1
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Rutz A, Wolfender JL. Automated Composition Assessment of Natural Extracts: Untargeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolite Profiling Integrating Semiquantitative Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18010-18023. [PMID: 37949451 PMCID: PMC10683005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling allow unprecedented qualitative coverage of complex biological extract composition. However, the electrospray ionization used in metabolite profiling generates multiple artifactual signals for a single analyte. This leads to thousands of signals per analysis without satisfactory means of filtering those corresponding to abundant constituents. Generic approaches are therefore needed for the qualitative and quantitative annotation of a broad range of relevant constituents. For this, we used an analytical platform combining liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with Charged Aerosol Detection (CAD). We established a generic metabolite profiling for the concomitant recording of qualitative MS data and semiquantitative CAD profiles. The MS features (recorded in high-resolution tandem MS) are grouped and annotated using state-of-the-art tools. To efficiently attribute features to their corresponding extracted and integrated CAD peaks, a custom signal pretreatment and peak-shape comparison workflow is built. This strategy allows us to automatically contextualize features at both major and minor metabolome levels, together with a detailed reporting of their annotation including relevant orthogonal information (taxonomy, retention time). Signals not attributed to CAD peaks are considered minor metabolites. Results are illustrated on an ethanolic extract of Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst., a bitter plant of industrial interest, exhibiting the typical complexity of plant extracts as a proof of concept. This generic qualitative and quantitative approach paves the way to automatically assess the composition of single natural extracts of interest or broader collections, thus facilitating new ingredient registrations or natural-extracts-based drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Rutz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute
of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Vargas Medina DA, Pereira dos Santos NG, Maciel EVS, Lanças FM. Current prospects on nano liquid chromatography coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry (nanoLC-EI-MS). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Maciel EVS, Pereira dos Santos NG, Vargas Medina DA, Lanças FM. Electron ionization mass spectrometry: Quo vadis? Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1587-1600. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
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4
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Zhang X, Wang J, Liang J, Liu Z, Shen X, Liu Y, Li X, Xu Z, Lei Y, Lei H. A novel self-aggregated gold nanoparticles based on sensitive immunochromatographic assays for highly detection of opium poppy in herbal teas. Food Chem 2022; 390:133188. [PMID: 35567969 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Opium poppy abused in food has aroused public concerns due to its serious side effects. Effective monitoring is essential to fight the abuse crisis. Herein, we synthesized an easily prepared, affordable, accessible highly aggregated gold nanoparticles (AGNPs) performing in lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for detection opium poppy in herbal teas. Simultaneously, a LFIA based ontime-resolved fluorescent microspheres (TRFMs) was developed as contrastive method. In this study, morphine (MOR), codeine (COD) and thebaine (THE) were as the specific recognition markers of opium poppy. Results demonstrated the quantitative limits of detection were 0.0049/0.0053/0.084, 0.034/0.037/0.37 ng mL-1 for AGNPs/TRFMs-LFIA, respectively. The recoveries were 95%-107.5%/91%-106.7% with coefficient of variation was 1.6%-6.6%/1.8%-7.2%, indicating excellent accuracy and precision. Parallel experiments among AGNPs/TRFMs-LFIA and LC-MS/MS analysis showed good correlation. Overall, AGNPs-LFIA executed quantitative analysis within 15 min on the basis of simple treatment while providing a rapid and sensitive analysis strategy for illegal drugs abused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection, Guangzhou 510435, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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5
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Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. The history of electron ionization in LC-MS, from the early days to modern technologies: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338350. [PMID: 34049632 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review article traces the history of the use of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) from the first attempts up to the present day. At the time of the first efforts to couple LC to MS, 70 eV EI was the most common ionization technique, typically used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and providing highly reproducible mass spectra that could be collated in libraries. Therefore, it was obvious to transport this dominant approach to the early LC-MS coupling attempts. The use of LC coupled to EI-MS is challenging mainly due to restrictions related to high-vacuum and high-temperature conditions required for the operation of EI and the need to remove the eluent carrying the analyte before entering the ion source. The authors will take readers through a journey of about 50 years, showing how through the succession of different attempts it has been possible to successfully couple LC with EI-MS, which in principle appear to be incompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Pierangela Palma
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
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6
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Vargas Medina DA, Pereira Dos Santos NG, da Silva Burato JS, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. An overview of open tubular liquid chromatography with a focus on the coupling with mass spectrometry for the analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461989. [PMID: 33611115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Open tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) can provide superior chromatographic performance and more favorable mass spectrometry (MS) detection conditions. These features could provide enhanced sensitivity when coupled with electrospray ionization sources (ESI-) and lead to unprecedented detection capabilities if interfaced with a highly structural informative electron ionization (EI) source. In the past, the exploitation of OT columns in liquid chromatography evolved slowly. However, the recent instrumental developments in capillary/nanoLC-MS created new opportunities in developing and applying OT-LC-MS. Currently, the analytical advantages of OT-LC-MS are mainly exploited in the fields of proteomics and biosciences analysis. Nevertheless, under the right conditions, OT-LC-MS can also offer superior chromatographic performance and enhanced sensitivity in analyzing small molecules. This review will provide an overview of the latest developments in OT-LC-MS, focusing on the wide variety of employed separation mechanisms, innovative stationary phases, emerging column fabrication technologies, and new OT formats. In the same way, the OT-LC's opportunities and shortcomings coupled to both ESI and EI will be discussed, highlighting the complementary character of those two ionization modes to expand the LC's detection boundaries in the performance of targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Vandergrift GW, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Direct, Isomer-Specific Quantitation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils Using Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Ionization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15480-15488. [PMID: 33076653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are routinely screened for in soils, where quantitation of structural isomers is critical due to varying toxicity within PAH isomer classes. While chromatographic methods provide isomer resolution, such strategies are cost and time intensive. To address these challenges, we present condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry using liquid electron ionization/chemical ionization (CP-MIMS-LEI/CI) as a direct mass spectrometry technique that provides rapid, quantitative results for PAH isomer measurements in soil samples. A methanol acceptor phase is flowed through a probe-mounted polydimethylsiloxane hollow fiber membrane directly immersed into a dichloromethane/soil slurry. PAHs and dichloromethane co-permeate the membrane into the acceptor solvent, whereas particulates and charged matrix components remain in the sample. A nanoflow of the membrane permeate is then directly infused into a LEI/CI interfaced triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Diagnostic PAH adduct ions were formed at either M + 45 ([M + CH2Cl + CH3OH-HCl]+) or M + 47 ([M + CHCl2-HCl]+). This allowed the development of specific MS/MS transitions for individual PAH isomers. These transitions were subsequently used for the direct analyses of PAHs in real soils where CP-MIMS-LEI/CI was shown to be rapid (15 soil samples/h) and sensitive (ng/g level detection limits). CP-MIMS-LEI/CI results compared well to those obtained using GC-MS (average percent difference of -9% across 9 PAHs in 8 soil samples), presenting a compelling argument for direct, quantitative screening of PAHs in soils by CP-MIMS-LEI/CI, particularly given the simple workflow and short analytical duty cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada.,Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada.,Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada.,Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington WA 98195-1618, United States
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8
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Vargas Medina DA, Maciel EVS, de Toffoli AL, Lanças FM. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Vandergrift GW, Lattanzio-Battle W, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry with In Situ Liquid Reagent Chemical Ionization in a Liquid Electron Ionization Source (CP-MIMS-LEI/CI). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:908-916. [PMID: 32154722 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Direct mass spectrometry has grown significantly due to wide applicability, relative ease of use, and high sample throughput. However, many current direct mass spectrometry methods are largely based on ambient ionization techniques that can suffer from matrix effects and poor selectivity. A strategy that addresses these shortcomings is condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry-liquid electron ionization utilizing in situ liquid reagent chemical ionization (CP-MIMS-LEI/CI). In CP-MIMS measurements, a semipermeable hollow fiber polydimethylsiloxane membrane probe is directly immersed into a complex sample. Neutral, hydrophobic analytes permeating the membrane are entrained by a continuously flowing liquid acceptor phase (nL/min) to an LEI/CI source, where the liquid is nebulized, followed by analyte vaporization and ionization. This study marks the first intentional exploitation of the liquid CP-MIMS acceptor phase as an in situ means of providing liquid chemical ionization (CI) reagents for improved analyte sensitivity and selectivity (CP-MIMS-LEI/CI). Acetonitrile and diethyl ether were used as a combination acceptor phase/CI proton transfer reagent system for the direct analysis of dialkyl phthalates. Using isotopically labeled reagents, the gas phase ionization mechanism was found to involve reagent autoprotonation, followed by proton transfer to dialkyl phthalates. A demonstration of the applicability of CP-MIMS-LEI/CI for rapid and sensitive screening of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in house dust samples is presented. The detection limit in house dust (6 mg/kg) is comparable to that obtained by conventional analyses, but without time-consuming sample workup or chromatographic separation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - William Lattanzio-Battle
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada, V9R 5S5
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada, V8P 5C2
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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10
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Miniaturized liquid chromatography focusing on analytical columns and mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1103:11-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Guteneva NV, Znoyko SL, Orlov AV, Nikitin MP, Nikitin PI. Rapid lateral flow assays based on the quantification of magnetic nanoparticle labels for multiplexed immunodetection of small molecules: application to the determination of drugs of abuse. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:621. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Evaluation of a liquid electron ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interface. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1591:120-130. [PMID: 30660440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI), is an innovative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) interface that converts liquid HPLC eluent to the gas-phase in a mass spectrometer equipped with an electron ionization (EI) source. LEI extends the electronic spectra libraries access to liquid chromatography, providing a powerful tool in the untargeted approacssh. Negligible matrix effects allow accurate quantitative information. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the main aspects concerning the interfacing process. These fundamental studies were necessary to understand the mechanism of LEI in details, and improve the interfacing process, especially regarding robustness and sensitivity. Hardware components were installed to prevent analytes precipitation, reduce thermal decomposition of sensitive compounds, and to stabilize the nano-flow delivery with different mobile-phase compositions. Particular attention was devoted to insulating the heated vaporization area from the LC part of the system. Experiments were performed to optimize the interface inner capillary dimensions, and other operative parameters, including temperature, gas and liquid flow rates. Test compounds of environmental interest were selected based on molecular weight, thermal stability, volatility, and polarity. Robustness was evaluated with a set of replicated injections and calibration experiments using a soil matrix as a test sample. MRM detection limits in the low-picogram range were obtained for five pesticides belonging to different classes in a soil sample. High-quality electron ionization mass spectra of a mixture of pesticides were also obtained.
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13
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Chung R, Hein JE. Automated solubility and crystallization analysis of non-UV active compounds: integration of evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) and robotic sampling. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The integration of high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection with robotic sampling allows for the acquisition of reliable and data-rich solubility and crystallization profiles of minimally- or non-UV active compounds in an automated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chung
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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14
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Leopold J, Popkova Y, Engel KM, Schiller J. Recent Developments of Useful MALDI Matrices for the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipids. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040173. [PMID: 30551655 PMCID: PMC6316665 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is one of the most successful “soft” ionization methods in the field of mass spectrometry and enables the analysis of a broad range of molecules, including lipids. Although the details of the ionization process are still unknown, the importance of the matrix is commonly accepted. Both, the development of and the search for useful matrices was, and still is, an empirical process, since properties like vacuum stability, high absorption at the laser wavelength, etc. have to be fulfilled by a compound to become a useful matrix. This review provides a survey of successfully used MALDI matrices for the lipid analyses of complex biological samples. The advantages and drawbacks of the established organic matrix molecules (cinnamic or benzoic acid derivatives), liquid crystalline matrices, and mixtures of common matrices will be discussed. Furthermore, we will deal with nanocrystalline matrices, which are most suitable to analyze small molecules, such as free fatty acids. It will be shown that the analysis of mixtures and the quantitative analysis of small molecules can be easily performed if the matrix is carefully selected. Finally, some basic principles of how useful matrix compounds can be “designed” de novo will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Leopold
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Yulia Popkova
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kathrin M Engel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Magi E, Di Carro M. Marine environment pollution: The contribution of mass spectrometry to the study of seawater. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:492-512. [PMID: 27611504 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of marine pollution has been traditionally addressed to persistent chemicals, generally known as priority pollutants; a current trend in environmental analysis is a shift toward "emerging pollutants," defined as newly identified or previously unrecognized contaminants. The present review is focused on the peculiar contribution of mass spectrometry (MS) to the study of pollutants in the seawater compartment. The work is organized in five paragraphs where the most relevant groups of pollutants, both "classical" and "emerging," are presented and discussed, highlighting the relative data obtained by the means of different MS techniques. The hyphenation of MS and separative techniques, together with the development of different ion sources, makes MS and tandem MS the analytical tool of choice for the determination of trace organic contaminants in seawater. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:492-512, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
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16
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Moini M. Applications of liquid-based separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence. Electrophoresis 2018. [PMID: 29529344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, there has been a significant effort by the forensic science community to develop new scientific techniques for the analysis of forensic evidence. Forensic chemists have been spearheaded to develop information-rich confirmatory technologies and techniques and apply them to a broad array of forensic challenges. The purpose of these confirmatory techniques is to provide alternatives to presumptive techniques that rely on data such as color changes, pattern matching, or retention time alone, which are prone to more false positives. To this end, the application of separation techniques in conjunction with mass spectrometry has played an important role in the analysis of forensic evidence. Moreover, in the past few years the role of liquid separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in conjunction with mass spectrometry, has gained significant tractions and have been applied to a wide range of chemicals, from small molecules such as drugs and explosives, to large molecules such as proteins. For example, proteomics and peptidomics have been used for identification of humans, organs, and bodily fluids. A wide range of HPLC techniques including reversed phase, hydrophilic interaction, mixed-mode, supercritical fluid, multidimensional chromatography, and nanoLC, as well as several modes of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry, including capillary zone electrophoresis, partial filling, full filling, and micellar electrokenetic chromatography have been applied to the analysis drugs, explosives, and questioned documents. In this article, we review recent (2015-2017) applications of liquid separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moini
- Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
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17
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Bianchi F, Riboni N, Termopoli V, Mendez L, Medina I, Ilag L, Cappiello A, Careri M. MS-Based Analytical Techniques: Advances in Spray-Based Methods and EI-LC-MS Applications. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:1308167. [PMID: 29850370 PMCID: PMC5937452 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1308167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the most powerful technique for the detection and identification of organic compounds. It can provide molecular weight information and a wealth of structural details that give a unique fingerprint for each analyte. Due to these characteristics, mass spectrometry-based analytical methods are showing an increasing interest in the scientific community, especially in food safety, environmental, and forensic investigation areas where the simultaneous detection of targeted and nontargeted compounds represents a key factor. In addition, safety risks can be identified at the early stage through online and real-time analytical methodologies. In this context, several efforts have been made to achieve analytical instrumentation able to perform real-time analysis in the native environment of samples and to generate highly informative spectra. This review article provides a survey of some instrumental innovations and their applications with particular attention to spray-based MS methods and food analysis issues. The survey will attempt to cover the state of the art from 2012 up to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Lucia Mendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Electron Ionization LC-MS. ADVANCES IN THE USE OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) - INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Sol-gel coated ion sources for liquid chromatography-direct electron ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 978:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Martínez-Jarquín S, Winkler R. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) jets for mass spectrometry (MS): Ion processes, instrumental set-ups, and application examples. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Palma P, Piergiovanni M, Cappiello A. Atmospheric Pressure Vaporization Mechanism for Coupling a Liquid Phase with Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2049-2056. [PMID: 28208289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) interfacing concept is presented and discussed. The new interface, called liquid-EI (LEI), is based on electron ionization (EI) but, differently from any previous attempt, the vaporization of solutes and mobile phase takes place at atmospheric pressure into a specifically designed region, called "vaporization microchannel", before entering the high-vacuum ion source. The interface is completely independent from the rest of the instrumentation and can be adapted to any gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system, as an add-on for a rapid LC-MS conversion. Pressure drop and temperature gradient between LC and MS were considered to enhance the analyte response and reduce band broadening and/or solute carryovers. A fused silica liner, placed inside the vaporization microchannel, acts as an inert vaporization surface speeding up the gas-phase conversion of large molecules while lessening possible memory effects. The liner is easily replaceable for a quick and extremely simple interface maintenance. Proof of concept and detailed description of the interface are here presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Piergiovanni
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino , Urbino, Italy
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22
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Granados-Chinchilla F, Rodríguez C. Tetracyclines in Food and Feedingstuffs: From Regulation to Analytical Methods, Bacterial Resistance, and Environmental and Health Implications. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:1315497. [PMID: 28168081 PMCID: PMC5266830 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1315497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used as growth promoters in animal husbandry; among them, the tetracyclines are a chemical group of relevance, due to their wide use in agriculture, surpassing in quantities applied almost every other antibiotic family. Seeing the considerable amounts of tetracyclines used worldwide, monitoring of these antibiotics is paramount. Advances must be made in the analysis of antibiotics to assess correct usage and dosage of tetracyclines in food and feedstuffs and possible residues in pertinent environmental samples. The tetracyclines are still considered a clinically relevant group of antibiotics, though dissemination of tolerance and resistance determinants have limited their use. This review focuses on four different aspects: (i) tetracyclines, usage, dosages, and regulatory issues that govern their food-related application, with particular attention to the prohibitions and restrictions that several countries have enforced in recent years by agencies from both the United States and the European Union, (ii) analytical methods for tetracyclines, determination, and residues thereof in feedstuffs and related matrices with an emphasis on the most relevant and novel techniques, including both screening and confirmatory methods, (iii) tetracycline resistance and tetracycline-resistant bacteria in feedstuff, and (iv) environmental and health risks accompanying the use of tetracyclines in animal nutrition. In the last two cases, we discuss the more relevant undesirable effects that tetracyclines exert over bacterial communities and nontarget species including unwanted effects in farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - César Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) and Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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23
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Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Palma P, Cappiello A. Liquid chromatography-electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry with the Direct-EI interface in the fast determination of diazepam and flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
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24
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Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Palma P, Cappiello A, Vandergrift GW, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry with Direct Electron Ionization: On-line Measurement of PAHs in Complex Aqueous Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:301-308. [PMID: 26471041 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are USEPA regulated priority pollutants. Their low aqueous solubility requires very sensitive analytical methods for their detection, typically involving preconcentration steps. Presented is the first demonstrated ‘proof of concept’ use of condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) coupled with direct liquid electron ionization (DEI) for the direct, on-line measurement of PAHs in aqueous samples. DEI is very well suited for the ionization of PAHs and other nonpolar compounds, and is not significantly influenced by the co-elution of matrix components. Linear calibration data for low ppb levels of aqueous naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene is demonstrated, with measured detection limits of 4 ppb. Analytical response times (t10%–90% signal rise) ranged from 2.8 min for naphthalene to 4.7 min for pyrene. Both intra- and interday reproducibility has been assessed (<3% and 5% RSD, respectively). Direct measurements of ppb level PAHs spiked in a variety of real, complex environmental sample matrices is examined, including natural waters, sea waters, and a hydrocarbon extraction production waste water sample. For these spiked, complex samples, direct PAH measurement by CP-MIMS-DEI yielded minimal signal suppression from sample matrix effects (81%–104%). We demonstrate the use of this analytical approach to directly monitor real-time changes in aqueous PAH concentrations with potential applications for continuous on-line monitoring strategies and binding/adsorption studies in heterogeneous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Termopoli
- 1Laboratorio LC-MS, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DiSTeVA), Università degli studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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25
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Magrini L, Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. Boosting the Detection Potential of Liquid Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Ceramic Coated Ion Source. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:153-60. [PMID: 26350384 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Detection of target and non-target substances and their characterization in complex samples is a challenging task. Here we demonstrate that coating the electron ionization (EI) ion source of an LC-MS system with a sol-gel ceramic film can drastically improve the detection of high-molecular weight and high-boiling analytes. A new ion source coated with a ceramic material was developed and tested with a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with an increasing number of rings. Comparison of the results obtained with those for an uncoated stainless steel (SS) ion source shows a dramatic improvement in the MS signals, with a nearly 40-fold increase of the signal-to-noise ratio. We also demonstrate the ability of the new system to produce excellent chromatographic profiles for hard-to-detect hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Magrini
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department STeVA, LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
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26
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Nazario CED, Silva MR, Franco MS, Lanças FM. Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:18-37. [PMID: 26381569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to underline the miniaturized LC instrumental system and describe the evolution of commercially available systems by discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Nowadays, there are already many miniaturized LC systems available with a great variety of pump design, interface and detectors as well as efficient columns technologies and reduced connections devices. The solvent delivery systems are able to drive the mobile phase without flow splitters and promote gradient elution using either dual piston reciprocating or syringe-type pumps. The mass spectrometry as detection system is the most widely used detection system; among many alternative ionization sources direct-EI LC-MS is a promising alternative to APCI. In addition, capillary columns are now available showing many possibilities of stationary phases, inner diameters and hardware materials. This review provides a discussion about miniaturized LC demonstrating fundamentals and instrumentals' aspects of the commercially available miniaturized LC instrumental system mainly nano and micro LC formats. This review also covers the recent developments and trends in instrumentation, capillary and nano columns, and several applications of this very important and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meire R Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraíssa S Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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27
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García-Flores M, Juárez-Colunga S, García-Casarrubias A, Trachsel S, Winkler R, Tiessen A. Metabolic profiling of plant extracts using direct-injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry allows for high-throughput phenotypic characterization according to genetic and environmental effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1042-52. [PMID: 25588121 DOI: 10.1021/jf504853w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In comparison to the exponential increase of genotyping methods, phenotyping strategies are lagging behind in agricultural sciences. Genetic improvement depends upon the abundance of quantitative phenotypic data and the statistical partitioning of variance into environmental, genetic, and random effects. A metabolic phenotyping strategy was adapted to increase sample throughput while saving reagents, reducing cost, and simplifying data analysis. The chemical profiles of stem extracts from maize plants grown under low nitrogen (LN) or control trial (CT) were analyzed using optimized protocols for direct-injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DIESI-MS). Specific ions significantly decreased or increased because of environmental (LN versus CT) or genotypic effects. Biochemical profiling with DIESI-MS had a superior cost-benefit compared to other standard analytical technologies (e.g., ultraviolet, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection) routinely used for plant breeding. The method can be successfully applied in maize, strawberry, coffee, and other crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín García-Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Unidad Irapuato , Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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28
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Challenges of analyzing different classes of metabolites by a single analytical method. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:3393-416. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex biological samples include thousands of metabolites that range widely in both physiochemical properties and concentration. Simultaneously analyzing metabolites with different properties using a single analytical method is very challenging. The analytical process for metabolites comprises multiple steps including sampling, quenching, sample preparation, separation and detection. Each step can have a significant effect on the reliability and precision of ultimate analytic results. The aim of review is a discussion of considerations and challenges for the simultaneous analysis of metabolites using LC– and GC–MS systems. The review discusses available methodology for each analytical step, and presents the limitations and advantages of each method for the large-scale targeted metabolomics analysis of human and animal biological samples.
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29
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Frank O, Kreissl JK, Daschner A, Hofmann T. Accurate determination of reference materials and natural isolates by means of quantitative (1)h NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2506-2515. [PMID: 24559241 DOI: 10.1021/jf405529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A fast and precise proton nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR) method for the quantitative determination of low molecular weight target molecules in reference materials and natural isolates has been validated using ERETIC 2 (Electronic REference To access In vivo Concentrations) based on the PULCON (PULse length based CONcentration determination) methodology and compared to the gravimetric results. Using an Avance III NMR spectrometer (400 MHz) equipped with a broad band observe (BBO) probe, the qHNMR method was validated by determining its linearity, range, precision, and accuracy as well as robustness and limit of quantitation. The linearity of the method was assessed by measuring samples of l-tyrosine, caffeine, or benzoic acid in a concentration range between 0.3 and 16.5 mmol/L (r(2) ≥ 0.99), whereas the interday and intraday precisions were found to be ≤2%. The recovery of a range of reference compounds was ≥98.5%, thus demonstrating the qHNMR method as a precise tool for the rapid quantitation (~15 min) of food-related target compounds in reference materials and natural isolates such as nucleotides, polyphenols, or cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Frank
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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30
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Flow injection of liquid samples to a mass spectrometer with ionization under vacuum conditions: a combined ion source for single-photon and electron impact ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6953-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Buryak AK, Serdyuk TM. Chromatography – mass spectrometry in aerospace industry. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2013v082n04abeh004304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Trufelli H. A new liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry approach for generic screening and quantitation of potential genotoxic alkylation compounds without derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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33
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Zedda M, Zwiener C. Is nontarget screening of emerging contaminants by LC-HRMS successful? A plea for compound libraries and computer tools. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2493-502. [PMID: 22476785 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the possibilities and limits of nontarget screening of emerging contaminants, with emphasis on recent applications and developments in data evaluation and compound identification by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The general workflow includes determination of the elemental composition from accurate mass, a further search for the molecular formula in compound libraries or general chemical databases, and a ranking of the proposed structures using further information, e.g., from mass spectrometry (MS) fragmentation and retention times. The success of nontarget screening is in some way limited to the preselection of relevant compounds from a large data set. Recently developed approaches show that statistical analysis in combination with suspect and nontarget screening are useful methods to preselect relevant compounds. Currently, the unequivocal identification of unknowns still requires information from an authentic standard which has to be measured or is already available in user-defined MS/MS reference databases or libraries containing HRMS spectral information and retention times. In this context, we discuss the advantages and future needs of publicly available MS and MS/MS reference databases and libraries which have mostly been created for the metabolomic field. A big step forward has been achieved with computer-based tools when no MS library or MS database entry is found for a compound. The numerous search results from a large chemical database can be condensed to only a few by in silico fragmentation. This has been demonstrated for selected compounds and metabolites in recent publications. Still, only very few compounds have been identified or tentatively identified in environmental samples by nontarget screening. The availability of comprehensive MS libraries with a focus on environmental contaminants would tremendously improve the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zedda
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Kaufmann A. The current role of high-resolution mass spectrometry in food analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 403:1233-49. [PMID: 22179491 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), which is used for residue analysis in food, has gained wider acceptance in the last few years. This development is due to the availability of more rugged, sensitive, and selective instrumentation. The benefits provided by HRMS over classical unit-mass-resolution tandem mass spectrometry are considerable. These benefits include the collection of full-scan spectra, which provides greater insight into the composition of a sample. Consequently, the analyst has the freedom to measure compounds without previous compound-specific tuning, the possibility of retrospective data analysis, and the capability of performing structural elucidations of unknown or suspected compounds. HRMS strongly competes with classical tandem mass spectrometry in the field of quantitative multiresidue methods (e.g., pesticides and veterinary drugs). It is one of the most promising tools when moving towards nontargeted approaches. Certain hardware and software issues still have to be addressed by the instrument manufacturers for it to dislodge tandem mass spectrometry from its position as the standard trace analysis tool.
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Trufelli H, Zazzeroni R, Jacquoilleot S, Radici L, Saib O. Application of Liquid Chromatography-Direct-Electron Ionization-MS in an in Vitro Dermal Absorption Study: Quantitative Determination of trans-Cinnamaldehyde. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8537-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201839x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helga Trufelli
- LC-MS Laboratory, DiSTeVA, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Raniero Zazzeroni
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Jacquoilleot
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Radici
- LC-MS Laboratory, DiSTeVA, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ouarda Saib
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
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Flender C, Wolf C, Leonhard P, Karas M. Nano-liquid chromatography-direct electron ionization mass spectrometry: improving performance by a new ion source adapter. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:1004-1010. [PMID: 22012666 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel interface adapter has been designed to provide a new way of directly coupling a nano-liquid chromatograph to an electron ionization mass spectrometer. It connects the transfer capillary coming from the liquid chromatograph to the ionization chamber and can be easily screwed into the ion source. Liquid coming from the column passes through the heated adapter flow path and is vaporized. A continuous flow of new liquid pushes the vapor into the ionization chamber where it is ionized and continues on to the mass analyzer. The advantages of the new adapter are reduced ice formation inside the ion source and less clogging of the transfer capillary. Improvements achieved are demonstrated on the basis of caffeine and steroid analysis. The limits of detection of selected steroids are compared with and without the adapter. The adapter improves the detection limit of the system by a factor of 2 and precision from ≤15% to ≤9% relative standard deviation. No derivatization procedure is necessary before the analysis of small polar compounds. The resulting spectra are reproducible, easily interpretable, and database searchable. The new method is robust, delivers reproducible results, and provides a highly efficient alternative to existing methods in the field of pharmaceutical analysis.
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