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Zhao X, Li D, Zhu J, Fan Y, Xu J, Huang X, Nie Z, Chen D. Stably Grafting Polymer Brushes on Both Active and Inert Surfaces Using Tadpole-Like Single-Chain Particles with an Interactive "Head". ACS Macro Lett 2024:882-888. [PMID: 38953383 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We report a "grafting to" method for stably grafting high-molecular-weight polymer brushes on both active and inert surfaces using tadpole-like single-chain particles (TSCPs) with an interactive "head" as grafting units. The TSCPs can be efficiently synthesized through intrachain cross-linking one block of a diblock copolymer; the "head" is the intrachain cross-linked single-chain particle, and the "tail" is a linear polymer chain that has a contour length up to micrometers. When grafted to a surface, the "head", integrating numerous interacting groups, can synergize multiple weak interactions with the surface, thereby enabling stable grafting of the "tail" on both active and traditionally challenging inert surfaces. Because the structural parameters and composition of the "heads" and "tails" can be separately adjusted over a wide range, the interactivity of the "heads" with the surface and properties of the brushes can be controlled orthogonally, accomplishing surface brushes that cannot be achieved by existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahua Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Fan
- The Dow Chemical Company, 936 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayun Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
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2
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Williams-Pavlantos K, Mokarizadeh AH, Curole BJ, Grayson SM, Tsige M, Wesdemiotis C. Elucidation of Dithiol-yne Comb Polymer Architectures by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1665. [PMID: 38932016 PMCID: PMC11207239 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers have a wide range of applications depending on their composition, size, and architecture. Varying any of these three characteristics can greatly impact the resulting chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. While many techniques are available to determine polymer composition and size, determining the exact polymer architecture is more challenging. Herein, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) methods are utilized to derive crucial architectural information about dithiol-yne comb polymers. Based on their unique fragmentation products and IM drift times, dithiol-yne oligomers with distinct architectures were successfully differentiated and characterized. Additionally, experimental collision cross-sections (Ω) derived via IM-MS were compared to theoretically extracted Ω values from molecular dynamics simulated structures to deduce the architectural motif of these comb oligomers. Overall, this work demonstrates the benefits of combining various mass spectrometry techniques in order to gain a complete understanding of a complex polymer mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdol Hadi Mokarizadeh
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (A.H.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Brennan J. Curole
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (A.H.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA;
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (A.H.M.); (M.T.)
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3
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Wang C, Zhao H. Synthesis of Polymer Brushes on Tannic Acid-Coated Copper Particles and Surface Co-Assembly. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1587. [PMID: 38891533 PMCID: PMC11175133 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of polymer brushes on inorganic particles is an effective approach to surface modification. The polymer brushes on the surface endow the substrates with new surface properties. However, the lack of functional groups and the difficulty of surface modification have made it difficult to develop an effective method for the synthesis of polymer brushes on metal surfaces. Herein, a simple and versatile strategy for synthesizing polymer brushes on copper particles is reported. Tannic acid (TA) molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of copper particles, forming TA coatings. Quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-polystyrene (qPDMAEMA-b-PS) block copolymer (BCP) chains are grafted on the TA coatings through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction, and PS brushes are grafted on the copper particles. The effects of TA concentration on the adsorption of TA and PS brush synthesis are discussed. The PS brushes are able to form surface nanostructures on the copper particles through co-assembly with PDMAEMA-b-PS BCP chains. The effect of BCP concentration on the surface nanostructures is investigated. It is reasonable to expect that polymer brushes and surface nanostructures can be synthesized on different metal surfaces by using the TA-coating approach reported in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
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4
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Chadha J, Thakur N, Chhibber S, Harjai K. A comprehensive status update on modification of foley catheter to combat catheter-associated urinary tract infections and microbial biofilms. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:168-195. [PMID: 36651058 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2167593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Present-day healthcare employs several types of invasive devices, including urinary catheters, to improve medical wellness, the clinical outcome of disease, and the quality of patient life. Among urinary catheters, the Foley catheter is most commonly used in patients for bladder drainage and collection of urine. Although such devices are very useful for patients who cannot empty their bladder for various reasons, they also expose patients to catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Catheter provides an ideal surface for bacterial colonization and biofilm formation, resulting in persistent bacterial infection and severe complications. Hence, rigorous efforts have been made to develop catheters that harbour antimicrobial and anti-fouling properties to resist colonization by bacterial pathogens. In this regard, catheter modification by surface functionalization, impregnation, blending, or coating with antibiotics, bioactive compounds, and nanoformulations have proved to be effective in controlling biofilm formation. This review attempts to illustrate the complications associated with indwelling Foley catheters, primarily focussing on challenges in fighting CAUTI, catheter colonization, and biofilm formation. In this review, we also collate scientific literature on catheter modification using antibiotics, plant bioactive components, bacteriophages, nanoparticles, and studies demonstrating their efficacy through in vitro and in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navdisha Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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5
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Eder T, Mautner A, Xu Y, Reithofer MR, Bismarck A, Chin JM. Transparent PDMS Surfaces with Covalently Attached Lubricants for Enhanced Anti-adhesion Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10942-10952. [PMID: 38350021 PMCID: PMC10910447 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-like surfaces featuring slippery, omniphobic, covalently attached liquids (SOCALs) reduce unwanted adhesion by providing a molecularly smooth and slippery surface arising from the high mobility of the liquid chains. Such SOCALs are commonly prepared on hard substrates, such as glass, wafers, or metal oxides, despite the importance of nonpolar elastomeric substrates, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in anti-fouling or nonstick applications. Compared to polar elastomers, hydrophobic PDMS elastomer activation and covalent functionalization are significantly more challenging, as PDMS tends to display fast hydrophobic recovery upon activation as well as superficial cracking. Through the extraction of excess PDMS oligomers and fine-tuning of plasma activation parameters, homogeneously functionalized PDMS with fluorinated polysiloxane brushes could be obtained while at the same time reducing crack formation. Polymer brush mobility was increased through the addition of a smaller molecular silane linker to exhibit enhanced dewetting properties and reduced substrate swelling compared to functionalizations featuring hydrocarbon functionalities. Linear polymer brushes were verified by thermogravimetric analysis. The optical properties of PDMS remained unaffected by the activation in high-frequency plasma but were impacted by low-frequency plasma. Drastic decreases in solid adhesion of not just complex contaminants but even ice could be shown in horizontal push tests, demonstrating the potential of SOCAL-functionalized PDMS surfaces for improved nonstick applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Eder
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry and Research, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry and Research, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Donau, Austria
| | - Yufeng Xu
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael R. Reithofer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry and Research, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington
Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jia Min Chin
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Zimmermann P, Frohs S, Wiesing M, Meena K, Nagel J. Efficient Approach for Direct Robust Surface Grafting of Polyethyleneimine onto a Polyester Surface during Moulding. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:644. [PMID: 38475327 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper uses a very effective way for surface modification of thermoplastic polymers during moulding. It is based on a grafting reaction between a thin layer of a functional polymer, deposited on a substrate in advance, and a polymer melt. In this paper, a glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) that was brought in contact with a polyethyleneimine layer during fused filament fabrication is investigated. The focus of this paper is the investigation of the reaction product. Grafting was realised by the formation of stable amide bonds by amidation of ester groups in the main chain of a PETG. XPS investigations revealed that the conversion of amino groups was very high, the distribution was even, and the quantity of amino groups per polyester surface area was still very high. The surface properties of the produced polyester part were mainly characterised by polyethyleneimine. The grafting was able to resist several cycles of extraction in alkaline solutions. The stability was only limited by saponification of the polyester. The degree of surface modification was dependent on the molar mass of polyethyleneimine. This could be rationalised, because grafting only occurred with the one polyethyleneimine molecule that is in close vicinity to the polyester surface when both components come in contact. Fused deposition modelling was chosen as the model process with control over each processing step. However, any other moulding process may be applied, particularly injection moulding for mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmermann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Silven Frohs
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesing
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kamal Meena
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Nagel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Wang C, Zhao H. Polymer Brushes and Surface Nanostructures: Molecular Design, Precise Synthesis, and Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2439-2464. [PMID: 38279930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
For over two decades, polymer brushes have found wide applications in industry and scientific research. Now, polymer brush research has been a significant research focus in the community of polymer science. In this review paper, we give an introduction to the synthesis, self-assembly, and applications of one-dimensional (1D) polymer brushes on polymer backbones, two-dimensional (2D) polymer brushes on flat surfaces, and three-dimensional (3D) polymer brushes on spherical particles. Examples of the synthesis of polymer brushes on different substrates are provided. Studies on the formation of the surface nanostructures on solid surfaces are also reviewed in this article. Multicomponent polymer brushes on solid surfaces are able to self-assemble into surface micelles (s-micelles). If the s-micelles are linked to the substrates through cleavable linkages, the s-micelles can be cleaved from the substrates, and the cleaved s-micelles are able to self-assemble into hierarchical structures. The formation of the surface nanostructures by coassembly of polymer brushes and "free" polymer chains (coassembly approach) or polymerization-induced surface self-assembly approach, is discussed. The applications of the polymer brushes in colloid and biomedical science are summarized. Finally, perspectives on the development of polymer brushes are offered in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hanying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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8
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Tang Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zheng J. Perspectives on Theoretical Models and Molecular Simulations of Polymer Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1487-1502. [PMID: 38153400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes have witnessed extensive utilization and progress, driven by their distinct attributes in surface modification, tethered group functionality, and tailored interactions at the nanoscale, enabling them for various scientific and industrial applications of coatings, sensors, switchable/responsive materials, nanolithography, and lab-on-a-chips. Despite the wealth of experimental investigations into polymer brushes, this review primarily focuses on computational studies of antifouling polymer brushes with a strong emphasis on achieving a molecular-level understanding and structurally designing antifouling polymer brushes. Computational exploration covers three realms of thermotical models, molecular simulations, and machine-learning approaches to elucidate the intricate relationship between composition, structure, and properties concerning polymer brushes in the context of nanotribology, surface hydration, and packing conformation. Upon acknowledging the challenges currently faced, we extend our perspectives toward future research directions by delineating potential avenues and unexplored territories. Our overarching objective is to advance our foundational comprehension and practical utilization of polymer brushes for antifouling applications, leveraging the synergy between computational methods and materials design to drive innovation in this crucial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Tang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yonglan Liu
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Dong Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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9
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Torres VM, Furton E, Sevening JN, Lloyd EC, Fukuto M, Li R, Pagan DC, Beese AM, Vogt BD, Hickey RJ. Revealing Deformation Mechanisms in Polymer-Grafted Thermoplastic Elastomers via In Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:57941-57949. [PMID: 37816032 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The tunable properties of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), through polymer chemistry manipulations, enable these technologically critical materials to be employed in a broad range of applications. The need to "dial-in" the mechanical properties and responses of TPEs generally requires the design and synthesis of new macromolecules. In these designs, TPEs with nonlinear macromolecular architectures outperform the mechanical properties of their linear copolymer counterparts, but the differences in the deformation mechanism providing enhanced performance are unknown. Here, in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements during uniaxial extension reveal distinct deformation mechanisms between a commercially available linear poly(styrene)-poly(butadiene)-poly(styrene) (SBS) triblock copolymer and the grafted SBS version containing grafted poly(styrene) (PS) chains from the poly(butadiene) (PBD) midblock. The neat SBS (φSBS = 100%) sample deforms congruently with the macroscopic dimensions, with the domain spacing between spheres increasing and decreasing along and transverse to the stretch direction, respectively. At high extensions, end segment pullout from the PS-rich domains is detected, which is indicated by a disordering of SBS. Conversely, the PS-grafted SBS that is 30 vol % SBS and 70% styrene (φSBS = 30%) exhibits a lamellar morphology, and in situ SAXS measurements reveal an unexpected deformation mechanism. During deformation, there are two simultaneous processes: significant lamellar domain rearrangement to preferentially orient the lamellae planes parallel to the stretch direction and crazing. The samples whiten at high strains as expected for crazing, which corresponds with the emergence of features in the 2D SAXS pattern during stretching consistent with fibril-like structures that bridge the voids in crazes. The significant domain rearrangement in the grafted copolymers is attributed to the new junctions formed across multiple PS domains by the grafting of a single chain. The in situ SAXS measurements provide insights into the enhanced mechanical properties of grafted copolymers that arise through improved physical cross-linking that leads to nanostructure domain reorientation for self-reinforcement and craze formation where fibrils help to strengthen the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Torres
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Erik Furton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jensen N Sevening
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Elisabeth C Lloyd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Darren C Pagan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Allison M Beese
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Hofmaier M, Flemming P, Guskova O, Münch AS, Uhlmann P, Müller M. Swelling and Orientation Behavior of End-Grafted Polymer Chains by In Situ Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Complementing In Situ Ellipsometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16219-16230. [PMID: 37941338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The literature lacks established concrete parameters for assigning grafted chain regimes. In this context, dichroic in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and in situ ellipsometry were used complementarily, offering new opportunities for conformational analysis of end-grafted polymer chains. Especially polymer chain orientation was studied as a new parameter, among others, for proper chain regime assignment in this report. Alkyne-functionalized poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) with a molecular weight of 49.8 kg/mol and a contour length of around 80 nm was grafted to self-assembled monolayers bearing triazole end groups as reported. Different chain regimes were generated by using three different grafting densities. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy based on the ν(C═O) stretching vibration at around 1728 cm-1 provided a new direct approach to determine the GD of polymer chains. Significant shifts in the position of the ν(C═O) band comparing dry and wet states were observed, caused by increased hydrogen bonding interactions between PDMAEMA and water. Finally, the averaged orientation of PDMAEMA chains along the z-axis was determined using dichroic ATR-FTIR spectroscopy based on the dichroic ratios of the ν(C═O) band and molecular order parameters SZ,MOL calculated thereof. High SZ,MOL values were found for the wet state compared to the dry state, confirming that all GD PDMAEMA samples are in the brush regime in the swollen state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Hofmaier
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden (TUD), Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Patricia Flemming
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden (TUD), Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Institut Theorie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Kaitzer Straße 4, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander S Münch
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden (TUD), Mommsenstraße 4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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Snipes RT, Melara M, Tiiara A, Owens J, Luzinov I. Fluorine-Free Extinguishing of a Hydrocarbon Pool Fire with a Suspension of Glass Bubbles Grafted with Nanoscale Polymer Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49749-49761. [PMID: 37815891 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The current most efficient solution to extinguish liquid hydrocarbon (class B) pool fires involves fire-fighting foams containing fluorinated surfactants. However, fluorocarbon surfactants are unsafe due to their environmental persistence and negative toxicological/bioaccumulative impact. To this end, we show that fluorine-free aqueous suspensions of Glass Bubbles (GB) modified with hydrophilic polymer grafted layers can efficiently extinguish hydrocarbon pool fires. Namely, GB grafted with poly(oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA), GB-G was fabricated employing "grafting-through" and "grafting-from" methods and used to obtain the suspensions. It was found that the GB suspension, with a grafted layer of higher molecular weight and lower grafting density (GB-GL), proved superior to the more densely grafted GB-GH and nongrafted GB-0 system. The GB-GL suspensions displayed less negative spreading coefficients and viscosities lower than those of GB-GH/GB-0 compositions. When siloxane-polyoxyethylene surfactant was added to all GB suspensions, the interfacial properties were dominated by the surfactant, with all suspensions having the same positive spreading coefficient. However, the GB-GL-surfactant composition had the lowest viscosity among the suspensions studied in this work. Specifically, the viscosity of GB-GH and GB-0 suspensions at a shear rate of 77 s-1 was ∼110% and 70% higher than that of GB-GL. Due to the lower viscosity, the GB-GL suspension demonstrated the most efficient spreading over model hydrocarbon solid (polyethylene) and liquid (hexadecane) surfaces when the surfactant was added. The suspension also showed the best performance in the retardation of hexane evaporation when placed over the heated hexane pool. After 50 min, the amount of hexane that evaporated through GB-GH and GB-0 suspensions was ∼8 and 11 times higher, respectively, compared to the GB-GL suspension. We found that the GB-GL-surfactant system was the most efficient GB suspension in extinguishing the fire due to its superior spreading and sealing ability. It was within 10% of fluorine-containing foam's fire extinguishment performance. The GB suspensions are much safer in terms of burnback resistance as a torch applied directly to the suspension after extinguishment could not reignite the fire. The GB material is recyclable, since it can be collected and reused after application to a fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall T Snipes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Mauricio Melara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Andrii Tiiara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Jeffery Owens
- Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall AFB, Panama City, Florida 32403, United States
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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12
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Hu X, Wang T, Li F, Mao X. Surface modifications of biomaterials in different applied fields. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20495-20511. [PMID: 37435384 PMCID: PMC10331796 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02248j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial implantation into the human body plays a key role in the medical field and biological applications. Increasing the life expectancy of biomaterial implants, reducing the rejection reaction inside the human body and reducing the risk of infection are the problems in this field that need to be solved urgently. The surface modification of biomaterials can change the original physical, chemical and biological properties and improve the function of materials. This review focuses on the application of surface modification techniques in various fields of biomaterials reported in the past few years. The surface modification techniques include film and coating synthesis, covalent grafting, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), plasma surface modification and other strategies. First, a brief introduction to these surface modification techniques for biomaterials is given. Subsequently, the review focuses on how these techniques change the properties of biomaterials, and evaluates the effects of modification on the cytocompatibility, antibacterial, antifouling and surface hydrophobic properties of biomaterials. In addition, the implications for the design of biomaterials with different functions are discussed. Finally, based on this review, it is expected that the biomaterials have development prospects in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Faqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
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13
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Teunissen LW, Smulders MMJ, Zuilhof H. Modular and Substrate-Independent Grafting-To Procedure for Functional Polymer Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37216307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tailor polymer brush coatings to the last nanometer has arguably placed them among the most powerful surface modification techniques currently available. Generally, the synthesis procedures for polymer brushes are designed for a specific surface type and monomer functionality and cannot be easily employed otherwise. Herein, we describe a modular and straightforward two-step grafting-to approach that allows introduction of polymer brushes of a desired functionality onto a large range of chemically different substrates. To illustrate the modularity of the procedure, gold, silicon oxide (SiO2), and polyester-coated glass substrates were modified with five different block copolymers. In short, the substrates were first modified with a universally applicable poly(dopamine) primer layer. Subsequently, a grafting-to reaction was performed on the poly(dopamine) films using five distinct block copolymers, all of which contained a short poly(glycidyl methacrylate) segment and longer segment of varying chemical functionality. Ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and static water contact angle measurements confirmed successful grafting of all five block copolymers to the poly(dopamine)-modified gold, SiO2, and polyester-coated glass substrates. In addition, our method was used to provide direct access to binary brush coatings, by simultaneous grafting of two different polymer materials. The ability to synthesize binary brush coatings further adds to the versatility of our approach and paves the way toward production of novel multifunctional and responsive polymer coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas W Teunissen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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14
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Harman M, Champaigne K, Cobb W, Lu X, Chawla V, Wei L, Luzinov I, Mefford OT, Nagatomi J. A Novel Bio-Adhesive Mesh System for Medical Implant Applications: In Vivo Assessment in a Rabbit Model. Gels 2023; 9:372. [PMID: 37232966 PMCID: PMC10217475 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Injectable surgical sealants and adhesives, such as biologically derived fibrin gels and synthetic hydrogels, are widely used in medical products. While such products adequately adhere to blood proteins and tissue amines, they have poor adhesion with polymer biomaterials used in medical implants. To address these shortcomings, we developed a novel bio-adhesive mesh system utilizing the combined application of two patented technologies: a bifunctional poloxamine hydrogel adhesive and a surface modification technique that provides a poly-glycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) layer grafted with human serum albumin (HSA) to form a highly adhesive protein surface on polymer biomaterials. Our initial in vitro tests confirmed significantly improved adhesive strength for PGMA/HSA grafted polypropylene mesh fixed with the hydrogel adhesive compared to unmodified mesh. Toward the development of our bio-adhesive mesh system for abdominal hernia repair, we evaluated its surgical utility and in vivo performance in a rabbit model with retromuscular repair mimicking the totally extra-peritoneal surgical technique used in humans. We assessed mesh slippage/contraction using gross assessment and imaging, mesh fixation using tensile mechanical testing, and biocompatibility using histology. Compared to polypropylene mesh fixed with fibrin sealant, our bio-adhesive mesh system exhibited superior fixation without the gross bunching or distortion that was observed in the majority (80%) of the fibrin-fixed polypropylene mesh. This was evidenced by tissue integration within the bio-adhesive mesh pores after 42 days of implantation and adhesive strength sufficient to withstand the physiological forces expected in hernia repair applications. These results support the combined use of PGMA/HSA grafted polypropylene and bifunctional poloxamine hydrogel adhesive for medical implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Harman
- 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- School of Medicine Greenville, Prisma Health Upstate, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Kevin Champaigne
- 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Circa Bioscience, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - William Cobb
- School of Medicine Greenville, Prisma Health Upstate, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Xinyue Lu
- 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | | | - Liying Wei
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - O. Thompson Mefford
- 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jiro Nagatomi
- 301 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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15
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Polymer brushes for friction control: Contributions of molecular simulations. Biointerphases 2023; 18:010801. [PMID: 36653299 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
When polymer chains are grafted to solid surfaces at sufficiently high density, they form brushes that can modify the surface properties. In particular, polymer brushes are increasingly being used to reduce friction in water-lubricated systems close to the very low levels found in natural systems, such as synovial joints. New types of polymer brush are continually being developed to improve with lower friction and adhesion, as well as higher load-bearing capacities. To complement experimental studies, molecular simulations are increasingly being used to help to understand how polymer brushes reduce friction. In this paper, we review how molecular simulations of polymer brush friction have progressed from very simple coarse-grained models toward more detailed models that can capture the effects of brush topology and chemistry as well as electrostatic interactions for polyelectrolyte brushes. We pay particular attention to studies that have attempted to match experimental friction data of polymer brush bilayers to results obtained using molecular simulations. We also critically look at the remaining challenges and key limitations to overcome and propose future modifications that could potentially improve agreement with experimental studies, thus enabling molecular simulations to be used predictively to modify the brush structure for optimal friction reduction.
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16
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Purohit P, Bhatt A, Mittal RK, Abdellattif MH, Farghaly TA. Polymer Grafting and its chemical reactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1044927. [PMID: 36714621 PMCID: PMC9874337 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1044927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer grafting is a technique to improve the morphology, chemical, and physical properties of the polymer. This technique has the potential to improve the existing conduction and properties of polymers other than charge transport; as a result, it enhances the solubility, nano-dimensional morphology, biocompatibility, bio-communication, and other property of parent polymer. A polymer's physicochemical properties can be modified even further by creating a copolymer with another polymer or by grafting. Here in the various chemical approaches for polymer grafting, like free radical, click reaction, amide formation, and alkylation have been discussed with their importance, moreover the process and its importance are covered comprehensively with their scientific explanation. The present review also covers the effectiveness of the graft-to approaches and its application in various fields, which will give reader a glimpse about polymer grafting and its uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Purohit
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India,*Correspondence: Priyank Purohit, ,
| | - Akanksha Bhatt
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | | | | | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Chiarcos R, Perego M, Laus M. Polymer Brushes by Grafting to Reaction in Melt: New Insights into the Mechanism. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO) Viale T. Michel 11 Alessandria 15121 Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR‐IMM Unit of Agrate Brianza Via C. Olivetti 2 Agrate Brianza 20864 Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT) Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO) Viale T. Michel 11 Alessandria 15121 Italy
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18
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Xu LC, Siedlecki CA. Surface Texturing and Combinatorial Approaches to Improve Biocompatibility of Implanted Biomaterials. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2022; 10:994438. [PMID: 38250242 PMCID: PMC10798815 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2022.994438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Biomaterial associated microbial infection and blood thrombosis are two of the barriers that inhibit the successful use of implantable medical devices in modern healthcare. Modification of surface topography is a promising approach to combat microbial infection and thrombosis without altering bulk material properties necessary for device function and without contributing to bacterial antibiotic resistance. Similarly, the use of other antimicrobial techniques such as grafting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and nitric oxide (NO) release also improve the biocompatibility of biomaterials. In this review, we discuss the development of surface texturing techniques utilizing ordered submicron-size pillars for controlling bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, and we present combinatorial approaches utilizing surface texturing in combination with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafting and NO release to improve the biocompatibility of biomaterials. The manuscript also discusses efforts towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion responses to the surface texturing and NO releasing biomaterials, focusing on experimental aspects of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chong Xu
- Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Christopher A. Siedlecki
- Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
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19
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Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms are considered to a major threat to human health, impinging on multiple sectors including hospitals, dentistry, food storage and packaging, and water contamination. Due to the increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance shown by pathogens, often caused by long-term abuse or overuse of traditional antimicrobial drugs, new approaches and solutions are necessary. In this area, antimicrobial polymers are a viable solution to combat a variety of pathogens in a number of contexts. Indeed, polymers with intrinsic antimicrobial activities have long been an intriguing research area, in part, due to their widespread natural abundance in materials such as chitin, chitosan, carrageen, pectin, and the fact that they can be tethered to surfaces without losing their antimicrobial activities. In addition, since the discovery of the strong antimicrobial activity of some synthetic polymers, much work has focused on revealing the most effective structural elements that give rise to optimal antimicrobial properties. This has often been synthesis targeted, with the generation of either new polymers or the modification of natural antimicrobial polymers with the addition of antimicrobial enhancing modalities such as quaternary ammonium or guanidinium groups. In this review, the growing number of polymers showing intrinsic antimicrobial properties from the past decade are highlighted in terms of synthesis; often based on post-synthesis modification and their utilization. This includes as surface coatings, for example on medical devices, such as intravascular catheters, orthopaedic implants and contact lenses, or directly as antibacterial agents (specifically as eye drops). Surface functionalisation with inherently antimicrobial polymers is highlighted and has been achieved via various techniques, including surface-bound initiators allowing RAFT or ATRP surface-based polymerization, or via physical immobilization such as by layer-by-layer techniques. This article also covers the mechanistic modes of action of intrinsic antimicrobial polymers against bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Haktaniyan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK.
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20
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McDermott ST, Ward SP, Vy NCH, Wang Z, Morales-Acosta MD, Dobrynin AV, Adamson DH. Surface-Initiated Passing-Through Polymerization on a Rubber Substrate: Supplying Monomer from Swollen Substrates. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. McDermott
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Shawn P. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Ngoc Chau H. Vy
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Zilu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mayra Daniela Morales-Acosta
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Andrey V. Dobrynin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Douglas H. Adamson
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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21
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Seyedi M, Savchak M, Tiiara A, Luzinov I. Toward Mechanical Recycling of Polystyrene/Polypropylene Blends with Bottlebrush-Modified Graphene Oxide as a Compatibilizer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35074-35086. [PMID: 35876471 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The compatibilization of immiscible polystyrene/polypropylene (PS/PP) blends with virgin graphene oxide (GO-V) and GO modified with a bottlebrush reactive copolymer layer (GO-P) is reported. This practically important blend was chosen since, currently, PS and PP are recycled to a very low degree. The amphiphilic bottlebrush copolymer synthesized by us contained hydrophobic and hydrophilic side chains and was attached to the GO nanosheets via epoxy functionality. The GO modification and the introduction of GO into the blend were conducted from water. Thus, the introduction of the compatibilizing nanomaterial can be conducted during the mechanical recycling washing stage in a real-world situation. The final blend was prepared via melt mixing using an extruder. We examined the influence of GO modification and the mixing order on the blends' morphology, rheology, and mechanical properties. Thermodynamic calculations predicted a higher interfacial activity of GO nanosheets in PS/PP/GO-P blends than that in PS/PP/GO-V blends. The morphological and rheological study assessed this prediction. It was demonstrated that the bottlebrush-modified GO-P sheets were readily driven to the PS/PP interphase. The mechanical measurements showed enhanced mechanical properties for PS/PP/GO-P blends, especially for those in which GO was first premixed with PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastooreh Seyedi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Mykhailo Savchak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Andrii Tiiara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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22
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Flemming P, Fery A, Münch AS, Uhlmann P. Does Chain Confinement Affect Thermoresponsiveness? A Comparative Study of the LCST and Induced UCST Transition of Tailored Grafting-to Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Flemming
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Münch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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23
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Wang C, Zhao H. Polymer brush-based nanostructures: from surface self-assembly to surface co-assembly. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5138-5152. [PMID: 35781482 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00458e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface structures play an important role in the practical applications of materials. The synthesis of polymer brushes on a solid surface has emerged as an effective tool for tuning surface properties. The fabrication of polymer brush-based surface nanostructures has greatly facilitated the development of materials with unique surface properties. In this review article, synthetic methods used in the synthesis of polymer brushes, and self-assembly approaches applied in the fabrication of surface nanostructures including self-assembly of polymer brushes, co-assembly of polymer brushes and "free" block copolymer chains, and polymerization induced surface self-assembly, are reviewed. It is demonstrated that polymer brush-based surface nanostructures, including spherical surface micelles, wormlike surface structures, layered structures and surface vesicles, can be fabricated. Meanwhile, the challenges in the synthesis and applications of the surface nanostructures are discussed. This review is expected to be helpful for understanding the principles, methods and applications of polymer brush-based surface nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education. Nankai University, Weijing Road #94, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hanying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education. Nankai University, Weijing Road #94, Tianjin 300071, China.
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24
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Açarı İK, Sel E, Özcan İ, Ateş B, Köytepe S, Thakur VK. Chemistry and engineering of brush type polymers: Perspective towards tissue engineering. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 305:102694. [PMID: 35597039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, it is imperative to control the behaviour of cells/stem cells, such as adhesion, proliferation, propagation, motility, and differentiation for tissue regeneration. Surfaces that allow cells to behave in this way are critical as support materials in tissue engineering. Among these surfaces, brush-type polymers have an important potential for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Brush structure and length, end groups, bonding densities, hydrophilicity, surface energy, structural flexibility, thermal stability, surface chemical reactivity, rheological and tribological properties, electron and energy transfer ability, cell binding and absorption abilities for various biological molecules of brush-type polymers were increased its importance in tissue engineering applications. In addition, thanks to these functional properties and adjustable surface properties, brush type polymers are used in different high-tech applications such as electronics, sensors, anti-fouling, catalysis, purification and energy etc. This review comprehensively highlights the use of brush-type polymers in tissue engineering applications. Considering the superior properties of brush-type polymer structures, it is believed that in the future, it will be an effective tool in structure designs containing many different biomolecules (enzymes, proteins, etc.) in the field of tissue engineering.
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25
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Drobota M, Ursache S, Aflori M. Surface Functionalities of Polymers for Biomaterial Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122307. [PMID: 35745883 PMCID: PMC9229900 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes of a material biointerface allow for specialized cell signaling and diverse biological responses. Biomaterials incorporating immobilized bioactive ligands have been widely introduced and used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications in order to develop biomaterials with improved functionality. Furthermore, a variety of physical and chemical techniques have been utilized to improve biomaterial functionality, particularly at the material interface. At the interface level, the interactions between materials and cells are described. The importance of surface features in cell function is then examined, with new strategies for surface modification being highlighted in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioara Drobota
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Stefan Ursache
- Innovative Green Power, No. 5 Iancu Bacalu Street, 700029 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Magdalena Aflori
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence:
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26
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Grobelny A, Grobelny A, Zapotoczny S. Precise Stepwise Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Brushes Grafted from Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116162. [PMID: 35682845 PMCID: PMC9181774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are promising materials in optoelectronic applications, especially those forming ordered thin films. The processability of such conjugated macromolecules is typically enhanced by introducing bulky side chains, but it may affect their ordering and/or photophysical properties of the films. We show here the synthesis of surface-grafted D-A polymer brushes using alternating attachment of tailored monomers serving as electron donors (D) and acceptors (A) via coupling reactions. In such a stepwise procedure, alternating copolymer brushes consisting of thiophene and benzothiadiazole-based moieties with precisely tailored thickness and no bulky substituents were formed. The utilization of Sonogashira coupling was shown to produce densely packed molecular wires of tailored thickness, while Stille coupling and Huisgen cycloaddition were less efficient, likely because of the higher flexibility of D-A bridging groups. The D-A brushes exhibit reduced bandgaps, semiconducting properties and can form aggregates, which can be adjusted by changing the grafting density of the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grobelny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Artur Grobelny
- Selvita Services Sp. Z o.o., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-686-25-30
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27
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Ritsema van Eck G, Chiappisi L, de Beer S. Fundamentals and Applications of Polymer Brushes in Air. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:3062-3087. [PMID: 35601464 PMCID: PMC9112284 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, high-density, end-tethered polymers, forming so-called polymer brushes, have inspired scientists to understand their properties and to translate them to applications. While earlier research focused on polymer brushes in liquids, it was recently recognized that these brushes can find application in air as well. In this review, we report on recent progress in unraveling fundamental concepts of brushes in air, such as their vapor-swelling and solvent partitioning. Moreover, we provide an overview of the plethora of applications in air (e.g., in sensing, separations or smart adhesives) where brushes can be key components. To conclude, we provide an outlook by identifying open questions and issues that, when solved, will pave the way for the large scale application of brushes in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido
C. Ritsema van Eck
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Chiappisi
- Institut
Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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28
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Xue Y, Gao HM, Yu L, Zhang NN, Kang J, Wang CY, Lu ZY, Whittaker AK, Liu K. Physisorption of Poly(ethylene glycol) on Inorganic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6634-6645. [PMID: 35352548 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the most widely used polymer to decorate inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) by the "grafting-to" method for antifouling properties. PEG also shows diverse supramolecular interactions with nanoparticle surfaces and polar molecules, suggesting that the physisorption between PEG chains and NPs cannot be ignored in the "grafting-to" process. However, the effect of physisorption of PEG to NPs on the process of chemisorption has been rarely studied. Herein, we report that unfunctionalized PEG is physically adsorbed on various NPs by polyvalent supramolecular interactions, adopting "loop-and-train-tail" conformations. We investigated the effect of molecular weight of PEG and ligands of the NPs on the conformation of PEG chains by experimental methods and simulation. It is demonstrated that the physisorption of PEG on NPs can facilitate the chemisorption in the initial stages but delays it in the later stages during the "grafting-to" process. This work provides a deeper understanding of the conformation of physisorbed PEG on NPs and the relationship between physisorption and chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui-Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linxiuzi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Joint Research Center for Future Materials, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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29
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Getya D, Gitsov I. Reactive Cellu-mers-A Novel Approach to Improved Cellulose/Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1670. [PMID: 35566839 PMCID: PMC9103100 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a novel method for preparation of polymer composites with homogeneous dispersion of natural fibers in the polymer matrix. In our approach, Williamson ether synthesis is used to chemically modify cellulose with polymerizable styrene moieties and transform it into a novel multifunctional cellu-mer that can be further crosslinked by copolymerization with styrene. Reactions with model compounds (cellobiose and cellotriose) successfully confirm the viability of the new strategy. The same approach is used to transform commercially available cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) of various sizes: Sigmacell and Technocell™ 40, 90 and 150. The styrene-functionalized cellulose oligomers and CNFs are then mixed with styrene and copolymerized in bulk at 65 °C with 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The resulting composites are in a form of semi-interpenetrating networks (s-IPN), where poly(styrene) chains are either crosslinked with the uniformly dispersed cellulosic component or entangled through the network. Non-crosslinked poly(styrene) (31-41 w%) is extracted with CHCl3 and analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography to estimate the extent of homopolymerization and reveal the mechanism of the whole process. Electron microscopy analyses of the networks show the lack of cellu-mer agglomeration throughout the polymer matrix. The homogeneous distribution of cellulose entities leads to improved thermal and mechanical properties of the poly(styrene) composites compared to the physical mixtures of the same components and linear poly(styrene) of similar molecular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariya Getya
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York—ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Ivan Gitsov
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York—ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- The BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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30
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Dhingra S, Sharma S, Saha S. Infection Resistant Surface Coatings by Polymer Brushes: Strategies to Construct and Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1364-1390. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Dhingra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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31
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Murakami D, Yamazoe K, Nishimura SN, Kurahashi N, Ueda T, Miyawaki J, Ikemoto Y, Tanaka M, Harada Y. Hydration Mechanism in Blood-Compatible Polymers Undergoing Phase Separation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1090-1098. [PMID: 34994566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interactions involving intermediate water are crucial for the design of novel blood-compatible materials. Herein, we use a combination of atomic force microscopy, quartz crystal microbalance measurements, and soft X-ray emission spectroscopy to investigate the local hydrogen-bonded configuration of water on blood-compatible poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) and non-blood-compatible poly(n-butyl acrylate) grafted on a gold substrate. We find that the initially incorporated water induces polymer-dependent phase separation, facilitating further water uptake. For the blood-compatible polymer, tetrahedrally coordinated water coexists with water adsorbed on C═O groups in low-density regions of the grafted polymer surface, providing a scaffold for the formation of intermediate water. The amount of intermediate water is determined by the type of functional groups, local polymer configuration, and polymer morphology. Thus, blood compatibility is governed by the complex water/polymer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Murakami
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamazoe
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Nishimura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoya Kurahashi
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ueda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jun Miyawaki
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikemoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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32
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Ding Z, Chen C, Yu Y, de Beer S. Synthetic strategies to enhance the long-term stability of polymer brush coatings. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2430-2443. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-density, end-anchored macromolecules that form so-called polymer brushes are popular components of bio-inspired surface coatings. In a bio-memetic approach, they have been utilized to reduce friction, repel contamination and control...
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33
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Chiarcos R, Antonioli D, Gianotti V, Laus M, Munaò G, Milano G, De Nicola A, Perego M. Short vs. long chains competition during “ grafting to” process from melt. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00364c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A preferential grafting of short chains occurs during the “grafting to” reaction of hydroxy terminated P(S-st-MMA) blends consisting of short and long chains. The enrichment is enhanced when the chain length difference increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Milano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, University of Naples Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR-IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
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34
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SI-ATRP Decoration of Magnetic Nanoparticles with PHEMA and Post-Polymerization Modification with Folic Acid for Tumor Cells' Specific Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010155. [PMID: 35008582 PMCID: PMC8745432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted nanocarriers could reach new levels of drug delivery, bringing new tools for personalized medicine. It is known that cancer cells overexpress folate receptors on the cell surface compared to healthy cells, which could be used to create new nanocarriers with specific targeting moiety. In addition, magnetic nanoparticles can be guided under the influence of an external magnetic field in different areas of the body, allowing their precise localization. The main purpose of this paper was to decorate the surface of magnetic nanoparticles with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) by surface-initiated atomic transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) followed by covalent bonding of folic acid to side groups of the polymer to create a high specificity magnetic nanocarrier with increased internalization capacity in tumor cells. The biocompatibility of the nanocarriers was demonstrated by testing them on the NHDF cell line and folate-dependent internalization capacity was tested on three tumor cell lines: MCF-7, HeLa and HepG2. It has also been shown that a higher concentration of folic acid covalently bound to the polymer leads to a higher internalization in tumor cells compared to healthy cells. Last but not least, magnetic resonance imaging was used to highlight the magnetic properties of the functionalized nanoparticles obtained.
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35
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Murakami D, Nishimura SN, Tanaka Y, Tanaka M. Observing the repulsion layers on blood-compatible polymer-grafted interfaces by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 133:112596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Recent advances in the study of structure and properties of fiber composites with an epoxy matrix. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Durmaz EN, Sahin S, Virga E, de Beer S, de Smet LCPM, de Vos WM. Polyelectrolytes as Building Blocks for Next-Generation Membranes with Advanced Functionalities. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:4347-4374. [PMID: 34541543 PMCID: PMC8438666 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The global society is in a transition, where dealing with climate change and water scarcity are important challenges. More efficient separations of chemical species are essential to reduce energy consumption and to provide more reliable access to clean water. Here, membranes with advanced functionalities that go beyond standard separation properties can play a key role. This includes relevant functionalities, such as stimuli-responsiveness, fouling control, stability, specific selectivity, sustainability, and antimicrobial activity. Polyelectrolytes and their complexes are an especially promising system to provide advanced membrane functionalities. Here, we have reviewed recent work where advanced membrane properties stem directly from the material properties provided by polyelectrolytes. This work highlights the versatility of polyelectrolyte-based membrane modifications, where polyelectrolytes are not only applied as single layers, including brushes, but also as more complex polyelectrolyte multilayers on both porous membrane supports and dense membranes. Moreover, free-standing membranes can also be produced completely from aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions allowing much more sustainable approaches to membrane fabrication. The Review demonstrates the promise that polyelectrolytes and their complexes hold for next-generation membranes with advanced properties, while it also provides a clear outlook on the future of this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Nur Durmaz
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Sevil Sahin
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ettore Virga
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
- Wetsus, European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water
Technology, Oostergoweg
9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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38
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Ebrahimi H, Sharif F, Ramazani SA A. Synthesis and characterization of poly(L‐lactide)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐grafted titanium dioxide nanoparticles via ring‐opening in situ grafting polymerization. POLYMER COMPOSITES 2021; 42:3722-3731. [DOI: 10.1002/pc.26087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Farhad Sharif
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmad Ramazani SA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
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39
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Structure/Properties Relationship of Anionically Synthesized Diblock Copolymers " Grafted to" Chemically Modified Graphene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142308. [PMID: 34301065 PMCID: PMC8309249 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel approach to obtaining nanocomposite materials using anionic sequential polymerization and post-synthetic esterification reactions with chemically modified graphene sheets (CMGs) is reported. The anionically synthesized diblock copolymer precursors of the PS-b-PI-OH type were grafted to the chemically modified –COOH groups of the CMGs, giving rise to the final composite materials, namely polystyrene-b-poly(isoprene)-g-CMGs, which exhibited enhanced physicochemical properties. The successful synthesis was determined through multiple molecular characterization techniques together with thermogravimetric analysis for the verification of increased thermal stability, and the structure/properties relationship was justified through transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the arrangement of CMGs utilizing lamellar and cylindrical morphologies was studied in order to determine the effect of the loaded CMGs in the adopted topologies.
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40
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41
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Chung Y, Nam J, Son D, Lee H, Kim M, Paeng K. Direct Observations of Segmental Dynamics at the Polymer–Substrate Interface Enabled by Localizing Fluorescent Probes with Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yura Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Son
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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42
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Zhang M, Wang L, Liu Y, Li J. Effects of antioxidants, proteins, and their combination on emulsion oxidation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8137-8160. [PMID: 33998841 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1925869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation largely determines the quality of emulsion systems as well as their final products. Therefore, an increasing number of studies have focused on the control of lipid oxidation, particularly on its mechanism. In this review, we discuss the factors affecting the efficiency of antioxidants in emulsion systems, such as the free radical scavenging ability, specifically emphasizing on the interfacial behavior and the influence of surfactants on the interfacial distribution of antioxidants. To enhance the antioxidant efficiency of antioxidants in emulsion systems, we discussed whether the combination of antioxidants and proteins can improve antioxidant effects. The types, mixing applications, structures, interface behaviors, effects of surfactants on interfacial proteins, and the location of proteins are associated with the antioxidant effects of proteins in emulsion systems. Antioxidants and proteins can be combined in both covalent and non-covalent ways. The fabrication conditions, conjugation methods, interface behaviors, and characterization methods of these two combinations are also discussed. Our review provides useful information to guide better strategies for providing stability and controlling lipid oxidation in emulsions. The main challenges and future trends in controlling lipid oxidation in complex emulsion systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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43
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Johnson L, Gray DM, Niezabitowska E, McDonald TO. Multi-stimuli-responsive aggregation of nanoparticles driven by the manipulation of colloidal stability. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7879-7896. [PMID: 33881098 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to control the dispersed or aggregated state of colloidal particles is particularly attractive for facilitating a diverse range of smart applications. For this reason, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles have garnered much attention in recent years. Colloidal systems that exhibit multi-stimuli-responsive behaviour are particularly interesting materials due to the greater spatial and temporal control they display in terms of dispersion/aggregation status; such behaviour can be exploited for implant formation, easy separation of a previously dispersed material or for the blocking of unwanted pores. This review will provide an overview of the recent publications regarding multi-stimuli-responsive microgels and hybrid core-shell nanoparticles. These polymer-based nanoparticles are highly sensitive to environmental conditions and can form aggregated clusters due to a loss of colloidal stability, triggered by temperature, pH and ionic strength stimuli. We aim to provide the reader with a discussion of the recent developments in this area, as well as an understanding of the fundamental concepts which underpin the responsive behaviour, and an exploration of their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Dominic M Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Edyta Niezabitowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Tom O McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK.
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44
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Andersson J, Ferrand-Drake del Castillo G, Bilotto P, Höök F, Valtiner M, Dahlin A. Control of Polymer Brush Morphology, Rheology, and Protein Repulsion by Hydrogen Bond Complexation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4943-4952. [PMID: 33851532 PMCID: PMC8154870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are widely used to alter the properties of interfaces. In particular, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and similar polymers can make surfaces inert toward biomolecular adsorption. Neutral hydrophilic brushes are normally considered to have static properties at a given temperature. As an example, PEG is not responsive to pH or ionic strength. Here we show that, by simply introducing a polymeric acid such as poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), the highly hydrated brush barrier can change its properties entirely. This is caused by multivalent hydrogen bonds in an extremely pH-sensitive process. Remarkably, it is sufficient to reduce the pH to 5 for complexation to occur at the interface, which is two units higher than in the corresponding bulk systems. Below this critical pH, PMAA starts to bind to PEG in large amounts (comparable to the PEG amount), causing the brush to gradually compact and dehydrate. The brush also undergoes major rheology changes, from viscoelastic to rigid. Furthermore, the protein repelling ability of PEG is lost after reaching a threshold in the amount of PMAA bound. The changes in brush properties are tunable and become more pronounced when more PMAA is bound. The initial brush state is fully recovered when releasing PMAA by returning to physiological pH. Our findings are relevant for many applications involving functional interfaces, such as capture-release of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Andersson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Pierluigi Bilotto
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Group of Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Group of Applied Interface Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Dahlin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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45
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Liao Q, Chen D, Zhang X, Ma Y, Zhao C, Yang W. UV-Assisted Li +-Catalyzed Radical Grafting Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers: A New Strategy for Creating Hydrolysis-Resistant and Long-Lived Polymer Brushes as a "Smart" Surface Coating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4102-4111. [PMID: 33787279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A facile synthetic route was developed to prepare a surface-grafted brush layer of poly(vinyl ethers) (PVEs) directly by a radical mechanism, with the "naked" Li+ acting as a catalyst. Density functional theory calculations suggested that complexation of naked Li+ to VEs significantly reduced the highest unoccupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy gap from 5.08 to 0.68 eV, providing a better prospect for electron transfer. The structure, morphology, and surface properties of grafted polymer layers were characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic water contact angle (DCA). Moreover, ellipsometry data indicated that the thickness of the polymer brushes was in the range of 20-60 nm, which corresponds to the grafting densities of 0.65-1.15 chain/nm2, and DCA decreased from 84.4 to 45.3°. Most importantly, no hydrolysis was observed for the modified surface after 30 days of exposure to phosphate-buffered saline solution, 0.1 mol/L NaOH(eq) and 0.1 mol/L HCl(eq), demonstrating excellent hydrolysis resistance with long service life. In addition, as a proof of concept, the side hydroxyl groups of grafted PVEs provide active sites for efficient fixation of bioactive molecules, e.g., glycosaminoglycan and serum protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Liao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changwen Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Samant S, Hailu S, Singh M, Pradhan N, Yager K, Al‐Enizi AM, Raghavan D, Karim A. Alignment frustration in block copolymer films with block copolymer grafted
TiO
2
nanoparticles under
soft‐shear
cold zone annealing. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumil Samant
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
| | - Shimelis Hailu
- Department of Chemistry Howard University Washington DC USA
| | - Maninderjeet Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas USA
| | - Nihar Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science Jackson State University Jackson Mississippi USA
| | - Kevin Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York USA
| | - Abdullah M. Al‐Enizi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas USA
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Bauman L, Wen Q, Sameoto D, Yap CH, Zhao B. Durable poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted PDMS micropillared surfaces for temperature-modulated wetting. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Zheng X, Wang J, Rao J. The Chemistry in Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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50
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Vy NCH, Liyanage CD, Williams RML, Fang JM, Kerns PM, Schniepp HC, Adamson DH. Surface-Initiated Passing-through Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes for Salt-Selective and Antifouling Materials. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Chau H. Vy
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Chinthani D. Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3036, United States
| | - Robert M. L. Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Justin M. Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3247, United States
| | - Peter M. Kerns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3036, United States
| | - Hannes C. Schniepp
- Department of Applied Science, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Douglas H. Adamson
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3036, United States
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