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Tverdokhleb N, Loebner S, Yadav B, Santer S, Saphiannikova M. Viscoplastic Modeling of Surface Relief Grating Growth on Isotropic and Preoriented Azopolymer Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020463. [PMID: 36679344 PMCID: PMC9865333 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on solving of two intriguing issues concerning the inscription of surface relief gratings within azopolymer thin films under irradiation with SS, PP and RL interference patterns. For this, we utilize the orientation approach and viscoplastic modeling in combination with experimental results, where the change in surface topography is acquired in situ during irradiation with modulated light. First, the initial orientation state of polymer backbones is proved to be responsible for the contradictory experimental reports on the efficiency of the SS interference pattern. Different orientation states can influence not only the phase of SS grating but also its height, which is experimentally confirmed by using special pretreatments. Second, the faster growth of gratings inscribed by the RL interference pattern is shown to be promoted by a weak photosoftening effect. Overall, the modeled results are in good agreement with the order of relative growth efficiency: RL-PP-SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tverdokhleb
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Loebner
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bharti Yadav
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Marina Saphiannikova
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (M.S.)
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Abstract
Abstract
This article describes the defining characteristics of photochromic dyes and highlights the subset of properties that are of greatest commercial importance. It outlines the history of the industrial exploitation of photochromic colorants before moving on to discuss current and potential applications. In doing so, a brief tour of key types of photochromic dye is provided.
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Pooler DRS, Pierron R, Crespi S, Costil R, Pfeifer L, Léonard J, Olivucci M, Feringa BL. Effect of charge-transfer enhancement on the efficiency and rotary mechanism of an oxindole-based molecular motor. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7486-7497. [PMID: 34163839 PMCID: PMC8171491 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01105g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harvesting energy and converting it into mechanical motion forms the basis for both natural and artificial molecular motors. Overcrowded alkene-based light-driven rotary motors are powered through sequential photochemical and thermal steps. The thermal helix inversion steps are well characterised and can be manipulated through adjustment of the chemical structure, however, the insights into the photochemical isomerisation steps still remain elusive. Here we report a novel oxindole-based molecular motor featuring pronounced electronic push-pull character and a four-fold increase of the photoisomerization quantum yield in comparison to previous motors of its class. A multidisciplinary approach including synthesis, steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopies, and electronic structure modelling was implemented to elucidate the excited state dynamics and rotary mechanism. We conclude that the charge-transfer character of the excited state diminishes the degree of pyramidalisation at the alkene bond during isomerisation, such that the rotational properties of this oxindole-based motor stand in between the precessional motion of fluorene-based molecular motors and the axial motion of biomimetic photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy R S Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin Pierron
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7504 F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Romain Costil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jérémie Léonard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7504 F-67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena 53100 Siena Italy
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio 43403 USA
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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Yadav B, Domurath J, Saphiannikova M. Modeling of Stripe Patterns in Photosensitive Azopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E735. [PMID: 32224848 PMCID: PMC7240688 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Placed at interfaces, azobenzene-containing materials show extraordinary phenomena when subjected to external light sources. Here we model the surface changes induced by one-dimensional Gaussian light fields in thin azopolymer films. Such fields can be produced in a quickly moving film irradiated with a strongly focused laser beam or illuminating the sample through a cylindrical lens. To explain the appearance of stripe patterns, we first calculate the unbalanced mechanical stresses induced by one-dimensional Gaussian fields in the interior of the film. In accordance with our orientation approach, the light-induced stress originates from the reorientation of azobenzenes that causes orientation of rigid backbone segments along the light polarization. The resulting volume forces have different signs and amplitude for light polarization directed perpendicular and parallel to the moving direction. Accordingly, the grooves are produced by the stretching forces and elongated protrusions by the compressive forces. Implementation into a viscoplastic model in a finite element software predicts a considerably weaker effect for the light polarized along the moving direction, in accordance with the experimental observations. The maximum value in the distribution of light-induced stresses becomes in this case very close to the yield stress which results in smaller surface deformations of the glassy azopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marina Saphiannikova
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (B.Y.); (J.D.)
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Grosjean S, Hodapp P, Hassan Z, Wöll C, Nieger M, Bräse S. Synthesis of Functionalized Azobiphenyl- and Azoterphenyl- Ditopic Linkers: Modular Building Blocks for Photoresponsive Smart Materials. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:743-759. [PMID: 31275796 PMCID: PMC6587395 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular synthesis of structurally diverse functionalized azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls for the realization of optically switchable materials has been described. The corresponding synthesis of azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls by stepwise Mills/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, proceeds with high yields and provides facile access to a library of functionalized building blocks. The synthetic methods described herein allow combining several distinct functional groups within a single unit, each intended for a specific task, such as 1) the -N=N- azobenzene core as a photoswitchable moiety, 2) aryls and heteroaryls, functionalized with carboxylic acids or pyridine at its peripheries, as coordinating moieties and 3) varying substitution, size and length of the backbone for adaptability to specific applications. These specifically designed azobiphenyls and azoterphenyls provide modular bricks, potentially useful for the assembly of a variety of polymers, molecular containers and coordination networks, offering a high degree of molecular functionality. Once integrated into materials, the azobenzene system, as a side group on the organic linker backbone, can be exploited for remotely controlling the structural, mechanical or physical properties, thus being applicable for a broad variety of 'smart' applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Grosjean
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Patrick Hodapp
- Institute of Toxicology & Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014 University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Toxicology & Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
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Grimm O, Maßmann SC, Schacher FH. Synthesis and solution behaviour of dual light- and temperature-responsive poly(triethylene glycol-co-spiropyran) copolymers and block copolymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on the synthesis and characterization of materials featuring a dual-responsive copolymer segment consisting of photo-responsive spiropyran (SPA) and temperature-responsive triethylene glycol acrylate (TEGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Sarina C. Maßmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Centre for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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Hua C, D'Alessandro DM. Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of a cobalt framework with (3,7)-c topology. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A Co(ii) framework containing a 7-c Co dimer forms a (3,7)-c binodal net incorporating redox-active triarylamine and light-active azobenzene moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Hua
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Melbourne
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Grimm O, Schacher FH. Dual Stimuli-Responsive P(NIPAAm-co-SPA) Copolymers: Synthesis and Response in Solution and in Films. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E645. [PMID: 30966679 PMCID: PMC6403943 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis and solution properties of dual stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-spiropyran acrylate) (P(NIPAAm-co-SPA)) copolymers of varying composition prepared via nitroxide-mediated copolymerization. The resulting copolymers feature molar masses from 40,000 to 100,000 g/mol according to static light scattering and an SPA content of up to 5.3%. The latter was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and UV⁻Vis spectroscopy. These materials exhibit reversible response upon irradiation in polymeric films for a minimum of three cycles; their response in solution to both light and temperature was also investigated in an aqueous TRIS buffer (pH 8). Irradiation was carried out using LED setups with wavelengths of 365 and 590 nm. In aqueous solution, a custom-made setup using a fiber-coupled 200 W Hg(Xe) lamp with 340 and 540 nm filters was used and additional heating of the copolymer solutions during irradiation allowed to study influence of the presence of either the spiropyran or merocyanine form on the cloud point temperature. Hereby, it was found that increasing the SPA content leads to a more pronounced difference between both states and decreasing cloud points in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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11
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Cameron D, Eisler S. Photoswitchable double bonds: Synthetic strategies for tunability and versatility. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cameron
- Department of Chemistry; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Sara Eisler
- Department of Chemistry; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
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12
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Schwartz HA, Ruschewitz U, Heinke L. Smart nanoporous metal–organic frameworks by embedding photochromic molecules – state of the art and future perspectives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:864-873. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The opportunities, properties and perspectives of smart photochromic materials, which are obtained by embedment of stimuli-responsive molecules in nanoporous MOFs (metal–organic frameworks), both in bulk and in thin films, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- D-50939 Cologne
- Germany
| | - U. Ruschewitz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- D-50939 Cologne
- Germany
| | - L. Heinke
- Institute for Functional Interfaces (IFG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
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14
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Garling T, Tong Y, Darwish TA, Wolf M, Campen RK. The influence of surface potential on the optical switching of spiropyran self assembled monolayers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:414002. [PMID: 28726672 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces whose macroscopic properties can be switched by light are potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. One such promising application is electrochemical sensors that can be gated by optically switching the electrode on or off. One way to make such a switchable electrode is by depositing a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of bistable, optically switchable molecules onto an electrode surface. Quantitative application of any such sensor requires understanding how changes in interfacial field affect the composition of photostationary states, i.e. how does electrode potential affect the extent to which the electrode is on or off when irradiated, and the structure of the SAM. Here we address these questions for a SAM of a 6-nitro-substituted spiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-indoline] covalently attached through a dithiolane linker to an Au electrode immersed in a 0.1 M solution of Tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate in Acetonitrile using interface-specific vibrational spectroscopy. We find that in the absence of irradiation, when the SAM is dominated by the closed spiropyran form, variations in potential of 1 V have little effect on spiropyran relative stability. In contrast, under UV irradiation small changes in potential can have dramatic effects: changes in potential of 0.2 V can completely destabilize the open merocyanine form of the SAM relative to the spiropyran and dramatically change the chromophore orientation. Quantitatively accounting for these effects is necessary to employ this, or any other optically switchable bistable chromophore, in electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Garling
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yujin Tong
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamim A Darwish
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Kramer Campen
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Goujon A, Lang T, Mariani G, Moulin E, Fuks G, Raya J, Buhler E, Giuseppone N. Bistable [c2] Daisy Chain Rotaxanes as Reversible Muscle-like Actuators in Mechanically Active Gels. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14825-14828. [PMID: 29022707 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of molecular machines in polymer science is of high interest to transfer mechanical motions from nanoscale to macroscale in order to access new kinds of active devices and materials. Toward this objective, thermodynamic and topological aspects need to be explored for reaching efficient systems capable of producing a useful work. In this paper we describe the branched polymerization of pH-sensitive bistable [c2] daisy chain rotaxanes by using copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click chemistry"). With this cross-linked topology, the corresponding materials in the form of chemical gels can be contracted and expanded over a large variation of volume (∼50%) by changing the protonation state of the system. HR-MAS 1H NMR and neutron scattering experiments reveal that this macroscopic response of the gels results from the synchronized actuation of the mechanical bonds at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Goujon
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Thomas Lang
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Giacomo Mariani
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII , Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jesus Raya
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 1 rue Blaise Pascal, BP 296R8, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Eric Buhler
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII , Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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Appiah C, Woltersdorf G, Binder WH. Synthesis of photoresponsive main-chain oligomers with azobenzene moieties via ADMET oligomerization and their micellization properties. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of azobenzene functionalized linear unsaturated/saturated polyolefin-oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Appiah
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle (Saale) D-06120
| | - Georg Woltersdorf
- Institute of Physics
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry
- Physics and Mathematics)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle (Saale) D-06120
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