1
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Kly S, Huang Y, Moffitt MG. Enhancement of cellular uptake by increasing the number of encapsulated gold nanoparticles in polymeric micelles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:142-154. [PMID: 37591076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
We apply a combination of polycaprolactone (PCL)-thiol ligand functionalization with flow-controlled microfluidic block copolymer self-assembly to produce biocompatible gold nanoparticle (GNP)-loaded micellar polymer nanoparticles (GNP-PNPs) in which GNPs are encapsulated within PCL cores surrounded by an external layer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). By varying both the relative amount of block copolymer and the microfluidic flow rate, a series of GNP-PNPs are produced in which the mean number of GNPs per PNP in the < 50-nm fraction (Zave,d< 50 nm) varies between 0.1 and 1.9 while the external PEG surface is constant. Zave,d< 50 nm values are determined by statistical analysis of TEM images and compared with the results of cell uptake experiments on MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. For Zave,d< 50 nm ≤ 1 (including a control sample of individual GNPs also with a PEG surface layer), cell uptake is relatively constant, but increases sharply for Zave,d< 50 nm > 1, with a factor of 7 enhancement as Zave,d< 50 nm increases from 1 to ∼2. Enabled by the shear processing control provided by the microfluidic chip, these results provide the first evidence that cellular uptake can be enhanced specifically by increasing the number of GNPs per vector, with other parameters, including polymeric material, internal structure, and external surface chemistry, held constant. They also demonstrate a versatile platform for packaging GNPs in biocompatible polymeric carriers with flow-controlled formulation optimization for various therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundiata Kly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Yuhang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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2
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Andrew LJ, Kly S, Moloney EG, Moffitt MG. Effects of Microfluidic Shear on the Plasmid DNA Structure: Implications for Polymeric Gene Delivery Vectors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11545-11555. [PMID: 37552625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic manufacturing of advanced gene delivery vectors necessitates consideration of the effects of microfluidic shear forces on the structural integrity of plasmid DNA (pDNA). In this paper, we expose pDNA to variable shear forces in a two-phase, gas-liquid microfluidic reactor and apply gel electrophoresis to analyze the products of on-chip shear-induced degradation. The effects of shear rate, solvent environment, pDNA size, and copolymer complexation on shear-induced degradation are investigated. We find that small naked pDNA (pUC18, 2.7 kb) exhibits shear rate-dependent shear degradation in the microfluidic channels in a mixed organic solvent (dioxane/water/acetic acid; 90/10/<0.1 w/w/w), with the extents of both supercoil isoform relaxation and complete fragmentation increasing as the maximum shear rates increase from 4 × 105 to 2 × 106 s-1. However, over the same range of shear rates, the same pDNA sample shows no evidence of microfluidic shear-induced degradation in a pure aqueous environment. Quiescent control experiments in the same mixed organic solvent prove that a combination of solvent and shear forces is involved in the observed shear-induced degradation. Furthermore, we show that shear degradation effects in mixed organic solvents can be significantly attenuated by complexation of pDNA with the block copolymer polycaprolactone-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) prior to exposure to microfluidic shear. Finally, we demonstrate that medium (pDSK519, 8.1 kb) and large (pRK290, 20 kb) naked pDNA are more sensitive to shear-induced microfluidic degradation in the mixed organic solvent environment than small pDNA, with both plasmids showing complete fragmentation even at the lowest shear rate, although we found no evidence of shear-induced damage in water for the largest investigated naked pDNA even at the highest flow rate. The resulting understanding of the interplay of the solvent and shear effects during microfluidic processing should inform microfluidic manufacturing routes to new gene therapy formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Andrew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Sundiata Kly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Erin G Moloney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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3
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Liu Y, Yang G, Hui Y, Ranaweera S, Zhao CX. Microfluidic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106580. [PMID: 35396770 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted tremendous interest in drug delivery in the past decades. Microfluidics offers a promising strategy for making NPs for drug delivery due to its capability in precisely controlling NP properties. The recent success of mRNA vaccines using microfluidics represents a big milestone for microfluidic NPs for pharmaceutical applications, and its rapid scaling up demonstrates the feasibility of using microfluidics for industrial-scale manufacturing. This article provides a critical review of recent progress in microfluidic NPs for drug delivery. First, the synthesis of organic NPs using microfluidics focusing on typical microfluidic methods and their applications in making popular and clinically relevant NPs, such as liposomes, lipid NPs, and polymer NPs, as well as their synthesis mechanisms are summarized. Then, the microfluidic synthesis of several representative inorganic NPs (e.g., silica, metal, metal oxide, and quantum dots), and hybrid NPs is discussed. Lastly, the applications of microfluidic NPs for various drug delivery applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yue Hui
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Supun Ranaweera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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4
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Silverman L, Bhatti G, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Improvements in Drug-Delivery Properties by Co-Encapsulating Curcumin in SN-38-Loaded Anticancer Polymeric Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1866-1881. [PMID: 35579267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SN-38 is an immensely potent anticancer agent although its use necessitates encapsulation to overcome issues of poor solubility and stability. Since SN-38 is a notoriously challenging drug to encapsulate, new avenues to increase encapsulation efficiency in polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) are needed. In this paper, we show that nanoprecipitation with curcumin (CUR) increases SN-38 encapsulation efficiencies in coloaded SN-38/CUR-PNPs based on poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-b-PEG) by up to a factor of 10. In addition, we find a dramatic decrease in PNP polydispersities, from 0.34 to 0.07, as the initial CUR-to-polymer ratio increases from 0 to 10, with only a modest increase in PNP size (from 40 to 55 nm). Compared to coloaded PNP formation using nanoprecipitation in the bulk or in a gas-liquid, a two-phase microfluidic reactor shows similar trends with respect to CUR content, although improvements in SN-38 encapsulation efficiencies both with and without CUR are found using the microfluidic method. Additional precipitation studies without copolymer suggest that CUR increases the dispersion of SN-38 in the solvent medium of micelle formation, which may contribute to the observed encapsulation enhancement. Cytotoxicity studies of unencapsulated SN-38/CUR mixtures show that addition of CUR does not significantly affect SN-38 potency against either U87 (glioblastoma) or A204 (rhabdomyosarcoma) cell lines. However, we find significant differences in the potencies of SN-38/CUR-PNP formulations depending on initial CUR amounts, with an optimized formulation showing subnanomolar cytotoxicity against A204 cells, significantly more potent than either free SN-38 or PNPs containing only SN-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Coloumbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Gitika Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Coloumbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Coloumbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Coloumbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Garcia-Hernandez JD, Parkin H, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Manners I. Hydrophobic Cargo Loading at the Core-Corona Interface of Uniform, Length-Tunable Aqueous Diblock Copolymer Nanofibers with a Crystalline Polycarbonate Core. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1D core-shell nanoparticles are considered to be among the most promising for biomedical applications such as drug delivery. The versatile living crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) seeded growth method allows access to...
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Garcia-Hernandez JD, Street STG, Kang Y, Zhang Y, Manners I. Cargo Encapsulation in Uniform, Length-Tunable Aqueous Nanofibers with a Coaxial Crystalline and Amorphous Core. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven T. G. Street
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Yuetong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
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7
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Khatibi A, Zahedi P, Ghourchian H, Sadeghi Lari A. Development of microfluidic-based cellulose acetate phthalate nanoparticles containing omeprazole for antiulcer activity: In vitro and in vivo evaluations. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Huang Y, Jazani AM, Howell EP, Reynolds LA, Oh JK, Moffitt MG. Microfluidic Shear Processing Control of Biological Reduction Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5069-5083. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Elliot P. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Lisa A. Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jung Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Matthew G. Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Shen J, Shafiq M, Ma M, Chen H. Synthesis and Surface Engineering of Inorganic Nanomaterials Based on Microfluidic Technology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1177. [PMID: 32560284 PMCID: PMC7353232 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The controlled synthesis and surface engineering of inorganic nanomaterials hold great promise for the design of functional nanoparticles for a variety of applications, such as drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and catalysis. However, owing to the inadequate and unstable mass/heat transfer, conventional bulk synthesis methods often result in the poor uniformity of nanoparticles, in terms of microstructure, morphology, and physicochemical properties. Microfluidic technologies with advantageous features, such as precise fluid control and rapid microscale mixing, have gathered the widespread attention of the research community for the fabrication and engineering of nanomaterials, which effectively overcome the aforementioned shortcomings of conventional bench methods. This review summarizes the latest research progress in the microfluidic fabrication of different types of inorganic nanomaterials, including silica, metal, metal oxides, metal organic frameworks, and quantum dots. In addition, the surface modification strategies of nonporous and porous inorganic nanoparticles based on microfluidic method are also introduced. We also provide the readers with an insight on the red blocks and prospects of microfluidic approaches, for designing the next generation of inorganic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Chemistry, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan;
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Liu Z, Fontana F, Python A, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA. Microfluidics for Production of Particles: Mechanism, Methodology, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1904673. [PMID: 31702878 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, microfluidics-based particle production is widely applied for multiple biological usages. Compared to conventional bulk methods, microfluidic-assisted particle production shows significant advantages, such as narrower particle size distribution, higher reproducibility, improved encapsulation efficiency, and enhanced scaling-up potency. Herein, an overview of the recent progress of the microfluidics technology for nano-, microparticles or droplet fabrication, and their biological applications is provided. For both nano-, microparticles/droplets, the previously established mechanisms behind particle production via microfluidics and some typical examples during the past five years are discussed. The emerging interdisciplinary technologies based on microfluidics that have produced microparticles or droplets for cellular analysis and artificial cells fabrication are summarized. The potential drawbacks and future perspectives are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Liu
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Flavia Fontana
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andre Python
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7LF, Oxford, UK
| | - Jouni T Hirvonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Huang Y, Moini Jazani A, Howell EP, Oh JK, Moffitt MG. Controlled Microfluidic Synthesis of Biological Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:177-190. [PMID: 31820915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic flow-directed self-assembly of biological stimuli-responsive block copolymers is demonstrated with dual-location cleavable linkages at the junction between hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks and on pendant group within the hydrophobic blocks. On-chip self-assembly within a two-phase microfluidic reactor forms various "DualM" polymer nanoparticles (PNPs), including cylinders and multicompartment vesicles, with sizes and morphologies that are tunable with manufacturing flow rate. Complex kinetically trapped intermediates between shear-dependent states provide the most detailed mechanism to date of microfluidic PNP formation in the presence of flow-variable high shear. Glutathione (GSH)-triggered changes in PNP size and internal structure depend strongly on the initial flow-directed size and internal structure. Upon incubation in GSH, flow-directed PNPs with smaller average sizes showed a faster hydrodynamic size increase (attributed to junction cleavage) and those with higher excess Gibbs free energy showed faster inner compartment growth (attributed to pendant cleavage). These results demonstrate that the combination of chemical control of the location of biologically responsive linkages with microfluidic shear processing offers promising routes for tunable "smart" polymeric nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria , BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke St. West , Montreal , Quebec H4B 1R6 , Canada
| | - Elliot P Howell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria , BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Jung Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke St. West , Montreal , Quebec H4B 1R6 , Canada
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria , BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
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12
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Jensen D, Cao Y, Lu C, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Microfluidic encapsulation of SN-38 in block copolymer nanoparticles: effect of hydrophobic block composition on loading and release properties. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A gas–liquid microfluidic reactor was used to prepare polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) containing the drug 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy camptothecin (SN-38) from a series of poly(methyl caprolactone-co-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (P(MCL-co-CL)-b-PEO) amphiphilic block copolymers with variable MCL content in the hydrophobic block. All three copolymers formed spheres with ∼20 nm core diameters by TEM, although some rigid rod-like aggregates were also formed by the PMCL-50 and PMCL-75 copolymers. SN-38 encapsulation efficiencies (EE = 2.7%–3.0%) and loading levels (DL = 2.0%–2.9%) were similar for the three copolymers. In vitro release kinetics became significantly slower as the MCL content increased, with release half times increasing monotonically from 3.4 to 6.2 h as the MCL content of the hydrophobic block increased from 50% to 100%. The ability to systematically tune release half times via controlled variation in the hydrophobic block composition, while maintaining constant PNP size and loading levels, represents an intriguing chemical handle for the optimization of SN-38 nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Yimeng Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Changhai Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Jeremy E. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Matthew G. Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
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13
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Cao Y, Silverman L, Lu C, Hof R, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Microfluidic Manufacturing of SN-38-Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles with Shear Processing Control of Drug Delivery Properties. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:96-107. [PMID: 30477300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-phase gas-liquid microfluidic reactors provide shear processing control of SN-38-loaded polymer nanoparticles (SN-38-PNPs). We prepare SN-38-PNPs from the block copolymer poly(methyl caprolactone- co-caprolactone)- block-poly(ethylene oxides) (P(MCL- co-CL)- b-PEO) using bulk and microfluidic methods and at different drug-to-polymer loading ratios and on-chip flow rates. We show that, as the microfluidic flow rate ( Q) increases, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading increase and release half times increase. Slower SN-38 release is obtained at the highest Q value ( Q = 400 μL/min) than is achieved using a conventional bulk preparation method. For all SN-38-PNP formulations, we find a dominant population (by number) of nanosized particles (<50 nm) along with a small number of larger aggregates (>100 nm). As Q increases, the size of aggregates decreases through a minimum and then increases, attributed to a flow-variable competition of shear-induced particle breakup and shear-induced particle coalescence. IC25 and IC50 values of the various SN-38-PNPs against MCF-7 cells show strong flow rate dependencies that mirror trends in particle size. SN-38-PNPs manufactured on-chip at intermediate flow rates show both minimum particle sizes and maximum potencies with a significantly lower IC25 value than the bulk-prepared sample. Compared to conventional bulk methods, microfluidic shear processing in two-phase reactors provides controlled manufacturing routes for optimizing and improving the properties of SN-38 nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Cao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria , BC V8W 3 V6 , Canada
| | - Lisa Silverman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria , BC V8W 3 V6 , Canada
| | - Changhai Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria , BC V8W 3 V6 , Canada
| | - Rebecca Hof
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria , BC V8W 3 V6 , Canada
| | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria , BC V8W 3 V6 , Canada
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria , BC V8W 3 V6 , Canada
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Suryawanshi PL, Gumfekar SP, Bhanvase BA, Sonawane SH, Pimplapure MS. A review on microreactors: Reactor fabrication, design, and cutting-edge applications. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Chen R, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Microfluidic Processing Approach to Controlling Drug Delivery Properties of Curcumin-Loaded Block Copolymer Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4517-4528. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruyao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Jeremy E. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Matthew G. Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
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Zhang H, Zhu Y, Shen Y. Microfluidics for Cancer Nanomedicine: From Fabrication to Evaluation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800360. [PMID: 29806174 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled drug delivery systems (sDDSs), made from nanocarriers and drugs, are one of the major types of nanomedicines, many of which are in clinical use, under preclinical investigation, or in clinical trials. One of the hurdles of this type of nanomedicine in real applications is the inherent complexity of their fabrication processes, which generally lack precise control over the sDDS structures and the batch-to-batch reproducibility. Furthermore, the classic 2D in vitro cell model, monolayer cell culture, has been used to evaluate sDDSs. However, 2D cell culture cannot adequately replicate in vivo tissue-level structures and their highly complex dynamic 3D environments, nor can it simulate their functions. Thus, evaluations using 2D cell culture often cannot correctly correlate with sDDS behaviors and effects in humans. Microfluidic technology offers novel solutions to overcome these problems and facilitates studying the structure-performance relationships for sDDS developments. In this Review, recent advances in microfluidics for 1) fabrication of sDDSs with well-defined physicochemical properties, such as size, shape, rigidity, and drug-loading efficiency, and 2) fabrication of 3D-cell cultures as "tissue/organ-on-a-chip" platforms for evaluations of sDDS biological performance are in focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yifeng Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Current developments and applications of microfluidic technology toward clinical translation of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 128:54-83. [PMID: 28801093 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems hold great potential for the therapy of many diseases, especially cancer. However, the translation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems from academic research to industrial and clinical practice has been slow. This slow translation can be ascribed to the high batch-to-batch variations and insufficient production rate of the conventional preparation methods, and the lack of technologies for rapid screening of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems with high correlation to the in vivo tests. These issues can be addressed by the microfluidic technologies. For example, microfluidics can not only produce nanoparticles in a well-controlled, reproducible, and high-throughput manner, but also create 3D environments with continuous flow to mimic the physiological and/or pathological processes. This review provides an overview of the microfluidic devices developed to prepare nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, including drug nanosuspensions, polymer nanoparticles, polyplexes, structured nanoparticles and theranostic nanoparticles. We also highlight the recent advances of microfluidic systems in fabricating the increasingly realistic models of the in vivo milieu for rapid screening of nanoparticles. Overall, the microfluidic technologies offer a promise approach to accelerate the clinical translation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.
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Bains A, Moffitt MG. Effects of chemical and processing variables on paclitaxel-loaded polymer nanoparticles prepared using microfluidics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 508:203-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu Z, Lu C, Lindenberger C, Cao Y, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Synthesis, Self-Assembly, and Drug Delivery Characteristics of Poly(methyl caprolactone- co-caprolactone)- b-poly(ethylene oxide) Copolymers with Variable Compositions of Hydrophobic Blocks: Combining Chemistry and Microfluidic Processing for Polymeric Nanomedicines. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5289-5303. [PMID: 30023746 PMCID: PMC6044932 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly of a series of biocompatible poly(methyl caprolactone-co-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) amphiphilic block copolymers with variable MCL contents in the hydrophobic block are described. Self-assembly gives rise to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) with hydrophobic cores that decrease in crystallinity as the MCL content increases, and their morphologies and sizes show nonmonotonic trends with MCL content. PNPs loaded with the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PAX) give rise to in vitro PAX release rates and MCF-7 GI50 (50% growth inhibition concentration) values that decrease as the MCL content increases. We also show for selected copolymers that microfluidic manufacturing at a variable flow rate enables further control of PAX release rates and enhances MCF-7 antiproliferation potency. These results indicate that more effective and specific drug delivery PNPs are possible through tangential efforts combining polymer synthesis and microfluidic manufacturing.
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Bains A, Cao Y, Kly S, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Controlling Structure and Function of Polymeric Drug Delivery Nanoparticles Using Microfluidics. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2595-2606. [PMID: 28520436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate control of multiscale structure and drug delivery function for paclitaxel (PAX)-loaded polycaprolactone-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PCL-b-PEO) polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) via synthesis and flow-directed shear processing in a two-phase gas-liquid microfluidic reactor. This strategy takes a page from the engineering of commodity plastics, where processing rather than polymer chemistry provides an experimental handle on properties and function. PNPs formed from copolymers with three different PCL block lengths show sizes, morphologies, and loading efficiencies that depend on both the PCL block length and the microfluidic flow rate. By varying flow rate and comparing with a conventional bulk method of PNP preparation, we show that flow-variable shear processing provides control of PNP sizes and morphologies and enables slower PAX release times (up to 2 weeks) compared to bulk-prepared PNPs. Antiproliferative effects against cultured MCF-7 breast cancer cells were greatest for PNPs formed at an intermediate flow rate, corresponding to small and low-polydispersity spheres formed uniquely at this flow condition. Formation and flow-directed nanoscale shear processing in gas-liquid microfluidic reactors provides a manufacturing platform for drug delivery PNPs that could enable more effective and selective nanomedicines through multiscale structural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3 V6, Canada
| | - Yimeng Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3 V6, Canada
| | - Sundiata Kly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3 V6, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3 V6, Canada
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3 V6, Canada
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Xu Z, Lu C, Riordon J, Sinton D, Moffitt MG. Microfluidic Manufacturing of Polymeric Nanoparticles: Comparing Flow Control of Multiscale Structure in Single-Phase Staggered Herringbone and Two-Phase Reactors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12781-12789. [PMID: 27934536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We compare the microfluidic manufacturing of polycaprolactone-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PCL-b-PEO) nanoparticles (NPs) in a single-phase staggered herringbone (SHB) mixer and in a two-phase gas-liquid segmented mixer. NPs generated from two different copolymer compositions in both reactors and at three different flow rates, along with NPs generated using a conventional bulk method, are compared with respect to morphologies, dimensions, and internal crystallinities. Our work, the first direct comparison between alternate microfluidic NP synthesis methods, shows three key findings: (i) NP morphologies and dimensions produced in the bulk are different from those produced in a microfluidic mixer, whereas NP crystallinities produced in the bulk and in the SHB mixer are similar; (ii) NP morphologies, dimensions, and crystallinities produced in the single-phase SHB and two-phase mixers at the lowest flow rate are similar; and (iii) NP morphologies, dimensions, and crystallinities change with flow rate in the two-phase mixer but not in the single-phase SHB mixer. These findings provide new insights into the relative roles of mixing and shear in the formation and flow-directed processing of polymeric NPs in microfluidics, informing future reactor designs for manufacturing NPs of low polydispersity and controlled multiscale structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Changhai Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Jason Riordon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3V6
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Bains A, Wulff JE, Moffitt MG. Microfluidic synthesis of dye-loaded polycaprolactone-block-poly(ethylene oxide) nanoparticles: Insights into flow-directed loading and in vitro release for drug delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 475:136-148. [PMID: 27163840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using the fluorescent probe dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) as a surrogate for hydrophobic drugs, we investigate the effects of water content and on-chip flow rate on the multiscale structure, loading and release properties of DiI-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PCL-b-PEO) nanoparticles produced in a gas-liquid segmented microfluidic device. We find a linear increase in PCL crystallinity within the nanoparticle cores with increasing flow rate, while mean nanoparticle sizes first decrease and then increase with flow rate coincident with the disappearance and reappearance of long filament nanoparticles. Loading efficiencies at the lower water content (cwc+10wt%) are generally higher (up to 94%) compared to loading efficiencies (up to 53%) at the higher water content (cwc+75wt%). In vitro release times range between ∼2 and 4days for nanoparticles produced at cwc+10wt% and >15days for nanoparticles produced at cwc+75wt%. At the lower water content, slower release of DiI is found for nanoparticles produced at higher flow rate, while at high water content, release times first decrease and then increase with flow rate. Finally, we investigate the effects of the chemical and physical characteristics of the release medium on the kinetics of in vitro DiI release and nanoparticle degradation. This work demonstrates the general utility of dye-loaded nanoparticles as model systems for screening chemical and flow conditions for producing drug delivery formulations within microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Matthew G Moffitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
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Xie L, Xu H, Li Z, Hakkarainen M. Structural Hierarchy and Polymorphic Transformation in Shear‐Induced Shish‐Kebab of Stereocomplex Poly(Lactic Acid). Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:745-51. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xie
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Huan Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
| | - Zhong‐Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
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