1
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Wang Z, Zhang M, Liu L, Mithieux SM, Weiss AS. Polyglycerol sebacate-based elastomeric materials for arterial regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:574-585. [PMID: 37345954 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic vascular grafts are commonly used in patients with severe occlusive arterial disease when autologous grafts are not an option. Commercially available synthetic grafts are confronted with challenging outcomes: they have a lower patency rate than autologous grafts and are currently unable to promote arterial regeneration. Polyglycerol sebacate (PGS), a non-toxic polymer with a tunable degradation profile, has shown promising results as a small-diameter vascular graft component that can support the formation of neoarteries. In this review, we first present an overview of the synthesis and modification of PGS followed by an examination of its mechanical properties. We then report on the performance, degradation, regeneration, and remodeling of PGS-based small-diameter vascular grafts, with a focus on efforts to reduce thrombosis, prevent dilation, and promote cellular residency and extracellular matrix regeneration that resembles the native artery in spatial distribution and organization. We also highlight recent advances in the incorporation of novel in situ cell sources for arterial regeneration and their potential application in PGS-based vascular grafts. Finally, we compare vascular grafts fabricated using PGS-based materials with other elastomeric alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linyang Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Mithieux
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Ding X, Zhang Z, Kluka C, Asim S, Manuel J, Lee BP, Jiang J, Heiden PA, Heldt CL, Rizwan M. Pair of Functional Polyesters That Are Photo-Cross-Linkable and Electrospinnable to Engineer Elastomeric Scaffolds with Tunable Structure and Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:863-878. [PMID: 38207114 PMCID: PMC10954299 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A pair of alkyne- and thiol-functionalized polyesters are designed to engineer elastomeric scaffolds with a wide range of tunable material properties (e.g., thermal, degradation, and mechanical properties) for different tissues, given their different host responses, mechanics, and regenerative capacities. The two prepolymers are quickly photo-cross-linkable through thiol-yne click chemistry to form robust elastomers with small permanent deformations. The elastic moduli can be easily tuned between 0.96 ± 0.18 and 7.5 ± 2.0 MPa, and in vitro degradation is mediated from hours up to days by adjusting the prepolymer weight ratios. These elastomers bear free hydroxyl and thiol groups with a water contact angle of less than 85.6 ± 3.58 degrees, indicating a hydrophilic nature. The elastomer is compatible with NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells with cell viability reaching 88 ± 8.7% relative to the TCPS control at 48 h incubation. Differing from prior soft elastomers, a mixture of the two prepolymers without a carrying polymer is electrospinnable and UV-cross-linkable to fabricate elastic fibrous scaffolds for soft tissues. The designed prepolymer pair can thus ease the fabrication of elastic fibrous conduits, leading to potential use as a resorbable synthetic graft. The elastomers could find use in other tissue engineering applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochu Ding
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 202E Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 609 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Zhongtian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Christopher Kluka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 609 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Saad Asim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - James Manuel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Bruce P. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Jingfeng Jiang
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 202E Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Patricia A. Heiden
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 609 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Caryn L. Heldt
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, 202E Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 203 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 309 Minerals & Materials Engineering Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
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3
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Kavimani V, Lakkaboyana SK, Trilaksana H, Atanase LI. Mechanical Properties and Degradation Rate of Poly(Sorbitol Adipate-Co-Dioladipate) Copolymers Obtained with a Catalyst-Free Melt Polycondensation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:499. [PMID: 38399877 PMCID: PMC10893197 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A new family of polyester-based copolymers-poly(sorbitol adipate-co-ethylene glycol adipate) (PSAEG), poly(sorbitol adipate-co-1,4 butane diol adipate) (PSABD), and poly (sorbitol adipate-co-1,6 hexane diol adipate) (PSAHD)-was obtained with a catalyst-free melt polycondensation procedure using the multifunctional non-toxic monomer sorbitol, adipic acid, and diol, which are acceptable to the human metabolism. Synthesized polyesters were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weight and thermal properties of the polymers were determined by MALDI mass spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis. The degradation rate was investigated, at 37 °C, in 0.1M NaOH (pH 13) and in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) at pH 7.4. It was found that the polymers degraded faster in NaOH (i.e., in a day) compared to their degradation in PBS, which was much slower (in a week). The highest degradation rate was noticed for the PSAEG sample in both media, whereas PSAHD was the most stable polymer at pH 7.4 and 13. A reduced hydrophilicity of the polymers with diol length was indicated by low swelling percentage and sol content in water and DMSO. Mechanical studies prove that all the polymers are elastomers whose flexibility increases with diol length, shown by the increase in percentage of elongation at break and the decrease in tensile stress and Young's modulus. These biodegradable copolymers with adaptable physicochemical characteristics might be useful for a broad variety of biological applications by merely varying the length of the diol.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kavimani
- Department of Chemistry, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai 600025, India;
| | - Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai 600062, India;
| | - Herri Trilaksana
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Leonard I. Atanase
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Apollonia University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Wu Z, Wang L, Fan Y. Effect of static tensile stress on enzymatic degradation of poly(glycerol sebacate). J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1513-1524. [PMID: 37070726 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is an excellent scaffold material in tissue engineering due to good biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties. The degradation properties of PGS have been primarily explored in static phosphate buffer solution or enzyme solution. It is vital to understand how the tensile stress affect the degradation rate. In this study, PGS was synthetized by melt polycondensation and its properties were characterized. Then an in vitro degradation device which could provide different constant tensile stresses was carefully designed and established, and the enzymatic degradation of PGS was tested under 0-150 kPa at 37°C. It was found that holes of PGS surface arranged almost parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of tensile stresses at 100 kPa and 150 kPa after 2-4 days degradation. After 8 days degradation, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of PGS at 150 kPa was 0.28 MPa and the elastic modulus was 1.11 MPa, while the UTS of PGS was 0.44 MPa and the elastic modulus was 1.63 MPa before degradation, both of them have significant differences. Hence, the tensile stress and degradation time were proportional to the appear time and size of holes, leading to the decrease of mass loss, UTS and elastic modulus. The relationship between stress and PGS degradation rates was quantitatively described through our degradation experiments, providing guidance for suitable PGS applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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5
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Hevilla V, Sonseca Á, Fernández-García M. Straightforward Enzymatic Methacrylation of Poly(Glycerol Adipate) for Potential Applications as UV Curing Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3050. [PMID: 37514438 PMCID: PMC10383392 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic one-pot synthesis procedures in a one-step and two-step monomers addition were developed to obtain poly(glycerol adipate) macromers with methacrylate end-functional groups under the presence of 1 and 3 wt% of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). Glycerol, divinyl adipate, and vinyl methacrylate were enzymatically reacted (vinyl methacrylate was either present from the beginning in the monomers solution or slowly dropped after 6 h of reaction) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 40 °C over 48 h. Macromers with a methacrylate end groups fraction of ≈52% in a simple one-pot one-step procedure were obtained with molecular weights (Mn) of ≈7500-7900 g/mol. The obtained products under the one-pot one-step and two steps synthesis procedures carried out using 1 and 3 wt% of a CALB enzymatic catalyst were profusely characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), MALDI-TOF MS, and SEC. The methacrylate functional macromers obtained with the different procedures and 1 wt% of CALB were combined with an Irgacure® 369 initiator to undergo homopolymerization under UV irradiation for 10 and 30 min, in order to test their potential to obtain amorphous networks within minutes with similar properties to those typically obtained by complex acrylation/methacrylation procedures, which need multiple purification steps and harsh reagents such as acyl chlorides. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that it has been demonstrated that the obtention of methacrylate-functional predominantly linear macromers based on poly(glycerol adipate) is able to be UV crosslinked in a simple one-step procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hevilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Águeda Sonseca
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Yu L, Zeng G, Xu J, Han M, Wang Z, Li T, Long M, Wang L, Huang W, Wu Y. Development of Poly(Glycerol Sebacate) and Its Derivatives: A Review of the Progress over the past Two Decades. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2150774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanjie Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingying Han
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Long
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaobin Wu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Godinho B, Gama N, Ferreira A. Different methods of synthesizing poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1033827. [PMID: 36532580 PMCID: PMC9748623 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1033827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a biodegradable elastomer that has attracted increasing attention as a potential material for applications in biological tissue engineering. The conventional method of synthesis, first described in 2002, is based on the polycondensation of glycerol and sebacic acid, but it is a time-consuming and energy-intensive process. In recent years, new approaches for producing PGS, PGS blends, and PGS copolymers have been reported to not only reduce the time and energy required to obtain the final material but also to adjust the properties and processability of the PGS-based materials based on the desired applications. This review compiles more than 20 years of PGS synthesis reports, reported inconsistencies, and proposed alternatives to more rapidly produce PGS polymer structures or PGS derivatives with tailor-made properties. Synthesis conditions such as temperature, reaction time, reagent ratio, atmosphere, catalysts, microwave-assisted synthesis, and PGS modifications (urethane and acrylate groups, blends, and copolymers) were revisited to present and discuss the diverse alternatives to produce and adapt PGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Godinho
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- ESTGA-Águeda School of Technology and Management, Águeda, Portugal
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8
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Nazary Abrbekoh F, Valizadeh N, Hassani A, Ghale H, Mahboob SA, Rahbarghazi R, Khoshfetrat AB, Madipour M. Combination of polyglycerol sebacate coated with collagen for vascular engineering. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2022; 14:172-179. [PMID: 36398045 PMCID: PMC9617054 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2022.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Here, we monitored the cytocompatibility of scaffolds consisting of poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) coated with collagen (Col) for endothelial cell activity after 72 hours. Methods: Human endothelial cells were allocated into Control, PGS, and PGS+Col groups. Scaffolds were characterized using FTIR and HNMR spectroscopy. Contact angel analysis and SEM were used to study wettability, surface morphology, and cell attachment. Cell survival was assessed using LDH leakage assay. Levels of Tie-1, Tie-2, VE-Cadherin, and VEGFR-2 were measured using western blotting and real-time PCR. Results: FTIR and HNMR analyses revealed the proper blending in PGS+Col group. SEM imaging exhibited a flat surface in the PGS group while thin Col fibers were detected in PGS+Col surface. The addition of Col to the PGS reduced the contract angle values from 97.3˚ to 81.1˚. Compared to PGS substrate alone, in PGS+Col group, cells appropriately attached to the surface. PGS and PGS+Col did not alter the leakage of LDH to the supernatant compared to control cells, showing the cytocopatiblity of PGS-based scaffolds. SOD and NO levels were increased significantly in PGS (p<0.05) and PGS+Col groups (p<0.001), respectively. We found that PGS+Col decreased Tie-1 content in endothelial cells whereas protein levels of Tie-2 and VE-Cadherin and expression of VEGFR-2 remained unchanged compared to PGS and control groups. Conclusion: Simultaneous application of Col and PGS can stimulate normal endothleial cell morphology without the alteration of tyrosine kinases receptors and cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasrin Valizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayla Hassani
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hakime Ghale
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran
| | - Soltan Ali Mahboob
- Department of Biochemistry, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Madipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Terzopoulou Z, Zamboulis A, Koumentakou I, Michailidou G, Noordam MJ, Bikiaris DN. Biocompatible Synthetic Polymers for Tissue Engineering Purposes. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1841-1863. [PMID: 35438479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers have been an integral part of modern society since the early 1960s. Besides their most well-known applications to the public, such as packaging, construction, textiles and electronics, synthetic polymers have also revolutionized the field of medicine. Starting with the first plastic syringe developed in 1955 to the complex polymeric materials used in the regeneration of tissues, their contributions have never been more prominent. Decades of research on polymeric materials, stem cells, and three-dimensional printing contributed to the rapid progress of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine that envisages the potential future of organ transplantations. This perspective discusses the role of synthetic polymers in tissue engineering, their design and properties in relation to each type of application. Additionally, selected recent achievements of tissue engineering using synthetic polymers are outlined to provide insight into how they will contribute to the advancement of the field in the near future. In this way, we aim to provide a guide that will help scientists with synthetic polymer design and selection for different tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Koumentakou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Michailidou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michiel Jan Noordam
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Atya AMN, Tevlek A, Almemar M, Gökcen D, Aydin HM. Fabrication and characterization of carbon aerogel/poly(glycerol-sebacate) patches for cardiac tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34619670 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac2dd3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for the major number of deaths around the world. Among these is heart failure after myocardial infarction whose latest therapeutic methods are limited to slowing the end-state progression. Numerous strategies have been developed to meet the increased demand for therapies regarding CVDs. This study aimed to establish a novel electrically conductive elastomer-based composite and assess its potential as a cardiac patch for myocardial tissue engineering. The electrically conductive carbon aerogels (CAs) used in this study were derived from waste paper as a cost-effective carbon source and they were combined with the biodegradable poly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) elastomer to obtain an electrically conductive cardiac patch material. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the conductive composites obtained by the incorporation of CAs into PGS (CA-PGS). In this context, the incorporation of the CAs into the polymeric matrix significantly improved the elastic modulus (from 0.912 MPa for the pure PGS elastomer to 0.366 MPa for the CA-PGS) and the deformability (from 0.792 MPa for the pure PGS to 0.566 MPa for CA-PGS). Overall, the mechanical properties of the obtained structures were observed similar to the native myocardium. Furthermore, the addition of CAs made the obtained structures electrically conductive with a conductivity value of 65 × 10-3S m-1which falls within the range previously recorded for human myocardium. Thein vitrocytotoxicity assay with L929 murine fibroblast cells revealed that the CA-PGS composite did not have cytotoxic characteristics. On the other hand, the studies conducted with H9C2 rat cardiac myoblasts revealed that final structures were suitable for MTE applications according to the successes in cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraheem M N Atya
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atakan Tevlek
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhannad Almemar
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dincer Gökcen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Murat Aydin
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Centre for Bioengineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Talebi A, Labbaf S, Atari M, Parhizkar M. Polymeric Nanocomposite Structures Based on Functionalized Graphene with Tunable Properties for Nervous Tissue Replacement. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4591-4601. [PMID: 34461017 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electroconductive scaffolds can be a promising approach to repair conductive tissues when natural healing fails. Recently, nerve tissue engineering constructs have been widely investigated due to the challenges in creating a structure with optimized physiochemical and mechanical properties close to the native tissue. The goal of the current study was to fabricate graphene-containing polycaprolactone/gelatin/polypyrrole (PCL/gelatin/PPy) and polycaprolactone/polyglycerol-sebacate/polypyrrole (PCL/PGS/PPy) with intrinsic electrical properties through an electrospinning process. The effect of graphene on the properties of PCL/gelatin/PPy and PCL/PGS/PPy were investigated. Results demonstrated that graphene incorporation remarkably modulated the physical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds such that the electrical conductivity increased from 0.1 to 3.9 ± 0.3 S m-1 (from 0 to 3 wt % graphene) and toughness was found to be 76 MPa (PCL/gelatin/PPy 3 wt % graphene) and 143.4 MPa (PCL/PGS/PPy 3 wt % graphene). Also, the elastic moduli of the scaffolds with 0, 1, and 2 wt % graphene were reported as 210, 300, and 340 kPa in the PCL/gelatin/PPy system and 72, 85, and 92 kPa for the PCL/PGS/PPy system. A cell viability study demonstrated the noncytotoxic nature of the resultant scaffolds. The sum of the results presented in this study suggests that both PCL/gelatin/PPy/graphene and PCL/PGS/PPy/graphene compositions could be promising biomaterials for a range of conductive tissue replacement or regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Talebi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Sheyda Labbaf
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mehdi Atari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Maryam Parhizkar
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
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12
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Behtouei E, Zandi M, Askari F, Daemi H, Zamanlui S, Arabsorkhi‐Mishabi A, Pezeshki‐Modaress M. Bead‐free and tough electrospun
PCL
/gelatin/
PGS
ternary nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Behtouei
- Department of Biomaterials Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | - Mojgan Zandi
- Department of Biomaterials Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | - Fahimeh Askari
- Department of Polymer Science Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Daemi
- Department of Cell Engineering, Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center ACECR, Royan Institute Tehran Iran
| | - Soheila Zamanlui
- Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Research Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tehran, Central Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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13
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Mohamed MA, Shahini A, Rajabian N, Caserto J, El-Sokkary AM, Akl MA, Andreadis ST, Cheng C. Fast photocurable thiol-ene elastomers with tunable biodegradability, mechanical and surface properties enhance myoblast differentiation and contractile function. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2120-2133. [PMID: 33511311 PMCID: PMC7810627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable elastomers are important emerging biomaterials for biomedical applications, particularly in the area of soft-tissue engineering in which scaffolds need to match the physicochemical properties of native tissues. Here, we report novel fast photocurable elastomers with readily tunable mechanical properties, surface wettability, and degradability. These elastomers are prepared by a 5-min UV-irradiation of thiol-ene reaction systems of glycerol tripentenoate (GTP; a triene) or the combination of GTP and 4-pentenyl 4-pentenoate (PP; a diene) with a carefully chosen series of di- or tri-thiols. In the subsequent application study, these elastomers were found to be capable of overcoming delamination of myotubes, a technical bottleneck limiting the in vitro growth of mature functional myofibers. The glycerol-based elastomers supported the proliferation of mouse and human myoblasts, as well as myogenic differentiation into contractile myotubes. More notably, while beating mouse myotubes detached from conventional tissue culture plates, they remain adherent on the elastomer surface. The results suggest that these elastomers as novel biomaterials may provide a promising platform for engineering functional soft tissues with potential applications in regenerative medicine or pharmacological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alaa Mohamed
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Aref Shahini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Nika Rajabian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Julia Caserto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Ahmed M.A. El-Sokkary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Magda A. Akl
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Stelios T. Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
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14
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Wu Z, Jin K, Wang L, Fan Y. A Review: Optimization for Poly(glycerol sebacate) and Fabrication Techniques for Its Centered Scaffolds. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100022. [PMID: 34117837 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), an emerging promising thermosetting polymer synthesized from sebacic acid and glycerol, has attracted considerable attention due to its elasticity, biocompatibility, and tunable biodegradation properties. But it also has some drawbacks such as harsh synthesis conditions, rapid degradation rates, and low stiffness. To overcome these challenges and optimize PGS performance, various modification methods and fabrication techniques for PGS-based scaffolds have been developed in recent years. Outlining the current modification approaches of PGS and summarizing the fabrication techniques for PGS-based scaffolds are of great importance to accelerate the development of new materials and enable them to be appropriately used in potential applications. Thus, this review comprehensively overviews PGS derivatives, PGS composites, PGS blends, processing for PGS-based scaffolds, and their related applications. It is envisioned that this review could instruct and inspire the design of the PGS-based materials and facilitate tissue engineering advances into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kaixiang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.,School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
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15
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Jaafar IH, Jedlicka SS, Coulter JP. Poly(glycerol sebacate) – a revolutionary biopolymer. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Novel materials possessing physical, mechanical, and chemical properties similar to those found in vivo provide a potential platform for building artificial microenvironments for tissue engineering applications. Poly(glycerol sebacate) is one such material. It has tunable mechanical properties within the range of common tissue, and favorable cell response without surface modification with adhesive ligands, and biodegradability. In this chapter, an overview of the material is presented, focusing on synthesis, characterization, microfabrication, use as a substrate in in vitro mammalian cell culture, and degradation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israd H. Jaafar
- Mechanical Engineering , Utah Valley University , 800 W University Parkway , Orem , UT , USA
| | - Sabrina S. Jedlicka
- Materials Science and Engineering , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , PA , USA
| | - John P. Coulter
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , PA , USA
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16
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Kirillova A, Yeazel TR, Asheghali D, Petersen SR, Dort S, Gall K, Becker ML. Fabrication of Biomedical Scaffolds Using Biodegradable Polymers. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11238-11304. [PMID: 33856196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Degradable polymers are used widely in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Maturing capabilities in additive manufacturing coupled with advances in orthogonal chemical functionalization methodologies have enabled a rapid evolution of defect-specific form factors and strategies for designing and creating bioactive scaffolds. However, these defect-specific scaffolds, especially when utilizing degradable polymers as the base material, present processing challenges that are distinct and unique from other classes of materials. The goal of this review is to provide a guide for the fabrication of biodegradable polymer-based scaffolds that includes the complete pathway starting from selecting materials, choosing the correct fabrication method, and considering the requirements for tissue specific applications of the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kirillova
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Taylor R Yeazel
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shannon R Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Sophia Dort
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ken Gall
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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17
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Risley BB, Ding X, Chen Y, Miller PG, Wang Y. Citrate Crosslinked Poly(Glycerol Sebacate) with Tunable Elastomeric Properties. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000301. [PMID: 33205616 PMCID: PMC8360362 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Poly(glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) is a biodegradable elastomer known for its mechanical properties and biocompatibility for soft tissue engineering. However, harsh thermal crosslinking conditions are needed to make PGS devices. To facilitate the thermal crosslinking, citric acid is explored as a crosslinker to form poly(glycerol sebacate citrate) (PGSC) elastomers. The effects of varying citrate contents and curing times are investigated on the mechanical properties, elasticity, degradation, and hydrophilicity. To examine the potential presence of unreacted citric acid, material acidity is monitored in relation to the citrate content and curing times. It is discovered that a low citrate content and a short curing time produce PGSC with tunable mechanical characteristics similar to PGS with enhanced elasticity. The materials demonstrate good cytocompatibility with human umbilical vein endothelial cells similar to the PGS control. The research study suggests that PGSC is a potential candidate for large-scale biomedical applications because of the quick thermal crosslink and tunable elastomeric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon B. Risley
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 277 Kimball Hall, 134 Hollister Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Xiaochu Ding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 277 Kimball Hall, 134 Hollister Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Ying Chen
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 277 Kimball Hall, 134 Hollister Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Paula G. Miller
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 277 Kimball Hall, 134 Hollister Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Yadong Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 277 Kimball Hall, 134 Hollister Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853
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18
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Wu YL, D’Amato AR, Yan AM, Wang RQ, Ding X, Wang Y. Three-Dimensional Printing of Poly(glycerol sebacate) Acrylate Scaffolds via Digital Light Processing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7575-7588. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lin Wu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
| | - Anthony R. D’Amato
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
| | - Alice M. Yan
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
| | - Richard Q. Wang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
| | - Xiaochu Ding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
| | - Yadong Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
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19
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Fu J, Ding X, Stowell CET, Wu YL, Wang Y. Slow degrading poly(glycerol sebacate) derivatives improve vascular graft remodeling in a rat carotid artery interposition model. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120251. [PMID: 32738658 PMCID: PMC8422746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Porous synthetic grafts made of poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) can transform into autologous vascular conduits in vivo upon degradation of PGS. A long-held doctrine in tissue engineering is the necessity to match degradation of the scaffolds to tissue regeneration. Here, we tested the impact of degradation of PGS and its derivative in an interposition model of rat common carotid artery (CCA). Previous work indicates a complete degradation of PGS within approximately 2 weeks, likely at the fast end of the spectrum. Thus, the derivation of PGS focuses on delay degradation by conjugating the free hydroxy groups in PGS with a long chain carboxylic acid: palmitic acid, one of the most common lipid components. We evaluated two of the resultant palmitate-PGS (PPGS) in this study: one containing 9% palmitate (9-PPGS) and the other16% palmitate (16-PPGS). 16-PPGS grafts had the highest patency. Ultrasound imaging showed that the lumens of 16-PPGS grafts were similar to CCA and smaller than 9-PPGS and PGS grafts 12 weeks post-operation. Immunohistological and histological examination showed an endothelialized lumens in all three types of grafts within 4 weeks. Inflammatory responses to 16-PPGS grafts were limited to the adventitial space in contrast to a more diffusive infiltration in 9-PPGS and PGS grafts in week 4. Examination of calponin+ and αSMA+ cells revealed that 16-PPGS grafts remodeled into a distinctive bi-layered wall, while the walls of 9-PPGS grafts and PGS grafts only had one thick layer of smooth muscle-like cells. Correspondingly, the expression of collagen III and elastin displayed an identical layered structure in the remodeled 16-PPGS grafts, in contrast to a more spread distribution in 9-PPGS and PGS grafts. All the three types of grafts exhibited the same collagen content and burst pressure after 12 weeks of host remodeling. However, the compliance and elastin content of 16-PPGS grafts in week 12 were closest to those of CCA. Overall, placing the degradation of PGS derived elastomer to a window of 4-12 weeks results in vascular conduits closer to arteries in a rat carotid artery interposition model over a 12-week observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Fu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaochu Ding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Chelsea E T Stowell
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yen-Lin Wu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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