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Thomas A, Thevis M. Recent advances in mass spectrometry for the detection of doping. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:27-39. [PMID: 38214680 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2305432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of doping control samples is preferably performed by mass spectrometry, because obtained results meet the highest analytical standards and ensure an impressive degree of reliability. The advancement in mass spectrometry and all its associated technologies thus allow for continuous improvements in doping control analysis. AREAS COVERED Modern mass spectrometric systems have reached a status of increased sensitivity, robustness, and specificity within the last decade. The improved sensitivity in particular has, on the other hand, also led to the detection of drug residues that were attributable to scenarios where the prohibited substances were not administered consciously but rather by the unconscious ingestion of or exposure to contaminated products. These scenarios and their doubtless clarification represent a great challenge. Here, too, modern MS systems and their applications can provide good insights in the interpretation of dose-related metabolism of prohibited substances. In addition to the development of new instruments itself, software-assisted analysis of the sometimes highly complex data is playing an increasingly important role and facilitating the work of doping control laboratories. EXPERT OPINION The sensitive analysis and evaluation of a higher number of samples in a shorter time is made possible by the ongoing developments in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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2
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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Gómez-Guerrero N, González-López N, Zapata-Velásquez JD, Martínez-Ramírez JA, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38193-38206. [PMID: 36340120 PMCID: PMC9631397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are very diverse molecules that can participate in a wide variety of biological processes. In this way, peptides are attractive for doping, since these molecules can activate or trigger biological processes that can improve the sports performance of athletes. Peptide molecules are found in the official World Anti-Doping Agency lists, mainly in sections S2, S4, and S5. In most cases, these molecules have a very short half-life in the body and/or are identical to natural molecules in the body, making it difficult to analyze them as performance-enhancing drugs. This article reviews the role of peptides in doping, with special emphasis on the peptides used as reference materials, the pretreatment of samples in biological matrices, the instrumentation, and the validation of analytical methodologies for the analysis of peptides used in doping. The growing need to characterize and quantify these molecules, especially in complex biological matrices, has generated the need to search for robust strategies that allow for obtaining sensitive and conclusive results. In this sense, strategies such as solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), seeking to obtain specific peptides, metabolites, or isotopically labeled analogs, is a key tool for adequate quantification of different peptide molecules in biological matrices. This, together with the use of optimal methodologies for sample pretreatment (e.g., SPE or protein precipitation), and for subsequent analysis by high-resolution techniques (mainly hyphenated LC-HRMS techniques), have become the preferred instrumentation to meet the analytical challenge involved in the analysis of peptides in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor
Alejandro Gómez-Guerrero
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Ministerio del Deporte,
Bogotá, Carrera
68 No 55-65, 111071 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás
Mateo González-López
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Diego Zapata-Velásquez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Ariel Martínez-Ramírez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zuly Jenny Rivera-Monroy
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
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Caira S, Picariello G, Renzone G, Arena S, Troise AD, De Pascale S, Ciaravolo V, Pinto G, Addeo F, Scaloni A. Recent developments in peptidomics for the quali-quantitative analysis of food-derived peptides in human body fluids and tissues. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Investigations into the In Vitro Metabolism of hGH and IGF-I Employing Stable-Isotope-Labelled Drugs and Monitoring Diagnostic Immonium Ions by High-Resolution/High-Accuracy Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020146. [PMID: 35208220 PMCID: PMC8877552 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the metabolism of prohibited substances is an essential element in anti-doping research in order to facilitate and improve detectability. Whilst pharmacokinetic studies on healthy volunteers are valuable, they are often difficult, not least due to safety reasons and ethical constraints, especially concerning peptidic substances, which must be administered parenterally. Hence, there is a growing need for suitable in vitro models and sophisticated analytical strategies to investigate the metabolism of protein- and peptide-derived drugs. These include human growth hormone (hGH) and its main mediator insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), both prohibited in professional sports for their anabolic and lipolytic effects, while challenging in their detection, as they occur naturally in the human body.Within this study, the in vitro metabolism of hGH and IGF-I was investigated using a stable-isotope-labelled reporter ion screening strategy (IRIS). A combination of liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and characteristic immonium ions generated by internal dissociation of the stable-isotope-labelled peptidic metabolites enabled the detection of specific fragments. Several degradation products for hGH and IGF-I were identified within this study. These metabolites, potentially even indicative for subcutaneous administration of the drugs, could serve as promising targets for the detection of hGH and IGF-I misuse in future anti-doping applications.
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7
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Chang W, He G, Yan K, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Dong T, Liu Y, Zhang L, Hong L. Doping control analysis of small peptides in human urine using LC-HRMS with parallel reaction monitoring mode: screening and confirmation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5838-5850. [PMID: 34847571 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study described a reliable analytical method, which combines solid-phase extraction (SPE) with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) employing the parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode, for screening 41 small peptides and 3 non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues in human urine. Additionally 36 small peptides and 3 non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues were also confirmed in the same way. For the whole screening procedure, the PRM mode was applied to the HRMS detection of small peptides, which reduces the background noise from matrix compounds to a large extent and thus improves the selectivity and reliability of the peptide analytes. Meanwhile, competent chromatographic separation was achieved within a total runtime of 14 minutes, indicating an improvement in the detection efficiency. Moreover, the PRM mode could also be applied to the confirmation procedure due to its strong identification power with a low risk of generating false positives or negatives and good selectivity. Validation was performed according to the relevant World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criteria, including selectivity and reliability, limit of detection (LOD), limit of identification (LOI), recovery, extraction stability and carryover. The LODs of the peptide analytes ranged between 0.20 ng mL-1 and 0.92 ng mL-1 in urine, while their LOIs ranged between 0.20 ng mL-1 and 2.00 ng mL-1, which met the corresponding Minimum Required Performance Levels (MRPLs) as defined by WADA. The developed method furnished the rapid and sensitive detection of small peptides in urine for more than 5000 samples with no false-positive or false-negative, indicating that it is an eligible method for doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Genye He
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kuan Yan
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanliang Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianyu Dong
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunxi Liu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lisi Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Hong
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang Xi Road, HaiZhu District, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Høj LJ, Rasmussen BS, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K. Analysis of seized peptide and protein-based doping agents using four complimentary methods: Liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, Bradford, and immunoassays. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1457-1463. [PMID: 33686802 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Analysis and identification of seized doping-related products are important tasks for customs or forensic laboratories in order to prevent potentially dangerous and illegal compounds to go into circulation. At the Section of Forensic Chemistry in Copenhagen, we have a workflow consisting of four complimentary validated methods to identify common doping-related substances: liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV), LC coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), the colorimetric Bradford assay, and an immunoassay. The Bradford assay screens for peptide or proteins in the sample, and the immunoassay confirmed human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). LC-UV was carried out with a C4 protein column for identification of peptides and proteins from a standard reference library, based on retention times and ratios between peak areas at 220, 254, and 280 nm. LC-TOF-MS was performed using a C18 column, and identification was based on comparison of the retention time and the accurate mass with those of reference standards. In 2019, we received 36 samples for peptide/protein analysis, all of which were tested using the LC-UV, LC-TOF-MS, and colorimetric method, and samples suspected of containing hCG were confirmed with an immunoassay. We found a total of 15 samples containing an illegal doping substance, 12 samples containing substances not prohibited by the Danish Doping List, and nine samples containing no peptides or proteins. In conclusion, the four complimentary methods constitute a suitable approach for identifying common peptide/protein doping substances in the day-to-day routine of a forensic laboratory, with limited sample preparation and interpretation of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jakobsen Høj
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Uçaktürk E, Başaran AA, Demirel AH. Effect of the Mobile Phase Compositions on the Confirmation Analysis of Some Prohibited Substances in Sport by LC–ESI–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Yu JG, Isaksson A, Rova A, Tegner Y, Eriksson A, Malm C. Potential effects of long-term abuse of anabolic androgen steroids on human skeletal muscle. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1040-1048. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Thomas A, Thevis M. Identification of metabolites of peptide-derived drugs using an isotope-labeled reporter ion screening strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:690-700. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundPeptide-derived drugs represent an emerging class of prohibited substances in professional sports and, thus, in modern doping controls. After parental administration (e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous), these drugs undergo various metabolic processes, which degrade them to biologically active or inactive peptides. Knowledge about these metabolic processes and the hereby produced metabolites plays a key role in successful doping controls due to the effective design of analytical assays under consideration of optimal analytical targets. Unfortunately, the complexity of biological matrix (e.g. blood or urine) complicates the immediate identification of relevant metabolites due to the enormous excess of naturally occurring peptides and their degradation products.MethodsIn this study, a strategy employing in-vitro metabolism of stable isotope-labeled peptides producing characteristic reporter ions derived from labeled immonium ions is shown. The in-vitro experiments were performed with human skin tissue microsomes (S9), and model drugs representing prohibited peptide hormones were synacthen, insulin, and corticorelin (respectively, their stable isotope-labeled analogs). After generic sample preparation, the metabolites were identified by means of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) in an untargeted approach.Results and conclusionsFor all three model peptides, several metabolic products were readily identified. While insulin and corticorelin were found to be comparably stable, synacthen was fully degraded, yielding a plethora of metabolic products. A proof of concept concerning the transferability of the obtained data was accomplished by analyzing plasma samples collected post-administration of recombinant human insulin, corroborating the presence of a skin protease-indicative insulin metabolite in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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12
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Guan F, Fay S, Li X, You Y, Robinson MA. Identification of ex vivo catabolites of peptides with doping potential in equine plasma by HILIC-HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:771-784. [PMID: 32100400 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides pose a great threat to sports integrity. The detection of these peptides is essential for enforcing their prohibition in sports. Identifying the catabolites of these peptides that are formed ex vivo in plasma may improve their detection. In the present study, the stability of 27 bioactive peptides with protection at both termini in equine plasma was examined under different incubation conditions, using HILIC coupled to HRMS. Of the 27 peptides, 13 were stable after incubation at 37°C for 72 hr, but the remaining 14 were less stable. Ex vivo catabolites of these 14 peptides were detected using their theoretical masses generated in silico, their appearance was monitored over the time course of incubation, and their identity was verified by their product ion spectra. Catabolites identified for chemotactic peptide, DALDA, dmtDALDA, deltorphins I and II, Hyp6 -dermorphin, Lys7 -dermorphin, and dermorphin analog are novel. A d-amino acid residue at position 2 or 1 of a peptide or next to its C-terminus protected the relevant terminal from degradation by exopeptidases, but such a residue at position 3 did not. A pGlu residue or N-methylation at the N-terminus of a peptide did not protect its N-terminal. Ethylamide at the C-terminus of a peptide provided the C-terminal protection from attacks by carboxypeptidases. The C-terminal Lys amide in DALDA, dmtDALDA, and Lys7 -dermorphin was susceptible to cleavage by plasma enzymes, which is the first report, to the authors' knowledge. The results from the present study provide insights into the stability of peptides in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Savannah Fay
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, West Chester, PA, USA
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Ozgur E, Roberts KE, Ozgur EO, Gin AN, Bankhead JR, Wang Z, Su J. Ultrasensitive Detection of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Using Frequency Locked Microtoroid Optical Resonators. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11872-11878. [PMID: 31415150 PMCID: PMC6991119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clean sport competition is of significant concern to many governments and sporting organizations. Highly sensitive and rapid sensors are needed to improve the detection of performance enhancing drugs in sports as athletes take diuretics to dilute the concentration of drugs in their urine and microdose under the detectable limits of current sensors. Here we demonstrate, using frequency locked microtoroid optical resonators, a 3 orders of magnitude improvement in detection limit over the current gold standard, mass spectrometry, for the common performance enhancing drug, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG, also known as the pregnancy hormone, was detected both in simulated urine and in the urine of pregnant donors at a concentration of 1 and 3 femtomolar, respectively. We anticipate that the sensitivity provided by frequency locked optical microcavities can enable a new standard in antidoping research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Ozgur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA
| | - Kara Ellen Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA
| | - Ekin Ozge Ozgur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA
| | | | | | - Zhikun Wang
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA
| | - Judith Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 USA
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Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative determination of insulin and its related substances (e. g., C-peptide) is of great importance in many different areas of analytical chemistry. In particular, due to the steadily increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, an adequate control of the circulating amount of insulin is desirable. In addition, also in forensics and doping control analysis, the determination of insulin in blood, urine or other biological matrices plays a major role. However, in order to establish general reference values for insulin and C-peptide for diabetology, the comparability of measured concentrations is indispensable. This has not yet been fully implemented, although enormous progress has been made in recent years, and the search for a "gold standard" method is still ongoing. In addition to established ligand-binding assays, an increasing number of mass-spectrometric methods have been developed and employed as the to-date available systems (for example, high-resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometers) provide the sensitivity required to determine analyte concentrations in the sub-ng/mL (sub-100pmol/L) level. Meanwhile, also high-throughput measurements have been realized to meet the requirement of testing a high number of samples in a short period of time. Further developments aim at enabling the online measurement of insulin in the blood with the help of an insulin sensor and, in the following, in addition to a brief review, today's state of the art testing developments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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15
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Guan F, You Y, Li X, Robinson MA. A comprehensive approach to detecting multitudinous bioactive peptides in equine plasma and urine using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1308-1325. [PMID: 31250565 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides possess pharmacological effects and can be illicitly used in sports. To deter such misuse, an untargeted method using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has been developed for comprehensive detection of multitudinous exogenous peptides in equine plasma and urine. Forty-four peptides were extracted using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction (SPE) from plasma and urine, separated with a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column, and detected on an HRMS instrument. Ammonium formate as a mobile phase additive had effects on HILIC retention and charge state distribution of the peptides. The acetonitrile percentage in the reconstitution solution affected the solubility of peptide neat standards and peptides in plasma and urine extracts differently. The stability of the peptides in plasma at ambient temperature was assessed. The limit of detection (LOD) was 10-50 pg/mL for most of the peptides in plasma, and ≤ 500 pg/mL for the remaining. LOD was 100-400 pg/mL for the majority of the analytes in urine, and ≤ 4000 pg/mL for the others. The method was used successfully to analyze incurred plasma and urine samples from research horses administered dermorphin. Even in the absence of reference standards, dermorphin metabolites (aFGYPS-NH2 , YaFG, and YaF) were identified. These results demonstrate that data generated with this method can be retrospectively reviewed for peptides that are unknown at the time of sample analysis without requiring re-analysis of the sample. This method provides a powerful novel tool for detection of numerous bioactive peptides and their metabolites in equine plasma and urine for doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
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16
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Applications and challenges of forensic proteomics. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:350-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Lehtihet M, Bhuiyan H, Dalby A, Ericsson M, Ekström L. Longitudinally monitoring of P-III-NP, IGF-I, and GH-2000 score increases the probability of detecting two weeks' administration of low-dose recombinant growth hormone compared to GH-2000 decision limit and GH isoform test and micro RNA markers. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:411-421. [PMID: 30223291 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To detect doping with growth hormone (GH), GH isoform and biomarkers tests are available. Both methods use population-based decision limits. Future testing in anti-doping is progressing toward individual-based reference ranges, and it is possible that with such an approach the sensitivity to detect GH doping may increase. In addition to monitoring different proteins, the use of miRNAs as future GH biomarkers has been discussed. Here we have longitudinally studied the serum concentrations of IGF-I, P-III-NP and the different GH isoforms in nine healthy men prior to, during and after two weeks' administration with low doses (1 and 4 IU/day) of recGH. Moreover, three putative miRNAs were analyzed. The results show that 80% of the participants were identified as atypical findings using the GH isoform test. However, the participants were only positive 1.5-3 hours directly after an injection. Only one of the participants reached a GH-2000 score indicative of doping when a population-based decision limit was applied. When IGF-I and P-III-NP were longitudinally monitored, 88% of the participants were identified above an individual upper threshold arbitrarily calculated as three standard deviations above the mean values of four baseline samples. The miRNA levels displayed large intra-subject variations that did not change in relation to recGH administration. Our results show that the GH isoform test is very sensitive in detecting low doses of recGH but with a short detection window. Moreover, longitudinally monitoring of IGF-I and P-III-NP may be a promising future approach to detect GH doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Lehtihet
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and S:t Görans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Abigayle Dalby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Gajda PM, Holm NB, Hoej LJ, Rasmussen BS, Dalsgaard PW, Reitzel LA, Linnet K. Glycine-modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:350-354. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Marta Gajda
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Niels Bjerre Holm
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Lars Jakobsen Hoej
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Lotte Ask Reitzel
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
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19
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Blokland M, Zoontjes P, Van Ginkel L, Van De Schans M, Sterk S, Bovee T. Multiclass screening in urine by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry for residues of sulphonamides, beta-agonists and steroids. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1703-1715. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Blokland
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Zoontjes
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L.A. Van Ginkel
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M.G.M. Van De Schans
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S.S. Sterk
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T.F.H. Bovee
- Department of Growth Promoters, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Xiao D, Jiang Y, Bi Y. Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of illegal drugs and additives: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:247. [PMID: 29619574 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review (with 154 refs.) describes the current status of using molecularly imprinted polymers in the extraction and quantitation of illicit drugs and additives. The review starts with an introduction into some synthesis methods (lump MIPs, spherical MIPs, surface imprinting) of MIPs using illicit drugs and additives as templates. The next section covers applications, with subsections on the detection of illegal additives in food, of doping in sports, and of illicit addictive drugs. A particular focus is directed towards current limitations and challenges, on the optimization of methods for preparation of MIPs, their applicability to aqueous samples, the leakage of template molecules, and the identification of the best balance between adsorption capacity and selectivity factor. At last, the need for convincing characterization methods, the lack of uniform parameters for defining selectivity, and the merits and demerits of MIPs prepared using nanomaterials are addressed. Strategies are suggested to solve existing problems, and future developments are discussed with respect to a more widespread use in relevant fields. Graphical abstract This review gives a comprehensive overview of the advances made in molecularly imprinting of polymers for use in the extraction and quantitation of illicit drugs and additives. Methods for syntheses, highlighted applications, limitations and current challenges are specifically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanping Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, No. 619, Changcheng Road, Tai'an, 271016, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Malekzad H, Zangabad PS, Mohammadi H, Sadroddini M, Jafari Z, Mahlooji N, Abbaspour S, Gholami S, Ghanbarpoor M, Pashazadeh R, Beyzavi A, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Noble metal nanostructures in optical biosensors: Basics, and their introduction to anti-doping detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2018; 100:116-135. [PMID: 29731530 PMCID: PMC5933885 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has illustrated significant potentials in biomolecular-sensing applications; particularly its introduction to anti-doping detection is of great importance. Illicit recreational drugs, substances that can be potentially abused, and drugs with dosage limitations according to the prohibited lists announced by the World Antidoping Agency (WADA) are becoming of increasing interest to forensic chemists. In this review, the theoretical principles of optical biosensors based on noble metal nanoparticles, and the transduction mechanism of commonly-applied plasmonic biosensors are covered. We review different classes of recently-developed plasmonic biosensors for analytic determination and quantification of illicit drugs in anti-doping applications. The important classes of illicit drugs include anabolic steroids, opioids, stimulants, and peptide hormones. The main emphasis is on the advantages that noble metal nano-particles bring to optical biosensors for signal enhancement and the development of highly sensitive (label-free) biosensors. In the near future, such optical biosensors may be an invaluable substitute for conventional anti-doping detection methods such as chromatography-based approaches, and may even be commercialized for routine anti-doping tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Malekzad
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science (TUOMS), Tabriz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Mohammadi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sadroddini
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Niloofar Mahlooji
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35351-19111, Iran
| | - Somaye Abbaspour
- School of Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, International Campus, Iran
| | | | | | - Rahim Pashazadeh
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- Koch Institute of MIT, 500 Main Street, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Teheran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Teheran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Arsene C, Schulze D, Röthke A, Thevis M, Henrion A. Growth hormone isoform-differential mass spectrometry for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:938-946. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Arsene
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Braunschweig Germany
| | - Dirk Schulze
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Braunschweig Germany
| | - Anita Röthke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Braunschweig Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Zentrum für Präventive Dopingforschung - Institut für Biochemie; Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln; Germany
| | - André Henrion
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Braunschweig Germany
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23
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Determination of doping peptides via solid-phase microelution and accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight LC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1065-1066:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Zvereva I, Dudko G, Dikunets M. Determination of GnRH and its synthetic analogues' abuse in doping control: Small bioactive peptide UPLC-MS/MS method extension by addition of in vitro and in vivo metabolism data; evaluation of LH and steroid profile parameter fluctuations as suitable bi. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:711-722. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Robert C, Huet AC, Suárez-Pantaleón C, Brasseur A, Delahaut P, Gillard N. Development of a confirmatory method for detecting recombinant bovine somatotropin in plasma by immunomagnetic precipitation followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1925-1934. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1364429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:6-29. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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27
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Stella R, Barrucci F, Angeletti R, James P, Montesissa C, Biancotto G. Targeted proteomics for the indirect detection of dexamethasone treatment in bovines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8343-8353. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Challenges for the in vivo quantification of brain neuropeptides using microdialysis sampling and LC-MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1965-85. [PMID: 27554986 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, neuropeptides and their receptors have received an increased interest in neuropharmacological research. Although these molecules are considered relatively small compared with proteins, their in vivo quantification using microdialysis is more challenging than for small molecules. Low microdialysis recoveries, aspecific adsorption and the presence of various multiply charged precursor ions during ESI-MS/MS detection hampers the in vivo quantification of these low abundant biomolecules. Every step in the workflow, from sampling until analysis, has to be optimized to enable the sensitive analysis of these compounds in microdialysates.
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29
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Zheng Z, Chen P, Li G, Zhu Y, Shi Z, Luo Y, Zhao C, Fu Z, Cui X, Ji C, Wang F, Huang G, Liang G. Mechanistic study of CBT-Cys click reaction and its application for identifying bioactive N-terminal cysteine peptides in amniotic fluid. Chem Sci 2016; 8:214-222. [PMID: 28451168 PMCID: PMC5308401 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CBT-Cys click condensation reaction has a high second-order reaction rate constant and has found wide applicability in recent years. However, its reaction mechanism has not been experimentally validated and its application for identifying bioactive N-terminal Cys peptides in real clinical samples has not been reported. Herein, firstly, by employing induced nanoelectrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (InESI-MS) and a home-built micro-reactor, we successfully intercepted and structurally characterized the crucial intermediate in this click reaction for the first time. With the intermediate, the proposed mechanism of this reaction was corroborated. Moreover, we also applied this MS setup to monitor the reaction in real time and obtained the second-order reaction rate constants of this reaction at different pH values. After mechanistic study, we applied this click reaction for identifying bioactive N-terminal cysteine peptides in amniotic fluid (AF). Eight unique N-terminal Cys peptides in AF, three of which are located in the functional domain regions of their corresponding proteins, were identified with a false positive rate less than 1%. One of the three peptides was found able to inhibit the growth of uterine endometrial cancer HEC-1-B cells but not the endometrial normal cells via a typical apoptotic pathway. With its mechanism satisfactorily elucidated, the kinetic parameters obtained, as well as its application for fishing bioactive N-terminal Cys peptides from vast complex clinical samples, we anticipate that this CBT-Cys click reaction could be applied more widely for the facile isolation, site-specific identification, and quantification of N-terminal Cys-containing peptides in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China . ;
| | - Peiyao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China . ;
| | - Gongyu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China . ;
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province , Jiangsu Diabetes Center , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , China
| | - Zhonghua Shi
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Institute , Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China . ;
| | - Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Analysis Center , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , China .
| | - Ziyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Analysis Center , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , China .
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Institute , Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Institute , Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , China
| | - Fuqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Analysis Center , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210093 , China .
| | - Guangming Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China . ;
| | - Gaolin Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China . ;
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30
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Maurer HH, Meyer MR. High-resolution mass spectrometry in toxicology: current status and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2161-2172. [PMID: 27369376 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approaches using time-of-flight or Orbitrap techniques for research and application in various toxicology fields, particularly in clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology published since 2013 and referenced in PubMed. In the introduction, an overview on applications of HRMS in various toxicology fields is given with reference to current review articles. Papers concerning HRMS in metabolism, screening, and quantification of pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, and toxins in human body samples are critically reviewed. Finally, a discussion on advantages as well as limitations and future perspectives of these methods is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Monolith immuno-affinity enrichment liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for quantitative protein analysis of recombinant bovine somatotropin in serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6041-50. [PMID: 26077745 PMCID: PMC4512272 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) to enhance milk production is approved in several countries, but it is prohibited in the European Union. According to EU legislation, it is necessary to confirm positive screening results prior to enforcement. Although adequate screening assays are available nowadays, development of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmatory methods to detect low levels of rbST is still a challenge. Here, we present a novel approach using immuno-affinity enrichment on monolithic micro-columns in combination with state-of-the-art ultra-high pressure LC-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection. The developed approach enables detection and confirmation of rbST in serum at a decision limit (CCα) concentration of 0.8 ng mL−1. Furthermore, the method is easy to handle, robust and reproducible. We successfully applied the confirmatory method to serum samples from rbST treated cows that were found suspect after immunoassay-based screening. The use of rbST could be confirmed over 1 week after treatment, and the developed method demonstrated the sensitivity needed for effective control. Graphical summary of the workflow, for serum preparation, enrichment with monolith microcolumns and LC-MS/MS measurement of rbST ![]()
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32
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van den Broek I, Romijn FPHTM, Smit NPM, van der Laarse A, Drijfhout JW, van der Burgt YEM, Cobbaert CM. Quantifying protein measurands by peptide measurements: where do errors arise? J Proteome Res 2015; 14:928-42. [PMID: 25494833 DOI: 10.1021/pr5011179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinically actionable quantification of protein biomarkers by mass spectrometry (MS) requires analytical performance in concordance with quality specifications for diagnostic tests. Laboratory-developed tests should, therefore, be validated in accordance with EN ISO 15189:2012 guidelines for medical laboratories to demonstrate competence and traceability along the entire workflow, including the selected standardization strategy and the phases before, during, and after proteolysis. In this study, bias and imprecision of a previously developed MS method for quantification of serum apolipoproteins A-I (Apo A-I) and B (Apo B) were thoroughly validated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines EP15-A2 and EP09-A3, using 100 patient sera and either stable-isotope labeled (SIL) peptides or SIL-Apo A-I as internal standard. The systematic overview of error components assigned sample preparation before the first 4 h of proteolysis as major source (∼85%) of within-sample imprecision without external calibration. No improvement in imprecision was observed with the use of SIL-Apo A-I instead of SIL-peptides. On the contrary, when the use of SIL-Apo A-I was combined with external calibration, imprecision improved significantly (from ∼9% to ∼6%) as a result of the normalization for matrix effects on linearity. A between-sample validation of bias in 100 patient sera further supported the presence of matrix effects on digestion completeness and additionally demonstrated specimen-specific biases associated with modified peptide sequences or alterations in protease activity. In conclusion, the presented overview of bias and imprecision components contributes to a better understanding of the sources of errors in MS-based protein quantification and provides valuable recommendations to assess and control analytical quality in concordance with the requirements for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van den Broek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) , Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sterk SS. Residue Control in the European Union, the Present and Future Challenges: Experiences From the Netherlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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