks, and environmental contamination. Here, we introduce a van der Waals stripping method to fabricate large-area and freestanding piezoceramic thin films in a simple, green, and cost-effective manner. The introduction of the quasi van der Waals epitaxial platinum layer enables the capillary force of water to drive the separation process of the film and substrate interface. The fabricated lead-free film, [Formula: see text] (BCZT), shows a high piezoelectric coefficient d33 = 209 ± 10 pm V-1 and outstanding flexibility of maximum strain 2%. The freestanding feature enables a wide application scenario, including micro energy harvesting, and covid-19 spike protein detection. We further conduct a life cycle analysis and quantify the low energy consumption and low pollution of the water-based stripping film method.

Surface Characteristics and Bone Biocompatibility of Cold-Sprayed Porous Titanium on Polydimethylsiloxane Substrates

A variant of the cold spray (CS) technique was applied for the functionalization of polymer-based materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to improve the extent of mammalian cell interactions with these substrates. This was demonstrated by the embedment of porous titanium (pTi) into PDMS substrates using a single-step CS technique. CS processing parameters such as gas pressure and temperature were optimized to achieve the mechanical interlocking of pTi in the compressed PDMS to fabricate a unique hierarchical morphology possessing micro-roughness. As evidenced by the preserved porous structure, the pTi particles did not undergo any significant plastic deformation upon impact with the polymer substrate. The thickness of the particle embedment layer was determined, by cross-sectional analysis, ranging from 120 μm to over 200 μm. The behavior of osteoblast-like cells MG63 coming into contact with the pTi-embedded PDMS was examined. The results showed that the pTi-embedded PDMS samples promoted 80-96% of cell adhesion and proliferation during the early stages of incubation. The low cytotoxicity of the pTi-embedded PDMS was confirmed, with cell viability of the MG63 cells being above 90%. Furthermore, the pTi-embedded PDMS facilitated the production of alkaline phosphatase and calcium deposition in the MG63 cells, as demonstrated by the higher amount of alkaline phosphatase (2.6 times) and calcium (10.6 times) on the pTi-embedded PDMS sample fabricated at 250 °C, 3 MPa. Overall, the work demonstrated that the CS process provided flexibility in the parameters used for the production of the modified PDMS substrates and is highly efficient for the fabrication of coated polymer products. The results obtained in this study suggest that a tailorable porous and rough architecture could be achieved that promoted osteoblast function, indicating that the method has promise in the design of titanium-polymer composite materials applied to biomaterials used in musculoskeletal applications.

Tailored Biocompatible Polyurethane-Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels as a Versatile Nonfouling Biomaterial

Polyurethane-based hydrogels are relatively inexpensive and mechanically robust biomaterials with ideal properties for various applications, including drug delivery, prosthetics, implant coatings, soft robotics, and tissue engineering. In this report, a simple method is presented for synthesizing and casting biocompatible polyurethane-poly(ethylene glycol) (PU-PEG) hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties, nonfouling characteristics, and sustained tolerability as an implantable material or coating. The hydrogels are synthesized via a simple one-pot method using commercially available precursors and low toxicity solvents and reagents, yielding a consistent and biocompatible gel platform primed for long-term biomaterial applications. The mechanical and physical properties of the gels are easily controlled by varying the curing concentration, producing networks with complex shear moduli of 0.82-190 kPa, similar to a range of human soft tissues. When evaluated against a mechanically matched poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) formulation, the PU-PEG hydrogels demonstrated favorable nonfouling characteristics, including comparable adsorption of plasma proteins (albumin and fibrinogen) and significantly reduced cellular adhesion. Moreover, preliminary murine implant studies reveal a mild foreign body response after 41 days. Due to the tunable mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and sustained in vivo tolerability of these hydrogels, it is proposed that this method offers a simplified platform for fabricating soft PU-based biomaterials for a variety of applications.

Surface-Immobilized Photoinitiators for Light Induced Polymerization and Coupling Reactions

Straightforward and versatile surface modification, functionalization and coating have become a significant topic in material sciences. While physical modification suffers from severe drawbacks, such as insufficient stability, chemical induced grafting processes efficiently modify organic and inorganic materials and surfaces due to covalent linkage. These processes include the "grafting from" method, where polymer chains are directly grown from the surface in terms of a surface-initiated polymerization and the "grafting to" method where a preformed (macro)-molecule is introduced to a preliminary treated surface via a coupling reaction. Both methods require an initiating species that is immobilized at the surface and can be triggered either by heat or light, whereas light induced processes have recently received increasing interest. Therefore, a major challenge is the ongoing search for suitable anchor moieties that provide covalent linkage to the surface and include initiators for surface-initiated polymerization and coupling reactions, respectively. This review containing 205 references provides an overview on photoinitiators which are covalently coupled to different surfaces, and are utilized for subsequent photopolymerizations and photocoupling reactions. An emphasis is placed on the coupling strategies for different surfaces, including oxides, metals, and cellulosic materials, with a focus on surface coupled free radical photoinitiators (type I and type II). Furthermore, the concept of surface initiation mediated by photoiniferters (PIMP) is reviewed. Regarding controlled radical polymerization from surfaces, a large section of the paper reviews surface-tethered co-initiators, ATRP initiators, and RAFT agents. In combination with photoinitiators or photoredox catalysts, these compounds are employed for surface initiated photopolymerizations. Moreover, examples for coupled photoacids and photoacid generators are presented. Another large section of the article reviews photocoupling and photoclick techniques. Here, the focus is set on light sensitive groups, such as organic azides, tetrazoles and diazirines, which have proven useful in biochemistry, composite technology and many other fields.

Assessment of human adipose-derived stem cell on surface-modified silicone implant to reduce capsular contracture formation

Medical devices made from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based silicone implants have been broadly used owing to their inert properties, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. However, long-term implantation is usually associated with complications, such as capsular contracture due to excessive local inflammatory response, subsequently requiring implant removal. Therefore, modification of the silicone surface to reduce a risk of capsular contracture has attracted increasing attention. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are known to provide potentially therapeutic applications for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and reconstructive surgery. Herein, hASCs coating on a PDMS (hASC-PDMS) or itaconic acid (IA)-conjugated PDMS (hASC-IA-PDMS) surface is examined to determine its biocompatibility for reducing capsular contracture on the PDMS surface. In vitro cell cytotoxicity evaluation showed that hASCs on IA-PDMS exhibit higher cell viability than hASCs on PDMS. A lower release of proinflammatory cytokines is observed in hASC-PDMS and hASC-IA-PDMS compared to the cells on plate. Multiple factors, including in vivo mRNA expression levels of cytokines related to fibrosis; number of inflammatory cells; number of macrophages and myofibroblasts; capsule thickness; and collagen density following implantation in rats for 60 days, indicate that incorporated coating hASCs on PDMSs most effectively reduces capsular contracture. This study demonstrates the potential of hASCs coating for the modification of PDMS surfaces in enhancing surface biocompatibility for reducing capsular contracture of PDMS-based medical devices.

Pathological Change and Whole Transcriptome Alternation Caused by ePTFE Implantation in Myocardium

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) is commonly used in cardiovascular surgery, but usually causes postoperation complications. Although great efforts have been done to relieve these complications or to understand their mechanism, there are no applicable strategies available and no understanding mechanisms, especially in the myocardium. Here, ePTFE membranes are implanted into the right ventricular outflow tract of rabbits, and the implant-related myocardium is dissected and analyzed by histology and transcriptome sequencing. ePTFE implantation causes myocardium inflammation and fibrosis. There are 1867 differently expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs, 1107 upregulated and 760 downregulated) and 246 differently expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs, 110 upregulated and 136 downregulated) identified. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that the upregulated DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs are mainly involved in inflammatory, immune responses, and extracellular matrix remodeling, while the downregulated DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs are predominantly functioned in the metabolism and cardiac remodeling. Analysis of coexpression and regulatory relationship of DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs reveals that most DElncRNAs are trans-regulated on the relevant DEmRNAs. In conclusion, ePTFE implantation causes severe myocardial tissue damages and alters the transcriptome profiles of the myocardium. Such novel data may provide a landscape of mechanisms underlying the adverse reactions caused by ePTFE implantation and uncover new therapeutic targets for inhibiting the ePTFE-related complications.

Long-lasting hydrophilic surface generated on poly(dimethyl siloxane) with photoreactive zwitterionic polymers

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is known as one of the most established polymers for making elastomers. Therefore, it is commonly used for the fabrication of biomedical devices. Many PDMS surface modification processes have been proposed recently to increase PDMS reliability in medical fields. However, the modified surface's long-term stability is still limited. Hydrophobic recovery of PDMS is widely recognized as a factor that reduces the efficacy of PDMS surface modification. The photoreactive zwitterionic polymer effectively suppresses the hydrophobic recovery of PDMS, according to the current analysis. The photoreactive zwitterionic monomer, 2-[2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyldimethylanmmonium] ethyl benzophenoxy phosphate (MBPP) was polymerized by conventional radical polymerization and coated on O₂-plasma-treated PDMS specimens. The specimens were immersed in an aqueous solution of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and exposed under ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 3 h. Instead, of poly(MBPP) (PMBPP), benzophenone (BP) was also used as a conventional photoinitiator. The time-dependent change in the wettability and elemental composition of the specimen surface was monitored for nine weeks after photo-grafting of poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)] (PMPC). The advancing and receding contact angles (θ_A/θ_R) of the pristine PDMS specimen were 112°/71° and significantly decreased immediately after the grafting of PMPC regardless of types of photoinitiator. However, the hydrophobicity of the surface gradually recovered, and θ_A was changed from 12° to 81° for nine weeks of storage under air atmosphere when BP was used as a photoinitiator for graft polymerization of MPC. However, surface hydrophilicity (θ_A ≅ 20°) of the surface grafted with PMPC with PMBPP as an initiator was effectively preserved for nine weeks. This surface also showed excellent lubricity and non-fouling properties regardless of the storage periods. Therefore, zwitterionic photoreactive polymer, PMBPP, is then used as a macrophotoinitiator for the surface modification of PDMS.

Micro- and nanoscale biophysical cues for cardiovascular disease therapy

After cardiovascular injury, numerous pathological processes adversely impact the homeostatic function of cardiomyocyte, macrophage, fibroblast, endothelial cell, and vascular smooth muscle cell populations. Subsequent malfunctioning of these cells may further contribute to cardiovascular disease onset and progression. By modulating cellular responses after injury, it is possible to create local environments that promote wound healing and tissue repair mechanisms. The extracellular matrix continuously provides these mechanosensitive cell types with physical cues spanning the micro- and nanoscale to influence behaviors such as adhesion, morphology, and phenotype. It is therefore becoming increasingly compelling to harness these cell-substrate interactions to elicit more native cell behaviors that impede cardiovascular disease progression and enhance regenerative potential. This review discusses recent in vitro and preclinical work that have demonstrated the therapeutic implications of micro- and nanoscale biophysical cues on cell types adversely affected in cardiovascular diseases - cardiomyocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells.