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Hamzehpour L, Bohn T, Dutsch V, Jaspers L, Grimm O. From brain to body: exploring the connection between altered reward processing and physical fitness in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2024; 335:115877. [PMID: 38555826 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms that link psychopathology and physical comorbidities in schizophrenia is crucial since decreased physical fitness and overweight pose major risk factors for cardio-vascular diseases and decrease the patients' life expectancies. We hypothesize that altered reward anticipation plays an important role in this. We implemented the Monetary Incentive Delay task in a MR scanner and a fitness test battery to compare schizophrenia patients (SZ, n = 43) with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC, n = 36) as to reward processing and their physical fitness. We found differences in reward anticipation between SZs and HCs, whereby increased activity in HCs positively correlated with overall physical condition and negatively correlated with psychopathology. On the other handy, SZs revealed stronger activity in the posterior cingulate cortex and in cerebellar regions during reward anticipation, which could be linked to decreased overall physical fitness. These findings demonstrate that a dysregulated reward system is not only responsible for the symptomatology of schizophrenia, but might also be involved in physical comorbidities which could pave the way for future lifestyle therapy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Hamzehpour
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty 15 Biological Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tamara Bohn
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Valentin Dutsch
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucia Jaspers
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Mauche N, Ulke C, Huang J, Franke A, Bogatsch H, Ethofer T, Grimm O, Frodl T, Hoffmann K, Juckel G, Kittel-Schneider S, Mehren A, Philipsen A, Plewnia C, Reif A, Ziegler GC, Strauß M. Treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): study protocol for a parallel, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled, multicenter trial (Stim-ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:71-82. [PMID: 37479914 PMCID: PMC10786982 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation treatment used as an alternative or complementary treatment for various neuropsychiatric disorders, and could be an alternative or add-on therapy to psychostimulants in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies provided some evidence for improvements in cognition and clinical symptoms in pediatric and adult ADHD patients. However, data from multi-center randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for this condition are lacking. Thus, our aim is to evaluate short- and mid-term effects of tDCS in this multi-center, randomized, double blind, and sham-controlled, parallel group clinical trial with a 1:1 randomization ratio. Primary endpoint is the total score of DSM-IV scale of the internationally established Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (German self-report screening version, CAARS-S-SR), at day 14 post-intervention (p.i.) to detect short-term lasting effects analyzed via analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs). In case of significant between-groups differences at day 14 p.i., hierarchically ordered hypotheses on mid-term lasting effects will be investigated by linear mixed models with visit (5 time points), treatment, treatment by visit interaction, and covariates as fixed categorical effects plus a patient-specific visit random effect, using an unstructured covariance structure to model the residual within-patient errors. Positive results of this clinical trial will expand the treatment options for adult ADHD patients with tDCS and provide an alternative or add-on therapy to psychostimulants with a low risk for side effects.Trial Registration The trial was registered on July 29, 2022 in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00028148).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mauche
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Ulke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Leipzig Medical Center, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annegret Franke
- Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Bogatsch
- Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Knut Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, Medicine Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, Medicine Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Wurzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aylin Mehren
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georg C Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Wurzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Strauß
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Leipzig Medical Center, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Schmölcke U, Grimm O. A Special Relationship-Aspects of Human-Animal Interaction in Birds of Prey, Brown Bears, Beavers, and Elk in Prehistoric Europe. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:417. [PMID: 38338060 PMCID: PMC10854542 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans have developed a special relationship with some animal species throughout history, even though these animals were never domesticated. Based on raptors, bears, beavers, and elks, the question of whether there are similarities between the perception of these animals that triggered a special kind of fascination in humans and how the relationship between humans and these animals changed between Mesolithic age and medieval times is addressed. As we demonstrate, the categorical antagonism between 'animal' and 'human' is a concept that saw different kinds of influence, from the advent of sedentarism and husbandry to Christianity and from philosophical thinking in Classical Antiquity and the Period of Enlightenment. In prehistory and early history, we find different, opposing world views across time, cultures, and periods. Differences between animals and humans have been considered as fluid, and humans have had to engage with animals and their needs. The well-known and famous 'bear ceremonies' attested to different peoples and times were not unique, but were a part of belief systems that also included other animal species. Among the considered animals, certain raptor species attracted the attention of humans who tried to establish contact with them, as companions, whereas bears were almost 'disguised humans' due to all their similarities with humans, but they were also tabooed beings whose real names had to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schmölcke
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie, Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (LEIZA-ZBSA), Schloss Gottorf, D-24837 Schleswig, Germany;
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Hamzehpour L, Bohn T, Jaspers L, Grimm O. Exploring the link between functional connectivity of ventral tegmental area and physical fitness in schizophrenia and healthy controls. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 76:77-86. [PMID: 37562082 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Decreased physical fitness and being overweight are highly prevalent in schizophrenia, represent a major risk factor for comorbid cardio-vascular diseases and decrease the life expectancy of the patients. Thus, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms that link psychopathology and weight gain. We hypothesize that the dopaminergic reward system plays an important role in this. We analyzed the seed-based functional connectivity (FC) of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in a group of schizophrenic patients (n=32) and age-, as well as gender-, matched healthy controls (n=27). We then correlated the resting-state results with physical fitness parameters, obtained in a fitness test, and psychopathology. The FC analysis revealed decreased functional connections between the VTA and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), as well as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which negatively correlated with psychopathology, and increased FC between the VTA and the middle temporal gyrus in patients compared to healthy controls, which positively correlated with psychopathology. The decreased FC between the VTA and the ACC of the patient group further positively correlated with total body fat (p = .018, FDR-corr.) and negatively correlated with the overall physical fitness (p = .022). This study indicates a link between decreased physical fitness and higher body fat with functional dysconnectivity between the VTA and the ACC. These findings demonstrate that a dysregulated reward system might also be involved in comorbidities and could pave the way for future lifestyle therapy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Hamzehpour
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty 15 Biological Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tamara Bohn
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucia Jaspers
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Grimm O, Reif A. Understanding the complexities of comorbidity in adult ADHD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105315. [PMID: 37442499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt - Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt - Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Kranz TM, Grimm O. Update on genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current status 2023. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023; 36:257-262. [PMID: 36728054 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows consistently high heritability in genetic research. In this review article, we give an overview of the analysis of common and rare variants and some insight into current genetic methodology and their link to clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS The heritability of about 80% is also high in comparison to other psychiatric diseases. However, recent studies estimate the proportion of heritability based on single nucleotide variants at 22%. The hidden heritability is an ongoing question in ADHD genetics. Common variants derived from mega genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) and subsequent meta-analyses usually display small effect sizes and explain only a small fraction of phenotypic variance. Rare variants, on the contrary, not only display large effect sizes but also rather explain, due to their rareness, a small fraction on phenotypic variance. Applying polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis is an improved approach of combining effect sizes of many common variants with clinically relevant measures in ADHD. SUMMARY We provide a concise overview on how genetic analysis, with a focus on GWAS and PRS, can help explain different behavioural phenotypes in ADHD and how they can be used for diagnosis and therapy prediction. Increased sample sizes of GWAS, meta-analyses and use of PRS is increasingly informative and sets the course for a new era in genetics of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Hutchinson LG, Grimm O. Integrating digital pathology and mathematical modelling to predict spatial biomarker dynamics in cancer immunotherapy. NPJ Digit Med 2022; 5:92. [PMID: 35821064 PMCID: PMC9276679 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-022-00636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In oncology clinical trials, on-treatment biopsy samples are taken to confirm the mode of action of new molecules, among other reasons. Yet, the time point of sample collection is typically scheduled according to 'Expert Best Guess'. We have developed an approach integrating digital pathology and mathematical modelling to provide clinical teams with quantitative information to support this decision. Using digitised biopsies from an ongoing clinical trial as the input to an agent-based mathematical model, we have quantitatively optimised and validated the model demonstrating that it accurately recapitulates observed biopsy samples. Furthermore, the validated model can be used to predict the dynamics of simulated biopsies, with applications from protocol design for phase 1–2 studies to the conception of combination therapies, to personalised healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Hutchinson
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - O Grimm
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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Kanarik M, Grimm O, Mota NR, Reif A, Harro J. ADHD co-morbidities: A review of implication of gene × environment effects with dopamine-related genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104757. [PMID: 35777579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is a major burden in adulthood, where co-morbid conditions such as depression, substance use disorder and obesity often dominate the clinical picture. ADHD has substantial shared heritability with other mental disorders, contributing to comorbidity. However, environmental risk factors exist but their interaction with genetic makeup, especially in relation to comorbid disorders, remains elusive. This review for the first time summarizes present knowledge on gene x environment (GxE) interactions regarding the dopamine system. Hitherto, mainly candidate (GxE) studies were performed, focusing on the genes DRD4, DAT1 and MAOA. Some evidence suggest that the variable number tandem repeats in DRD4 and MAOA may mediate GxE interactions in ADHD generally, and comorbid conditions specifically. Nevertheless, even for these genes, common variants are bound to suggest risk only in the context of gender and specific environments. For other polymorphisms, evidence is contradictory and less convincing. Particularly lacking are longitudinal studies testing the interaction of well-defined environmental with polygenic risk scores reflecting the dopamine system in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Kanarik
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Paldiski Road 52, 10614 Tallinn, Estonia.
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van Rooij D, Zhang-James Y, Buitelaar J, Faraone SV, Reif A, Grimm O. Structural brain morphometry as classifier and predictor of ADHD and reward-related comorbidities. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:869627. [PMID: 36172513 PMCID: PMC9512052 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.869627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, and around two-thirds of affected children report persisting problems in adulthood. This negative trajectory is associated with high comorbidity with disorders like obesity, depression, or substance use disorder (SUD). Decreases in cortical volume and thickness have also been reported in depression, SUD, and obesity, but it is unclear whether structural brain alterations represent unique disorder-specific profiles. A transdiagnostic exploration of ADHD and typical comorbid disorders could help to understand whether specific morphometric brain changes are due to ADHD or, alternatively, to the comorbid disorders. In the current study, we studied the brain morphometry of 136 subjects with ADHD with and without comorbid depression, SUD, and obesity to test whether there are unique or common brain alterations. We employed a machine-learning-algorithm trained to classify subjects with ADHD in the large ENIGMA-ADHD dataset and used it to predict the diagnostic status of subjects with ADHD and/or comorbidities. The parcellation analysis demonstrated decreased cortical thickness in medial prefrontal areas that was associated with presence of any comorbidity. However, these results did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Similarly, the machine learning analysis indicated that the predictive algorithm grouped most of our ADHD participants as belonging to the ADHD-group, but no systematic differences between comorbidity status came up. In sum, neither a classical comparison of segmented structural brain metrics nor an ML model based on the ADHD ENIGMA data differentiate between ADHD with and without comorbidities. As the ML model is based in part on adolescent brains, this might indicate that comorbid disorders and their brain changes are not captured by the ML model because it represents a different developmental brain trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yanli Zhang-James
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Dima D, Modabbernia A, Papachristou E, Doucet GE, Agartz I, Aghajani M, Akudjedu TN, Albajes‐Eizagirre A, Alnæs D, Alpert KI, Andersson M, Andreasen NC, Andreassen OA, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Bargallo N, Baumeister S, Baur‐Streubel R, Bertolino A, Bonvino A, Boomsma DI, Borgwardt S, Bourque J, Brandeis D, Breier A, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Buitelaar JK, Busatto GF, Buckner RL, Calhoun V, Canales‐Rodríguez EJ, Cannon DM, Caseras X, Castellanos FX, Cervenka S, Chaim‐Avancini TM, Ching CRK, Chubar V, Clark VP, Conrod P, Conzelmann A, Crespo‐Facorro B, Crivello F, Crone EA, Dannlowski U, Dale AM, Davey C, de Geus EJC, de Haan L, de Zubicaray GI, den Braber A, Dickie EW, Di Giorgio A, Doan NT, Dørum ES, Ehrlich S, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fatouros‐Bergman H, Fisher SE, Fouche J, Franke B, Frodl T, Fuentes‐Claramonte P, Glahn DC, Gotlib IH, Grabe H, Grimm O, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Gruner P, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hahn T, Harrison BJ, Hartman CA, Hatton SN, Heinz A, Heslenfeld DJ, Hibar DP, Hickie IB, Ho B, Hoekstra PJ, Hohmann S, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Hosten N, Howells FM, Hulshoff Pol HE, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, James A, Jernigan TL, Jiang J, Jönsson EG, Joska JA, Kahn R, Kalnin A, Kanai R, Klein M, Klyushnik TP, Koenders L, Koops S, Krämer B, Kuntsi J, Lagopoulos J, Lázaro L, Lebedeva I, Lee WH, Lesch K, Lochner C, Machielsen MWJ, Maingault S, Martin NG, Martínez‐Zalacaín I, Mataix‐Cols D, Mazoyer B, McDonald C, McDonald BC, McIntosh AM, McMahon KL, McPhilemy G, Meinert S, Menchón JM, Medland SE, Meyer‐Lindenberg A, Naaijen J, Najt P, Nakao T, Nordvik JE, Nyberg L, Oosterlaan J, de la Foz VO, Paloyelis Y, Pauli P, Pergola G, Pomarol‐Clotet E, Portella MJ, Potkin SG, Radua J, Reif A, Rinker DA, Roffman JL, Rosa PGP, Sacchet MD, Sachdev PS, Salvador R, Sánchez‐Juan P, Sarró S, Satterthwaite TD, Saykin AJ, Serpa MH, Schmaal L, Schnell K, Schumann G, Sim K, Smoller JW, Sommer I, Soriano‐Mas C, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Swagerman SC, Tamnes CK, Temmingh HS, Thomopoulos SI, Tomyshev AS, Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez D, Trollor JN, Turner JA, Uhlmann A, van den Heuvel OA, van den Meer D, van der Wee NJA, van Haren NEM, van't Ent D, van Erp TGM, Veer IM, Veltman DJ, Voineskos A, Völzke H, Walter H, Walton E, Wang L, Wang Y, Wassink TH, Weber B, Wen W, West JD, Westlye LT, Whalley H, Wierenga LM, Williams SCR, Wittfeld K, Wolf DH, Worker A, Wright MJ, Yang K, Yoncheva Y, Zanetti MV, Ziegler GC, Thompson PM, Frangou S. Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:452-469. [PMID: 33570244 PMCID: PMC8675429 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Dima
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social SciencesCity University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical CentreLocation VUmcAmsterdamNetherlands
- Institute of Education & Child StudiesSection Forensic Family & Youth Care, Leiden UniversityNetherlands
| | - Theophilus N. Akudjedu
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Visualisation, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social SciencesBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandDublinIreland
| | - Anton Albajes‐Eizagirre
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesMadridSpain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Dag Alnæs
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical BiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Nancy C. Andreasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of MedicineThe University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Nuria Bargallo
- Imaging Diagnostic Centre, Hospital ClinicBarcelona University ClinicBarcelonaSpain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Ramona Baur‐Streubel
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of WürzburgWurzburgGermany
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Aurora Bonvino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry & PsychotherapyUniversity of LübeckLubeckGermany
| | - Josiane Bourque
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Rachel M. Brouwer
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Center of Medical NeurosciencesRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive NeuroimagingRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Geraldo F. Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain ScienceHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Vincent Calhoun
- Tri‐Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, USA Neurology, Radiology, Psychiatry and Biomedical EngineeringEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Dara M. Cannon
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandDublinIreland
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholm RegionStockholmSweden
| | - Tiffany M. Chaim‐Avancini
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Victoria Chubar
- Department of NeuroscienceKU Leuven, Mind‐Body Research GroupLeuvenBelgium
| | - Vincent P. Clark
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
- Mind Research NetworkAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of PsychiatryUniversité de MontréalMontrealCanada
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of TübingenTubingenGermany
| | - Benedicto Crespo‐Facorro
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- HU Virgen del Rocio, IBiS, University of SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293Université de BordeauxTalenceFrance
| | - Eveline A. Crone
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural SciencesErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, Instituut PsychologieUniversiteit LeidenLeidenNetherlands
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of MünsterMunsterGermany
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of Neuroscience and Department of RadiologyUniversity of California‐San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Academisch Medisch CentrumUniversiteit van AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Greig I. de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Erin W. Dickie
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics LaboratoryCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMHTorontoCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Annabella Di Giorgio
- Biological Psychiatry Lab, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della SofferenzaSan Giovanni Rotondo (FG)Italy
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Erlend S. Dørum
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HTNesoddenNorway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental NeurosciencesTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Faculty of MedicineUniversitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Susanne Erk
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Bjørknes CollegeOsloNorway
| | - Helena Fatouros‐Bergman
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholm RegionStockholmSweden
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Jean‐Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
| | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyOtto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Paola Fuentes‐Claramonte
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesMadridSpain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of PsychologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hans‐Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum FrankfurtGoethe UniversitatFrankfurtGermany
| | - Nynke A. Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
| | | | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Patricia Gruner
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Learning Based Recovery CenterVA Connecticut Health SystemNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Rachel E. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of MünsterMunsterGermany
| | - Ben J. Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry CenterUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Catharine A. Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulationUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Sean N. Hatton
- Brain and Mind CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Faculty of MedicineUniversitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Departments of Experimental and Clinical PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Personalized HealthcareGenentech, IncSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain and Mind CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Beng‐Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of MedicineThe University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Norbert Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medicine Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Fleur M. Howells
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenNetherlands
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum FrankfurtGoethe UniversitatFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Chaim Huyser
- Bascule, Academic Centre for Children and Adolescent PsychiatryDuivendrechtNetherlands
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Terry L. Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and RadiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholm RegionStockholmSweden
| | - John A. Joska
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Rene Kahn
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrew Kalnin
- Department of RadiologyOhio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Department of NeuroinformaticsAraya, IncTokyoJapan
| | - Marieke Klein
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Laura Koenders
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sanne Koops
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience, Thompson InstituteUniversity of the Sunshine CoastSunshine CoastAustralia
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychologyHospital Clinic, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Irina Lebedeva
- Mental Health Research CenterRussian Academy of Medical SciencesMoskvaRussia
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Klaus‐Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyJulius‐Maximilians Universität WürzburgWurzburgGermany
| | - Christine Lochner
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of PsychiatryStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | | | - Sophie Maingault
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293Université de BordeauxTalenceFrance
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical ResearchBerghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ignacio Martínez‐Zalacaín
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryBellvitge University Hospital‐IDIBELL, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - David Mataix‐Cols
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholm RegionStockholmSweden
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293Université de BordeauxTalenceFrance
| | - Colm McDonald
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandDublinIreland
| | - Brenna C. McDonald
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Katie L. McMahon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Genevieve McPhilemy
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandDublinIreland
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of MünsterMunsterGermany
| | - José M. Menchón
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryBellvitge University Hospital‐IDIBELL, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical ResearchBerghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Andreas Meyer‐Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Donders Centre for Cognitive NeuroimagingRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Pablo Najt
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandDublinIreland
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Clinical MedicineKyushu UniversityKyushuJapan
| | | | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical BiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå Center for Functional Brain ImagingUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical NeuropsychologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Víctor Ortiz‐García de la Foz
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital “Marques de Valdecilla”Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of WürzburgWurzburgGermany
- Centre of Mental HealthUniversity of WürzburgWurzburgGermany
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Edith Pomarol‐Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesMadridSpain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Maria J. Portella
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesMadridSpain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant PauUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of PsychiatryPsychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andreas Reif
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Daniel A. Rinker
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pedro G. P. Rosa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Matthew D. Sacchet
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress ResearchMcLean Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | | | - Pascual Sánchez‐Juan
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital “Marques de Valdecilla”Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Mauricio H. Serpa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental HealthParkvilleAustralia
- Centre for Youth Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Knut Schnell
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of PsychiatryPsychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Kang Sim
- Institute of Mental HealthSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Center for Genomic MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Iris Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGöttingenNetherlands
| | - Carles Soriano‐Mas
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryBellvitge University Hospital‐IDIBELL, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Dan J. Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of PsychiatryStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | | | | | - Christian K. Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Henk S. Temmingh
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Diana Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesMadridSpain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological FacilitiesValdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVALSantanderSpain
| | - Julian N. Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- College of Arts and SciencesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Odile A. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical CentreLocation VUmcAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Dennis van den Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | - Nic J. A. van der Wee
- Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenNetherlands
| | - Neeltje E. M. van Haren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dennis van't Ent
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and MemoryUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Institute of Community MedicineUniversity Medicine, Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Ilya M. Veer
- Faculty of MedicineUniversitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical CentreLocation VUmcAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Aristotle Voineskos
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics LaboratoryCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMHTorontoCanada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute of Community MedicineUniversity Medicine, Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Faculty of MedicineUniversitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of RadiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Thomas H. Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of MedicineThe University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition ResearchUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - John D. West
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- Biological Psychiatry Lab, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della SofferenzaSan Giovanni Rotondo (FG)Italy
| | | | - Lara M. Wierenga
- Developmental and Educational Psychology UnitInstitute of Psychology, Leiden UniversityLeidenNetherlands
| | - Steven C. R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of PsychologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Daniel H. Wolf
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Amanda Worker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Kun Yang
- National High Magnetic Field LaboratoryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - Yulyia Yoncheva
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryChild Study Center, NYU Langone HealthNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Marcus V. Zanetti
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio‐LibanêsSão PauloBrazil
| | - Georg C. Ziegler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental HealthUniversity of WürzburgWurzburgGermany
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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Mayer JS, Brandt GA, Medda J, Basten U, Grimm O, Reif A, Freitag CM. Depressive symptoms in youth with ADHD: the role of impairments in cognitive emotion regulation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:793-806. [PMID: 35107603 PMCID: PMC9279209 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk to develop co-morbid depression. Identifying factors that contribute to depression risk may allow early intervention and prevention. Poor emotion regulation, which is common in adolescents, is a candidate risk factor. Impaired cognitive emotion regulation is a fundamental characteristic of depression and depression risk in the general population. However, little is known about cognitive emotion regulation in youth with ADHD and its link to depression and depression risk. Using explicit and implicit measures, this study assessed cognitive emotion regulation in youth with ADHD (N = 40) compared to demographically matched healthy controls (N = 40) and determined the association with depressive symptomatology. As explicit measure, we assessed the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies via self-report. As implicit measure, performance in an ambiguous cue-conditioning task was assessed as indicator of affective bias in the processing of information. Compared to controls, patients reported more frequent use of maladaptive (i.e., self-blame, catastrophizing, and rumination) and less frequent use of adaptive (i.e., positive reappraisal) emotion regulation strategies. This pattern was associated with the severity of current depressive symptoms in patients. In the implicit measure of cognitive bias, there was no significant difference in response of patients and controls and no association with depression. Our findings point to depression-related alterations in the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in youth with ADHD. The study suggests those alterations as a candidate risk factor for ADHD-depression comorbidity that may be used for risk assessment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta S Mayer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Geva A Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane Medda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrike Basten
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Dupont G, van Rooij D, Buitelaar JK, Reif A, Grimm O. Sex-related differences in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients - An analysis of external globus pallidus functional connectivity in resting-state functional MRI. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:962911. [PMID: 36117656 PMCID: PMC9478108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been a growing body of research that identified sex-related differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our objective was to quantify whether these sex differences are based on altered functional brain connectivity profiles. In addition, we investigated whether the presence of comorbid disorders, including depression, substance use disorder (SUD) and overweight, influenced these sex differences. A seed-based connectivity analysis of the external globus pallidus (GPe), an important inhibitory relay hub of the fronto-thalamo-striatal-loop, was performed. In a first step, we searched for sex-related differences in ADHD patients (N = 137) and separately in healthy controls (HC) (N = 45), after that, we compared an equal group of HC and ADHD patients to compare sex-related differences in ADHD patients and HC. In a second step, we studied whether the neural basis of comorbidity patterns is different between male and female patients. We observed that male ADHD patients demonstrated a decrease in functional connectivity (FC) from the GPe to the left middle temporal gyrus compared to female ADHD patients. Moreover, within the full ADHD group (N = 137), there was a lower FC in male patients from GPe to the right frontal pole/middle frontal gyrus compared to female patients. Male ADHD patients with depression demonstrated decreased FC from the GPe to parts of the occipital cortex compared to female ADHD patients with depression. No such effect was demonstrated for overweight or SUD. The current study reveals different FC profiles in males and females with ADHD, which are centered around altered connectivity with the GPe. An improved understanding of sex-differences in ADHD, and the role of comorbid disorders, therein can result in improved diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Dupont
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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13
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Frangou S, Modabbernia A, Williams SCR, Papachristou E, Doucet GE, Agartz I, Aghajani M, Akudjedu TN, Albajes‐Eizagirre A, Alnæs D, Alpert KI, Andersson M, Andreasen NC, Andreassen OA, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Bargallo N, Baumeister S, Baur‐Streubel R, Bertolino A, Bonvino A, Boomsma DI, Borgwardt S, Bourque J, Brandeis D, Breier A, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Buitelaar JK, Busatto GF, Buckner RL, Calhoun V, Canales‐Rodríguez EJ, Cannon DM, Caseras X, Castellanos FX, Cervenka S, Chaim‐Avancini TM, Ching CRK, Chubar V, Clark VP, Conrod P, Conzelmann A, Crespo‐Facorro B, Crivello F, Crone EA, Dale AM, Dannlowski U, Davey C, de Geus EJC, de Haan L, de Zubicaray GI, den Braber A, Dickie EW, Di Giorgio A, Doan NT, Dørum ES, Ehrlich S, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fatouros‐Bergman H, Fisher SE, Fouche J, Franke B, Frodl T, Fuentes‐Claramonte P, Glahn DC, Gotlib IH, Grabe H, Grimm O, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Gruner P, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hahn T, Harrison BJ, Hartman CA, Hatton SN, Heinz A, Heslenfeld DJ, Hibar DP, Hickie IB, Ho B, Hoekstra PJ, Hohmann S, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Hosten N, Howells FM, Hulshoff Pol HE, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, James A, Jernigan TL, Jiang J, Jönsson EG, Joska JA, Kahn R, Kalnin A, Kanai R, Klein M, Klyushnik TP, Koenders L, Koops S, Krämer B, Kuntsi J, Lagopoulos J, Lázaro L, Lebedeva I, Lee WH, Lesch K, Lochner C, Machielsen MWJ, Maingault S, Martin NG, Martínez‐Zalacaín I, Mataix‐Cols D, Mazoyer B, McDonald C, McDonald BC, McIntosh AM, McMahon KL, McPhilemy G, Meinert S, Menchón JM, Medland SE, Meyer‐Lindenberg A, Naaijen J, Najt P, Nakao T, Nordvik JE, Nyberg L, Oosterlaan J, de la Foz VO, Paloyelis Y, Pauli P, Pergola G, Pomarol‐Clotet E, Portella MJ, Potkin SG, Radua J, Reif A, Rinker DA, Roffman JL, Rosa PGP, Sacchet MD, Sachdev PS, Salvador R, Sánchez‐Juan P, Sarró S, Satterthwaite TD, Saykin AJ, Serpa MH, Schmaal L, Schnell K, Schumann G, Sim K, Smoller JW, Sommer I, Soriano‐Mas C, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Swagerman SC, Tamnes CK, Temmingh HS, Thomopoulos SI, Tomyshev AS, Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez D, Trollor JN, Turner JA, Uhlmann A, van den Heuvel OA, van den Meer D, van der Wee NJA, van Haren NEM, van 't Ent D, van Erp TGM, Veer IM, Veltman DJ, Voineskos A, Völzke H, Walter H, Walton E, Wang L, Wang Y, Wassink TH, Weber B, Wen W, West JD, Westlye LT, Whalley H, Wierenga LM, Wittfeld K, Wolf DH, Worker A, Wright MJ, Yang K, Yoncheva Y, Zanetti MV, Ziegler GC, Thompson PM, Dima D. Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:431-451. [PMID: 33595143 PMCID: PMC8675431 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large-scale studies. In response, we used cross-sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3-90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age-related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta-analysis and one-way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Frangou
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | | | - Steven C. R. Williams
- Department of NeuroimagingInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Efstathios Papachristou
- Psychology and Human DevelopmentInstitute of Education, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gaelle E. Doucet
- Institute for Human NeuroscienceBoys Town National Research HospitalOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of PsychiatryAmsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
- Section Forensic Family & Youth CareInstitute of Education & Child StudiesLeiden UniversityNetherlands
| | - Theophilus N. Akudjedu
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Visualisation, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social SciencesBournemouth UniversityPooleUnited Kingdom
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Anton Albajes‐Eizagirre
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesBarcelonaSpain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Dag Alnæs
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Division of Mental Health and AddictionInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical BiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Nancy C. Andreasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of MedicineThe University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nuria Bargallo
- Imaging Diagnostic CentreHospital Clinic, Barcelona University ClinicBarcelonaSpain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Ramona Baur‐Streubel
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Aurora Bonvino
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry & PsychotherapyUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | - Josiane Bourque
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rachel M. Brouwer
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Center of Medical NeurosciencesRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive NeuroimagingRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Geraldo F. Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain ScienceHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Vincent Calhoun
- Tri‐Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of TechnologyEmory University, USA Neurology, Radiology, Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Erick J. Canales‐Rodríguez
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesBarcelonaSpain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Dara M. Cannon
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden
| | - Tiffany M. Chaim‐Avancini
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Victoria Chubar
- Mind‐Body Research Group, Department of NeuroscienceKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Vincent P. Clark
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
- Mind Research NetworkAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of PsychiatryUniversité de MontréalMontrealCanada
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Benedicto Crespo‐Facorro
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- HU Virgen del Rocio, IBiSUniversity of SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Eveline A. Crone
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural SciencesErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, Instituut PsychologieUniversiteit LeidenLeidenNetherlands
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of California‐San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of California‐San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of MünsterGermany
| | | | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Academisch Medisch CentrumUniversiteit van AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Greig I. de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyQueenslandAustralia
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Erin W. Dickie
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCAMHCampbellCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Annabella Di Giorgio
- Biological Psychiatry LabFondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della SofferenzaSan Giovanni Rotondo (FG)Italy
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Erlend S. Dørum
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HTNesoddenNorway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental NeurosciencesTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Faculty of MedicineUniversitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Susanne Erk
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Biological Psychiatry LabFondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della SofferenzaSan Giovanni Rotondo (FG)Italy
- Bjørknes CollegeOsloNorway
| | - Helena Fatouros‐Bergman
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Jean‐Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of PsychiatryRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyOtto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Paola Fuentes‐Claramonte
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesBarcelonaSpain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of PsychiatryTommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of PsychologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hans‐Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe UniversitatFrankfurtGermany
| | - Nynke A. Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | | | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Patricia Gruner
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Learning Based Recovery CenterVA Connecticut Health SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Rachel E. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of MünsterGermany
| | - Ben J. Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry CenterUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Catharine A. Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulationUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Sean N. Hatton
- Brain and Mind CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Departments of Experimental and Clinical PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Personalized Healthcare, Genentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain and Mind CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Beng‐Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of MedicineThe University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental HealthHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Norbert Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medicine Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Fleur M. Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | | | - Chaim Huyser
- De Bascule, Academic Centre for Children and Adolescent PsychiatryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Mind‐Body Research Group, Department of NeuroscienceKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Anthony James
- Department of PsychiatryOxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Terry L. Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and RadiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - John A. Joska
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Rene Kahn
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrew Kalnin
- Department of RadiologyOhio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Department of NeuroinformaticsAraya, Inc.TokyoJapan
| | - Marieke Klein
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Laura Koenders
- Academisch Medisch CentrumUniversiteit van AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Sanne Koops
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General PsychiatryHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and NeuroscienceThompson Institute, University of the Sunshine CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychologyHospital Clinic, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Irina Lebedeva
- Mental Health Research CenterRussian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Klaus‐Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyJulius‐Maximilians Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Christine Lochner
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of PsychiatryStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | | | - Sophie Maingault
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical ResearchBerghofer Medical Research InstituteQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ignacio Martínez‐Zalacaín
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryBellvitge University Hospital‐IDIBELL, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - David Mataix‐Cols
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Stockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Colm McDonald
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Brenna C. McDonald
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Katie L. McMahon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyQueenslandAustralia
| | - Genevieve McPhilemy
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of MünsterGermany
| | - José M. Menchón
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryBellvitge University Hospital‐IDIBELL, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical ResearchBerghofer Medical Research InstituteQueenslandAustralia
| | - Andreas Meyer‐Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCentral Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Donders Centre for Cognitive NeuroimagingRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Pablo Najt
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Clinical MedicineKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | | | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical BiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Department of Radiation SciencesUmeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical NeuropsychologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Víctor Ortiz‐García de la Foz
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital “Marques de Valdecilla”, Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Department of NeuroimagingInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Centre of Mental HealthUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense OrgansUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Edith Pomarol‐Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesBarcelonaSpain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - Maria J. Portella
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe UniversitatFrankfurtGermany
| | - Daniel A. Rinker
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pedro G. P. Rosa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Matthew D. Sacchet
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress ResearchMcLean Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Pascual Sánchez‐Juan
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital “Marques de Valdecilla”, Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)ValderrebolloSpain
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Mauricio H. Serpa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- OrygenThe National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Youth Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Knut Schnell
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kang Sim
- Department of General PsychiatryInstitute of Mental HealthSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Center for Genomic MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Iris Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Carles Soriano‐Mas
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryBellvitge University Hospital‐IDIBELL, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Dan J. Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of PsychiatryStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Lachlan T. Strike
- Queensland Brain InstituteUniversity of QueenslandQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Christian K. Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Henk S. Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Diana Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez
- FIDMAG Germanes HospitalàriesBarcelonaSpain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological FacilitiesValdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVALCantabriaSpain
| | - Julian N. Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- College of Arts and SciencesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Odile A. van den Heuvel
- Department of PsychiatryAmsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Dennis van den Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT)Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Division of Mental Health and AddictionInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOsloNorway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | - Nic J. A. van der Wee
- Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Neeltje E. M. van Haren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and MemoryUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Institute of Community MedicineUniversity Medicine, Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Ilya M. Veer
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of PsychiatryAmsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Aristotle Voineskos
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCAMHCampbellCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute of Community MedicineUniversity Medicine, Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of RadiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Thomas H. Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of MedicineThe University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition ResearchUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - John D. West
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Heather Whalley
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Lara M. Wierenga
- Developmental and Educational Psychology Unit, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenNetherlands
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine Greifswald, University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Daniel H. Wolf
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Amanda Worker
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | | | - Kun Yang
- National High Magnetic Field LaboratoryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - Yulyia Yoncheva
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study CenterNYU Langone HealthNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Marcus V. Zanetti
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Instituto de Ensino e PesquisaHospital Sírio‐LibanêsSão PauloBrazil
| | - Georg C. Ziegler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental HealthUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of NeuroimagingInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social SciencesCity University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Grimm O, van Rooij D, Tshagharyan A, Yildiz D, Leonards J, Elgohary A, Buitelaar J, Reif A. Effects of comorbid disorders on reward processing and connectivity in adults with ADHD. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:636. [PMID: 34911950 PMCID: PMC8674233 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a long trajectory into adulthood where it is often comorbid with depression, substance use disorder (SUD) or obesity. Previous studies described a dysregulated dopaminergic system, reflected by abnormal reward processing, both in ADHD as well as in depression, SUD or obesity. No study so far however tested systematically whether pathologies in the brain's reward system explain the frequent comorbidity in adult ADHD. To test this, we acquired MRI scans from 137 participants probing the reward system by a monetary incentive delay task (MIDT) as well as assessing resting-state connectivity with ventral striatum as a seed mask. No differences were found between comorbid disorders, but a significant linear effect pointed toward less left intrastriatal connectivity in patients depending on the number of comorbidities. This points towards a neurobiologically impaired reward- and decision-making ability in patients with more comorbid disorders. This suggests that less intrastriatal connectivity parallels disorder severity but not disorder specificity, while MIDT abnormalities seem mainly to be driven by ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, CNS Department, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Asya Tshagharyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dilek Yildiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Leonards
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elgohary
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, CNS Department, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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15
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Grimm O, van Rooij D, Hoogman M, Klein M, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Reif A, Plichta MM. Transdiagnostic neuroimaging of reward system phenotypes in ADHD and comorbid disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:165-181. [PMID: 34144113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is a disorder characterized by changes in the reward system and which is highly comorbid with other mental disorders, suggesting common neurobiological pathways. Transdiagnostic neuroimaging findings could help to understand whether a dysregulated reward pathway might be the actual link between ADHD and its comorbidities. We here synthesize ADHD neuroimaging findings on the reward system with findings in obesity, depression, and substance use disorder including their comorbid appearance regarding neuroanatomical features (structural MRI) and activation patterns (resting-state and functional MRI). We focus on findings from monetary-incentive-delay (MID) and delay-discounting (DD) tasks and then review data on striatal connectivity and volumetry. Next, for better understanding of comorbidity in adult ADHD, we discuss these neuroimaging features in ADHD, obesity, depression and substance use disorder and ask whether ADHD heterogeneity and comorbidity are reflected by a common dysregulation in the reward system. Finally, we highlight conceptual issues related to heterogeneous paradigms, different phenotyping, longitudinal prediction and highlight some promising future directions for using striatal reward functioning as a clinical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, CNS Department, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, CNS Department, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Klein
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, CNS Department, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, CNS Department, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, CNS Department, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael M Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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McNeill RV, Palladino VS, Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Grimm O, Reif A, Kittel-Schneider S. Expression of the adult ADHD-associated gene ADGRL3 is dysregulated by risk variants and environmental risk factors. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:335-349. [PMID: 32787626 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1809014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ADGRL3 is a well-replicated risk gene for adult ADHD, encoding the G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin-3 (LPHN3). However, LPHN3's potential role in pathogenesis is unclear. We aimed to determine whether ADGRL3 expression could be dysregulated by genetic risk variants and/or ADHD-associated environmental risk factors. METHODS Eighteen adult ADHD patients and healthy controls were genotyped for rs734644, rs1397547, rs1397548, rs2271338, rs2305339, rs2345039 and rs6551665 ADGRL3 SNPs, and fibroblast cells were derived from skin punches. The environmental ADHD risk factors 'low birthweight' and 'maternal smoking' were modelled in fibroblast cell culture using starvation and nicotine exposure, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to quantify ADGRL3 gene and protein expression under control, starvation and nicotine-exposed conditions. RESULTS Starvation was found to significantly decrease ADGRL3 expression, whereas nicotine exposure significantly increased ADGRL3 expression. rs1397547 significantly elevated ADGRL3 transcription and protein expression. rs6551665 and rs2345039 interacted with environment to modulate ADGRL3 transcription. ADGRL3 SNPs were significantly able to predict its transcription under both baseline and starvation conditions, and rs1397547 was identified as a significant independent predictor. CONCLUSIONS ADGRL3 SNPs and environmental risk factors can regulate ADGRL3 expression, providing a potential functional mechanism by which LPHN3 may play a role in ADHD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon V McNeill
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viola Stella Palladino
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Schiweck C, Arteaga-Henriquez G, Aichholzer M, Edwin Thanarajah S, Vargas-Cáceres S, Matura S, Grimm O, Haavik J, Kittel-Schneider S, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Faraone SV, Reif A. Comorbidity of ADHD and adult bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:100-123. [PMID: 33515607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder (BD) are common mental disorders with a high degree of comorbidity. However, no systematic review with meta-analysis has aimed to quantify the degree of comorbidity between both disorders. To this end we performed a systematic search of the literature in October 2020. In a meta-analysis of 71 studies with 646,766 participants from 18 countries, it was found that about one in thirteen adults with ADHD was also diagnosed with BD (7.95 %; 95 % CI: 5.31-11.06), and nearly one in six adults with BD had ADHD (17.11 %; 95 % CI: 13.05-21.59 %). Substantial heterogeneity of comorbidity rates was present, highlighting the importance of contextual factors: Heterogeneity could partially be explained by diagnostic system, sample size and geographical location. Age of BD onset occurred earlier in patients with comorbid ADHD (3.96 years; 95 % CI: 2.65-5.26, p < 0.001). Cultural and methodological differences deserve attention for evaluating diagnostic criteria and clinicians should be aware of the high comorbidity rates to prevent misdiagnosis and provide optimal care for both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schiweck
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt- Goethe University, Germany.
| | - Gara Arteaga-Henriquez
- Department for Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mareike Aichholzer
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt- Goethe University, Germany
| | - Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt- Goethe University, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vargas-Cáceres
- Department for Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silke Matura
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt- Goethe University, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt- Goethe University, Germany
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department for Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt- Goethe University, Germany
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18
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Grimm O, Nägele M, Küpper-Tetzel L, de Greck M, Plichta M, Reif A. No effect of a dopaminergic modulation fMRI task by amisulpride and L-DOPA on reward anticipation in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1333-1342. [PMID: 33140215 PMCID: PMC8062334 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dysregulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission, specifically altered reward processing assessed via the reward anticipation in the MID task, plays a central role in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized to find a difference in the activity level of the reward system (measured by the proxy reward anticipation) under drug administration versus placebo, in that amisulpride reduces, and L-DOPA enhances, its activity. METHODS We studied the influence of dopamine agonist L-DOPA and the antagonist amisulpride on the reward system using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a monetary incentive delay (MID) task in n = 45 healthy volunteers in a randomized, blinded, cross-over study. RESULTS The MID paradigm elicits strong activation in reward-dependent structures (such as ventral striatum, putamen, caudate, anterior insula) during reward anticipation. The placebo effect demonstrated the expected significant blood oxygen level-dependent activity in reward-dependent brain regions. Neither amisulpride nor L-DOPA led to significant changes in comparison with the placebo condition. This was true for whole-brain analysis as well as analysis of a pre-defined nucleus accumbens region-of-interest mask. CONCLUSION The present results cast doubt on the sensitivity of reward anticipation contrast in the MID task for assessing dopamine-specific changes in healthy volunteers by pharmaco-fMRI. While our task was not well-suited for detailed analysis of the outcome phase, we provide reasonable arguments that the lack of effect in the anticipation phase is not due to an inefficient task but points to unexpected behavior of the reward system during pharmacological challenge. Group differences of reward anticipation should therefore not be seen as simple representatives of dopaminergic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Magdalena Nägele
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lea Küpper-Tetzel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Moritz de Greck
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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19
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Rahimi S, Stumpf S, Grimm O, Schacher FH, Schubert US, Schubert S. Dual Photo- and pH-Responsive Spirooxazine-Functionalized Dextran Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3620-3630. [PMID: 32687324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A dual photo- and pH-responsive spirooxazine-functionalized polymer was synthesized by functionalization of dextran with a spirooxazine derivative (SO-COOH). The functionalized dextran derivatives can form nanoparticles in aqueous medium. Under UV light irradiation, the spirooxazine-functionalized dextran (Dex-SO) nanoparticles isomerize to zwitterionic merocyanine-functionalized dextran (Dex-MC), which leads to aggregation. However, the process is reversible upon irradiation with visible light. Under acidic conditions, the hydrophobic spirooxazine is protonated, and the nanoparticles aggregate or swell at pH values of 5 or 3, respectively. The encapsulation of the hydrophobic fluorescent dye Nile Red as model drug allowed us to gain more information about the structural changes under stimulation of UV light and acid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Rahimi
- Laboratory of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., 141556455 Tehran, Iran.,Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Stumpf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
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20
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Rovira P, Demontis D, Sánchez-Mora C, Zayats T, Klein M, Mota NR, Weber H, Garcia-Martínez I, Pagerols M, Vilar-Ribó L, Arribas L, Richarte V, Corrales M, Fadeuilhe C, Bosch R, Martin GE, Almos P, Doyle AE, Grevet EH, Grimm O, Halmøy A, Hoogman M, Hutz M, Jacob CP, Kittel-Schneider S, Knappskog PM, Lundervold AJ, Rivero O, Rovaris DL, Salatino-Oliveira A, da Silva BS, Svirin E, Sprooten E, Strekalova T, Arias-Vasquez A, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Asherson P, Bau CHD, Buitelaar JK, Cormand B, Faraone SV, Haavik J, Johansson SE, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Lesch KP, Reif A, Rohde LA, Casas M, Børglum AD, Franke B, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Soler Artigas M, Ribasés M. Shared genetic background between children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1617-1626. [PMID: 32279069 PMCID: PMC7419307 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that persist into adulthood in the majority of the diagnosed children. Despite several risk factors during childhood predicting the persistence of ADHD symptoms into adulthood, the genetic architecture underlying the trajectory of ADHD over time is still unclear. We set out to study the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk for ADHD across the lifespan by conducting meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies on persistent ADHD in adults and ADHD in childhood separately and jointly, and by comparing the genetic background between them in a total sample of 17,149 cases and 32,411 controls. Our results show nine new independent loci and support a shared contribution of common genetic variants to ADHD in children and adults. No subgroup heterogeneity was observed among children, while this group consists of future remitting and persistent individuals. We report similar patterns of genetic correlation of ADHD with other ADHD-related datasets and different traits and disorders among adults, children, and when combining both groups. These findings confirm that persistent ADHD in adults is a neurodevelopmental disorder and extend the existing hypothesis of a shared genetic architecture underlying ADHD and different traits to a lifespan perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rovira
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Iris Garcia-Martínez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Medicina Transfusional, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pagerols
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Vilar-Ribó
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lorena Arribas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corrales
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Christian Fadeuilhe
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Español Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Peter Almos
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alysa E Doyle
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eugenio Horacio Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Halmøy
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Hutz
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Christian P Jacob
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Per M Knappskog
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olga Rivero
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diego Luiz Rovaris
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelica Salatino-Oliveira
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos da Silva
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Evgeniy Svirin
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Claiton Henrique Dotto Bau
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry, of Neuroscience, and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan E Johansson
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Larsson
- School of medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miquel Casas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows high heritability in formal genetic studies. In our review article, we provide an overview on common and rare genetic risk variants for ADHD and their link to clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS The formal heritability of ADHD is about 80% and therefore higher than most other psychiatric diseases. However, recent studies estimate the proportion of heritability based on singlenucleotide variants (SNPs) at 22%. It is a matter of debate which genetic mechanisms explain this huge difference. While frequent variants in first mega-analyses of genome-wideassociation study data containing several thousand patients give the first genome-wide results, explaining only little variance, the methodologically more difficult analyses of rare variants are still in their infancy. Some rare genetic syndromes show higher prevalence for ADHD indicating a potential role for a small number of patients. In contrast, polygenic risk scores (PRS) could potentially be applied to every patient. We give an overview how PRS explain different behavioral phenotypes in ADHD and how they could be used for diagnosis and therapy prediction. Knowledge about a patient's genetic makeup is not yet mandatory for ADHD therapy or diagnosis. PRS however have been introduced successfully in other areas of clinical medicine, and their application in psychiatry will begin within the next years. In order to ensure competent advice for patients, knowledge of the current state of research is useful forpsychiatrists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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22
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Grimm O, Weber H, Kittel-Schneider S, Kranz TM, Jacob CP, Lesch KP, Reif A. Impulsivity and Venturesomeness in an Adult ADHD Sample: Relation to Personality, Comorbidity, and Polygenic Risk. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:557160. [PMID: 33381055 PMCID: PMC7768074 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.557160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While impulsivity is a basic feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), no study explored the effect of different components of the Impulsiveness (Imp) and Venturesomeness (Vent) scale (IV7) on psychiatric comorbidities and an ADHD polygenic risk score (PRS). We used the IV7 self-report scale in an adult ADHD sample of 903 patients, 70% suffering from additional comorbid disorders, and in a subsample of 435 genotyped patients. Venturesomeness, unlike immediate Impulsivity, is not specific to ADHD. We consequently analyzed the influence of Imp and Vent also in the context of a PRS on psychiatric comorbidities of ADHD. Vent shows a distinctly different distribution of comorbidities, e.g., less anxiety and depression. PRS showed no effect on different ADHD comorbidities, but correlated with childhood hyperactivity. In a complementary analysis using principal component analysis with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ADHD criteria, revised NEO Personality Inventory, Imp, Vent, and PRS, we identified three ADHD subtypes. These are an impulsive-neurotic type, an adventurous-hyperactive type with a stronger genetic component, and an anxious-inattentive type. Our study thus suggests the importance of adventurousness and the differential consideration of impulsivity in ADHD. The genetic risk is distributed differently between these subtypes, which underlines the importance of clinically motivated subtyping. Impulsivity subtyping might give insights into the organization of comorbid disorders in ADHD and different genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Medius Klinik, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian P Jacob
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Medius Klinik, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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23
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Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Verdenhalven M, Kittel-Schneider S, Vainieri I, Reif A, Grimm O. The Quantified Behavioral Test-A Confirmatory Test in the Diagnostic Process of Adult ADHD? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:216. [PMID: 32265761 PMCID: PMC7100366 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is complicated by comorbid disorders, but also by the overlapping of main symptoms such as inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity with other disorders. Neuropsychological tests like continuous performance tests (CPT) try to solve this dilemma by objectively measurable parameters. We investigated in a cohort of n=114 patients presenting to an ADHD outpatient clinic how well a commercially available CPT test (QbTest®) can differentiate between patients with ADHD (n=94) and patients with a disconfirmed ADHD diagnosis (n=20). Both groups showed numerous comorbidities, predominantly depression (27.2% in the ADHD group vs. 45% in the non-ADHD group) and substance-use disorders (18.1% vs. 10%, respectively). Patients with ADHD showed significant higher activity (2.07 ± 1.23) than patients without ADHD (1.34 ± 1.27, dF=112; p=0.019), whereas for the other core parameters, inattention and impulsivity no differences could be found. Reaction time variability has been discussed as a typical marker for inattention in ADHD. Therefore, we investigated how well ex-Gaussian analysis of response time can differentiate between ADHD and other patients, showing, that it does not help to identify patients with ADHD. Even though patients with ADHD showed significantly higher activity, this parameter differed only poorly between patients (accuracy AUC 65% of an ROC-Curve). We conclude that CPTs do not help to identify patients with ADHD in a specialized outpatient clinic. The usability of this test for differentiating between ADHD and other psychiatric disorders is poor and a sophisticated analysis of reaction time did not decisively increase the test accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Moritz Verdenhalven
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Vainieri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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24
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Biere S, Kranz TM, Matura S, Petrova K, Streit F, Chiocchetti AG, Grimm O, Brum M, Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Oertel V, Malyshau A, Pfennig A, Bauer M, Schulze TG, Kittel-Schneider S, Reif A. Risk Stratification for Bipolar Disorder Using Polygenic Risk Scores Among Young High-Risk Adults. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:552532. [PMID: 33192665 PMCID: PMC7653940 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.552532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Identifying high-risk groups with an increased genetic liability for bipolar disorder (BD) will provide insights into the etiology of BD and contribute to early detection of BD. We used the BD polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from BD genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to explore how such genetic risk manifests in young, high-risk adults. We postulated that BD-PRS would be associated with risk factors for BD. Methods: A final sample of 185 young, high-risk German adults (aged 18-35 years) were grouped into three risk groups and compared to a healthy control group (n = 1,100). The risk groups comprised 117 cases with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 45 with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 23 help-seeking adults with early recognition symptoms [ER: positive family history for BD, (sub)threshold affective symptomatology and/or mood swings, sleeping disorder]. BD-PRS was computed for each participant. Logistic regression models (controlling for sex, age, and the first five ancestry principal components) were used to assess associations of BD-PRS and the high-risk phenotypes. Results: We observed an association between BD-PRS and combined risk group status (OR = 1.48, p < 0.001), ADHD diagnosis (OR = 1.32, p = 0.009), MDD diagnosis (OR = 1.96, p < 0.001), and ER group status (OR = 1.7, p = 0.025; not significant after correction for multiple testing) compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: In the present study, increased genetic risk for BD was a significant predictor for MDD and ADHD status, but not for ER. These findings support an underlying shared risk for both MDD and BD as well as ADHD and BD. Improving our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of these phenotypes may aid in early identification and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biere
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silke Matura
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristiyana Petrova
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas G Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Murielle Brum
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Natalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Viola Oertel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr Malyshau
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Grimm O, Kopfer V, Küpper‐Tetzel L, Deppert V, Kuhn M, de Greck M, Reif A. Amisulpride and l-DOPA modulate subcortical brain nuclei connectivity in resting-state pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:1806-1818. [PMID: 31880365 PMCID: PMC7267910 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise understanding of the dopaminergic (DA) system and its pharmacological modifications is crucial for diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as for understanding basic processes, such as motivation and reward. We probed the functional connectivity (FC) of subcortical nuclei related to the DA system according to seed regions defined according to an atlas of subcortical nuclei. We conducted a large pharmaco‐fMRI study using a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design, where we examined the effect of l‐DOPA, a dopamine precursor, and amisulpride, a D2/D3‐receptor antagonist on resting‐state FC in 45 healthy young adults using a cross‐over design. We examined the FC of subcortical nuclei with connection to the reward system and their reaction to opposing pharmacological probing. Amisulpride increased FC from the putamen to the precuneus and from ventral striatum to precentral gyrus. l‐DOPA increased FC from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the insula/operculum and between ventral striatum and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and it disrupted ventral striatal and dorsal caudate FC with the medial prefrontal cortex. In an exploratory analysis, we demonstrated that higher self‐rated impulsivity goes together with a significant increase in VTA‐mid‐cingulate gyrus FC during l‐DOPA‐challenge. Therefore, our DA challenge modulated distinct large‐scale subcortical connectivity networks. A dopamine‐boost can increase midbrain DA nuclei connectivity to the cortex. The involvement of the VTA‐cingulum connectivity in dependence of impulsivity has implications for diagnosis and therapy in disorders like ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Vera Kopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Lea Küpper‐Tetzel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Vera Deppert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Magdalena Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Moritz de Greck
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
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Nees F, Pohlack ST, Grimm O, Winkelmann T, Zidda F, Flor H. White matter correlates of contextual pavlovian fear extinction and the role of anxiety in healthy humans. Cortex 2019; 121:179-188. [PMID: 31629196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pavlovian contextual fear extinction is viewed as an important mechanism for behavioral adaptation in everyday life, including challenging situations of stress and anxiety. It has frequently been shown to relate to the function of brain areas like the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), while the role of structural properties, like white matter tracts in these regions, has been less studied. We employed diffusion tensor imaging to determine structural white matter connectivity (cingulum and uncinate fasciculus) correlates of contextual pavlovian fear extinction indicators measured through functional magnetic resonance imaging, skin conductance responses (SCRs) and self-reports of valence, arousal and contingency in 93 healthy individuals. Higher fractional anisotropy values in the hippocampal cingulum were significantly related to higher SCRs during extinction of contextual conditioned responses (explained variance: 11.2%) as an indicator of extinction deficits on the level of physiological arousal. However, FA was neither related to any of the other fear extinction measures, nor did we find associations with functional extinction responses in the hippocampus or mPFC. Trait anxiety was a significant moderator of the SCR-hippocampal cingulum association (explained variance: 32.09%). The data add evidence for a critical role of the hippocampal formation in contextual pavlovian extinction, and, together with the strong effect of trait anxiety, may have implications for the development of anxiety disorders where contextual extinction learning deficits are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Sebastian T Pohlack
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Winkelmann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Francesca Zidda
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Hutchinson LG, Soubret A, Ribba B, Charoin JE, Phipps A, Peck R, Grimm O. Abstract 690: Optimization of biopsy scheduling in clinical studies of T cell bispecifics through an integrated modeling and simulation, digital pathology and machine learning approach. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the context of cancer immunotherapy clinical trials, baseline and on-treatment tumor biopsies may provide important insight into whether a treatment is working as expected, and furthermore whether efficacy is anticipated. For tumor-retained antibodies that perturb the behaviour of immune cells, such as T cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs), spatial information derived from biopsy images may be particularly insightful. On-treatment biopsies in clinical trials are usually scheduled at a time point that is considered convenient for the study design and when therapeutic effects, such as T cell infiltration, are expected to be distinguishable in tumor tissue. To our knowledge, there have been no attempts to investigate optimal scheduling of on-treatment biopsy sample collection using quantitative approaches due to lack of clinical data at a sufficiently diverse range of time points.
Our integrated tissue pathology, disease modeling and machine learning workflow is designed to select the time point at which on-treatment biopsies could be most informative for making reliable predictions of response to treatment. Leveraging around 20 baseline and on-treatment digitized biopsy images from patients undergoing treatment with immune stimulating TCBs, we train a mathematical model to simulate tumor cell/T cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment. The mathematical model produces an enriched dataset of “virtual” biopsy images corresponding to predictions at intermediate time points. The virtual biopsies are evaluated based on their ability to predict treatment response.
Specific mechanisms of action of bispecific antibodies, such as upregulation of T cell activation and/or proliferation, are taken into account in the structure of the mathematical model. The model is tuned and validated using machine learning techniques, and a reserved “test” dataset comprising images that were not used to estimate model parameters is used to evaluate model performance. Our workflow has the potential to inform clinical study design by promoting a scientific basis for the selection of an on-treatment biopsy schedule. Future applications of this workflow include identification of tissue properties that may contribute to inter-individual variability, and simulations of novel doses and schedules for combinations of immune-modulating cancer therapies.
Citation Format: Lucy G. Hutchinson, Antoine Soubret, Benjamin Ribba, Jean-Eric Charoin, Alex Phipps, Richard Peck, Oliver Grimm. Optimization of biopsy scheduling in clinical studies of T cell bispecifics through an integrated modeling and simulation, digital pathology and machine learning approach [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 690.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alex Phipps
- 2Roche Innovation Center, Welwyn, United Kingdom
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28
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Grimm O, Maßmann SC, Schacher FH. Synthesis and solution behaviour of dual light- and temperature-responsive poly(triethylene glycol-co-spiropyran) copolymers and block copolymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on the synthesis and characterization of materials featuring a dual-responsive copolymer segment consisting of photo-responsive spiropyran (SPA) and temperature-responsive triethylene glycol acrylate (TEGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Sarina C. Maßmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Centre for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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29
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Grimm O, Maßmann SC, Schacher FH. Correction: Synthesis and solution behaviour of dual light- and temperature-responsive poly(triethylene glycol- co-spiropyran) copolymers and block copolymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py90101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for ‘Synthesis and solution behaviour of dual light- and temperature-responsive poly(triethylene glycol-co-spiropyran) copolymers and block copolymers’ by Oliver Grimm et al., Polym. Chem., 2019, 10, 2674–2685.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Sarina C. Maßmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Centre for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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Schwen LO, Andersson E, Korski K, Weiss N, Haase S, Gaire F, Hahn HK, Homeyer A, Grimm O. Data-Driven Discovery of Immune Contexture Biomarkers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:627. [PMID: 30619761 PMCID: PMC6305402 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Features characterizing the immune contexture (IC) in the tumor microenvironment can be prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Identifying novel biomarkers can be challenging due to complex interactions between immune and tumor cells and the abundance of possible features. Methods: We describe an approach for the data-driven identification of IC biomarkers. For this purpose, we provide mathematical definitions of different feature classes, based on cell densities, cell-to-cell distances, and spatial heterogeneity thereof. Candidate biomarkers are ranked according to their potential for the predictive stratification of patients. Results: We evaluated the approach on a dataset of colorectal cancer patients with variable amounts of microsatellite instability. The most promising features that can be explored as biomarkers were based on cell-to-cell distances and spatial heterogeneity. Both the tumor and non-tumor compartments yielded features that were potentially predictive for therapy response and point in direction of further exploration. Conclusion: The data-driven approach simplifies the identification of promising IC biomarker candidates. Researchers can take guidance from the described approach to accelerate their biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ole Schwen
- Fraunhofer Institut für Bildgestützte Medizin, Bremen, Germany
| | - Emilia Andersson
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Nick Weiss
- Fraunhofer Institut für Bildgestützte Medizin, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sabrina Haase
- Fraunhofer Institut für Bildgestützte Medizin, Bremen, Germany
| | - Fabien Gaire
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Horst K Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institut für Bildgestützte Medizin, Bremen, Germany
| | - André Homeyer
- Fraunhofer Institut für Bildgestützte Medizin, Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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Zalami D, Grimm O, Schacher FH, Gerken U, Köhler J. Non-invasive study of the three-dimensional structure of nanoporous triblock terpolymer membranes. Soft Matter 2018; 14:9750-9754. [PMID: 30507995 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01870g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous media are of great importance for drug delivery or filtration. Typically the pore structure of such media is characterized using high-resolution techniques such as electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy. However, these techniques are restricted to the surface of the material and/or are highly invasive. In a proof-of-concept experiment we have employed three-dimensional single-particle orbit tracking for testing the three-dimensional pore structure of a liquid filled nanoporous polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PS-b-PI-b-PNiPAAm) triblock terpolymer membrane. Using fluorescent tracers with a diameter of about 10% of the relevant void structures, the tracking experiments yielded results that were comparable to those obtained from reference experiments using environmental scanning electron microscopy (eSEM). This testifies that single-particle orbit tracking can serve as a useful non-invasive alternative for characterising the structure of nanoporous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zalami
- Spectroscopy of soft Matter, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 94557 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Grimm O, Kittel-Schneider S, Reif A. Recent developments in the genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:654-672. [PMID: 29722101 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental psychiatric disorder that affects children and adults. ADHD is one of the psychiatric disorders with the strongest genetic basis according to familial, twin, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-based epidemiological studies. In this review, we provide an update of recent insights into the genetic basis of ADHD. We discuss recent progress from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) looking at common variants as well as rare copy number variations. New analysis of gene groups, so-called functional ontologies, provide some insight into the gene networks afflicted, pointing to the role of neurodevelopmentally expressed gene networks. Bioinformatic methods, such as functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein network analysis, are used to highlight biological processes of likely relevance to the etiology of ADHD. Additionally, copy number variations seem to map on important pathways implicated in synaptic signaling and neurodevelopment. While some candidate gene associations of, for example, neurotransmitter receptors and signaling, have been replicated, they do not seem to explain significant variance in recent GWAS. We discuss insights from recent case-control SNP-GWAS that have presented the first whole-genome significant SNP in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Grimm O, Löffler M, Kamping S, Hartmann A, Rohleder C, Leweke M, Flor H. Probing the endocannabinoid system in healthy volunteers: Cannabidiol alters fronto-striatal resting-state connectivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:841-849. [PMID: 29887287 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) are two substances from cannabis sativa that have beenimplicated in the treatment of mental and neurological disorders. We concentrated on a previously validated neuroimaging phenotype, fronto-striatal connectivity across different striatal seeds, because of this loop's relevance to executive functioning, decision making, salience generation and motivation and its link to various neuropsychiatric conditions. Therefore, we studied the effect of THC and CBD on fronto-striatal circuitry by a seed-voxel connectivity approach using seeds from the caudate and the putamen. We conducted a cross-over pharmaco-fMRI study in 16 healthy male volunteers with placebo, 10 mg oral THC and 600 mg oral CBD. Resting state was measured in a 3 T scanner. CBD lead to an increase of fronto-striatal connectivity in comparison to placebo. In contrast to our expectation that THC and CBD show opposing effects, THC versus placebo did not show any significant effects, probably due to insufficient concentration of THC during scanning. The effect of CBD on enhancing fronto-striatal connectivity is of interest because it might be a neural correlate of its anti-psychotic effect in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Löffler
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra Kamping
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aljoscha Hartmann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cathrin Rohleder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Grimm O, Schacher FH. Dual Stimuli-Responsive P(NIPAAm-co-SPA) Copolymers: Synthesis and Response in Solution and in Films. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E645. [PMID: 30966679 PMCID: PMC6403943 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis and solution properties of dual stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-spiropyran acrylate) (P(NIPAAm-co-SPA)) copolymers of varying composition prepared via nitroxide-mediated copolymerization. The resulting copolymers feature molar masses from 40,000 to 100,000 g/mol according to static light scattering and an SPA content of up to 5.3%. The latter was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and UV⁻Vis spectroscopy. These materials exhibit reversible response upon irradiation in polymeric films for a minimum of three cycles; their response in solution to both light and temperature was also investigated in an aqueous TRIS buffer (pH 8). Irradiation was carried out using LED setups with wavelengths of 365 and 590 nm. In aqueous solution, a custom-made setup using a fiber-coupled 200 W Hg(Xe) lamp with 340 and 540 nm filters was used and additional heating of the copolymer solutions during irradiation allowed to study influence of the presence of either the spiropyran or merocyanine form on the cloud point temperature. Hereby, it was found that increasing the SPA content leads to a more pronounced difference between both states and decreasing cloud points in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Grimm O, Kraehenmann R, Preller KH, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX. Psilocybin modulates functional connectivity of the amygdala during emotional face discrimination. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:691-700. [PMID: 29703645 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the antidepressant effects of the psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist psilocybin are mediated through its modulatory properties on prefrontal and limbic brain regions including the amygdala. To further investigate the effects of psilocybin on emotion processing networks, we studied for the first-time psilocybin's acute effects on amygdala seed-to-voxel connectivity in an event-related face discrimination task in 18 healthy volunteers who received psilocybin and placebo in a double-blind balanced cross-over design. The amygdala has been implicated as a salience detector especially involved in the immediate response to emotional face content. We used beta-series amygdala seed-to-voxel connectivity during an emotional face discrimination task to elucidate the connectivity pattern of the amygdala over the entire brain. When we compared psilocybin to placebo, an increase in reaction time for all three categories of affective stimuli was found. Psilocybin decreased the connectivity between amygdala and the striatum during angry face discrimination. During happy face discrimination, the connectivity between the amygdala and the frontal pole was decreased. No effect was seen during discrimination of fearful faces. Thus, we show psilocybin's effect as a modulator of major connectivity hubs of the amygdala. Psilocybin decreases the connectivity between important nodes linked to emotion processing like the frontal pole or the striatum. Future studies are needed to clarify whether connectivity changes predict therapeutic effects in psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Grimm
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Departement of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Psychiatric Hospital Zürich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - R Kraehenmann
- Psychiatric Hospital Zürich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K H Preller
- Psychiatric Hospital Zürich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Seifritz
- Psychiatric Hospital Zürich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F X Vollenweider
- Psychiatric Hospital Zürich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich, Switzerland
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Piel JH, Lett TA, Wackerhagen C, Plichta MM, Mohnke S, Grimm O, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Degenhardt F, Tost H, Witt S, Nöthen M, Rietschel M, Heinz A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Walter H, Erk S. The effect of 5-HTTLPR and a serotonergic multi-marker score on amygdala, prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex reactivity and habituation in a large, healthy fMRI cohort. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:415-427. [PMID: 29358097 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by low mood for at least two weeks. Impaired emotion regulation has been suggested to be the consequence of dysfunctional serotonergic regulation of limbic and prefrontal regions, especially the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The impact of genetic variation on brain function can be investigated with intermediate phenotypes. A suggested intermediate phenotype of MDD is emotion recognition: The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of SLC6A4 as well as other serotonergic genes have been associated with amygdala and prefrontal function during emotion recognition. Previously, it has been suggested that habituation is a more reliable index of emotion recognition than functional activation. We examined the relationship of genes involved in serotonergic signaling with amygdala as well as prefrontal functional activation and habituation during an emotion recognition task in 171 healthy subjects. While effects of 5-HTTLPR and of a serotonergic multi-marker score (5-HTTLPR, TPH1(rs1800532), TPH2(rs4570625), HTR1A(rs6295) and HTR2A(rs6311)) on amygdala activation did not withstand correction for multiple regions of interest, we observed a strong correlation of the multi-marker score and habituation in the amygdala, DLPFC, and ACC. We replicated a well-studied intermediate phenotype for association with 5-HTTLPR and provided additional evidence for polygenic involvement. Furthermore, we showed that task habituation may be influenced by genetic variation in serotonergic signaling, particularly by a serotonergic multi-marker score. We provided preliminary evidence that PFC activation is an important intermediate phenotype of MDD. Future studies are needed to corroborate the results in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Piel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - T A Lett
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Wackerhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M M Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - N Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Degenhardt
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Mayer JS, Hees K, Medda J, Grimm O, Asherson P, Bellina M, Colla M, Ibáñez P, Koch E, Martinez-Nicolas A, Muntaner-Mas A, Rommel A, Rommelse N, de Ruiter S, Ebner-Priemer UW, Kieser M, Ortega FB, Thome J, Buitelaar JK, Kuntsi J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A, Freitag CM. Bright light therapy versus physical exercise to prevent co-morbid depression and obesity in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:140. [PMID: 29482662 PMCID: PMC5828138 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for major depression and obesity is increased in adolescents and adults with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adolescent ADHD predicts adult depression and obesity. Non-pharmacological interventions to treat and prevent these co-morbidities are urgently needed. Bright light therapy (BLT) improves day-night rhythm and is an emerging therapy for major depression. Exercise intervention (EI) reduces obesity and improves depressive symptoms. To date, no randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been performed to establish feasibility and efficacy of these interventions targeting the prevention of co-morbid depression and obesity in ADHD. We hypothesize that the two manualized interventions in combination with mobile health-based monitoring and reinforcement will result in less depressive symptoms and obesity compared to treatment as usual in adolescents and young adults with ADHD. METHODS This trial is a prospective, pilot phase-IIa, parallel-group RCT with three arms (two add-on treatment groups [BLT, EI] and one treatment as usual [TAU] control group). The primary outcome variable is change in the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology total score (observer-blinded assessment) between baseline and ten weeks of intervention. This variable is analyzed with a mixed model for repeated measures approach investigating the treatment effect with respect to all three groups. A total of 330 participants with ADHD, aged 14 - < 30 years, will be screened at the four study centers. To establish effect sizes, the sample size was planned at the liberal significance level of α = 0.10 (two-sided) and the power of 1-β = 80% in order to find medium effects. Secondary outcomes measures including change in obesity, ADHD symptoms, general psychopathology, health-related quality of life, neurocognitive function, chronotype, and physical fitness are explored after the end of the intervention and at the 12-week follow-up. DISCUSSION This is the first pilot RCT on the use of BLT and EI in combination with mobile health-based monitoring and reinforcement targeting the prevention of co-morbid depression and obesity in adolescents and young adults with ADHD. If at least medium effects can be established with regard to the prevention of depressive symptoms and obesity, a larger scale confirmatory phase-III trial may be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00011666. Registered on 9 February 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03371810. Registered on 13 December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta S Mayer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Katharina Hees
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Medda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philip Asherson
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mariano Bellina
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael Colla
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pol Ibáñez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Koch
- Mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antonio Martinez-Nicolas
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Chronobiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia. Campus Mare Nostrum. IUIE. IMIB-Arrixaca. Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrià Muntaner-Mas
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Anna Rommel
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia de Ruiter
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich W Ebner-Priemer
- Mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meinhard Kieser
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstr. 50, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Context: Medical diagnosis and clinical decisions rely heavily on the histopathological evaluation of tissue samples, especially in oncology. Historically, classical histopathology has been the gold standard for tissue evaluation and assessment by pathologists. The most widely and commonly used dyes in histopathology are hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as most malignancies diagnosis is largely based on this protocol. H&E staining has been used for more than a century to identify tissue characteristics and structures morphologies that are needed for tumor diagnosis. In many cases, as tissue is scarce in clinical studies, fluorescence imaging is necessary to allow staining of the same specimen with multiple biomarkers simultaneously. Since fluorescence imaging is a relatively new technology in the pathology landscape, histopathologists are not used to or trained in annotating or interpreting these images. Aims, Settings and Design: To allow pathologists to annotate these images without the need for additional training, we designed an algorithm for the conversion of fluorescence images to brightfield H&E images. Subjects and Methods: In this algorithm, we use fluorescent nuclei staining to reproduce the hematoxylin information and natural tissue autofluorescence to reproduce the eosin information avoiding the necessity to specifically stain the proteins or intracellular structures with an additional fluorescence stain. Statistical Analysis Used: Our method is based on optimizing a transform function from fluorescence to H&E images using least mean square optimization. Results: It results in high quality virtual H&E digital images that can easily and efficiently be analyzed by pathologists. We validated our results with pathologists by making them annotate tumor in real and virtual H&E whole slide images and we obtained promising results. Conclusions: Hence, we provide a solution that enables pathologists to assess tissue and annotate specific structures based on multiplexed fluorescence images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Lahiani
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Eldad Klaiman
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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Grimm O, Wendler F, Schacher FH. Micellization of Photo-Responsive Block Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E396. [PMID: 30965699 PMCID: PMC6418654 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on block copolymers featuring different photo-responsive building blocks and self-assembly of such materials in different selective solvents. We have subdivided the specific examples we selected: (1) according to the wavelength at which the irradiation has to be carried out to achieve photo-response; and (2) according to whether irradiation with light of a suitable wavelength leads to reversible or irreversible changes in material properties (e.g., solubility, charge, or polarity). Exemplarily, an irreversible change could be the photo-cleavage of a nitrobenzyl, pyrenyl or coumarinyl ester, whereas the photo-mediated transition between spiropyran and merocyanin form as well as the isomerization of azobenzenes would represent reversible response to light. The examples presented cover applications including drug delivery (controllable release rates), controlled aggregation/disaggregation, sensing, and the preparation of photochromic hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix Wendler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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40
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Grimm O, Kaiser S, Plichta MM, Tobler PN. Altered reward anticipation: Potential explanation for weight gain in schizophrenia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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Cacciaglia R, Nees F, Grimm O, Ridder S, Pohlack ST, Diener SJ, Liebscher C, Flor H. Trauma exposure relates to heightened stress, altered amygdala morphology and deficient extinction learning: Implications for psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76:19-28. [PMID: 27871027 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress exposure causes a structural reorganization in neurons of the amygdala. In particular, animal models have repeatedly shown that both acute and chronic stress induce neuronal hypertrophy and volumetric increase in the lateral and basolateral nuclei of amygdala. These effects are visible on the behavioral level, where stress enhances anxiety behaviors and provokes greater fear learning. We assessed stress and anxiety levels in a group of 18 healthy human trauma-exposed individuals (TR group) compared to 18 non-exposed matched controls (HC group), and related these measurements to amygdala volume. Traumas included unexpected adverse experiences such as vehicle accidents or sudden loss of a loved one. As a measure of aversive learning, we implemented a cued fear conditioning paradigm. Additionally, to provide a biological marker of chronic stress, we measured the sensitivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis using a dexamethasone suppression test. Compared to the HC, the TR group showed significantly higher levels of chronic stress, current stress and trait anxiety, as well as increased volume of the left amygdala. Specifically, we observed a focal enlargement in its lateral portion, in line with previous animal data. Compared to HC, the TR group also showed enhanced late acquisition of conditioned fear and deficient extinction learning, as well as salivary cortisol hypo-suppression to dexamethasone. Left amygdala volumes positively correlated with suppressed morning salivary cortisol. Our results indicate differences in trauma-exposed individuals which resemble those previously reported in animals exposed to stress and in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms through which traumatic stress might prompt vulnerability for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Cacciaglia
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ridder
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Pohlack
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Slawomira J Diener
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Liebscher
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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Hibar DP, Adams HHH, Jahanshad N, Chauhan G, Stein JL, Hofer E, Renteria ME, Bis JC, Arias-Vasquez A, Ikram MK, Desrivières S, Vernooij MW, Abramovic L, Alhusaini S, Amin N, Andersson M, Arfanakis K, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Athanasiu L, Axelsson T, Beecham AH, Beiser A, Bernard M, Blanton SH, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brickman AM, Carmichael O, Chakravarty MM, Chen Q, Ching CRK, Chouraki V, Cuellar-Partida G, Crivello F, Den Braber A, Doan NT, Ehrlich S, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Gottesman RF, Grimm O, Griswold ME, Guadalupe T, Gutman BA, Hass J, Haukvik UK, Hoehn D, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Jørgensen KN, Karbalai N, Kasperaviciute D, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Marquand AF, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, McKay DR, Milaneschi Y, Muñoz Maniega S, Nho K, Nugent AC, Nyquist P, Loohuis LMO, Oosterlaan J, Papmeyer M, Pirpamer L, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Richards JS, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rommelse N, Ropele S, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rundek T, Sämann PG, Saremi A, Satizabal CL, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Smith AV, Sprooten E, Strike LT, Teumer A, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Toro R, Trabzuni D, Trompet S, Vaidya D, Van der Grond J, Van der Lee SJ, Van der Meer D, Van Donkelaar MMJ, Van Eijk KR, Van Erp TGM, Van Rooij D, Walton E, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Windham BG, Winkler AM, Wittfeld K, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Yanek LR, Yang J, Zijdenbos A, Zwiers MP, Agartz I, Almasy L, Ames D, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Barral S, Bastin ME, Becker DM, Becker JT, Bennett DA, Blangero J, van Bokhoven H, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cavalleri GL, Cheng CY, Cichon S, Cookson MR, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Dale AM, Davies GE, De Craen AJM, De Geus EJC, De Jager PL, De Zubicaray GI, Deary IJ, Debette S, DeCarli C, Delanty N, Depondt C, DeStefano A, Dillman A, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drevets WC, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Enzinger C, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fedko IO, Fernández G, Ferrucci L, Fisher SE, Fleischman DA, Ford I, Fornage M, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Francks C, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Göring HHH, Green RC, Gruber O, Gudnason V, Guelfi S, Håberg AK, Hansell NK, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Le Hellard S, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho BC, Hoekstra PJ, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Huentelman M, Pol HEH, Ikeda M, Jack Jr CR, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Jönsson EG, Jukema JW, Kahn RS, Kanai R, Kloszewska I, Knopman DS, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Lemaître H, Liu X, Longo DL, Lopez OL, Lovestone S, Martinez O, Martinot JL, Mattay VS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, McMahon KL, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mosley TH, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nalls MA, Nauck M, Nichols TE, Niessen WJ, Nöthen MM, Nyberg L, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rotter JI, Ryten M, Sacco RL, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Schofield PR, Sigursson S, Simmons A, Singleton A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soininen H, Steen VM, Stott DJ, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Tsolaki M, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden AG, Hernández MCV, Van der Brug M, van der Lugt A, van der Wee NJA, Van Haren NEM, van 't Ent D, Van Tol MJ, Vardarajan BN, Vellas B, Veltman DJ, Völzke H, Walter H, Wardlaw JM, Wassink TH, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westman E, White T, Wong TY, Wright CB, Zielke RH, Zonderman AB, Martin NG, Van Duijn CM, Wright MJ, Longstreth WT, Schumann G, Grabe HJ, Franke B, Launer LJ, Medland SE, Seshadri S, Thompson PM, Ikram MA. Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13624. [PMID: 28098162 PMCID: PMC5253632 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is a brain structure integrally involved in episodic memory, spatial navigation, cognition and stress responsiveness. Structural abnormalities in hippocampal volume and shape are found in several common neuropsychiatric disorders. To identify the genetic underpinnings of hippocampal structure here we perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 33,536 individuals and discover six independent loci significantly associated with hippocampal volume, four of them novel. Of the novel loci, three lie within genes (ASTN2, DPP4 and MAST4) and one is found 200 kb upstream of SHH. A hippocampal subfield analysis shows that a locus within the MSRB3 gene shows evidence of a localized effect along the dentate gyrus, subiculum, CA1 and fissure. Further, we show that genetic variants associated with decreased hippocampal volume are also associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (rg=-0.155). Our findings suggest novel biological pathways through which human genetic variation influences hippocampal volume and risk for neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrek P. Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Hieab H. H. Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- INSERM Unit U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jason L. Stein
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
- Department of Genetics & UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Miguel E. Renteria
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Avenue/Suite 1360. Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Meike W. Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Aribisala
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, P.M.B. 01 LASU, Nigeria
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nicola J. Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 1432, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ashley H. Beecham
- Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
| | - Manon Bernard
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Susan H. Blanton
- Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Marc M. Bohlken
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P. Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; G.H. Sergievsky Center; Department of Neurology. Columbia University Medical Center, 639 West 1168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167—RID-AGE—Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Fabrice Crivello
- IMN UMR5293, GIN, CNRS, CEA, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anouk Den Braber
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aaron L. Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael E. Griswold
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Unn K. Haukvik
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Kjetil N. Jørgensen
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Phil H. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421, USA
| | - David C. M. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andre F. Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Matarin
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Karen A. Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for integrated Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David R. McKay
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06114, USA
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Allison C. Nugent
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
| | - Paul Nyquist
- Department of Neurology, Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins, USA600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Loes M. Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, 3060, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jennifer S. Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GC, The Netherlands
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GC, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Emma J. Rose
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | | | - Arvin Saremi
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3502, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3502, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Schork
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Lachlan T. Strike
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, 39011, Spain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities. Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, 39011, Spain
| | | | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St Suite 8028, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Jeroen Van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Sven J. Van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M. J. Van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel R. Van Eijk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Human Neurogenetics Unit, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. Van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Daan Van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Christopher D. Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Beverly G. Windham
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anderson M. Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Girma Woldehawariat
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
| | - Christiane Wolf
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa R. Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St Suite 8028, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Alex Zijdenbos
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway
- Biospective Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, 78250, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David Ames
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 29104, USA
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167—RID-AGE—Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Amelia A. Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; G.H. Sergievsky Center; Department of Neurology. Columbia University Medical Center, 639 West 1168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Diane M. Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St Suite 8028, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - James T. Becker
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave., Suite 830, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Rachel M. Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre—Assessment and Better Care, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Clinical Genetics and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GC, The Netherlands
| | - Kazima B. Bulayeva
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala 367000, Dagestan, Russia
- The Mind Research Network & LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Dara M. Cannon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
- Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Gareth E. Davies
- Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Eco J. C. De Geus
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | | | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- INSERM Unit U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Norman Delanty
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3700, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | | | - Anita DeStefano
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
| | - Allissa Dillman
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0420 Oslo, Norway
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG) & NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Wayne C. Drevets
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas D. Dyer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Erk
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Iryna O. Fedko
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Debra A. Fleischman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Department of Neurological Sciences & Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G41 4DQ, UK
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06114, USA
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Harald H. H. Göring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert C. Green
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Asta K. Håberg
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Narelle K. Hansell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Radiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, 7030, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clifford R. Jack Jr
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Neurogenomics Division, 445N Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA
| | - Robert Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Biospective Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - René S. Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Iwona Kloszewska
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - David S. Knopman
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya Brain Imaging, Tokyo, 102-0093, Japan
| | | | - John B. Kwok
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21228, USA
| | - Stephen M. Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Dan L. Longo
- INSERM UMR 1000 “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Maison de Solenn, Paris, 91400, France
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave., Suite 830, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Oliver Martinez
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Colm McDonald
- Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
| | - Katie L. McMahon
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Derek W. Morris
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0420 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Matthias Nauck
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas E. Nichols
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Wiro J. Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Statistics & WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Medical Informatics Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Radiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, 7030, Norway
| | - Rene L. Olvera
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Tomas Paus
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
- Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, 10022, USA
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. Bruce Pike
- Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, 1730 Minor Avenue/Suite 1360, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mina Ryten
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ralph L. Sacco
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21228, USA
| | | | - Andrew Simmons
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - David J. Stott
- Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessika E. Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G4 0SF, UK
| | - Bryan J. Traynor
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- INSERM Unit U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- 3rd Department of Neurology, "G. Papanicolaou", Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 57010, Greece
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Maria C. Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marcel Van der Brug
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neeltje E. M. Van Haren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Van Tol
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; G.H. Sergievsky Center; Department of Neurology. Columbia University Medical Center, 639 West 1168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bruno Vellas
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, 9713 AW Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Thomas H. Wassink
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, INSERM U1027, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, 31024, France
| | - Michael E. Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Eric Westman
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Clinton B. Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Ronald H. Zielke
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Cornelia M. Van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - W. T. Longstreth
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98104-2420, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Intramural Research Program, NIA, NIH, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Suite 3C-309, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Erk S, Mohnke S, Ripke S, Lett TA, Veer IM, Wackerhagen C, Grimm O, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Degenhardt F, Tost H, Mattheisen M, Mühleisen TW, Charlet K, Skarabis N, Kiefer F, Cichon S, Witt SH, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Heinz A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Walter H. Functional neuroimaging effects of recently discovered genetic risk loci for schizophrenia and polygenic risk profile in five RDoC subdomains. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e997. [PMID: 28072415 PMCID: PMC5545733 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, 125 loci with genome-wide support for association with schizophrenia were identified. We investigated the impact of these variants and their accumulated genetic risk on brain activation in five neurocognitive domains of the Research Domain Criteria (working memory, reward processing, episodic memory, social cognition and emotion processing). In 578 healthy subjects we tested for association (i) of a polygenic risk profile score (RPS) including all single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reaching genome-wide significance in the recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analysis and (ii) of all independent genome-wide significant loci separately that showed sufficient distribution of all allelic groups in our sample (105 SNPs). The RPS was nominally associated with perigenual anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate/precuneus activation during episodic memory (PFWE(ROI)=0.047) and social cognition (PFWE(ROI)=0.025), respectively. Single SNP analyses revealed that rs9607782, located near EP300, was significantly associated with amygdala recruitment during emotion processing (PFWE(ROI)=1.63 × 10-4, surpassing Bonferroni correction for the number of SNPs). Importantly, this association was replicable in an independent sample (N=150; PFWE(ROI)<0.025). Other SNP effects previously associated with imaging phenotypes were nominally significant, but did not withstand correction for the number of SNPs tested. To assess whether there was true signal within our data, we repeated single SNP analyses with 105 randomly chosen non-schizophrenia-associated variants, observing fewer significant results and lower association probabilities. Applying stringent methodological procedures, we found preliminary evidence for the notion that genetic risk for schizophrenia conferred by rs9607782 may be mediated by amygdala function. We critically evaluate the potential caveats of the methodological approaches employed and offer suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin D-10117, Germany. E-mail: or
| | - S Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin D-10117, Germany. E-mail: or
| | - S Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T A Lett
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - I M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Wackerhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - N Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Degenhardt
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Charlet
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Skarabis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Kiefer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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44
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Adams HHH, Hibar DP, Chouraki V, Stein JL, Nyquist PA, Rentería ME, Trompet S, Arias-Vasquez A, Seshadri S, Desrivières S, Beecham AH, Jahanshad N, Wittfeld K, Van der Lee SJ, Abramovic L, Alhusaini S, Amin N, Andersson M, Arfanakis K, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Athanasiu L, Axelsson T, Beiser A, Bernard M, Bis JC, Blanken LME, Blanton SH, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brickman AM, Carmichael O, Chakravarty MM, Chauhan G, Chen Q, Ching CRK, Cuellar-Partida G, Braber AD, Doan NT, Ehrlich S, Filippi I, Ge T, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Gottesman RF, Greven CU, Grimm O, Griswold ME, Guadalupe T, Hass J, Haukvik UK, Hilal S, Hofer E, Hoehn D, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Kasperaviciute D, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Liao J, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Marquand A, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Mazoyer B, McKay DR, McWhirter R, Milaneschi Y, Mirza-Schreiber N, Muetzel RL, Maniega SM, Nho K, Nugent AC, Loohuis LMO, Oosterlaan J, Papmeyer M, Pappa I, Pirpamer L, Pudas S, Pütz B, Rajan KB, Ramasamy A, Richards JS, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rommelse N, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rundek T, Sämann PG, Satizabal CL, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Smith AV, Sprooten E, Strike LT, Teumer A, Thomson R, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Toro R, Trabzuni D, Vaidya D, Van der Grond J, Van der Meer D, Van Donkelaar MMJ, Van Eijk KR, Van Erp TGM, Van Rooij D, Walton E, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Windham BG, Winkler AM, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Xu B, Yanek LR, Yang J, Zijdenbos A, Zwiers MP, Agartz I, Aggarwal NT, Almasy L, Ames D, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Barral S, Bastin ME, Becker DM, Becker JT, Bennett DA, Blangero J, van Bokhoven H, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cavalleri GL, Chen C, Cheng CY, Cichon S, Cookson MR, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Dale AM, Davies GE, De Geus EJC, De Jager PL, de Zubicaray GI, Delanty N, Depondt C, DeStefano AL, Dillman A, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drevets WC, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Espeseth T, Evans DA, Fedko IO, Fernández G, Ferrucci L, Fisher SE, Fleischman DA, Ford I, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Francks C, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Göring HHH, Grabe HJ, Green RC, Gruber O, Gudnason V, Guelfi S, Hansell NK, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Le Hellard S, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho BC, Hoekstra PJ, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ikeda M, Ikram MK, Jack CR, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Jönsson EG, Jukema JW, Kahn RS, Kanai R, Kloszewska I, Knopman DS, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Lemaître H, Liu X, Longo DL, Longstreth WT, Lopez OL, Lovestone S, Martinez O, Martinot JL, Mattay VS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon KL, McMahon FJ, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mosley TH, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nalls MA, Nauck M, Nichols TE, Niessen WJ, Nöthen MM, Nyberg L, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rotter JI, Ryten M, Sacco RL, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Schmidt R, Schofield PR, Sigurdsson S, Simmons A, Singleton A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soininen H, Srikanth V, Steen VM, Stott DJ, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Tiemeier H, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Turner JA, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden AG, Hernández MCV, Van der Brug M, Van der Lugt A, Van der Wee NJA, Van Duijn CM, Van Haren NEM, Van T Ent D, Van Tol MJ, Vardarajan BN, Veltman DJ, Vernooij MW, Völzke H, Walter H, Wardlaw JM, Wassink TH, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westman E, White T, Wong TY, Wright CB, Zielke HR, Zonderman AB, Deary IJ, DeCarli C, Schmidt H, Martin NG, De Craen AJM, Wright MJ, Launer LJ, Schumann G, Fornage M, Franke B, Debette S, Medland SE, Ikram MA, Thompson PM. Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1569-1582. [PMID: 27694991 PMCID: PMC5227112 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial volume reflects the maximally attained brain size during development, and remains stable with loss of tissue in late life. It is highly heritable, but the underlying genes remain largely undetermined. In a genome-wide association study of 32,438 adults, we discovered five previously unknown loci for intracranial volume and confirmed two known signals. Four of the loci were also associated with adult human stature, but these remained associated with intracranial volume after adjusting for height. We found a high genetic correlation with child head circumference (ρgenetic = 0.748), which indicates a similar genetic background and allowed us to identify four additional loci through meta-analysis (Ncombined = 37,345). Variants for intracranial volume were also related to childhood and adult cognitive function, and Parkinson's disease, and were enriched near genes involved in growth pathways, including PI3K-AKT signaling. These findings identify the biological underpinnings of intracranial volume and their link to physiological and pathological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Genetics and UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A Nyquist
- Department of Neurology, Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley H Beecham
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manon Bernard
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura M E Blanken
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan H Blanton
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marc M Bohlken
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Anouk Den Braber
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
| | - Irina Filippi
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Tian Ge
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aaron L Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Corina U Greven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciene, London, UK
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael E Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiemin Liao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Matarin
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for integrated Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - David R McKay
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rebekah McWhirter
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Allison C Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Pappa
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Pudas
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kumar B Rajan
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer S Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J Rose
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Russell Thomson
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
- Neuroimaging Unit,Technological Facilities. Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeroen Van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M J Van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel R Van Eijk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Human Neurogenetics Unit, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G M Van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daan Van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Beverly G Windham
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Girma Woldehawariat
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christiane Wolf
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bing Xu
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alex Zijdenbos
- Biospective Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neelum T Aggarwal
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia A Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James T Becker
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre - Assessment and Better Care, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kazima B Bulayeva
- Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network and LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sven Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eco J C De Geus
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Norman Delanty
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Neurology Division, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anita L DeStefano
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Allissa Dillman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics Centre (NICOG) and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas D Dyer
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis A Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Debra A Fleischman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Randy L Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harald H H Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert C Green
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Narelle K Hansell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Department of Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- HMNC Brain Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Robert Johnson
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ryota Kanai
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya Brain Imaging, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John B Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Dementia Biomedical Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Martinez
- Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Derek W Morris
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics Centre (NICOG) and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics and Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rene L Olvera
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
- Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, Australia
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Andy Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, Peninsula Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jessika E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Brain Resource Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Christophe Tzourio
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, UMR 5293, CEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Aad Van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nic J A Van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neeltje E M Van Haren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van T Ent
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Van Tol
- Neuroimaging Centre, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clinton B Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - H Ronald Zielke
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anton J M De Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Wicking M, Steiger F, Nees F, Diener SJ, Grimm O, Ruttorf M, Schad LR, Winkelmann T, Wirtz G, Flor H. Deficient fear extinction memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 136:116-126. [PMID: 27686278 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might be maintained by deficient extinction memory. We used a cued fear conditioning design with extinction and a post-extinction phase to provoke the return of fear and examined the role of the interplay of amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal regions. METHODS We compared 18 PTSD patients with two healthy control groups: 18 trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD (nonPTSD) and 18 healthy controls (HC) without trauma experience. They underwent a three-day ABC-conditioning procedure in a functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Two geometric shapes that served as conditioned stimuli (CS) were presented in the context of virtual reality scenes. Electric painful stimuli were delivered after one of the two shapes (CS+) during acquisition (in context A), while the other (CS-) was never paired with pain. Extinction was performed in context B and extinction memory was tested in a novel context C. RESULTS The PTSD patients showed significantly higher differential skin conductance responses than the non-PTSD and HC and higher differential amygdala and hippocampus activity than the HC in context C. In addition, elevated arousal to the CS+ during extinction and to the CS- throughout the experiment was present in the PTSD patients but self-reported differential valence or contingency were not different. During extinction recall, differential amygdala activity correlated positively with the intensity of numbing and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity correlated positively with behavioral avoidance. CONCLUSIONS PTSD patients show heightened return of fear in neural and peripheral measures. In addition, self-reported arousal was high to both danger (CS+) and safety (CS-) cues. These results suggest that a deficient maintenance of extinction and a failure to identify safety signals might contribute to PTSD symptoms, whereas non-PTSD subjects seem to show normal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Wicking
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Frauke Steiger
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Slawomira J Diener
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Michaela Ruttorf
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Lothar R Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Tobias Winkelmann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Gustav Wirtz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach GmbH, Guttmannstr. 1, 76307 Karlsbad, Germany.
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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Cao H, Bertolino A, Walter H, Schneider M, Schäfer A, Taurisano P, Blasi G, Haddad L, Grimm O, Otto K, Dixson L, Erk S, Mohnke S, Heinz A, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Mühleisen TW, Mattheisen M, Witt SH, Cichon S, Noethen M, Rietschel M, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Altered Functional Subnetwork During Emotional Face Processing: A Potential Intermediate Phenotype for Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:598-605. [PMID: 27145286 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although deficits in emotional processing are prominent in schizophrenia, it has been difficult to identify neural mechanisms related to the genetic risk for this highly heritable illness. Prior studies have not found consistent regional activation or connectivity alterations in first-degree relatives compared with healthy controls, suggesting that a more comprehensive search for connectomic biomarkers is warranted. OBJECTIVES To identify a potential systems-level intermediate phenotype linked to emotion processing in schizophrenia and to examine the psychological association, task specificity, test-retest reliability, and clinical validity of the identified phenotype. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPATIONS The study was performed in university research hospitals from June 1, 2008, through December 31, 2013. We examined 58 unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and 94 healthy controls with an emotional face-matching functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Test-retest reliability was analyzed with an independent sample of 26 healthy participants. A clinical association study was performed in 31 patients with schizophrenia and 45 healthy controls. Data analysis was performed from January 1 to September 30, 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Conventional amygdala activity and seeded connectivity measures, graph-based global and local network connectivity measures, Spearman rank correlation, intraclass correlation, and gray matter volumes. RESULTS Among the 152 volunteers included in the relative-control sample, 58 were unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (mean [SD] age, 33.29 [12.56]; 38 were women), and 94 were healthy controls without a first-degree relative with mental illness (mean [SD] age, 32.69 [10.09] years; 55 were women). A graph-theoretical connectivity approach identified significantly decreased connectivity in a subnetwork that primarily included the limbic cortex, visual cortex, and subcortex during emotional face processing (cluster-level P corrected for familywise error = .006) in relatives compared with controls. The connectivity of the same subnetwork was significantly decreased in patients with schizophrenia (F = 6.29, P = .01). Furthermore, we found that this subnetwork connectivity measure was negatively correlated with trait anxiety scores (P = .04), test-retest reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.57), specific to emotional face processing (F = 17.97, P < .001), and independent of gray matter volumes of the identified brain areas (F = 1.84, P = .18). Replicating previous results, no significant group differences were found in face-related amygdala activation and amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex connectivity (P corrected for familywise error =.37 and .11, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our results indicate that altered connectivity in a visual-limbic subnetwork during emotional face processing may be a functional connectomic intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. The phenotype is reliable, task specific, related to trait anxiety, and associated with manifest illness. These data encourage the further investigation of this phenotype in clinical and pharmacologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Cao
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy3Biomarkers and Clinical Imaging, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Axel Schäfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Leila Haddad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Otto
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luanna Dixson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany6Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany7Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany9Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany6Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany7Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany11Department of Biomedic
| | - Markus Noethen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany6Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany7Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Winkelmann T, Thayer JF, Pohlack S, Nees F, Grimm O, Flor H. Structural brain correlates of heart rate variability in a healthy young adult population. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1061-1068. [PMID: 26801184 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The high frequency component of heart rate variability (HRV) has reliably been shown to serve as an index of autonomic inhibitory control and is increasingly considered as a biomarker of adaptability and health. While several functional neuroimaging studies identified associations between regional cerebral blood flow and HRV, studies on structural brain correlates of HRV are scarce. We investigated whether interindividual differences in HRV are related to brain morphology in healthy humans. Thirty participants underwent HRV recording at rest subsequent to structural magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical reconstruction and subcortical volumetry were performed with the Freesurfer image analysis suite. The amount of resting HRV was positively correlated with the cortical thickness of an area within the right anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC). Consistent with existing studies implicating forebrain regions in cardiac regulation, our findings show that the thickness of the right aMCC is associated with the degree of parasympathetic regulation of heart rate. Evidence for the neural correlates of interindividual differences in HRV may complement our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the association between HRV and self-regulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Winkelmann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbia, OH, USA
| | - Sebastian Pohlack
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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48
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Harring SV, Canamero M, Korski K, Marchal G, Grimm O, Ferreira C, Bredno J, Chefd`hotel C, Gaire F. Abstract B47: Unraveling tumor metabolism with in silico IHC multiplexing supported by automated imaging analysis. Mol Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.metca15-b47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of our study is to understand and characterize tumor biology and its metabolism by evaluating some of the most relevant hallmarks of cancer like hypoxia, apoptosis, tumor proliferation, angiogenesis and immune status.
We selected from our tissue bank FFPE blocks from 3 main tumor indications (CRC, GC, RCC) analyzed with 9 different markers: CA9, CC3, Ki67, CD34, aSMA, Podoplanin, CD3, CD8 and FOXP3 in consecutive sections. We applied 2 triplex, one duplex and one single IHC assays. After quality check made by board certified pathologist, all slides were scanned with the iScan-HT scanner (VENTANA) at 20x magnification and the whole slide sections were analyzed with help of automated imaging algorithms developed in house.
Tumors harbor different metabolic states. Our cutting-edge approach enables comprehensive understanding of the interactions among different tumor components with respect to tumor metabolism and immune infiltration. Our automated image analysis tool is able to reconstruct and understand the architectural patterns of different tumor metabolic states and to show distribution of hypoxia (CA9), proliferation (Ki67), cell death (CC3), angiogenesis (CD34/aSMA/Podoplanin) and immune cells (CD8/CD3, FOXP3).
Deep understanding of tumor biology and metabolism is crucial for guiding drug development and overcoming challenges in clinical translation.
Citation Format: Suzana Vega Harring, Marta Canamero, Konstanty Korski, Georges Marchal, Oliver Grimm, Claudia Ferreira, Joerg Bredno, Christophe Chefd`hotel, Fabien Gaire. Unraveling tumor metabolism with in silico IHC multiplexing supported by automated imaging analysis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr B47.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Grimm
- 1Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany,
| | | | - Joerg Bredno
- 2Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, Mountain View, CA
| | | | - Fabien Gaire
- 1Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany,
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Grimm O, Gass N, Weber-Fahr W, Sartorius A, Schenker E, Spedding M, Risterucci C, Schweiger JI, Böhringer A, Zang Z, Tost H, Schwarz AJ, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Acute ketamine challenge increases resting state prefrontal-hippocampal connectivity in both humans and rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4231-41. [PMID: 26184011 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aberrant prefrontal-hippocampal (PFC-HC) connectivity is disrupted in several psychiatric and at-risk conditions. Advances in rodent functional imaging have opened the possibility that this phenotype could serve as a translational imaging marker for psychiatric research. Recent evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies has indicated an increase in PFC-HC coupling during working-memory tasks in both schizophrenic patients and at-risk populations, in contrast to a decrease in resting-state PFC-HC connectivity. Acute ketamine challenge is widely used in both humans and rats as a pharmacological model to study the mechanisms of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction in the context of psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES We aimed to establish whether acute ketamine challenge has consistent effects in rats and humans by investigating resting-state fMRI PFC-HC connectivity and thus to corroborate its potential utility as a translational probe. METHODS Twenty-four healthy human subjects (12 females, mean age 25 years) received intravenous doses of either saline (placebo) or ketamine (0.5 mg/kg body weight). Eighteen Sprague-Dawley male rats received either saline or ketamine (25 mg/kg). Resting-state fMRI measurements took place after injections, and the data were analyzed for PFC-HC functional connectivity. RESULTS In both species, ketamine induced a robust increase in PFC-HC coupling, in contrast to findings in chronic schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS This translational comparison demonstrates a cross-species consistency in pharmacological effect and elucidates ketamine-induced alterations in PFC-HC coupling, a phenotype often disrupted in pathological conditions, which may give clue to understanding of psychiatric disorders and their onset, and help in the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natalia Gass
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Esther Schenker
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy s/Seine, France
| | | | - Celine Risterucci
- CNS Biomarker, Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janina Isabel Schweiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Böhringer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Zhenxiang Zang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Adam James Schwarz
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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Mohnke S, Erk S, Schnell K, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Schmierer P, Romund L, Garbusow M, Wackerhagen C, Ripke S, Grimm O, Haller L, Witt SH, Degenhardt F, Tost H, Heinz A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Walter H. Theory of mind network activity is altered in subjects with familial liability for schizophrenia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:299-307. [PMID: 26341902 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidenced by a multitude of studies, abnormalities in Theory of Mind (ToM) and its neural processing might constitute an intermediate phenotype of schizophrenia. If so, neural alterations during ToM should be observable in unaffected relatives of patients as well, since they share a considerable amount of genetic risk. While behaviorally, impaired ToM function is confirmed meta-analytically in relatives, evidence on aberrant function of the neural ToM network is sparse and inconclusive. The present study therefore aimed to further explore the neural correlates of ToM in relatives of schizophrenia. About 297 controls and 63 unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia performed a ToM task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Consistent with the literature relatives exhibited decreased activity of the medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, increased recruitment of the right middle temporal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex was found, which was related to subclinical paranoid symptoms in relatives. These results further support decreased medial prefrontal activation during ToM as an intermediate phenotype of genetic risk for schizophrenia. Enhanced recruitment of posterior ToM areas in relatives might indicate inefficiency mechanisms in the presence of genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Schnell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phöbe Schmierer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Romund
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Wackerhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg; Germany, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leila Haller
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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