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Xiao L, Zhang L, Guo C, Xin Q, Gu X, Jiang C, Wu J. "Find Me" and "Eat Me" signals: tools to drive phagocytic processes for modulating antitumor immunity. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:791-832. [PMID: 38923737 PMCID: PMC11260773 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, a vital defense mechanism, involves the recognition and elimination of foreign substances by cells. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, rapidly respond to invaders; macrophages are especially important in later stages of the immune response. They detect "find me" signals to locate apoptotic cells and migrate toward them. Apoptotic cells then send "eat me" signals that are recognized by phagocytes via specific receptors. "Find me" and "eat me" signals can be strategically harnessed to modulate antitumor immunity in support of cancer therapy. These signals, such as calreticulin and phosphatidylserine, mediate potent pro-phagocytic effects, thereby promoting the engulfment of dying cells or their remnants by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells and inducing tumor cell death. This review summarizes the phagocytic "find me" and "eat me" signals, including their concepts, signaling mechanisms, involved ligands, and functions. Furthermore, we delineate the relationships between "find me" and "eat me" signaling molecules and tumors, especially the roles of these molecules in tumor initiation, progression, diagnosis, and patient prognosis. The interplay of these signals with tumor biology is elucidated, and specific approaches to modulate "find me" and "eat me" signals and enhance antitumor immunity are explored. Additionally, novel therapeutic strategies that combine "find me" and "eat me" signals to better bridge innate and adaptive immunity in the treatment of cancer patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Louqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Ciliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Qilei Xin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
| | - Junhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNational Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryJinanShandongP. R. China
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2
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Tzenaki N, Xenou L, Goulielmaki E, Tsapara A, Voudouri I, Antoniou A, Valianatos G, Tzardi M, De Bree E, Berdiaki A, Makrigiannakis A, Papakonstanti EA. A combined opposite targeting of p110δ PI3K and RhoA abrogates skin cancer. Commun Biol 2024; 7:26. [PMID: 38182748 PMCID: PMC10770346 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly skin cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide whereas SCC is the second most common non-melanoma human skin cancer with limited treatment options. Here we show that the development and metastasis of melanoma and SCC cancers can be blocked by a combined opposite targeting of RhoA and p110δ PI3K. We found that a targeted induction of RhoA activity into tumours by deletion of p190RhoGAP-a potent inhibitor of RhoA GTPase-in tumour cells together with adoptive macrophages transfer from δD910A/D910A mice in mice bearing tumours with active RhoA abrogated growth progression of melanoma and SCC tumours. Τhe efficacy of this combined treatment is the same in tumours lacking activating mutations in BRAF and in tumours harbouring the most frequent BRAF(V600E) mutation. Furthermore, the efficiency of this combined treatment is associated with decreased ATX expression in tumour cells and tumour stroma bypassing a positive feedback expression of ATX induced by direct ATX pharmacological inactivation. Together, our findings highlight the importance of targeting cancer cells and macrophages for skin cancer therapy, emerge a reverse link between ATX and RhoA and illustrate the benefit of p110δ PI3K inhibition as a combinatorial regimen for the treatment of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Tzenaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lydia Xenou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Goulielmaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anna Tsapara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Irene Voudouri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angelika Antoniou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Valianatos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eelco De Bree
- Department of Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonios Makrigiannakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
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3
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Benesch MGK, Wu R, Tang X, Brindley DN, Ishikawa T, Takabe K. Autotaxin production in the human breast cancer tumor microenvironment mitigates tumor progression in early breast cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2790-2813. [PMID: 37559999 PMCID: PMC10408472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that produces extracellular lysophosphatidate in physiological wound healing. ATX is overexpressed in many cancers to promote growth, metastasis, and treatment resistance. However, ATX expression is very low in breast cancer cells, and is instead secreted by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Paracrine ATX expression, and its effects on tumor progression, has not been robustly studied in human breast tumors. In this study, ATX expression was analyzed in over 5000 non-metastatic breast cancers from databases TCGA, METABRIC and GSE96058, dichotomized by the median. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the xCell algorithm investigated biological functions of ATX and correlation to TME cell populations. TME ATX production was verified by single cell RNA sequencing. The highest ATX expression occurred in endothelial cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (P<0.0001). High tumor ATX expression correlated to increased adipocyte, fibroblast, and endothelial cell fractions (P<0.01), and GSEA demonstrated enriched immune system, tumor suppressor, pro-survival, stemness, and pro-inflammatory signaling in multiple gene sets. Tumor mutational burden was decreased, Ki67 scores were decreased, tumor infiltrating immune cell populations increased, and immune cytolytic activity scores increased (all P<0.01) for ATX-high tumors. Overall survival trends favored ATX-high tumors (hazard ratios 0.75-0.80). In summary, in human breast cancers, ATX is produced by the TME, and in non-metastatic tumors, high levels correlate with an anti-tumor phenotype. Because pre-clinical models use aggressive pro-metastatic cell lines where ATX-mediated signaling promotes tumorigenesis, further research is required to verify an anti-to-pro-tumor phenotype switch with breast cancer progression and/or treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew GK Benesch
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New YorkBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
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4
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Zhang L, Liu X, Liu Y, Yan F, Zeng Y, Song Y, Fang H, Song D, Wang X. Lysophosphatidylcholine inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation by regulating fatty acid metabolism enzyme long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthase 5. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1180. [PMID: 36639836 PMCID: PMC9839868 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a widespread malignancy with a high death rate and disorder of lipid metabolism. Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) has anti-tumour effects, although the underlying mechanism is not entirely known. The purpose of this study aims at defining changes in lysoPC in lung cancer patients, the effects of lysoPC on lung cancer cells and molecular mechanisms. Lung cancer cell sensitivity to lysoPC was evaluated and decisive roles of long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthase 5 (ACSL5) in lysoPC regulation were defined by comprehensively evaluating transcriptomic changes of ACSL5-downregulated epithelia. ACSL5 over-expressed in ciliated, club and Goblet cells in lung cancer patients, different from other lung diseases. LysoPC inhibited lung cancer cell proliferation, by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, altering lipid metabolisms, increasing fatty acid oxidation and reprograming ACSL5/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-regulated triacylglycerol-lysoPC balance. Thus, this study provides a general new basis for the discovery of reprogramming metabolisms and metabolites as a new strategy of lung cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Xuanqi Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina
| | - Yifei Liu
- Center of Molecular Diagnosis and TherapyThe Second Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Furong Yan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina,Center of Molecular Diagnosis and TherapyThe Second Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Center of Molecular Diagnosis and TherapyThe Second Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhouChina
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina,Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina,Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of AnesthesiologyZhongshan and Minhang HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dongli Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina,Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina,Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineZhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina,Shanghai Institute of Clinical BioinformaticsShanghaiChina,Shanghai Engineering Research for AI Technology for Cardiopulmonary DiseasesShanghaiChina
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5
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Vít O, Petrák J. Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidic Acid Signalling: the Pleiotropic Regulatory Network in Cancer. Folia Biol (Praha) 2023; 69:149-162. [PMID: 38583176 DOI: 10.14712/fb2023069050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Autotaxin, also known as ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2, is a secreted glycoprotein that plays multiple roles in human physiology and cancer pathology. This protein, by converting lysophosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid, initiates a complex signalling cascade with significant biological implications. The article outlines the autotaxin gene and protein structure, expression regulation and physiological functions, but focuses mainly on the role of autotaxin in cancer development and progression. Autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid signalling influence several aspects of cancer, including cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, therapy resistance, and interactions with the immune system. The potential of autotaxin as a diagnostic biomarker and promising drug target is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vít
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Petrák
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
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Ojasalu K, Lieber S, Sokol AM, Nist A, Stiewe T, Bullwinkel I, Finkernagel F, Reinartz S, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Grosse R, Graumann J, Müller R. The lysophosphatidic acid-regulated signal transduction network in ovarian cancer cells and its role in actomyosin dynamics, cell migration and entosis. Theranostics 2023; 13:1921-1948. [PMID: 37064875 PMCID: PMC10091871 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species accumulate in the ascites of ovarian high-grade serous cancer (HGSC) and are associated with short relapse-free survival. LPA is known to support metastatic spread of cancer cells by activating a multitude of signaling pathways via G-protein-coupled receptors of the LPAR family. Systematic unbiased analyses of the LPA-regulated signal transduction network in ovarian cancer cells have, however, not been reported to date. Methods: LPA-induced signaling pathways were identified by phosphoproteomics of both patient-derived and OVCAR8 cells, RNA sequencing, measurements of intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP as well as cell imaging. The function of LPARs and downstream signaling components in migration and entosis were analyzed by selective pharmacological inhibitors and RNA interference. Results: Phosphoproteomic analyses identified > 1100 LPA-regulated sites in > 800 proteins and revealed interconnected LPAR1, ROCK/RAC, PKC/D and ERK pathways to play a prominent role within a comprehensive signaling network. These pathways regulate essential processes, including transcriptional responses, actomyosin dynamics, cell migration and entosis. A critical component of this signaling network is MYPT1, a stimulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which in turn is a negative regulator of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2). LPA induces phosphorylation of MYPT1 through ROCK (T853) and PKC/ERK (S507), which is majorly driven by LPAR1. Inhibition of MYPT1, PKC or ERK impedes both LPA-induced cell migration and entosis, while interference with ROCK activity and MLC2 phosphorylation selectively blocks entosis, suggesting that MYPT1 figures in both ROCK/MLC2-dependent and -independent pathways. We finally show a novel pathway governed by LPAR2 and the RAC-GEF DOCK7 to be indispensable for the induction of entosis. Conclusion: We have identified a comprehensive LPA-induced signal transduction network controlling LPA-triggered cytoskeletal changes, cell migration and entosis in HGSC cells. Due to its pivotal role in this network, MYPT1 may represent a promising target for interfering with specific functions of PP1 essential for HGSC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaire Ojasalu
- Department of Translational Oncology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Lieber
- Department of Translational Oncology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna M. Sokol
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Imke Bullwinkel
- Department of Translational Oncology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Finkernagel
- Department of Translational Oncology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silke Reinartz
- Department of Translational Oncology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller-Brüsselbach
- Department of Translational Oncology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institut for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Translational Proteomics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Translational Oncology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- ✉ Corresponding author: Rolf Müller, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany. . Phone: +49 6421 2866236
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7
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He M, Slee EA, Sun M, Hu C, Chang WT, Xu G, Lu X, Wang M. Defect in Ser312 phosphorylation of Tp53 dysregulates lipid metabolism for fatty accumulation and fatty liver susceptibility: Revealed by lipidomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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She S, Zhang Q, Shi J, Yang F, Dai K. Roles of Autotaxin/Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis in the Initiation and Progression of Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922945. [PMID: 35769713 PMCID: PMC9236130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like signaling phospholipid. ATX has been abundantly detected in the culture medium of various cancer cells, tumor tissues, and serum or plasma of cancer patients. Biological actions of ATX are mediated by LPA. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities, such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation, and participates in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we have summarized the physiological function of ATX and the ATX-LPA axis in liver cancer, analyzed the role of the ATX-LPA axis in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and discussed the therapeutic strategies targeting the ATX-LPA axis, paving the way for new therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fan Yang
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang, ; Kai Dai,
| | - Kai Dai
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang, ; Kai Dai,
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9
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Yi X, Li Y, Hu X, Wang F, Liu T. Changes in phospholipid metabolism in exosomes of hormone-sensitive and hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:2893-2902. [PMID: 33854590 PMCID: PMC8040901 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To explore the changes in lipids in exosomes of hormone-sensitive and hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells and develop an inexpensive and rapid technique for screening lipid-based biomarkers of prostate cancer. Methods: Exosomes were extracted from LnCap, PC3 and DU-145 cells, and their lipid composition was analyzed quantitatively using high-throughput mass spectrometry. Exosomes released by LnCap prostate cancer cells were also purified using a modified procedure based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. Results: Exosomes extracted from LnCap cells contained higher proportions of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol lipids than whole LnCap cells. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a harmful intermediate product of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in vivo, was not found in LnCap cells but in exosomes. Phospholipids were different in exosomes from LnCap, PC3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells. The main lipid pathways involved, i.e., glycerophospholipid metabolism, autophagy, and ferroptosis pathways, were also different in these cells. Exosomes isolated by this modified PEG precipitation technique were similar in purity to those obtained using a commercial kit. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that phosphatidylcholine and its harmful product lysophosphatidylcholine may play important roles in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Phospholipid exosome metabolism was changed in hormone-sensitive and hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells. The LPC, lipid pathway of autophagy and ferroptosis may act as therapeutic targets. The possibility of purifying prostate cancer cell exosomes using modified PEG precipitation is suitable for cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Yi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University & Guangxi Cancer Research Institute, Nanning 530021,China
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China.,Life science institute of East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - XiaoGang Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - FuBing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China.,Wuhan infectious diseases and cancer research center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, PR China
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10
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Elian FA, Are U, Ghosh S, Nuin P, Footz T, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN, Walter MA. FOXQ1 is Differentially Expressed Across Breast Cancer Subtypes with Low Expression Associated with Poor Overall Survival. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 13:171-188. [PMID: 33688250 PMCID: PMC7935334 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s282860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1) has been shown to contribute to the development and progression of cancers, including ovarian and breast cancer (BC). However, research exploring FOXQ1 expression, copy number variation (CNV), and prognostic value across different BC subtypes is limited. Our purpose was to evaluate FOXQ1 mRNA expression, CNV, and prognostic value across BC subtypes. Materials and Methods We determined FOXQ1 expression and CNV in BC patient tumors using RT-qPCR and qPCR, respectively. We also analyzed FOXQ1 expression and CNV in BC cell lines in the CCLE database using K-means clustering. The prognostic value of FOXQ1 expression in the TCGA-BRCA database was assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox's regression analysis as well as using the online tools OncoLnc, GEPIA, and UALCAN. Results Our analyses reveal that FOXQ1 mRNA is differentially expressed between different subtypes of BC and is significantly decreased in luminal BC and HER2 patients when compared to normal breast tissue samples. Furthermore, analysis of BC cell lines showed that FOXQ1 mRNA expression was independent of CNV. Moreover, patients with low FOXQ1 mRNA expression had significantly poorer overall survival compared to those with high FOXQ1 mRNA expression. Finally, low FOXQ1 expression had a critical impact on the prognostic values of BC patients and was an independent predictor of overall survival when it was adjusted for BC subtypes and to two other FOX genes, FOXF2 and FOXM1. Conclusion Our study reveals for the first time that FOXQ1 is differentially expressed across BC subtypes and that low expression of FOXQ1 is indicative of poor prognosis in patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahed A Elian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ubah Are
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paulo Nuin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tim Footz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael A Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Xu X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang X. NSun2 promotes cell migration through methylating autotaxin mRNA. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18134-18147. [PMID: 33093178 PMCID: PMC7939462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NSun2 is an RNA methyltransferase introducing 5-methylcytosine into tRNAs, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs, thereby influencing the levels or function of these RNAs. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and is recognized as a key factor in converting lysophosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The ATX-LPA axis exerts multiple biological effects in cell survival, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we show that NSun2 is involved in the regulation of cell migration through methylating ATX mRNA. In the human glioma cell line U87, knockdown of NSun2 decreased ATX protein levels, whereas overexpression of NSun2 elevated ATX protein levels. However, neither overexpression nor knockdown of NSun2 altered ATX mRNA levels. Further studies revealed that NSun2 methylated the 3'-UTR of ATX mRNA at cytosine 2756 in vitro and in vivo Methylation by NSun2 enhanced ATX mRNA translation. In addition, NSun2-mediated 5-methylcytosine methylation promoted the export of ATX mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm in an ALYREF-dependent manner. Knockdown of NSun2 suppressed the migration of U87 cells, which was rescued by the addition of LPA. In summary, we identify NSun2-mediated methylation of ATX mRNA as a novel mechanism in the regulation of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining, China.
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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12
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Role of Adipose Tissue-Derived Autotaxin, Lysophosphatidate Signaling, and Inflammation in the Progression and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165938. [PMID: 32824846 PMCID: PMC7460696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that produces lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors, promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and survival from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Many cancer cells produce ATX, but breast cancer cells express little ATX. In breast tumors, ATX is produced by tumor-associated stroma. Breast tumors are also surrounded by adipose tissue, which is a major bodily source of ATX. In mice, a high-fat diet increases adipocyte ATX production. ATX production in obesity is also increased because of low-level inflammation in the expanded adipose tissue. This increased ATX secretion and consequent LPA signaling is associated with decreased adiponectin production, which results in adverse metabolic profiles and glucose homeostasis. Increased ATX production by inflamed adipose tissue may explain the obesity-breast cancer association. Breast tumors produce inflammatory mediators that stimulate ATX transcription in tumor-adjacent adipose tissue. This drives a feedforward inflammatory cycle since increased LPA signaling increases production of more inflammatory mediators and cyclooxygenase-2. Inhibiting ATX activity, which has implications in breast cancer adjuvant treatments, attenuates this cycle. Targeting ATX activity and LPA signaling may potentially increase chemotherapy and radiotherapy efficacy, and decrease radiation-induced fibrosis morbidity independently of breast cancer type because most ATX is not derived from breast cancer cells.
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13
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Amaral RF, Geraldo LHM, Einicker-Lamas M, E Spohr TCLDS, Mendes F, Lima FRS. Microglial lysophosphatidic acid promotes glioblastoma proliferation and migration via LPA 1 receptor. J Neurochem 2020; 156:499-512. [PMID: 32438456 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly aggressive primary brain tumors characterized by cellular heterogeneity, insensitivity to chemotherapy and poor patient survival. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lysophospholipid that acts as a bioactive signaling molecule and plays important roles in diverse biological events during development and disease, including several cancer types. Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, express high levels of Autotaxin (ATX,Enpp2), an enzyme that synthetizes LPA. Our study aimed to investigate the role of LPA on tumor growth and invasion in the context of microglia-GBM interaction. First, through bioinformatics studies, patient data analysis demonstrated that more aggressive GBM expressed higher levels of ENPP2, which was also associated with worse patient prognosis with proneural GBM. Using GBM-microglia co-culture system we then demonstrated that GBM secreted factors were able to increase LPA1 and ATX in microglia, which could be further enhanced by hypoxia. On the other hand, interaction with microglial cells also increased ATX expression in GBM. Furthermore, microglial-induced GBM proliferation and migration could be inhibited by pharmacological inhibition of LPA1 , suggesting that microglial-derived LPA could support tumor growth and invasion. Finally, increased LPA1 expression was observed in GBM comparing with other gliomas and could be also associated with worse patient survival. These results show for the first time a microglia-GBM interaction through the LPA pathway with relevant implications for tumor progression. A better understanding of this interaction can lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies setting LPA as a potential target for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rackele F Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz H M Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Einicker-Lamas
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania C L de S E Spohr
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia R S Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Tang X, Benesch MGK, Brindley DN. Role of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate axis in the development of resistance to cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158716. [PMID: 32305571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling through LPA is terminated by its degradation by a family of three lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). LPP1 also attenuates signaling downstream of the activation of LPA receptors and some other GPCRs. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis and inflammation, which perform an important role in facilitating wound healing. This wound healing response is hijacked by cancers where there is decreased expression of LPP1 and LPP3 and increased expression of ATX. This maladaptive regulation of LPA signaling also causes chronic inflammation, which has been recognized as one of the hallmarks in cancer. The increased LPA signaling promotes cell survival and migration and attenuates apoptosis, which stimulates tumor growth and metastasis. The wound healing functions of increased LPA signaling also protect cancer cells from effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we will summarize knowledge of the ATX-LPA axis and its role in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We will also offer insights for developing strategies of targeting ATX-LPA axis as a novel part of cancer treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lysophospholipids and their receptors: New data and new insights into their function edited by Susan Smyth, Viswanathan Natarajan and Colleen McMullen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada.
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15
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Liu P, Zhu W, Chen C, Yan B, Zhu L, Chen X, Peng C. The mechanisms of lysophosphatidylcholine in the development of diseases. Life Sci 2020; 247:117443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Brindley DN. Autotaxin and Breast Cancer: Towards Overcoming Treatment Barriers and Sequelae. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020374. [PMID: 32041123 PMCID: PMC7072337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After a decade of intense preclinical investigations, the first in-class autotaxin inhibitor, GLPG1690, has entered Phase III clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In the intervening time, a deeper understanding of the role of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate (LPA)–lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance has emerged. Concordantly, appreciation of the tumor microenvironment and chronic inflammation in cancer biology has matured. The role of LPA as a central mediator behind these concepts has been exemplified within the breast cancer field. In this review, we will summarize current challenges in breast cancer therapy and delineate how blocking LPA signaling could provide novel adjuvant therapeutic options for overcoming therapy resistance and adverse side effects, including radiation-induced fibrosis. The advent of autotaxin inhibitors in clinical practice could herald their applications as adjuvant therapies to improve the therapeutic indexes of existing treatments for breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. K. Benesch
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL AlB 3V6, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-2078
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17
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Li L, Zheng X, Zhou Q, Villanueva N, Nian W, Liu X, Huan T. Metabolomics-Based Discovery of Molecular Signatures for Triple Negative Breast Cancer in Asian Female Population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:370. [PMID: 31941951 PMCID: PMC6962155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a devastating cancer disease characterized by its poor prognosis, distinct metastatic patterns, and aggressive biological behavior. Research indicates that the prevalence and presentation of TNBC varies among races, with Asian TNBC patients more commonly presenting with large invasive tumors, high node positivity, and high histologic grade. In this work, we applied ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomics to discover metabolic signatures in Asian female TNBC patients. Serum samples from 31 TNBC patients and 31 healthy controls (CN) were involved in this study. A total of 2860 metabolic features were detected in the serum samples. Among them, 77 metabolites, whose levels were significantly different between TNBC with CN, were confirmed. Using multivariate statistical analysis, literature mining, metabolic network and pathway analysis, we performed an in-depth study of the metabolic alterations in the Asian TNBC population. In addition, we discovered a panel of metabolic signatures that are highly correlated with the 5-year survival rate of the TNBC patients. This metabolomic study provides a better understanding of the metabolic details of TNBC in the Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Breast Cancer, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Nathaniel Villanueva
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Weiqi Nian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China.
| | - Xingming Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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18
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Repeated Fractions of X-Radiation to the Breast Fat Pads of Mice Augment Activation of the Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidate-Inflammatory Cycle. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111816. [PMID: 31752313 PMCID: PMC6895803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer patients are usually treated with multiple fractions of radiotherapy (RT) to the whole breast after lumpectomy. We hypothesized that repeated fractions of RT would progressively activate the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate-inflammatory cycle. To test this, a normal breast fat pad and a fat pad containing a mouse 4T1 tumor were irradiated with X-rays using a small-animal “image-guided” RT platform. A single RT dose of 7.5 Gy and three daily doses of 7.5 Gy increased ATX activity and decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations. The concentrations of IL-6 and TNFα in plasma and of VEGF, G-CSF, CCL11 and CXCL10 in the irradiated fat pad were increased, but only after three fractions of RT. In 4T1 breast tumor-bearing mice, three fractions of 7.5 Gy augmented tumor-induced increases in plasma ATX activity and decreased adiponectin levels in the tumor-associated mammary fat pad. There were also increased expressions of multiple inflammatory mediators in the tumor-associated mammary fat pad and in tumors, which was accompanied by increased infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes into tumor-associated adipose tissue. This work provides novel evidence that increased ATX production is an early response to RT and that repeated fractions of RT activate the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate-inflammatory cycle. This wound healing response to RT-induced damage could decrease the efficacy of further fractions of RT.
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19
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Hypoxia Downregulates LPP3 and Promotes the Spatial Segregation of ATX and LPP1 During Cancer Cell Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091403. [PMID: 31546971 PMCID: PMC6769543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common characteristic of advanced solid tumors and a potent driver of tumor invasion and metastasis. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of autotaxin (ATX) and lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) in cancer cell invasion promoted by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment; however, the transcriptional and/or spatiotemporal control of this process remain unexplored. Herein, we investigated whether hypoxia promotes cell invasion by affecting the main enzymes involved in its production (ATX) and degradation (lipid phosphate phosphatases, LPP1 and LPP3). We report that hypoxia not only modulates the expression levels of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) regulatory enzymes but also induces their significant spatial segregation in a variety of cancers. While LPP3 expression was downregulated by hypoxia, ATX and LPP1 were asymmetrically redistributed to the leading edge and to the trailing edge, respectively. This was associated with the opposing roles of ATX and LPPs in cell invasion. The regulated expression and compartmentalization of these enzymes of opposing function can provide an effective way to control the generation of an LPA gradient that drives cellular invasion and migration in the hypoxic zones of tumors.
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20
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Reinartz S, Lieber S, Pesek J, Brandt DT, Asafova A, Finkernagel F, Watzer B, Nockher WA, Nist A, Stiewe T, Jansen JM, Wagner U, Konzer A, Graumann J, Grosse R, Worzfeld T, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Müller R. Cell type-selective pathways and clinical associations of lysophosphatidic acid biosynthesis and signaling in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. Mol Oncol 2018; 13:185-201. [PMID: 30353652 PMCID: PMC6360368 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peritoneal fluid of ovarian carcinoma patients promotes cancer cell invasion and metastatic spread with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as a potentially crucial mediator. However, the origin of LPA in ascites and the clinical relevance of individual LPA species have not been addressed. Here, we show that the levels of multiple acyl‐LPA species are strongly elevated in ascites versus plasma and are associated with short relapse‐free survival. Data derived from transcriptome and secretome analyses of primary ascite‐derived cells indicate that (a) the major route of LPA synthesis is the consecutive action of a secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and autotaxin, (b) that the components of this pathway are coordinately upregulated in ascites, and (c) that CD163+CD206+ tumor‐associated macrophages play an essential role as main producers of PLA2G7 and autotaxin. The latter conclusion is consistent with mass spectrometry‐based metabolomic analyses of conditioned medium from ascites cells, which showed that tumor‐associated macrophages, but not tumor cells, are able to produce 20:4 acyl‐LPA in lipid‐free medium. Furthermore, our transcriptomic data revealed that LPA receptor (LPAR) genes are expressed in a clearly cell type‐selective manner: While tumor cells express predominantly LPAR1‐3, macrophages and T cells also express LPAR5 and LPAR6 at high levels, pointing to cell type‐selective LPA signaling pathways. RNA profiling identified cytokines linked to cell motility and migration as the most conspicuous class of LPA‐induced genes in macrophages, suggesting that LPA exerts protumorigenic properties at least in part via the tumor secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Reinartz
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Lieber
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Pesek
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Alina Asafova
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Marburg, Germany.,Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Finkernagel
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Watzer
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia M Jansen
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, UKGM, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Wagner
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, UKGM, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Konzer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Kerckhoff Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Kerckhoff Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller-Brüsselbach
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Marburg, Germany
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21
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Tigyi GJ, Yue J, Norman DD, Szabo E, Balogh A, Balazs L, Zhao G, Lee SC. Regulation of tumor cell - Microenvironment interaction by the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor axis. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:183-193. [PMID: 30243984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in biological fluids is primarily produced by cleavage of lysophospholipids by the lysophospholipase D enzyme Autotaxin (ATX). LPA has been identified and abundantly detected in the culture medium of various cancer cell types, tumor effusates, and ascites fluid of cancer patients. Our current understanding of the physiological role of LPA established its role in fundamental biological responses that include cell proliferation, metabolism, neuronal differentiation, angiogenesis, cell migration, hematopoiesis, inflammation, immunity, wound healing, regulation of cell excitability, and the promotion of cell survival by protecting against apoptotic death. These essential biological responses elicited by LPA are seemingly hijacked by cancer cells in many ways; transcriptional upregulation of ATX leading to increased LPA levels, enhanced expression of multiple LPA GPCR subtypes, and the downregulation of its metabolic breakdown. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of ATX and LPA GPCR can lead to malignant transformation, enhanced proliferation of cancer stem cells, increased invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment and the metastatic niche, and development of resistance to chemo-, immuno-, and radiation-therapy of cancer. The fundamental role of LPA in cancer progression and the therapeutic inhibition of the ATX-LPA axis, although highly appealing, remains unexploited as drug development to these targets has not reached into the clinic yet. The purpose of this brief review is to highlight some unique signaling mechanisms engaged by the ATX-LPA axis and emphasize the therapeutic potential that lies in blocking the molecular targets of the LPA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, POB 2, H-1428, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Louisa Balazs
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Guannan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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22
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Zhang G, Cheng Y, Zhang Q, Li X, Zhou J, Wang J, Wei L. ATX‑LPA axis facilitates estrogen‑induced endometrial cancer cell proliferation via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4245-4252. [PMID: 29328374 PMCID: PMC5802196 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a key enzyme that converts lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX is a crucial factor that facilitates cancer progression; however, the effect of ATX on endometrial cancer has not been explored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ATX in the progression of endometrial cancer. The immunohistochemical results revealed higher protein expression levels of ATX and LPA receptors (LPA 1, 2 and 3) in human endometrial cancer tissue than in non-carcinoma tissue. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis demonstrated that ATX and LPA receptor mRNA and protein expression was greater in Ishikawa cells, which are positive for estrogen receptor (ER), than in Hec-1A cells that exhibit low ER expression. Short interfering RNA knockdown of ATX in Ishikawa cells led to decreased cell proliferation and cell colony number, as determined by Cell Counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Estrogen stimulated ATX mRNA expression. Inhibition of ATX decreased estrogen and LPA-induced cell proliferation. High LPA levels markedly elevated the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). ATX downregulation moderately decreased estrogen- and LPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK. In addition, the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, reduced cell proliferation with estrogen, ATX and LPA treatment. The present study suggested that the ATX-LPA axis may facilitate estrogen-induced cell proliferation in endometrial cancer via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling pathway. The present study may provide ideas and an experimental basis for clinicians to identify new molecular targeted drugs for the treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Jianliu Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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Association between 8q24 rs6983267 polymorphism and cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis involving 170,737 subjects. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57421-57439. [PMID: 28915683 PMCID: PMC5593654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Published data on the association between 8q24 rs6983267 polymorphism and cancer risk are inconsistent. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between rs6983267 polymorphism and cancer risk. We searched on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to November 1, 2016 for relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of this association. We included 78 case-control studies with a total of 73,996 cases and 96,741 controls in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that rs6983267 polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of overall cancer in all genetic models (dominant model: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.13–1.26; recessive model: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.14–1.25; homozygous model: OR= 1.31, 95% CI = 1.23–1.40; heterozygous model: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.10–1.19; allelic model: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.11–1.18). Stratified analyses indicated that rs6983267 significantly increased the risk of colorectal cancer in Caucasians, prostate cancer in Caucasians and Asians, thyroid cancer in Caucasians and lung cancer in Asians. When studies were stratified by study quality, source of controls and genotyping method, significant associations were especially found in the high quality studies, the publication-based studies, the hospital-based studies, and the PCR-RFLP studies. Additional well-designed studies with large samples should be performed to validate our results.
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24
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Meng G, Tang X, Yang Z, Benesch MGK, Marshall A, Murray D, Hemmings DG, Wuest F, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Implications for breast cancer treatment from increased autotaxin production in adipose tissue after radiotherapy. FASEB J 2017; 31:4064-4077. [PMID: 28539367 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700159r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously established that adipose tissue adjacent to breast tumors becomes inflamed by tumor-derived cytokines. This stimulates autotaxin (ATX) secretion from adipocytes, whereas breast cancer cells produce insignificant ATX. Lysophosphatidate produced by ATX promotes inflammatory cytokine secretion in a vicious inflammatory cycle, which increases tumor growth and metastasis and decreases response to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that damage to adipose tissue during radiotherapy for breast cancer should promote lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling and further inflammatory signaling, which could potentially protect cancer cells from subsequent fractions of radiation therapy. To test this hypothesis, we exposed rat and human adipose tissue to radiation doses (0.25-5 Gy) that were expected during radiotherapy. This exposure increased mRNA levels for ATX, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and LPA1 and LPA2 receptors by 1.8- to 5.1-fold after 4 to 48 h. There were also 1.5- to 2.5-fold increases in the secretion of ATX and 14 inflammatory mediators after irradiating at 1 Gy. Inhibition of the radiation-induced activation of NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, or ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein blocked inflammatory responses to γ-radiation. Consequently, collateral damage to adipose tissue during radiotherapy could establish a comprehensive wound-healing response that involves increased signaling by LPA, cyclooxygenase-2, and other inflammatory mediators that could decrease the efficacy of further radiotherapy or chemotherapy.-Meng, G., Tang, X., Yang, Z., Benesch, M. G. K., Marshall, A., Murray, D., Hemmings, D. G., Wuest, F., McMullen, T. P. W., Brindley, D. N. Implications for breast cancer treatment from increased autotaxin production in adipose tissue after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanmin Meng
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zelei Yang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison Marshall
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Murray
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Denise G Hemmings
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
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25
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:815-829. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1323331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Schneider G, Sellers ZP, Bujko K, Kakar SS, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Novel pleiotropic effects of bioactive phospholipids in human lung cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58247-58263. [PMID: 28938552 PMCID: PMC5601648 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously proposed that one of the unwanted side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the increase in several peptide- and non-peptide based chemoattractants in damaged tissues, leading to induction of a prometastatic microenvironment for remaining cancer cells. Herein, we turned out our attention to a potential role of bioactive phospholipids (BphsLs), such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in lung cancer (LC) metastasis. We report that LC cells express several functional BphL receptors (for S1P, LPC, and LPA) as well as several enzymes involved in their metabolism and that BphsLs are potent chemokinetic and adhesion factors for these cells. We also demonstrate for the first time the novel role of C1P as a prometastatic factor in LC cells. In addition to their chemokinetic activities, BphsLs also sensitize or prime the chemotactic responsiveness of LC cells to known prometastatic factors such as hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). Thus, for the first time we demonstrate a prometastatic effect that is based on the priming of a cell's responsiveness to chemotactic factors by chemokinetic factors. To our surprise, none of the bioactive lipids induced proliferation of LC cells or ameliorated toxic effects of vincristine treatment. Interestingly, BphsLs increase adhesion of LC cells to bone marrow-derived stromal cells and stimulate these cells to release ExNs, which additionally increase LC cell motility. In conclusion, our results show that BphsLs are important modulators of prometastatic environment. Therefore, their inhibitors could be considered as potential anti-metastatic drug candidates to be included as a part of post radio- and/or chemo- therapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Schneider
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zachariah Payne Sellers
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kamila Bujko
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Quan M, Cui JJ, Feng X, Huang Q. The critical role and potential target of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis in pancreatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694544. [PMID: 28347252 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin, an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene, is expressed in multiple tissues, and participates in numerous critical physiologic and pathologic processes including inflammation, pain, obesity, embryo development, and cancer via the generation of the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidate. Overwhelming evidences indicate that the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate signaling axis serves key roles in the numerous processes central to tumorigenesis and progression, including proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cell, tumor microenvironment, and treatment resistance by interacting with a series of at least six G-protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6). This review provides an overview of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis and collates current knowledge regarding its specific role in pancreatic cancer. With a deeper understanding of the critical role of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis in pancreatic cancer, targeting autotaxin or lysophosphatidate receptor may be a potential and promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Quan
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiu-Jie Cui
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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28
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Cao P, Aoki Y, Badri L, Walker NM, Manning CM, Lagstein A, Fearon ER, Lama VN. Autocrine lysophosphatidic acid signaling activates β-catenin and promotes lung allograft fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1517-1530. [PMID: 28240604 DOI: 10.1172/jci88896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is the primary cause of long-term graft failure after organ transplantation. In lung allografts, progressive terminal airway fibrosis leads to an irreversible decline in lung function termed bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Here, we have identified an autocrine pathway linking nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT1), autotaxin (ATX), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and β-catenin that contributes to progression of fibrosis in lung allografts. Mesenchymal cells (MCs) derived from fibrotic lung allografts (BOS MCs) demonstrated constitutive nuclear β-catenin expression that was dependent on autocrine ATX secretion and LPA signaling. We found that NFAT1 upstream of ATX regulated expression of ATX as well as β-catenin. Silencing NFAT1 in BOS MCs suppressed ATX expression, and sustained overexpression of NFAT1 increased ATX expression and activity in non-fibrotic MCs. LPA signaling induced NFAT1 nuclear translocation, suggesting that autocrine LPA synthesis promotes NFAT1 transcriptional activation and ATX secretion in a positive feedback loop. In an in vivo mouse orthotopic lung transplant model of BOS, antagonism of the LPA receptor (LPA1) or ATX inhibition decreased allograft fibrosis and was associated with lower active β-catenin and dephosphorylated NFAT1 expression. Lung allografts from β-catenin reporter mice demonstrated reduced β-catenin transcriptional activation in the presence of LPA1 antagonist, confirming an in vivo role for LPA signaling in β-catenin activation.
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29
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Worzfeld T, Pogge von Strandmann E, Huber M, Adhikary T, Wagner U, Reinartz S, Müller R. The Unique Molecular and Cellular Microenvironment of Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:24. [PMID: 28275576 PMCID: PMC5319992 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal interplay of cancer cells and host cells is an indispensable prerequisite for tumor growth and progression. Cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system, in particular tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and T cells, as well as cancer-associated fibroblasts enter into a malicious liaison with tumor cells to create a tumor-promoting and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Ovarian cancer, the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies, is characterized by a unique TME that enables specific and efficient metastatic routes, impairs immune surveillance, and mediates therapy resistance. A characteristic feature of the ovarian cancer TME is the role of resident host cells, in particular activated mesothelial cells, which line the peritoneal cavity in huge numbers, as well as adipocytes of the omentum, the preferred site of metastatic lesions. Another crucial factor is the peritoneal fluid, which enables the transcoelomic spread of tumor cells to other pelvic and peritoneal organs, and occurs at more advanced stages as a malignancy-associated effusion. This ascites is rich in tumor-promoting soluble factors, extracellular vesicles and detached cancer cells as well as large numbers of T cells, TAMs, and other host cells, which cooperate with resident host cells to support tumor progression and immune evasion. In this review, we summarize and discuss our current knowledge of the cellular and molecular interactions that govern this interplay with a focus on signaling networks formed by cytokines, lipids, and extracellular vesicles; the pathophysiologial roles of TAMs and T cells; the mechanism of transcoelomic metastasis; and the cell type selective processing of signals from the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Experimental Tumor Research, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Biomedical Research Center, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Till Adhikary
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Uwe Wagner
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg (UKGM) , Marburg , Germany
| | - Silke Reinartz
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
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30
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A rhodium(III)-based inhibitor of autotaxin with antiproliferative activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Ross T, Jakubzig B, Grundmann M, Massing U, Kostenis E, Schlesinger M, Bendas G. The molecular mechanism by which saturated lysophosphatidylcholine attenuates the metastatic capacity of melanoma cells. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:1297-1309. [PMID: 28255537 PMCID: PMC5324772 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophophatidylcholine (LysoPC) is an abundant constituent in human plasma. Patients with malignant cancer diseases have attenuated LysoPC plasma levels, and thus LysoPC has been examined as a metabolic biomarker for cancer prediction. Preclinical studies have shown that solid tumor cells drastically degrade LysoPCs by incorporating their free fatty acids into cell membrane phospholipids. In this way, LysoPC C18:0 reduced the metastatic spread of murine melanoma B16.F10 cells in mice. Although membrane rigidification may have a key role in the attenuation of metastasis, evidence for this has yet to be shown. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine how LysoPC reduces the metastatic capacity of B16.F10 cells. Following cellular preincubation with LysoPC C18:0 at increasing concentrations and lengths of time, cell migration was most significantly attenuated with 450 μm LysoPC C18:0 at 72 h. Biosensor measurements suggest that, despite their abundance in B16.F10 cells, LysoPC‐sensitive G protein‐coupled receptors do not appear to contribute to this effect. Instead, the attenuated migration appears to result from changes in cell membrane properties and their effect on underlying signaling pathways, most likely the formation of focal adhesion complexes. Treatment with 450 μm LysoPC C18:0 activates protein kinase C (PKC)δ to phosphorylate syndecan‐4, accompanied by deactivation of PKCα. Subsequently, focal adhesion complex formation was attenuated, as confirmed by the reduced activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Interestingly, 450 μm LysoPC C18:1 did not affect FAK activity, explaining its lower propensity to affect migration and metastasis. Therefore, membrane rigidification by LysoPC C18:0 appears to prevent the formation of focal adhesion complexes, thus affecting integrin activity as a key for metastatic melanoma spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry II University of Bonn Germany
| | - Bastian Jakubzig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry II University of Bonn Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Massing
- Andreas Hettich GmbH & Co. KGF&E Lifescience Applications Freiburg Germany; Faculty of Chemistry & Pharmacy University of Freiburg Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology University of Bonn Germany
| | | | - Gerd Bendas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry II University of Bonn Germany
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32
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Williams MD, Xian L, Huso T, Park JJ, Huso D, Cope LM, Gang DR, Siems WF, Resar L, Reeves R, Hill HH. Fecal Metabolome in Hmga1 Transgenic Mice with Polyposis: Evidence for Potential Screen for Early Detection of Precursor Lesions in Colorectal Cancer. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4176-4187. [PMID: 27696867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Because colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, more accessible screening tests are urgently needed to identify early stage lesions. We hypothesized that highly sensitive, metabolic profile analysis of stool samples will identify metabolites associated with early stage lesions and could serve as a noninvasive screening test. We therefore applied traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIMMS) coupled with ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to investigate metabolic aberrations in stool samples in a transgenic model of premalignant polyposis aberrantly expressing the gene encoding the high mobility group A (Hmga1) chromatin remodeling protein. Here, we report for the first time that the fecal metabolome of Hmga1 mice is distinct from that of control mice and includes metabolites previously identified in human CRC. Significant alterations were observed in fatty acid metabolites and metabolites associated with bile acids (hypoxanthine xanthine, taurine) in Hmga1 mice compared to controls. Surprisingly, a marked increase in the levels of distinctive short, arginine-enriched, tetra-peptide fragments was observed in the transgenic mice. Together these findings suggest that specific metabolites are associated with Hmga1-induced polyposis and abnormal proliferation in intestinal epithelium. Although further studies are needed, these data provide a compelling rationale to develop fecal metabolomic analysis as a noninvasive screening tool to detect early precursor lesions to CRC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Lingling Xian
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Tait Huso
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jeong-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - David Huso
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Leslie M Cope
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - David R Gang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - William F Siems
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Linda Resar
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Raymond Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Herbert H Hill
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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33
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Federico L, Jeong KJ, Vellano CP, Mills GB. Autotaxin, a lysophospholipase D with pleomorphic effects in oncogenesis and cancer progression. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:25-35. [PMID: 25977291 PMCID: PMC4689343 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase type 2, more commonly known as autotaxin (ATX), is an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene. ATX is expressed in multiple tissues and participates in numerous key physiologic and pathologic processes, including neural development, obesity, inflammation, and oncogenesis, through the generation of the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid. Overwhelming evidence indicates that altered ATX activity leads to oncogenesis and cancer progression through the modulation of multiple hallmarks of cancer pathobiology. Here, we review the structural and catalytic characteristics of the ectoenzyme, how its expression and maturation processes are regulated, and how the systemic integration of its pleomorphic effects on cells and tissues may contribute to cancer initiation, progression, and therapy. Additionally, the up-to-date spectrum of the most frequent ATX genomic alterations from The Cancer Genome Atlas project is reported for a subset of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Federico
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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34
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Molecular mechanisms of target recognition by lipid GPCRs: relevance for cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:4021-35. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Paoletti L, Domizi P, Marcucci H, Montaner A, Krapf D, Salvador G, Banchio C. Lysophosphatidylcholine Drives Neuroblast Cell Fate. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6316-6331. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Dewald J, Dong WF, Mackey JR, Hemmings DG, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Tumor-induced inflammation in mammary adipose tissue stimulates a vicious cycle of autotaxin expression and breast cancer progression. FASEB J 2015; 29:3990-4000. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Venkatraman G, Bekele RT, Brindley DN. Recent advances in targeting the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in vivo. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:272-84. [PMID: 27533936 PMCID: PMC4946318 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that signals through six G-protein-coupled receptors. This signaling is required for embryogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling processes. LPA is produced from circulating lysophosphatidylcholine by autotaxin (ATX), and is degraded outside cells by a family of three enzymes called the lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). In many pathological conditions, particularly in cancers, LPA concentrations are increased due to high ATX expression and low LPP activity. In cancers, LPA signaling drives tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and decreased efficacy of radiotherapy. Hence, targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis is an attractive strategy for introducing novel adjuvant therapeutic options. In this review, we will summarize current progress in targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis with inhibitors of autotaxin activity, LPA receptor antagonists, LPA monoclonal antibodies, and increasing low LPP expression. Some of these agents are already in clinical trials and have applications beyond cancer, including chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Raie T Bekele
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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38
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Benesch MGK, Ko YM, Tang X, Dewald J, Lopez-Campistrous A, Zhao YY, Lai R, Curtis JM, Brindley DN, McMullen TPW. Autotaxin is an inflammatory mediator and therapeutic target in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:593-607. [PMID: 26037280 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a secreted enzyme that converts extracellular lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidate (LPA). In cancers, LPA increases tumour growth, metastasis and chemoresistance by activating six G-protein coupled receptors. We examined >200 human thyroid biopsies. Autotaxin expression in metastatic deposits and primary carcinomas was four- to tenfold higher than in benign neoplasms or normal thyroid tissue. Autotaxin immunohistochemical staining was also increased in benign neoplasms with leukocytic infiltrations. Malignant tumours were distinguished from benign tumours by high tumour autotaxin, LPA levels and inflammatory mediators including IL1β, IL6, IL8, GMCSF, TNFα, CCL2, CXCL10 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA. We determined the mechanistic explanation for these results and revealed a vicious regulatory cycle in which LPA increased the secretion of 16 inflammatory modulators in papillary thyroid cancer cultures. Conversely, treating cancer cells with ten inflammatory cytokines and chemokines or PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB increased autotaxin secretion. We confirmed that this autotaxin/inflammatory cycle occurs in two SCID mouse models of papillary thyroid cancer by blocking LPA signalling using the autotaxin inhibitor ONO-8430506. This decreased the levels of 16 inflammatory mediators in the tumours and was accompanied by a 50-60% decrease in tumour volume. This resulted from a decreased mitotic index for the cancer cells and decreased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in the tumours. Our results demonstrate that the autotaxin/inflammatory cycle is a focal point for driving malignant thyroid tumour progression and possibly treatment resistance. Inhibiting autotaxin activity provides an effective and novel strategy for decreasing the inflammatory phenotype in thyroid carcinomas, which should complement other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Yi M Ko
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Jay Dewald
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Ana Lopez-Campistrous
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Yuan Y Zhao
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Raymond Lai
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
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Benesch MGK, Zhao YY, Curtis JM, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Regulation of autotaxin expression and secretion by lysophosphatidate and sphingosine 1-phosphate. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1134-44. [PMID: 25896349 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme, which produces extracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). LPA activates six G protein-coupled receptors and this is essential for vasculogenesis during embryonic development. ATX is also involved in wound healing and inflammation, and in tumor growth, metastasis, and chemo-resistance. It is, therefore, important to understand how ATX is regulated. It was proposed that ATX activity is inhibited by its product LPA, or a related lipid called sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). We now show that this apparent inhibition is ineffective at the high concentrations of LPC that occur in vivo. Instead, feedback regulation by LPA and S1P is mediated by inhibition of ATX expression resulting from phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activation. Inhibiting ATX activity in mice with ONO-8430506 severely decreased plasma LPA concentrations and increased ATX mRNA in adipose tissue, which is a major site of ATX production. Consequently, the amount of inhibitor-bound ATX protein in the plasma increased. We, therefore, demonstrate the concept that accumulation of LPA in the circulation decreases ATX production. However, this feedback regulation can be overcome by the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α or interleukin 1β. This enables high LPA and ATX levels to coexist in inflammatory conditions. The results are discussed in terms of ATX regulation in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuan Y Zhao
- Departments of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Departments of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Venkatraman G, Benesch MGK, Tang X, Dewald J, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Lysophosphatidate signaling stabilizes Nrf2 and increases the expression of genes involved in drug resistance and oxidative stress responses: implications for cancer treatment. FASEB J 2014; 29:772-85. [PMID: 25398768 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work elucidates novel mechanisms for lysophosphatidate (LPA)-induced chemoresistance using human breast, lung, liver, and thyroid cancer cells. LPA (0.5-10 μM) increased Nrf2 transcription factor stability and nuclear localization by ≤5-fold. This involved lysophosphatidate type 1 (LPA1) receptors as identified with 1 μM wls-31 (LPA1/2 receptor agonist) and blocking this effect with 20 μM Ki16425 (LPA1-3 antagonist, Ki = 0.34 μM). Knockdown of LPA1 by 50% to 60% with siRNA decreased Nrf2 stability and expressing LPA1, but not LPA2/3, in human HepG2 cells increased Nrf2 stabilization. LPA-induced Nrf2 expression increased transcription of multidrug-resistant transporters and antioxidant genes by 2- to 4-fold through the antioxidant response element. This protected cells from doxorubicin-induced death. This pathway was verified in vivo by orthotopic injection of 20,000 mouse 4T1 breast cancer cells into syngeneic mice. Blocking LPA production with 10 mg/kg per d ONO-8430506 (competitive autotaxin inhibitor, IC90 = 100 nM) decreased expression of Nrf2, multidrug-resistant transporters, and antioxidant genes in breast tumors by ≤90%. Combining 4 mg/kg doxorubicin every third day with ONO-8430506 synergistically decreased tumor growth and metastasis to lungs and liver by >70%, whereas doxorubicin alone had no significant effect. This study provides the first evidence that LPA increases antioxidant gene and multidrug-resistant transporter expression. Blocking this aspect of LPA signaling provides a novel strategy for improving chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Venkatraman
- *Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- *Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- *Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jay Dewald
- *Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- *Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- *Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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41
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The role and therapeutic potential of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate signalling axis in breast cancer. Biochem J 2014; 463:157-65. [PMID: 25195735 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ATX (autotaxin) is a secreted lysophospholipase capable of catalysing the formation of the bioactive lipid mediator LPA (lysophosphatidate) from LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine). The ATX-LPA signalling axis plays an important role in both normal physiology and disease pathogenesis, including cancer. In a number of different human cancers, expression of ATX and the G-protein-coupled LPARs (lysophosphatidic acid receptors) have been shown to be elevated and their activation regulates many processes central to tumorigenesis, including proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis. The present review provides an overview of the ATX-LPA signalling axis and collates current knowledge regarding its specific role in breast cancer. The potential manipulation of this pathway to facilitate diagnosis and treatment is also discussed.
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42
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Li Y, Song X, Zhao X, Zou L, Xu G. Serum metabolic profiling study of lung cancer using ultra high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 966:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu J, Mazzone PJ, Cata JP, Kurz A, Bauer M, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. Serum Free Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Lung Cancer. Chest 2014; 146:670-679. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Schneider G, Sellers ZP, Abdel-Latif A, Morris AJ, Ratajczak MZ. Bioactive lipids, LPC and LPA, are novel prometastatic factors and their tissue levels increase in response to radio/chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1560-73. [PMID: 25033840 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bioactive lipids are fundamental mediators of a number of critical biologic processes such as inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is common in adolescence with histologic subtypes that favor metastasis. However, the factors that influence metastasis are not well appreciated. Here, it is shown that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and its derivative, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), strongly enhance motility and adhesion of human RMS cells. Importantly, these metastatic-associated phenotypes were observed at physiologic concentrations of these lipids, which naturally occur in biologic fluids. Moreover, the effects of these bioactive lipids were much stronger as compared with known peptide-based prometastatic factors in RMS, such as stromal-derived factor-1 or hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. Finally, both LPC and LPA levels were increased in several organs after γ-irradiation or chemotherapy, supporting the hypothesis that radio/chemotherapy induces an unwanted prometastatic environment in these organs. IMPLICATIONS LPC and LPA play a previously underappreciated role in dissemination of RMS and suggest that antimetastatic treatment with specific molecules blocking LPC/LPA activity should be part of standard radio/chemotherapy arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Schneider
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Zachariah Payne Sellers
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. Department of Physiology Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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45
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Effects of Osthole on Migration and Invasion in Breast Cancer Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:1430-4. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Maeda T, Ohhata A, Zhao YY, Kok BPC, Dewald J, Hitt M, Curtis JM, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Inhibition of autotaxin delays breast tumor growth and lung metastasis in mice. FASEB J 2014; 28:2655-66. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. K. Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Tatsuo Maeda
- Exploration Research LaboratoriesOno Pharmaceuticals CompanyTsukubaJapan
| | - Akira Ohhata
- Medicinal Chemistry Research LaboratoriesOno Pharmaceuticals CompanyShimamotoJapan
| | - Yuan Y. Zhao
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Bernard P. C. Kok
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Jay Dewald
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Mary Hitt
- Department of OncologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Jonathan M. Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Todd P. W. McMullen
- Department of SurgeryMackenzie Health Science CentreUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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Fisher N, Hilton-Bolt T, Edwards MG, Haxton KJ, McKenzie M, Allin SM, Richardson A. Dendrimer Conjugate of [4-(Tetradecanoylamino)benzyl]phosphonic Acid (S32826) as an Autotaxin Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:34-9. [PMID: 24900771 DOI: 10.1021/ml4003106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin is an extracellular phospholipase D that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) to bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA has been implicated in many pathological processes relevant to cancer, including cell migration and invasion, proliferation, and survival. The most potent autotaxin inhibitor described to date is the LPA analogue S32826 (IC50 5.6 nM). S32826 and many other autotaxin inhibitors are notably lipophilic, creating a need to improve their physical properties. Polymers are becoming an increasingly useful tool in the delivery of drugs and have the potential to improve the properties of small molecules. Herein we report the synthesis of a S32826 dendrimer conjugate and its biological evaluation. The conjugate was found to inhibit autotaxin activity using two different substrates and to decrease the migration of an ovarian cancer cell line modified to overexpress autotaxin. Furthermore, the conjugate potentiated activation of caspase 3/7 induced by carboplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fisher
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, U.K
- Synthesis
and Medicinal Chemistry Cluster, Lennard-Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Timothy Hilton-Bolt
- Synthesis
and Medicinal Chemistry Cluster, Lennard-Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Michael G. Edwards
- Synthesis
and Medicinal Chemistry Cluster, Lennard-Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Katherine J. Haxton
- Synthesis
and Medicinal Chemistry Cluster, Lennard-Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Michael McKenzie
- Charnwood Molecular
Ltd, The Heritage Building, 7 Beaumont
Court, Prince William Road, Loughborough LE11 5GA, U.K
| | - Steven M. Allin
- School of
Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Alan Richardson
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, U.K
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Rafiq S, Majeed R, Qazi AK, Ganai BA, Wani I, Rakhshanda S, Qurishi Y, Sharma PR, Hamid A, Masood A, Hamid R. Isolation and antiproliferative activity of Lotus corniculatus lectin towards human tumour cell lines. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 21:30-38. [PMID: 24055517 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the anti cancer activity of a lectin isolated from Lotus corniculatus seeds. A tetrameric 70kDa galactose specific lectin was purified using two step simple purification protocol which involved affinity chromatography on AF-BlueHC650M and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The lectin was adsorbed on AF-BlueHC650M and desorbed using 1M NaCl in the starting buffer. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 yielded a major peak absorbance that gave two bands of 15kDa and 20kDa in SDS PAGE. Hemagglutination activity was completely preserved, when the temperature was in the range of 20-60°C. However, drastic reduction in activity occurred at temperatures above 60°C. Full hemagglutination activity was retained at ambient pH 4-12. Thereafter no activity was observed above pH 13. Hemaglutination of the lectin was inhibited by d-galactose. The lectin showed a strong antiproliferative activity towards human leukemic (THP-1) cancer cells followed by lung cancer (HOP62) cells and HCT116 with an IC50 of 39μg/ml and 50μg/ml and 60μg/ml respectively. Flow cytometry analysis showed an increase in the percentage of cells in sub G0G1 phase confirming that Lotus corniculatus lectin induced apoptosis. Morphological observations showed that Lotus corniculatus lectin (LCL) treated THP-1 cells displayed apparent apoptosis characteristics such as nuclear fragmentation, appearance of membrane enclosed apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation. Lotus corniculatus lectin (LCL) effectively inhibits the cell migration in a dose dependent manner as indicated by the wound healing assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Rafiq
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India
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Madan D, Ferguson CG, Lee WY, Prestwich GD, Testa CA. Non-invasive imaging of tumors by monitoring autotaxin activity using an enzyme-activated near-infrared fluorogenic substrate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79065. [PMID: 24278115 PMCID: PMC3835791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), an autocrine motility factor that is highly upregulated in metastatic cancer, is a lysophospholipase D enzyme that produces the lipid second messenger lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Dysregulation of the lysolipid signaling pathway is central to the pathophysiology of numerous cancers, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. Consequently, the ATX/LPA pathway has emerged as an important source of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Herein we describe development and validation of a fluorogenic analog of LPC (AR-2) that enables visualization of ATX activity in vivo. AR-2 exhibits minimal fluorescence until it is activated by ATX, which substantially increases fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR) region, the optimal spectral window for in vivo imaging. In mice with orthotopic ATX-expressing breast cancer tumors, ATX activated AR-2 fluorescence. Administration of AR-2 to tumor-bearing mice showed high fluorescence in the tumor and low fluorescence in most healthy tissues with tumor fluorescence correlated with ATX levels. Pretreatment of mice with an ATX inhibitor selectively decreased fluorescence in the tumor. Together these data suggest that fluorescence directly correlates with ATX activity and its tissue expression. The data show that AR-2 is a non-invasive and selective tool that enables visualization and quantitation of ATX-expressing tumors and monitoring ATX activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Madan
- Echelon Biosciences Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DM); (CT)
| | - Colin G. Ferguson
- Echelon Biosciences Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Won Yong Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Testa
- Echelon Biosciences Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DM); (CT)
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Jung JH, Jeong SJ, Kim JH, Jung SK, Jung DB, Lee D, Sohn EJ, Yun M, Lee HJ, Lee HJ, Kim SH. Inactivation of HDAC3 and STAT3 is Critically Involved in 1-Stearoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine-Induced Apoptosis in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 67:1379-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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